DRINKING WATER, AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS Global baseline report 2018 DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS: SCHOOLS: IN HYGIENE AND SANITATION WATER, DRINKING GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 2018 REPORT BASELINE GLOBAL

WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE Highlights The SDGs aim for universal access to WASH and inclusive and effective learning environments for all SDG SDG TARGETS AND INDICATORS

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Goal 6: Ensure 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable Children’s Fund (UNICEF), through the WHO/UNICEF Joint availability and drinking water for all sustainable Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene management of water for all and end , paying special attention to the needs of (JMP), have produced regular updates on water, sanitation and and sanitation for all women and girls and those in vulnerable situations hygiene (WASH) since 1990. Together, they are responsible for monitoring Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets 6.1 and 6.2 Goal 4: Ensure inclusive 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender and quality education sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning and supporting monitoring of other WASH-related targets. for all and promote environments for all lifelong learning 4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the internet for This first JMP report on WASH in schools introduces new service pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; ladders (Figure 1) and establishes national, regional and global (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions) baseline estimates that contribute towards global monitoring of SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 – universal access to WASH – and SDG target TABLE 1: Global goals and targets related to WASH in schools 4.a – inclusive and effective learning environments for all (Table 1).

SDG indicators for WASH in schools focus on achieving a basic minimum level of service

SERVICE LEVEL DRINKING WATER SANITATION HYGIENE

BASIC SERVICE Drinking water from an improved source and Improved sanitation facilities at the school that Handwashing facilities with water and soap water is available at the school at the time of are single-sex and usable (available, functional available at the school at the time of the the survey and private) at the time of the survey survey

LIMITED SERVICE Drinking water from an improved source but Improved sanitation facilities at the school Handwashing facilities with water but no water is unavailable at the school at the time that are either not single-sex or not usable at soap available at the school at the time of of the survey the time of the survey the survey

NO SERVICE Drinking water from an unimproved source Unimproved sanitation facilities or no No handwashing facilities available or no or no water source at the school sanitation facilities at the school water available at the school

FIGURE 1: New JMP service ladders for monitoring WASH in schools

1 DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS / GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 2018 Drinking water in schools

Globally, 69% of schools Five out of eight SDG regions had estimates for basic drinking water Key messages had a basic drinking services in schools in 2016 water service in 2016 In 2016, 100 100 1. 92 countries and five out of eight SDG regions had sufficient data to 80 80 estimate coverage of basic drinking water services in schools1,2.

2. 69% of schools had a basic drinking water service, defined as an 60 60 improved source with water available at the time of the survey. 40 40 3. 12% of schools had a limited drinking water service, defined as an improved source with water unavailable at the time of the survey. 4. 19% of schools had no drinking water service, defined as an 20 20 unimproved source or no source at all. 0 0 5. Nearly 570 million children lacked a basic drinking water service at World their school3. Oceania NO SERVICE 6. Less than half of schools in Oceania and only two thirds of schools in LIMITED Sub-Saharan Africa BASIC Australia and New Zealand Central and Southern Asia Least Developed Countries Central and Southern Asia had a basic drinking water service. Europe and Northern America Small Island Developing States INSUFFICIENT DATA Northern Africa and Western Asia Eastern and South-EasternLatin America Asia and the Caribbean Landlocked Developing Countries 7. Nearly half of schools in sub-Saharan Africa, and over a third of Global school drinking schools in Small Island Developing States had no drinking water FIGURE 2: service. water coverage, 2016 (%) FIGURE 3: Regional school drinking water coverage, 2016 (%) 8. Rural schools had lower coverage of basic drinking water services than urban schools in almost all countries with disaggregated data. 58 out of 92 countries had >75% coverage of basic drinking water services in schools in 2016 9. One in four primary schools and one in six secondary schools had no drinking water service. There were insufficient data to calculate global estimates for pre-primary schools. 10. Few countries reported on drinking water quality in schools but the limited data available showed that compliance with national standards varied widely.

1 Regional and global estimates are made where data are available for at least 30% of the relevant school-age population. <50 76-90 INSUFFICIENT DATA 2 Most countries had data on the types of water sources used by schools but fewer had data on the availability of drinking water. 50-75 91-100 NOT APPLICABLE 3 UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) estimates that there were 1.8 billion pre-primary, primary and secondary school-age children worldwide in 2016. This includes the 263 million children who were not in primary or secondary education for the FIGURE 4: Proportion of schools with a basic drinking water service, by country, 2016 (%) school year ending in 2016.

WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2 Sanitation in schools

Globally, 66% of schools Seven out of eight SDG regions had estimates for basic sanitation Key messages had a basic sanitation services in schools in 2016 service in 2016 100 In 2016, 100 80 80 1. 101 countries and seven out of eight SDG regions had sufficient data 4 to estimate coverage of basic sanitation services in schools . 60 60 2. 66% of schools had a basic sanitation service, defined as an improved single-sex facility that is usable at the time of the survey. 40 40 3. 12% of schools had a limited sanitation service, defined as an improved facility that is not single-sex or not usable at the time of the 20 20 survey. 0 4. 23% of schools had no sanitation service, defined as an unimproved World 0 facility or no facility at all. Oceania 5. Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation NO SERVICE LIMITED Sub-Saharan Africa service at their school. BASIC Australia and New Zealand Central and Southern Asia Least Developed Countries Europe and Northern America Small Island Developing States 6. Coverage of basic sanitation services in schools varied widely INSUFFICIENT DATA Northern Africa andLatin Western America Asia and the Caribbean Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Landlocked Developing Countries between regions, ranging from 46% in Oceania to 100% in Australia Global school sanitation and New Zealand. FIGURE 5: coverage, 2016 (%) FIGURE 6: Regional school sanitation coverage, 2016 (%) 7. A third of schools in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern and South- Eastern Asia had no sanitation service. 8. Almost one in five primary schools and one in eight secondary 67 out of 101 countries had >75% coverage of basic sanitation services in schools in 2016 schools had no sanitation service. There were insufficient data to calculate global estimates for pre-primary schools. 9. The ratio of students to toilets often exceeded national guidelines, for both girls and boys. 10. In most countries with data, fewer than 50% of schools had toilets accessible to students with limited mobility.

<50 76-90 INSUFFICIENT DATA 50-75 91-100 NOT APPLICABLE

4 Most countries had data on the availability of sanitation facilities but relatively few had data on whether they are improved, FIGURE 7: Proportion of schools with a basic sanitation service, by country, 2016 (%) usable and single-sex.

3 DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS / GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 2018 Hygiene in schools

Globally, 53% of schools Seven out of eight SDG regions had estimates for basic hygiene Key messages had a basic hygiene services in schools in 2016 service in 2016 100 100 In 2016, 80 80 1. 81 countries and seven out of eight SDG regions had sufficient data to estimate coverage of basic hygiene services in schools5. 60 60 2. 53% of schools had a basic hygiene service, defined as a handwashing facility with water and soap available at the time of the 40 40 survey. 3. 11% of schools had a limited hygiene service, defined as a 20 20 handwashing facility with water but no soap available at the time of the survey. 0 0 World 4. 36% of schools had no hygiene service, defined as no facility or no Oceania water available. NO SERVICE LIMITED Sub-Saharan Africa 5. Nearly 900 million children worldwide lacked a basic hygiene BASIC Australia and New Zealand Central and Southern Asia Least Developed Countries Europe and Northern America service at their school. Small Island Developing States INSUFFICIENT DATA Northern Africa andLatin Western America Asia and the Caribbean Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Landlocked Developing Countries 6. Coverage of basic hygiene services in schools was below 50% in Global school hygiene Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa. FIGURE 8: coverage, 2016 (%) FIGURE 9: Regional school hygiene coverage, 2016 (%) 7. More than a third of schools worldwide and half of schools in Least Developed Countries had no hygiene service. 8. Secondary schools had higher coverage of basic hygiene services 48 out of 81 countries had >75% coverage of basic hygiene services in schools in 2016 than primary schools in most countries with disaggregated data. 9. More than one in three primary schools and a quarter of secondary schools had no hygiene service. There were insufficient data to calculate global estimates for pre-primary schools. 10. Few countries had data on the proportion of schools providing menstrual hygiene management (MHM) education, sanitary towels and facilities for the disposal of used materials.

<50 76-90 INSUFFICIENT DATA 50-75 91-100 NOT APPLICABLE

FIGURE 10: Proportion of schools with a basic hygiene service, by country, 2016 (%) 5 Many countries had data on the availability of facilities but fewer had data on the availability of water and soap.

WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 4 DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN SCHOOLS: SCHOOLS: IN HYGIENE AND SANITATION WATER, DRINKING

Drinking water in schools (2016) Sanitation in schools (2016) Hygiene in schools (2016)

• 92 countries had sufficient data to • 101 countries had sufficient data to • 81 countries had sufficient data to estimate coverage of basic drinking estimate coverage of basic sanitation estimate coverage of basic hygiene water services in schools services in schools services in schools

• 69% of schools had a basic drinking • 66% of schools had a basic sanitation • 53% of schools had a basic hygiene water service service service GLOBAL BASELINE REPORT 2018 REPORT BASELINE GLOBAL • Nearly 570 million children worldwide • Over 620 million children worldwide • Nearly 900 million children worldwide lacked a basic drinking water service at lacked a basic sanitation service at their lacked a basic hygiene service at their their school school school

• 19% of schools had no drinking water • 23% of schools had no sanitation • 36% of schools had no hygiene service service at all service at all at all

• Drinking water quality varied widely in • Fewer than 50% of schools had toilets • Some countries had data on menstrual the few countries with data available accessible to students with limited hygiene management in schools, but mobility in most countries with data definitions varied available

JMP WEBSITE: WASHDATA.ORG

ISBN: 978-92-806-4981-9

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