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2021 Japan Prize Laureates Announced

Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelstein Dr. Robert A. Weinberg Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Australia USA USA

Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure Medical Science, Medicinal Science

For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a model of Development of High-Efficiency multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and Silicon Photovoltaic Devices impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Prof. Martin Green has pioneered the development of high-efficiency In spite of improved survival rates, the grim fate of most diagnosed silicon photovoltaic devices and contributed significantly to the patients is to succumb to the disease or one of its associated realization of solar power that is now cheaper than fossil fuel power. comorbidities. Improved survival rates over the last several decades are, Especially, he made great achievements in increasing power conversion in part, the result of discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical efficiency dramatically from around 17% to 25% by innovating advanced advancements underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and technologies and integrating them into practical devices that now make improvements in access to care, and early detection were predicated on the transition to a low-carbon society realistic. innumerable basic and clinical research findings that have elucidated the He has also trained the researchers and entrepreneurs who have played inner workings of cancer development and survival mechanisms. key roles in industrial development and in reducing the price of silicon Understood as a general principle, cancer arises through the photovoltaic devices. accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations and alterations that are favorable to the survival and expansion of the tumor cells. This concept has been termed “multi-step carcinogenesis model” and has served as a reliable and accepted foundation for subsequent oncological research. Many of the seminal studies underpinning the multi-step carcinogenesis model were the research discoveries made by Drs. Robert Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein.

The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. government’s desire to “contribute to the development of science and Every year, two fields for the award presentation are chosen by considering technology worldwide by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field and each laureate 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended by the of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of House of greatly advanced the progress of science and technology. Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as well as eminent figures from various circles. There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

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“Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majoritysun, the of energy those are causes p-n junction the release solar ofcells, a negatively-chargedwhich have p-type silicon electron and which in turnto isthe accelerating challenges the of global sustainable movement energy towards and a global low-carbon/decar warming,- and various“Medical types Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizingthe product of the a mutated RASanalogy continues to car to driving,remain in the the driver active keeps form; steppingin Theon the ripple accelerator effects (Fig. of the 2). achievements devices sun,a positively-charged the energy causes the“hole,” release whereby of a negatively-charged the electron moves electron into and the n-type to the challengesof new of solarsustainable cells energyare being and activelyglobal warming, researched and various and developed. types Against this This “oncogene” was simultaneously discoveredby Drs. by Weinbergother groups, and but Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its applicationanalogy to carand driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). a siliconpositively-charged and the hole “hole,” moves whereby into the the p-type electron silicon. moves That into chargethe n-type then flows of new solarbackground, cells are being the activelytime has researched come to recognizeand developed. the achievements Against this of Prof.Achievement Green, : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg devices model of multi-stepimpact carcinogenesis on improving and cancerits application diagnosis and and therapeuticsThis “oncogene” was simultaneouslyDr. Weinberg discovered further byadvanced other groups, his studybut using primary cultured cells, Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) siliconout the and electrodes the hole moves (or contacts) into the p-typeas electrical silicon. power. That charge then flows background,who the developedtime has come a high-efficiency to recognize the siliconachievements solar cellof Prof. that Green, has provided an actual and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advancedwhich his cannotstudy using be transformed primary cultured by the cells, mutant RASThe scientificgene alone. and socialHe then contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg Born: JulyProf. 20, Martin 1948 (Age: Andrew 72) Green (Australia) out theA high electrodes power (or conversion contacts) asefficiency electrical can power. be obtained if every electron-hole who developedsolution a high-efficiency to global issues, silicon along solar the cell way that fostering has provided many an engineersactual and entrepre- Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) and Vogelstein has been immeasurablehave to providedthe cancer field.a paradigm Their efforts of cancer progression that has shaped our Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pairA high that power is generated conversion can efficiency be extracted can beas obtainedpower, but if every in practice, electron-hole energy is lost solution to neursglobal whoissues, have along transformed the way fostering the industry. many engineers and entrepre- Born: June(USA) 2, 1949 (Age: 71) which cannot be transformeddemonstrated by the mutant that RAS these gene primary alone. cellsHe then become cancer cells by introducing Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) Prof. Bert Vogelstein have provided a paradigm of cancerview progression up through that today.has shaped While our this has produced important changes in Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 Professor,(Age: 71) Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinedemonstrated that these primarymultiple cells becomeoncogenes. cancer During cells by this introducing research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar powerdioxide is a cleanwhen energy producing source power,not only butbecause also it becauseemits no carbonsolar power Professor,produces Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution presence of genes the products of which suppresshow cancer is cell diagnosed development and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution dioxide whenmore producing energy thanpower, the but energy also because used tosolar manufacture power produces and dispose of solar Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) and greatly contributed to the discovery of RBhas gene, proven the much first greater of so-called than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Predicted Growth of Solar Power more energycells. than Moreover, the energy solar used power to manufacture can be flexibly and dispose adapted of to solar meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Predicted Growth of Solar Power PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11,Member, 1942 (Age: Whitehead 78) Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving,and Vogelstein the driver have puts published on the influential conceptual cornerstones PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scaleMember, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishmentarticles of modernof a paradigm cancer research, that namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, inin improving improving solar solar cell cell efficiency efficiency residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electricProfessor, power Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power Weinberg, together with Dr. DouglasWeinberg, Hanahan (Fig. together 6), and with Vogelgram Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and cancer will arise by the appearancecancer willof oncogenes arise by andthe appearancedisappearance of of oncogenes and disappearance of there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewablerenewable sources sources that do that not do emitnot emit carbon carbon dioxide, dioxide, a contributinga contributing factorfactor toto TheThe first first efficient efficient p-n-junction p-n-junction crystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar cell solar was cell demon was- demon- scale of damagescale ofcaused damage during caused natural during disasters. natural When disasters. solar power When and solar powerSummary: and DiscoveriesSummary: of oncogenes Discoveries and tumor of oncogenes suppressor and tumortumor suppressor suppressor genes (Fig.tumor 3). suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by theseOverall, two investigators the paradigm has set estab out- by these two investigators has estab- global globalwarming. warming. Renewables Renewables include include solar, solar, wind, wind, and and geothermal geothermal power,power, stratedstrated by by Daryl. Daryl. M. M.Chapin, Chapin, Calvin Calvin S. Fuller, S. Fuller, and Gerald and Gerald L. Pearson L. Pearson at Bell at Bell other renewablesother renewables become the becomebackbone the of ourbackbone electric ofpower our generationelectric power generation genes and proposal/verification genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step of the multi-step but in thebut past,in the introducingpast, introducing such such sources sources was was difficult difficult due due to to the the increasedincreased LabsLabs in in 1954. 1954. From From 1972 1972 to 1974, to 1974, Joseph Joseph Lindmayer, Lindmayer, James F.James Allison, F. Allison, infrastructure,infrastructure, we will have we attained will have the ability attained to producethe ability electricity to produce in a electricitycarcinogenesis in a model.carcinogenesis model. lished principles that have enabled anlished understanding principles of that the havecomplexity enabled an understanding of the complexity costs whencosts comparedwhen compared to fossil to fossil fuel-fired fuel-fired plants plants and and hydroelectric hydroelectric power.power. JosephJoseph G. G. Haynos Haynos and and colleagues colleagues at COMSAT at COMSAT Laboratories Laboratories improved improved more sustainablemore sustainableway. way. of cancer, especially in providing ofa strong cancer, rationale especially for early in providing cancer a strong rationale for early cancer In the Inmid-2010s, the mid-2010s, solar solarpower power costs costs dropped dropped below below those those ofof fossilfossil fuel powerpower conversion conversion efficiency efficiency to nearly to nearly 17%. 17%.However, However, there were there no were further no further Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievementsDr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishmentsdetection and intervention.have served as Their the accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). basis for many of the contemporarybasis developments for many ofof targeted the contemporary cancer developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solargene, cell that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not 1973 gene, that is required for the protection of cells to becomethat cancera series cells.of mutations Dr. in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert 1983,much he higher and his conversion team realized efficiency a record efficiency of 25% ofwas 18%. experimentally This was the firstfeasible. In remains unbrokenCOMSAT for nearly Labs achievesa decade 17% efficiency, an achievement thatVogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative solar energypower togeneration electric powercosts that at highhave ratesallowed of forefficiency, the construction and the of reduction large-scale in in1983, a series he andof 18 his certified team realizedefficiency a recordrecords efficiencyby his team, of achieving18%. This 24.7% was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade cells and discoveredVogelstein numerous new independently genes that are searched critical to for the actual development mutated genesand inothers) human were cancer associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times and others) were associated with the progressioncancer from patients. benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many power generationsolar power costsplants. that Prof. have Green allowed has been for working the construction on improving of large-scaleconversion efficiencyin a series in 1999of 18 (reaching certified his efficiencytarget of 25.0% records by recalibration by his team, in 2008). achieving 24.7% increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression of cancer. On the basiscells andof these discovered achievements, numerous the conceptnew genes of “multi-step that are critical increasingly to the development aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. solar powerefficiency plants. of crystallineProf. Green silicon has photovoltaic been working devices on improvingsince the 1970s, conversion and he efficiencyThe PERC in cell 1999 that (reaching he invented his included target of measures 25.0% by for recalibration not only reducing in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppressioncarcinogenesis model”of cancer.was established. On the Althoughbasis of manythese otherachievements, investigators the conceptof multi-step of “multi-step carcinogenesis increasinglymodel (Fig.5). aggressive In fact, Dr.colon Vogelstein adenocarcinomas, was establishing a foundation efficiencyhas ofachieved crystalline many siliconsuccesses photovoltaic over that time. devices since the 1970s, and he recombinationThe PERC along cell that the hetop invented region of included the cell measures(the “emitter”) for not but only also reducing 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current contributed to this carcinogenesisfield, Drs. Weinberg model” and wasVogelstein established. stand Althoughout in that many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was alongrecombination the rear of thealong cell asthe well. top Thisregion PERC of structurethe cell now(the dominates “emitter”) the but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through has achieved many successes over that time. extraction through the local tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressoramong the gene. first to His demonstrate discoveries, that in parallel TP53, which was originally considered Benign Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model they continued their contributedinnovative research to this as field,the pioneers Drs. Weinbergand leaders inand corrob Vogelstein- stand out in that Carcinoma Metastasis photovoltaicalong the rear device of themarket. cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma extraction through the local tunnel junction orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg,as have an alsooncogene, led to theis aopening tumor ofsuppressor the field ofgene. His discoveries, in parallel 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Benign Metastasis The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices photovoltaic device market. cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation ofNormal cellDysregulationHyperplasia of genes adenoma Carcinoma and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led toaccumulation the opening of tumor of suppressor the field of tumor suppressor genes controlling orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the metastatic ability and solar power generation 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the mutations： gene ① gene ② The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and develMutation- of Genetic mutation/Mutation ofInactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves and rear 24.7% surfaces efficiency requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, oncogene❶ accumulationoncogene❷ of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual mutations： metastatic ability and solar power generation oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosisColorectal and cancer： therapeutics.APC OnK- theRAS TP53 gene ① gene ② There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecularcornerstone genetics combined of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. Mutation of Mutation of Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- oncogene❶ oncogene❷ but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of ColorectalPrecision medicinecancer：：ApproachAPC for cancer K-RAS TP53 Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account Thereapproximately are many types95% of of photovoltaic devices that devices generate in use power around from the world. sunlight, The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as 2008 Prof. Green’sAntireflection solar cells certifiedPassivated frontat 25.0% surface efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, cancer-associatedthe Vogelgram DNA mutations. in the cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- individual variability in genes, environment, and for light trapping (published in 1984 paper) and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in the society-wideThe decades-old adoption notion, of photovoltaics that renewable has made energy solar is powerimportant cheaper for global Finger electrode Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Precision medicine：Approach for cancer common human cancers.ciated Their genes. discoveries Thus, they have revealedalso led to pivotal the opening roles of for the certain human oncogenes The mutated RAS Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growthFigure 2:Functional Instruction difference between the normal and “Vogelgram”mutated (modified RAS fromproteins the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) treatment and prevention that takes into account approximatelyGW (Gigawatts) 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface protein remains cancer-associated DNA mutations in the individual variability in genes, environment, and 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, for light trapping field of cancer genomics,and tumor now an suppressor especially powerfulgenes in forcethe propagation in discerning andand suppression of numerous The normal RAS always “switched blood samples Coal the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode (published in 1984 paper) Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 protein is “switched on” and keeps Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. DNA (RAS gene) is important for thepromoting promotion cell Solar PV + common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the on” when cells need The mutated RAS 3000 than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the p of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) GW (Gigawatts) Oil to grow but it is growth. protein remains subsequently 3500 Nuclear sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, n+ field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched 2500 Coal n-emitter “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting + Geneticprotein sequence is “switched alteration on” and keeps Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas p + prevent Coal Solar PV Natural Gas Oxide p developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. （geneticon” when mutation） cells need promoting cell 3000 Solar PV Passivated rear surface p+ Instruction overgrowth. to grow but it is Therapeuticgrowth. Therapeutic 2000 Oil (published in 1985 paper) Other subsequently Nuclear n+ Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin renewables Local diffusion Oxide “switched off” to FigureCDK4/6 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 2500 1500 n-emitter + TKI inhibitor p-type silicon p Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline Genetic sequence alteration inhibitors Natural Gas Wind (published in 1999 paper) + + ； prevent MEK inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro p p （genetic mutation） Coal Instruction overgrowth. RAS inhibitors SolarBattery PV storage Passivated rear surface Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic 2000 1000 Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Therapeutic Therapeutic Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper)(published is now in 1985 paper) APC Other Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. Dr. Weinberg’s achievements RAS Herceptin Oxide and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 CDK4/6 500 renewables Local diffusion Sustaining Evading TKI inhibitor 1500 Green. Promotion of cell growth Figure 3:DevelopmentSuppression of excessive of cancer cell Outline inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 inhibitors Nuclear (published in 1999 paper) ； proliferative growth MEK inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors RAS inhibitors 0 Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic 1000 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper)found is an now appearance of Dr.cancer Weinberg cell clones helped (Fig. launch1). When this he new then eraanalyzed of human the cancer genes. In elegant 1km Deregulating APC Other renewables Mutation Mutation AerobicAvoiding Anti-PD1 the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. cellular immune RAS Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genesand original in these cells,research, he discovered he introduced a mutated extracted form of andthe fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 500 Wind power energetics destruction Sustaining Evading Source : Google Earth Green. power Promotion✖ of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Nuclear RAS gene. Normal cancerRAS gene cells product and then is important introduced for the promotionfragmented of DNAcell into cancerous cells and cell growth proliferative growth Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaicBattery storage Oildevices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid signaling suppressors 0 growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then Generationanalyzed of the oncogene Inactivation of tumor Therapeutic 2000 1002005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 Proapoptotic Enabling 1km suppressor gene Resisting Deregulating Avoiding are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the Mutation Mutation BH3 replicative Telomerase Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the cell death cellular immune amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortalityenergeticsinhibitors Source : Google Earth Wind power destruction 1990 (Source: Google Maps） power ✖ 1980 Figure 1:Discovery RASof an gene.oncogene Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Price reduction10 and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Cancer cell TP53 Therapeutic growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Genome Therapeutic 100 is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor Tumor- 2010 instability & Proapoptotic Enabling 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant suppressor gene promotingResisting are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the mutation BH3 inflammation replicative Telomerase cell death 1 2015 amount of energy required toHole produceElectron the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic 1990 (Source: Google Maps） Inducing Activating of 1980 Front contact Figure 1:Discovery of anCancer oncogene cells angiogenesis invasion & 10 Roof-top small-scale No stimulation Cancer cell PARP TP53 anti- Cancerous cells metastasis Induction of cell death (apoptosis) inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented Genomedrugs Fast-charging stations Tumor- [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 201010 100 1000 10000 in cancerous cells instability & 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant DNA into cancerous cells promoting Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless mutation inflammation Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic 1 2015 p-n junction Hole Electron Module Price Appearance of cancer cell clones Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of Inducing Activating of VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Front contact Cancer cells Radiation angiogenesis invasion & PARP anti- Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and canRoof-top be tailored small-scale Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding p5No3 stimulation metastasis lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Cancerous cells Carcinogen inhibitors inflammatory to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power the RAS protein Induction of cell death (apoptosis) 0.0development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs P-type silicon plants can also be constructed, and if the entire systemFast-charging is connected stationsby a smart grid, it can Growth arrest for [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001solar power0.01 generation.0.1 (Source:1 Photovoltaics10 Report,100 Fraunhofer1000 Institute10000 for Solar Energy Systems, in cancerous cells DNA into cancerous cells DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact Recombination redistribute power as needed and ensureSmart continued houses power supplyand electric in the case vehicless of disaster . Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

There exists a relation where the Prime numbers n and q are extremely remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) large. Even a super computer running is 1, so d cannot be computed without for 10 thousand years would not be able knowing the prime numbers p and q. to compute the prime factorization of n. Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- sun,“Medical the energy Science, causes Medicinal the release Science” of a negatively-charged field electron andinto an inactiveto state the tochallenges prevent excessive of sustainable cell growth. energy On and the global other hand, warming, and various types by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the Achievementbonized economy. : developing Nowadays, high-efficiency solar cells are recognized silicon as photovoltaic a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of theAchievement achievements : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and to the challengesdevices of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed.by Drs. Against Weinberg this and Vogelstein This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this siliconAchievement and the :hole For movestheir pioneering into the p-type work silicon. in conceptualizing That charge thena flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg devices model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Prof.background, Martin the Andrew time has come Green to recognize (Australia) the achievements of Prof. Green, out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. Born: Julywho developed20, 1948 a (Age: high-efficiency 72) silicon solar cell that has provided an actual A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole solution to global issues, along the way fostering many engineersand Vogelstein and entrepre has -been immeasurableProf. Bert to the Vogelstein cancer field. Their (USA) efforts have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole Professor,solution University to global issues,of New along South the way Wales fostering (UNSW many engineersSydney) and entrepre- pair that is generated can be extracted(USA) as power, but in practice, energy is lostwhich cannot beneurs transformed who have by transformed the mutant the RAS industry. gene alone. He then Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) Prof. Bert Vogelstein have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our view up through today. While this has produced important changes in Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because viewit emits up throughno carbon today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes.dioxide During when this producing research, Dr. power, Weinberg but also also assumed because the solar power produces how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces presence of genesmore the productsenergy thanof which the suppressenergy cancerused tocell manufacture development and dispose of solar Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called Predictedmore energy Growth than ofthe Solar energy Power used to manufacture and dispose of solar and greatly contributedcells. Moreover, to the discovery solar power of RB gene,can be the flexibly first of so-calledadapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Predicted Growth of Solar Power cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born:PERC November solar 11, cells 1942 and (Age: Prof. 78) Green’s role and Vogelstein have publishedMember, influential Whitehead conceptual Institute cornerstones for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressorfrom genes”; large-scale in analogy megawatt to car driving, and gigawatt the driver level puts onpower the plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research,Professor, namely, Massachusetts Hallmarks of Institute Cancer by of Dr. Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that in improving solar cell efficiency In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, Professor,in improving Massachusetts solar Institute cell efficiency of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, theseresidential studies generation lead to the usingestablishment roof-top of solar a paradigm arrays. Distributedthat electric power In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by cancer will arisegeneration by the appearance through small-scaleof oncogenes facilities and disappearance can help ofreduce the severity and cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewable sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- renewablescale sources of damage that causeddo not duringemit carbon natural dioxide, disasters. a Whencontributing solar power factor and to TheSummary: first efficient Discoveries p-n-junction of oncogenes crystalline and silicon tumor solar suppressor cell was demontumor- suppressorscale genes of (Fig.damage 3). caused during natural disasters. When solar power and Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- global warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, strated by Daryl. M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell global otherwarming. renewables Renewables become includethe backbone solar, ofwind, our electricand geothermal power generation power, strated genes by andDaryl. proposal/verification M. Chapin, Calvin S. of Fuller, the multi-step and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step but in the past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, but in theinfrastructure, past, introducing we will suchhave attainedsources thewas ability difficult to produce due to electricitythe increased in a Labscarcinogenesis in 1954. From model. 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, infrastructure, we will have attained the ability to producelished electricity principles in that a have enabledcarcinogenesis an understanding model. of the complexity lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity costs when compared to fossil fuel-fired plants and hydroelectric power. Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved costs whenmore comparedsustainable toway. fossil fuel-fired plants and hydroelectric power. Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel powerDr. Weinbergconversion discovered efficiency the presenceto nearly of 17%. cellular However, genes, called there proto-onco were no- further Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- “ ” power, Historyand thus of improvementsbegan the era inof power solar generationpower plants efficiency being able to be built improvementsgenes, which can in be power converted conversion to cancer-causing efficiency oncogenes for nearly by a amutation(s). decade. basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo HeIn also 1975, contributed Prof. Green in the then discovery provided of a freshgene, insightnow called into a thetumor processes suppressor determin - Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is inggene, the that recombination is required for of the electrons protection and of holes cells excited to become by sunlightcancer cells. and Dr.suggested genetics combined1954 with histopathologyBell Labs invents of large the intestinal first efficient lesions crystalline to show siliconbeen synthesizedsolar cell from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research,gene, that but is also required created for the the transformative protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1983, he and his team realized a record efficiency of 18%. This was the first the ability of photovoltaicremains unbroken devices for(commonly nearly a decade known as solar cells) to convert muchVogelstein higher independently conversion searched efficiency for actualof 25% mutated was genesexperimentally in human cancer feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of large-scale in a series of 18 certified efficiency records by his team, achieving 24.7% solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in 1983,cells and he discoveredand his team numerous realized new a genesrecord that efficiency are critical of to 18%. the development This was the firstand others) were associated remainswith the progressionunbroken for from nearly benign a decade adenomas to field of cancer drug developmentVogelstein that is independently improving the searched lives of manyfor actual mutated genes in human cancer 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving conversion efficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). power generationincrease costs that in efficiency have allowed using advanced for the recombination construction suppression of large-scale inof acancer. series Onof 18the certifiedbasis of theseefficiency achievements, records theby concepthis team, of “multi-stepachieving 24.7%increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices since the 1970s, and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducing solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving conversion efficiencycarcinogenesis in 1999 model” (reaching was established. his target Althoughof 25.0% manyby recalibration other investigators in 2008). of multi-step carcinogenesisincrease model in(Fig.5). efficiency In usingfact, Dr.advanced Vogelstein recombination was suppression of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation has achieved many successes over that time. recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also efficiency1983 of crystallineProf. Green silicon achieves photovoltaic 18% efficiency, devices which since is the achieved 1970s, through and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducingamong the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through has achieved manyextraction successes through over thethat local time. tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel Benign among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- contributed to thisCarcinoma field, Drs. MetastasisWeinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that photovoltaic device market. along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the passivation of the silicon-electrode interface andNormal current cell Hyperplasia adenoma orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg,extraction have also through led to the the opening local tunnel of the junction field of as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Benign Metastasis The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices photovoltaic device market. cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma Carcinoma and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of orating this concept. In metastatic fact, Dr. ability Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the and solar power generation oping mechanism-based1983 humanProf. cancer Green diagnosis invents PERC,and therapeutics. which harnesses On the passivationmutations： on frontgene ① gene ② The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency and rear surfaces oncogene❶requirement ofoncogene❷ multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual mutations： metastatic ability and solar power generation Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the gene ① gene ② There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of cancersBuilding arise, toa moreshow the secure association society of a withseries ofsolar mutations power in cancer-assogeneration- 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ oncogene❷ but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of Precision medicine：Approach for cancer Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as There are many types of devices thatAntireflection generate Passivated power frontfrom surface sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiencycancer-associated DNA mutations in the cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. cancersindividual arise, variabilityto show in genes, the environment,association and of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- for light trapping (published in 1984 paper) and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper but crystalline silicon (a Fingertype electrode of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Precision medicine：Approach for cancer common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account GW (Gigawatts) approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflectionprotein remainsPassivated front surface cancer-associated DNA mutations in the individual variability in genes, environment, and 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS for light alwaystrapping “switched and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples Coal the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode (published in 1984 paper) Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 protein is “switched on” and keeps Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. promoting cell DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Solar PV + on” when cells need common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS 3000 p than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Oil GW (Gigawatts) to grow but it is growth. protein remains subsequently Nuclear 3500 n+ sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched 2500 n-emitter Coal “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting + Genetic sequence alteration protein is “switched on” and keeps Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas p + prevent Coal p Solar PV Natural Gas Oxide （genetic mutation） developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. on” when cells need promoting cell Solar PV 3000 Passivated rear surface Instruction overgrowth. p+ Therapeutic Therapeutic to grow but it is growth. 2000 (publishedOil in 1985 paper) Other subsequently Nuclear Dr. Weinberg’s achievements n+ Herceptin renewables Local diffusion Oxide CDK4/6 “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 1500 2500 n-emitter + TKI inhibitor Figure 3:Development of cancerp-type cell silicon Outline p inhibitors Genetic sequence alteration (published in 1999 paper) Natural Gas Wind + ； + MEK inhibitors prevent Hydro Wind Hydro p p （genetic mutation） Coal RAS inhibitors Instruction overgrowth. Battery storage Solar PV Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Passivated Therapeuticrear surface Therapeutic 1000 2000 Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Therapeutic Therapeutic Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now (published in 1985 paper) APC Other Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from Oxide glycolysis AntiPD-L1 CDK4/6 500 renewables Local diffusion Sustaining Evading TKI inhibitor 1500Green. Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline inhibitors Nuclear (published in 1999 paper) proliferative growth ； MEK inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors RAS inhibitors 0 Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1000 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant 1km Deregulating APC Other renewables Mutation Mutation Avoiding Aerobic Anti-PD1 the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof.cellular immune RAS Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 500 Wind power energetics destruction Sustaining Evading Source : Google Earth power Green. ✖ Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Nuclear RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth proliferative growth Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors 0 growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor found an appearance of cancerTherapeutic cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 100 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 Proapoptotic Enabling 1km suppressor gene Resisting Deregulating Avoiding are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase Mutation Mutation Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cell death cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the cellular immune amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors energetics Source : Google Earth Wind power destruction 1990 (Source: Google Maps） power ✖ 1980 Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell 10 Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant CancerSmart cell grid TP53 Therapeutic Genome growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic 100 is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Tumor- Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor 2010 instability & Proapoptotic Enabling 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting suppressor gene Resisting are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the mutation inflammation BH3 replicative Telomerase cell death 1 2015 Hole Electron amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic 1990 (Source: Google Maps） Inducing Activating of Front contact 1980 Cancer cells angiogenesisFigure 1:Discoveryinvasion & of an oncogene 10 Roof-top small-scale No stimulation PARP anti- Cancer cell TP53 Cancerous cells metastasis Induction of cell death (apoptosis) inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs Genome Fast-charging stations Tumor- [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 2010 in cancerous cells instability & 2000 DNA into cancerous cells Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless mutation inflammation Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction 1 2015 Hole Electron Module Price Appearance of cancer cell clones Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of Inducing Activating of VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Front contact Radiation Cancer cells angiogenesis invasion & PARP anti- Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding p53 Roof-top small-scale No stimulation metastasis lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Carcinogen Cancerous cells inhibitors inflammatory to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power the RAS protein Induction of cell death (apoptosis) development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs P-type silicon plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can Fast-chargingGrowth arrest stations for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 in cancerous cells DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) DNA into cancerous cells ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

There exists a relation where the Prime numbers n and q are extremely remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) large. Even a super computer running is 1, so d cannot be computed without for 10 thousand years would not be able knowing the prime numbers p and q. to compute the prime factorization of n. Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field intosun, an theinactive energy state causes to prevent the excessive release ofcell a growth. negatively-charged On the other hand, electron and to the challenges of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and to the challenges of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types devices a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-typeby Drs. Weinbergof new and solarVogelstein cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg devices model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-holeand Vogelstein has beensolution immeasurable to global issues, to the alongcancer the field. way Their fostering efforts many engineers and entrepre- Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole solution to global issues, along the way fostering many engineers and entrepre- Professor, University of New South(USA) Wales (UNSW Sydney) whichpair thatcannot is generated be transformed can be by extracted the mutant as power, RAS gene but inalone. practice, He then energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) Prof. Bert Vogelstein have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our view up through today. While this has produced important changes in Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) view up through today.Solar While power this hasis a produced clean energy important source changes not only in because it emits no carbon when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar Predicted Growth of Solar Power and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Predicted Growth of Solar Power cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that in improving solar cell efficiency In orderProfessor, to realize Massachusetts our dreams Institute of ofachieving Technology a (MIT)decarbonized society, brakes.in improvingThus, these studies solar leadcell toefficiency the establishment of a paradigm that residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewable sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- scale of damage caused during natural disasters. When solar power and renewableSummary: sources that Discoveries do not emit of carbon oncogenes dioxide, and a tumor contributing suppressor factor to tumorThe suppressor first efficient genes (Fig.p-n-junction 3). crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- scale of damage caused during natural disasters. When solar power and Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- global warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, strated by Daryl. M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation global warming. genes and Renewables proposal/verification include solar, of wind, the multi-step and geothermal power, strated by Daryl. M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step but in the past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, infrastructure, we will have attained the ability to produce electricity in a but in thecarcinogenesis past, introducing model. such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison,lished principles thatinfrastructure, have enabled anwe understanding will have attained of the complexitythe ability to produce electricity in a carcinogenesis model. lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity costs when compared to fossil fuel-fired plants and hydroelectric power. Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved more sustainable way. costs when compared to fossil fuel-fired plants and hydroelectric power. Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improvedof cancer, especiallymore in providing sustainable a strongway. rationale for early cancer of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further In the Dr.mid-2010s, Weinberg solardiscovered power the costs presence dropped of cellular below genes, those called of proto-oncofossil fuel- powerDr. Vogelstein’s conversion efficiencyachievements to nearly 17%. However, there were no furtherdetection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- History of improvements in power generation efficiency“ ” power, genes,and thus which began can be the converted era of solarto cancer-causing power plants oncogenes being ableby a mutation(s).to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). cheaperHe than also fossil contributed fuel plants. in the discoverySolar power of a generationgene, now called is expected a tumor to suppressor undergo Dr.In Vogelstein1975, Prof. took Green a different then provided approach, fresh using insight methods into theof molecularprocesses determintherapies.- Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansiongene, that inis therequired future for (see the belowprotection graph). of cells Behind to become this paradigm cancer cells. shift Dr. is geneticsing the combinedrecombination with histopathology of electrons and of largeholes intestinal excited bylesions sunlight to show and suggestedbeen synthesized from1954 many of Belltheir Labs ideas. invents Overall, the their first work efficient has crystallinenot silicon solar cell the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1983, he and his team realized a record efficiency of 18%. This was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade the abilityVogelstein of photovoltaic independently devices searched (commonly for actual known mutated as solargenes cells) in human to convert cancer much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of large-scale in a series of 18 certified efficiency records by his team, achieving 24.7% solar energycells and to electricdiscovered power numerous at high new rates genes of thatefficiency, are critical and to thethe developmentreduction in and1983, others) he andwere his associated team realized with the a progression record efficiency from benign of 18%. adenomas This wasto thefield first of cancer drug developmentremains that is unbroken improving for the nearly lives a of decade many Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving conversion efficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression power generationof cancer. Oncosts the that basis have of theseallowed achievements, for the construction the concept ofof large-scale“multi-step increasinglyin a series aggressive of 18 certified colon adenocarcinomas,efficiency records establishing by his team, a foundation achieving 24.7% cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices since the 1970s, and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducing solar powercarcinogenesis plants. Prof. model” Green was hasestablished. been working Although on many improving other investigators conversion ofefficiency multi-step in carcinogenesis 1999 (reaching model his target(Fig.5). of 25.0%In fact, by Dr. recalibration Vogelstein was in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation has achieved many successes over that time. recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices since the 1970s, and he amongThe the PERC first to cell demonstrate that he invented that TP53 included, which was measures originally for considered not only reducingFigure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through extraction through the local tunnel junction has achieved many successes over that time. as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel Benign among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Carcinoma Metastasis contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that photovoltaic device market. along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the Normal cell Hyperplasia passivationadenoma of the silicon-electrode interface and current orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of extraction through the local tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Benign Metastasis The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancerphotovoltaic genomics, device now an market. especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma Carcinoma and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of metastatic ability orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the and solar power generation oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the mutations： gene ① 1983 Prof. Green gene ② invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front Thewhile mechanisms Dr. Vogelstein behind verified solar the photovoltaicconcept by molecular devices genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ and rear surfacesoncogene❷ requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual mutations： metastatic ability and solar power generation Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the gene ① gene ② There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ oncogene❷ but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of Precision medicine：Approach for cancer Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, cancer-associated DNA mutations2008 in the Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. individual variability in genes, environment, and cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- for light trapping (published in 1984 paper) and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-oldNormal notion, RAS protein that renewable energy isMutated important RAS protein for global lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Precision medicine：Approach for cancer common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account GW (Gigawatts) approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completelyprotein remains changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface cancer-associated DNA mutations in the individual variability in genes, environment, and 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched for light trapping and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples Coal the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode (published in 1984 paper) Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 protein is “switched on” and keeps Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. promoting cell DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Solar PV + on” when cells need common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS 3000 p than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Oil GW (Gigawatts) to grow but it is growth. protein remains subsequently Nuclear n+ 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched 2500 n-emitter Coal “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting + Genetic sequence alteration protein is “switched on” and keeps Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas p + prevent Coal p Solar PV Natural Gas （genetic mutation） Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. on” when cells need promoting cell Solar PV Passivated rear surface 3000 Instruction overgrowth. p+ Therapeutic Therapeutic to grow but it is growth. 2000 (published in 1985 paper) Oil Other subsequently Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Nuclear Herceptin n+ renewables Local diffusion Oxide CDK4/6 “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 1500 2500 n-emitterTKI inhibitor + Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline p-type siliconinhibitors p Genetic sequence alteration (published in 1999 paper) Natural Gas Wind ； MEK inhibitors + + prevent Hydro Wind Hydro p p （genetic mutation） Coal RAS inhibitors Instruction overgrowth. Battery storage Solar PV Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic Passivated rear surface 1000 2000 Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Therapeutic Therapeutic Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now APC (published in 1985 paper) Other Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis OxideAntiPD-L1 CDK4/6 500 renewables Local diffusionSustaining Evading TKI inhibitor Green. 1500 Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline inhibitors Nuclear (publishedproliferative in 1999 paper)growth ； MEK inhibitors cancer cells and thenHydro introduced the fragmentedWind DNA into cancerousHydro cells and cell growth Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors RAS inhibitors 0 Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1000found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant 1km Deregulating APC Other renewables Mutation Mutation Avoiding Aerobic Anti-PD1 cellularthe mainstream device in the Si-PVimmune market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 Wind power 500 energetics destruction Sustaining Evading Source : Google Earth power ✖ Green. Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 RAS gene.Nuclear Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth proliferative growth Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors 0growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor Therapeutic found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 100 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 Proapoptotic Enabling suppressor gene 1km Resisting Deregulating Avoiding are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase Mutation Mutation Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 cell death Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the cellular immune amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors energetics Source : Google Earth Wind power destruction 1990 (Source: Google Maps） power ✖ 1980 Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell 10 Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-levelCancer solar powercell plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant TP53 Smart grid Therapeutic Genome growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic 100 is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Tumor- Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor 2010 instability & Proapoptotic Enabling 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting suppressor gene Resisting are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the mutation inflammation BH3 replicative Telomerase cell death 1 2015 Hole Electron amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic 1990 (Source: Google Maps） Inducing Activating of Front contact 1980 Cancer cells angiogenesis invasion & Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene Roof-top small-scale 10 No stimulation PARP anti- Cancer cell TP53 Cancerous cells metastasis Induction of cell death (apoptosis) inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs Genome Fast-charging stations Tumor- [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 2010 in cancerous cells instability & 2000 DNA into cancerous cells Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless mutation inflammation Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction 1 2015 Hole Electron Module Price Appearance of cancer cell clones Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of Inducing Activating of VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Front contact Radiation Cancer cells angiogenesis invasion & PARP anti- Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding p53 Roof-top small-scale No stimulation metastasis lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Carcinogen Cancerous cells inhibitors inflammatory to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power the RAS protein Induction of cell death (apoptosis) development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs P-type silicon plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can Growth arrest for Fast-charging stations solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 in cancerous cells DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) DNA into cancerous cells ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

There exists a relation where the Prime numbers n and q are extremely remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) large. Even a super computer running is 1, so d cannot be computed without for 10 thousand years would not be able knowing the prime numbers p and q. to compute the prime factorization of n. Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and to the challenges of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form;Achievement in The ripple : developing effects of the high-efficiency achievements silicon photovoltaic Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and to the challenges of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types by Drs. Weinbergdevices and Vogelstein a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg devices model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual Born: Julyand Vogelstein 20, 1948 has(Age: been 72) immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole solution to global issues, along the way fostering many engineers and entrepre- Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole solution to global issues, along the way fostering many engineers and entrepre- (USA) which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He thenProfessor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) Prof. Bert Vogelstein have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our view up through today. While this has produced important changes in Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-calledPredicted Growth of Solar Power cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Predicted Growth of Solar Power cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that in improving solar cell efficiency Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm thatIn order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, in improving solar cell efficiency residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearancethere of needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewable sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- scale of damage caused during natural disasters. When solar power and Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). renewable sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- scale of damage caused during natural disasters. When solar power and Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- global warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, strated by Daryl. M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step global warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, strated by Daryl. M. Chapin, Calvin S. Fuller, and Gerald L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step but in the past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, infrastructure, we will have attained the ability to produce electricity in a carcinogenesis model. but in thelished past, principles introducing that have such enabled sources an was understanding difficult due of theto the complexity increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, infrastructure, we will have attained the ability to produce electricity in a carcinogenesis model. lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity costs when compared to fossil fuel-fired plants and hydroelectric power. Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved more sustainable way. costs whenof cancer, compared especially to fossil in providing fuel-fired a plants strong and rationale hydroelectric for early power. cancer Joseph G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements In thedetection mid-2010s, and intervention. solar power Their costs accomplishments dropped below havethose served of fossil as the fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). “ ” power, basisand thusfor many began of the the era contemporary of solar power developments plants being of targeted able to cancerbe built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecularcheaper therapies. than fossil Indeed, fuel plants. the notion Solar of power “precision generation medicine” is expected in oncology to undergo has In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- rapid expansion in the future (see below graph). Behind this paradigm shift is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to showrapid expansionbeen synthesized in the future from (seemany below of their graph). ideas. Behind Overall, this their paradigm work has shift not is ing the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1983, he and his team realized a record efficiency of 18%. This was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in 1973 that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of large-scale in a series of 18 certified efficiency records by his team, achieving 24.7% cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomassolar to energyfield ofto cancerelectric drug power development at high rates that of is efficiency, improving andthe thelives reduction of many in 1983, he and his team realized a record efficiency of 18%. This was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving conversion efficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundationpower generation costs that have allowed for the construction of large-scale in a series of 18 certified efficiency records by his team, achieving 24.7% cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices since the 1970s, and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducing carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein wassolar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving conversion efficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation has achieved many successes over that time. recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally consideredefficiency Figure5:Multi-step of crystalline silicon carcinogenesis photovoltaic model devices since the 1970s, and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducing passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through extraction through the local tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallelhas achieved many successes over thatBenign time. among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Carcinoma Metastasis contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that photovoltaic device market. Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma along the rear of the cell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of extraction through the local tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- Benign Metastasis The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes photovoltaic device market. Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma Carcinoma and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of metastatic ability orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the and solar power generation oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the mutations： gene ① gene ② 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined The mechanisms behindMutation solar of photovoltaicMutation devices of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ oncogene❷ and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual mutations： metastatic ability and solarColorectal power cancer： generationAPC K-RAS TP53 oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the gene ① gene ② There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ oncogene❷ but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of Precision medicine：Approach for cancer Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface There arecancer-associated many typesDNA mutations of devicesin the that generate power from sunlight, 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. individual variability in genes, environment, and cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- for light trapping (published in 1984 paper) and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS proteinbut crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor)lifestyle is for eachsaid person. to be found in The decades-old notion, that renewable energy is important for global Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Precision medicine：Approach for cancer common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account GW (Gigawatts) protein remainsapproximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface cancer-associated DNA mutations in the individual variability in genes, environment, and 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched for light trapping and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples Coal the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode (published in 1984 paper) Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. protein is “switched on” and keepsInstalled power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. promoting cell DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Solar PV + on” when cells need common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS 3000 p than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) Oil to grow but it is growth. GW (Gigawatts) protein remains subsequently Nuclear n+ 3500 sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and The normal RAS always “switched 2500 n-emitter “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeuticCoal targeting + Genetic sequence alteration protein is “switched on” and keeps Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas p + prevent Coal p （genetic mutation） Solar PV Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. on” when cells need promoting cell Solar PV Passivated rear surface Instruction overgrowth. 3000 p+ Therapeutic Therapeutic to grow but it is growth. 2000 (published in 1985 paper) Oil Other subsequently Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin Nuclear n+ renewables Local diffusion Oxide CDK4/6 “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 1500 2500 TKI inhibitor n-emitter + Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline inhibitors p-type silicon p Genetic sequence alteration (published in 1999 paper) ； MEK inhibitors Natural Gas Wind + + prevent Hydro Wind Hydro p p （genetic mutation） RAS inhibitorsCoal Instruction overgrowth. Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic SolarTherapeutic PV Passivated rear surface 1000 Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant 2000 Therapeutic Therapeutic Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now APC (published in 1985 paper) Aerobic OtherAnti-PD1 Other renewables the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 Oxide CDK4/6 500 Sustaining Evading renewables Local diffusion TKI inhibitor Green. Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive 1500 inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline inhibitors Nuclear proliferative growth (published in 1999 paper) ； MEK inhibitors cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth Hydro Wind Hydro Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors RAS inhibitors 0 Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 1000 Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant 1km Deregulating APC Mutation Mutation Other renewablesAvoiding Aerobic Anti-PD1 cellular immune the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 Wind power 500 energetics destruction Sustaining Evading Source : Google Earth power ✖ Green. Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Nuclear cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth proliferative growth Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Battery storage Oil signaling suppressors growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 0 Therapeutic is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor Therapeutic found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 100 2000Proapoptotic2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Enabling2040年 suppressor gene Resisting 1km Deregulating Avoiding are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase Mutation Mutation cell death Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the cellular immune amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors energetics Source : Google Earth Wind power destruction 1990 (Source: Google Maps） power ✖ 1980 Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell 10 Cancer cell Price reductionTP53 and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Therapeutic Genome growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic 100 Tumor- is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor 2010 instability & Proapoptotic Enabling 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting suppressor gene Resisting mutation inflammation are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase cell death 1 2015 Hole Electron amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic 1990 Inducing Activating of (Source: Google Maps） Front contact Cancer cells 1980 angiogenesis invasion & Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene Roof-top small-scale No stimulation 10 PARP anti- Cancer cell TP53 Cancerous cells metastasis Induction of cell death (apoptosis) inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs Genome Fast-charging stations Tumor- [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 in cancerous cells 2010 instability & DNA into cancerous cells 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless mutation inflammation Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction 1 2015 Hole Electron Appearance of cancer cell clones Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of Inducing Activating of VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation Front contact Cancer cells angiogenesis invasion & PARP anti- Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding p53 Roof-top small-scale No stimulation metastasis lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Carcinogen Cancerous cells inhibitors inflammatory to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power the RAS protein Induction of cell death (apoptosis) development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs P-type silicon plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can Growth arrest for Fast-charging stations solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 in cancerous cells DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) DNA into cancerous cells ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

Nomination and Selection Process majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon Eligiblewhich Fields in turn for is acceleratingthe 2022 the Japan global movement Prize towards a low-carbon/decar- ARK Mori Building, Eastinto Wing an inactive 35th Floor, state 1-12-32 to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field The ripple effects of the achievements is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the bonized economy. Nowadays, solar cells are recognized as a major solution Akasaka, Minato-ku,the Tokyo, product 107-6035, of the JAPANmutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in No. 64 Feb. 2021 ■ Every November, the Field Selection Committee of The Japan Prizesun, Foundation the energy designates causes theand releaseannounces of twoa negatively-charged fields in which electron and toAreas the ofchallenges of sustainable energy and global warming, and various types by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic Tel: +81-3-5545-0551analogy Fax: to+81-3-5545-0554 car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). the Japan Prize will be awarded two years hence. At the same time,a positively-charged the Foundation calls “hole,” for over whereby 14,000 nominators,the electron strictly moves into the n-type Physics,of newChemistry, solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a devices Informatics, and Engineering Materials and Production model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its applicationwww.japanprize.jp and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but comprised of prominent scientists and researchers from aroundsilicon the worldand the invited hole movesby the into Foundation, the p-type to silicon. nominate That the charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg Prof. Martincandidates Andrew through Green the web (Australia) by Web System. The deadline for nominationsout the electrodes is the end (or of contacts)January of as the electrical following power. year. Backgroundwho and developed Rationale a: high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole The discoverysolution and to developmentglobal issues, of along new materialsthe way fostering with non-conventional many engineers properties and entrepre and the- development of advanced production tech(USA)nologies have which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then Born: July 20, 1948■ For (Age:each field,72) a Selection Subcommittee conducts a rigorous evaluation of the candidates’ academic achievements. The Prof. Bert Vogelstein have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost brought aboutneurs numerous who have innovations, transformed thereby the industry. contributing greatly to the sustainable development ofBorn: our society June 2,and 1949 to the (Age: improvement 71) of safety in demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing conclusions are then forwarded to the Selection Committee, which conducts evaluations of candidates’ achievements from a view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (see below figure.) social infrastructure.Solar power We haveis a clean designed energy and sourcesynthesized not only artificial because materials, it emits such no as carbon semiconductors, Professor, polymers, Johns nanomaterials, Hopkins Universitycatalysts, magnetic School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the wider perspective, including contributions to the progress of science and technology, and significant advancement towards the materials,dioxide and new when types ofproducing structural power,materials, but and also have because seen notable solar progress power inproduces materials design for responsible consumption and production. We presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution cause of world peace and prosperity, and finally the selected candidates are recommended for the Prize. have alsomore developed energy new than industrial the energy technologies, used to such manufacture as design andand manufacturing dispose of solar technologies Dr. supported Robert by computational A. Weinberg and data (USA) science, has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Predicted Growth of Solar Power high-resolution/highprecision measurement technologies, robotics, and precise nanostructure control process.Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called ■ The recommendations are then sent to the Foundation’s Board of Directors, which makes the final decision on the winners. cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role In order to make effective use of finite resources and build a sustainable society for the future, weMember, are in need Whitehead of epoch-making Institute innovations for Biomedical in the Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. ■ The nomination and selection process takes almost two years fromin the improving time that the solar fields cell are efficiency decided. Every January, the development of new functional materials and structural materials, as well as in industrial design and productionProfessor, & operationMassachusetts technologies. Institute of Technology (MIT) 2021brakes. Thus,Japan these studies Prize lead to the establishment Laureates of a paradigm Announcedthat In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram winners of that year’s Japan Prize are announced. The Presentation Ceremony is held in April in Tokyo. Eligible Achievements: cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewable sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- The 2022scale Japan of Prizedamage in thecaused fields during of Materials natural and disasters. Production When will solarbe awarded power toand an individual Summary:or individuals Discoveries who have made of mooncogenesmentous and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). scientific and technological breakthroughs that contribute significantly to the sustainable development of society or to its potential for great Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- global warming. JulyRenewables - October, 2019 includeNovember solar, wind, and geothermalEnd January, power, 2020 strated by Daryl. M. Chapin,November CalvinJanuary, S. Fuller, 2021 and GeraldApril L. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step but in the past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, advancesinfrastructure, in the future. Such we achievementswill have attained will include the ability the development to produce of electricity materials within a new functions,carcinogenesis development of model. new structural materials lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity that support social infrastructure or improvement of technologies for industrial design and production & operation, which enable the creation of costs when compared to fossil fuel-firedDetermine plants and hydroelectric power. SelectionJoseph Committee G. Haynos and colleagues at COMSAT Laboratories improved more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar powerthe costs fields droppedeligible below those of fossil fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further new products, services and industries that improve the quality and safety of people's lives. Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the Consider for the 2021 Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- “ ” power, and thus began the era ofJapan solar Prize power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversionAnnounce efficiency forThe nearly2021 a decade. Areas of basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer the fields Selection Subcommittee Life Science,History Agriculture, of improvements in power generation efficiency eligible Invite the Closing of Board of the Laureates Japan Prize genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). cheaper than fossil fuel plants. SolarResources, power Energy, generation nominations is expected theto undergo for Resources,In 1975,Energy, Prof. GreenDirectors then providedof thefresh 2021 insightPresentation into the processes determin- and Medicine Biological Production, Ecology/Environment therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has for the 2021 Environment, Environment, Social Infrastructure He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular rapid expansion in Japanthe future Prize (see below graph). Behind this paradigmnominations shift is ing the recombination of electrons andJapan holes Prize excitedCeremony by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell Social Infrastructure Background and Rationale: genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not Selectionmuch Subcommittee higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. the ability of photovoltaic devicesMedical (commonly Science, known as solar cells) to convert for Medical Science, 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that Medicinal Science The existence of humankind is completely dependent on the sustainable and diverse use of Earth’s biological resources. However, the global expansion that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative Medicinal1983, Science he and his team realized a record efficiency of 18%. This was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the reduction in of human activities coupled with the increase in population is decimating the natural environment and biodiversity forcing humanity to reconsider how power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of large-scale in a series of 18 certified efficiency records by his team, achieving 24.7% cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many biological resources1975 areProf. used. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. solar power plants.Members Prof. Green of has the been 2021 working Japan on improving Prize conversionSelection Committeeefficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). In order to improve increasethe situation, in efficiency it is necessary using advanced to perceive recombination biological production, suppression the environment, andof cancer. ecological On integrity the basis from of a unifiedthese achievements, viewpoint. the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices since the 1970s, and he The PERC cell that he invented included measures for not only reducing This requires advancements in fundamental science that enable us to conserve the invaluable environment and ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was Chairman Members carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators has achieved many successes over that time. recombination along the top region of the cell (the “emitter”) but also sustainably 1983use ecosystemProf. services, Green achieves and the creation 18% efficiency, of scientific which and technological is achieved innovations, through including earth observation and ecosystem modeling. For among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model Makoto Asashima Yoshinori Fujiyoshi Yoichiro Matsumoto passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelstein Dr. Robert A. Weinberg Research Professor, Academic Advisor, Teikyo University Distinguished Professor along the rear of the Presidentcell as well. This PERC structure now dominates the the sustainable use of biological productivity, we require new developments including the creation of new breeds through genome editing, the application Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Academic Advisor, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo University of Science extraction through the local tunnel junction as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel Benign they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Carcinoma Metastasis Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Medical and Dental University photovoltaic device market. of ICT, AI and robotics for advanced production, the realization of environmentally friendly biological production, the harnessing of useful substances Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma Masayuki Matsushita orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those ofAustralia Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of theUSA field of USA Yoshihiro Hayashi Director from organisms, the enhancement of food functionality, and the reduction of food loss and waste. 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC, which harnesses passivation on front Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes President/Director General The Japan Prize Foundation Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- accumulation of genes controlling National Museum of Nature and Science Eligible Achievements and : rear surfaces tumor suppressor tumor suppressor and solar power generation Shojiro Nishio Resources,oping Energy, mechanism-based Environment, Social human Infrastructure cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.Medical On the Science, mutations： Medicinal Sciencegene ① gene ② metastatic ability Hiroto Ishida while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of President The 20221999 Japan PrizeProf. in Greenthe fields achieves of Biological 24.7% efficiency Production, Ecology/Environment will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have Director Building a more Osakasecure University society with solar power generation basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual oncogene❶ oncogene❷ The Japan Prize Foundation with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a model of significantly contributed to the creation, development, and dissemination of scientific and technological breakthroughs that enable the sustainable Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, Tadatsugu Taniguchi 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency Development of High-Efficiency Kazunori Kataoka Professor Emeritus, Advisor to the Office of President development of human society in harmony with the ecosystem, or to its potential for great advances incancers the future. arise, This to year'sshow Ptherize association places emphasis of a series on of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgrammulti-step. carcinogenesis and its application and but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said toProfessor be Emeritus/Projectfound in Professor, The UniversityThe decades-oldof Tokyo notion,The University that of Tokyo renewable energy is important for global contributions to the advancement of basic science in ecology and the environment, and progress in biological production technologies. Silicon Photovoltaic Devices Vice Chairperson/Director-General of Innovation Center of ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes impact on improving cancerEarly diagnosis diagnosis：e.g., and early therapeutics detection of Precision medicine：Approach for cancer NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account approximately 95% of photovoltaic devices in use around the world. The environmental protection but is too expensive, has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface cancer-associated DNA mutations in the individual variability in genes, environment, and for light trapping (published in 1984 paper) and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples Selection Subcommittee for the “Resources, Energy, Environment,the society-wide Social Infrastructure” adoption of photovoltaics field has made solar power cheaper Fields Selection CommitteeFinger electrode for the 2022 Japan Prize Prof. Martin Green has pioneered the developmentNormal RAS of protein high-efficiency In spite Mutatedof improved RAS protein survival rates, the grim fate of most diagnosed lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS Chairman Members than fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the silicon photovoltaic devices and contributedof cell significantly growth to the Instructionpatients is to succumb to the disease“Vogelgram” or one (modifiedof its associated from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) GW (Gigawatts) Chairman Members protein remains 3500 Yoichiro Matsumoto Tadafumi Adschiri Hisashi Nakamura field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerningrealization and of solar power that is now cheaper than fossil fuel power. comorbidities.always Improved “switched survival rates over the last several decades are, Coal sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, The normal RAS President Professor Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Michiharu Nakamura Yozo Fujino Kazuo Kyuma protein is “switched on” and keeps Tokyo University of Science Solar PV NaturalAdvanced Gas Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University The University of Tokyo Oxide President, Josai University developingPresident mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.Especially, he made great achievements in increasingon” when cellspower need conversion in part, the resultpromoting of discovery cell of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical 3000 Counselor to the President p+ OilMuneo Hori Suguru Noda Japan Science and Technology Agency Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo National Agriculture and Food Research Organization efficiency dramatically from around 17% to 25%to by grow innovating but it is advanced advancements growth.underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University subsequently NuclearDirector-General Professor Director, The Japan Prize Foundationn+ Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University “switched off” to Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 2500 n-emitter + Ken Furuya Eiichi Nakamura technologies and integrating them into practical devices that now make improvementsGenetic sequence alterationin access to care, and early detection were predicated on WindJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology + p-type silicon p Deputy Chairman Natural Gas p + Professor, Graduate School of Science and University Professor prevent Coal Vice Chairman p （genetic mutation） SolarYuya PV Kajikawa Taikan Oki PassivatedEngineering, rear Soka surfaceUniversity Department of Chemistry the transition to a low-carbon Instruction society realistic. overgrowth. innumerable basic and clinical research findings that have elucidated the 2000 Koichi Hishida Therapeutic Therapeutic OtherProfessor, School of Environment and Society Professor Kazuhito Hashimoto (publishedProfessor Emeritus, in 1985 The paper) University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo He has also trained the researchers and entrepreneurs who have played inner workings of cancer development and survival mechanisms. Professor Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin President Oxide Mariko Hasegawa Yuichi Sugiyama CDK4/6 Organization for the Strategic Coordination renewables Local diffusion TKI inhibitor 1500 of Research and Intellectual Properties Norichika Kanie Nobuko Saigusa National Institute for Materials Science President Head key roles in industrialFigure development 3:Development and in reducing of cancer the price cell of siliconOutline Understood as a general principle, cancer arises through the inhibitors Hydro (published in 1999 paper) ； MEK inhibitors Wind Hydro Director, Center for Global Environmental Research The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program Professor RAS inhibitors BatteryGraduate storage School of Media and Governance, Keio University National Institute for Environmental Studies SOKENDAI photovoltaic devices. Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressoraccumulation gene of genetic and epigeneticTherapeutic mutations and alterations that Therapeutic 1000 Kohei Miyazono Dr. WeinbergMariko Takahashi helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Chiharu Tokoro Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now APC Noboru Kikuchi Professor Masaru Kitsuregawa The Science Coordinator are favorable to the survival and expansionAerobic of the tumor cells. This Anti-PD1 Other renewables the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS President Professor Department of Molecular Pathology Director General, National Institute of Informatics and originalThe Asahi research, Shimbun he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 500 Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. Faculty of Science and Engineering Professor, Institute of Industrial Science concept has been termed “multi-step carcinogenesis model” andSustaining has Evading GraduateGreen. School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Masayuki Yamamoto Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 Nuclear Waseda University The University of Tokyo cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth proliferative growth Battery storage Oil Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo served as a reliable and accepted foundation for subsequent oncologicalsignaling suppressors 0 Selection Subcommittee for the “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field Professor Emeritus, National Institute for Basic Biology 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the research. Many of the seminal studies underpinning the multi-step 1km Deregulating Avoiding Mutation Mutation cellular Chairman Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019Members Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived(alphabetical order, genes titles in as these of November, cells, 2020)he discovered a mutated form of the carcinogenesis model were the research discoveries made by Drs. immune Wind power energetics destruction Tadatsugu Taniguchi Teruo Fujii Rami Suzuki Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell ✖Robert Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein. Professor Emeritus Executive Vice President, The University of Tokyo CEO and Representative Director Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Schedule (2022-2024) Smart grid Advisor to the Office of President Professor Ferring Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Therapeutic The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, The Universityis installed of Tokyo with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor Therapeutic 100 The eligible fields for the Japan Prize (2022 to 2024) have been decided for the two research areas, respectively. Proapoptotic Enabling suppressor gene Resisting Hiroshi Hamada are considered environmentallyJunko friendly Takita because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase cell death Team Leader, Laboratory for Organismalamount Patterning of energy required toProfessor produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. These fields rotate every year in a three year cycle. mimetics immortality inhibitors RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University 1990 (Source: Google Maps） 1980 Midori Kamimura Every year the Fields Selection Committee announces the eligible fields for the next three years. Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. 10 Kazuhiko Yamamoto Deputy Chairman Distinguished research scientist Director government’s desire to “contribute to the development of scienceCancer and cellEvery year, two fields for the award presentationTP53 are chosen by considering TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences technology worldwide by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. Masanori Hatakeyama Areas of Physics, Chemistry, Informatics, and Engineering Areas of Life Science, Agriculture, and Medicine Genome Tumor- 2010 Hideki Katagiri Motoko Yanagita Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field andinstability each & laureate Professor 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant promoting Graduate School of Medicine Vice Dean Professor Year Eligible Fields Year Eligible Fields 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. mutation inflammation The University of Tokyo Tohoku University School of Medicine Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University 1 2015 Hole Electron This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their Module Price Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic Noriko Osumi 2022 Materials and Production 2022 Biological Production, Ecology/ Environment recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended byInducing the Activating of Yoshihiro Yoneda Cancer cells Vice President, Tohoku University Front contact Director General of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of Houseangiogenesis of invasion & Roof-top small-scale No stimulation PARP anti- Professor, Tohoku University School of Medicine National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition 2023 Electronics, Information, and Communication 2023 Life Science Cancerous cells greatly advanced the progress of science and technology. Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as metastasis Induction of cell death (apoptosis) inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation Introduction of extracted and fragmented well as eminent figures from various circles. drugs 2024 Resources, Energy, Environment,Fast-charging and Social stations Infrastructure 2024 Medical Science and Medicinal Science

[Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] in cancerous cells 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 DNA into cancerous cells (alphabetical order, titles as ofRecombination January, 2021) Smart houses and electric vehicless Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster . There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” Field majority of those are p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type silicon which in turn is accelerating the global movement towards a low-carbon/decar- “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, Nomination and Selection Process Eligible Fields for the 2022 Japan Prize is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the ARKbonized Mori Building, economy. East WingNowadays, 35th Floor, solar 1-12-32 cells are recognized as a major solution the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and Akasaka,to the Minato-ku, challenges Tokyo, of sustainable 107-6035, energy JAPAN and global warming, and various types No. 64 Feb. 2021 analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). ■ Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic Achievement : For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a Every November, the Field Selection Committee of The Japan Prize Foundation designates and announces two fields in which Areas of a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type of new solar cells are being actively researched and developed. Against this devices Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 model of multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but the Japan Prize will be awarded two years hence. At the same time, the Foundation calls for over 14,000 nominators, strictly Physics, Chemistry, Materials and Productionsilicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows background, the time has come to recognize the achievements of Prof. Green, Informatics, and Engineering www.japanprize.jp impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg comprised of prominent scientists and researchers from around the world invited by the Foundation, to nominate the Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. who developed a high-efficiency silicon solar cell that has provided an actual which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts candidates through the web by Web System. The deadline for nominations is the end of January of the following year. Born: JulyBackground 20, 1948 (Age: and Rationale 72) : A high power conversion efficiency can be obtained if every electron-hole solution to global issues, along the way fostering many engineers and entrepre- Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) The discovery and development of new materials with non-conventional properties and the development of advanced production technologies have demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our ■ Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) pair that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost neurs who have transformed the industry. Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) For each field, a Selection Subcommittee conducts a rigorous evaluation of the candidates’ academic achievements. The view up through today. While this has produced important changes in brought about numerous innovations, thereby contributing greatly to the sustainablewhen the development electrons andof our holes society recombine. and to the (see improvement below figure.) of safety in Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the conclusions are then forwarded to the Selection Committee, which conducts evaluations of candidates’ achievements from a social infrastructure. We have designed and synthesized artificial materials, such as semiconductors, polymers, nanomaterials, catalysts, magnetic how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution wider perspective, including contributions to the progress of science and technology, and significant advancement towards the dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development materials, and new types of structural materials, and have seen notable progress in materials design for responsible consumption and production. We more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg cause of world peace and prosperity, and finally the selected candidates are recommended for the Prize. have also developed new industrial technologies, such as design and manufacturing technologies supported by computational and data science, and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called Predicted Growth of Solar Power cells. Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones high-resolution/highprecision measurement technologies, robotics, and precise nanostructure control process. Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the ■ The recommendations are then sent to the Foundation’s Board of Directors, which makes the final decision on the winners. PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role from large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale In order to make effective use of finite resources and build a sustainable society for the future, we are in need of epoch-making innovations in the Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, in improving solar cell efficiency residential generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power ■ The nomination and selection process takes almost two years from the time that the fields are decided. Every January, the development of new functional materials and structural materials, as well as in industrial design and production & operation technologies. 2021 Japan Prize Laureates Announced Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram there needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by generation through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of winners of that year’s Japan Prize are announced. The Presentation Ceremony is held in April in Tokyo. by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). renewable Eligiblesources Achievements that do not emit: carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to The first efficient p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was demon- scale of damage caused during natural disasters. When solar power and Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- global warming.The 2022Renewables Japan Prize include in the solar, fields wind, of Materials and geothermal and Production power, will be awardedstrated by to Daryl.an individual M. Chapin, or individuals Calvin S. who Fuller, have and made Gerald mo mentousL. Pearson at Bell other renewables become the backbone of our electric power generation genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step scientific and technological breakthroughs that contribute significantly to the sustainable development of society or to its potential for great lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity July - October, 2019 November End January, 2020 November January, 2021 April but in the past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased Labs in 1954. From 1972 to 1974, Joseph Lindmayer, James F. Allison, infrastructure, we will have attained the ability to produce electricity in a carcinogenesis model. costs whenadvances compared in tothe fossil future. fuel-fired Such achievements plants and will hydroelectric include the developmentpower. of materialsJoseph G. with Haynos new functions, and colleagues development at COMSATof new stru cturalLaboratories materials improved more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer that support social infrastructure or improvement of technologies for industrial design and production & operation, which enable the creation of Determine Selection Committee In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel power conversion efficiency to nearly 17%. However, there were no further Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the the fields eligible new products, services and industries that improve the quality and safety of people's lives. Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built improvements in power conversion efficiency for nearly a decade. basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer Consider for the 2021 History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). Japan Prize Announce The 2021 Areas of In 1975, Prof. Green then provided fresh insight into the processes determin- the fields Selection Subcommittee cheaper than Lifefossil Science, fuel plants.Agriculture, Solar power generation is expected to undergo therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has eligible Invite the Closing of Board of the Laureates Japan Prize He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular Resources, Energy, nominations the for Resources, Energy, Directors of the 2021 Presentation rapid expansion inand the Medicine future (see belowBiological graph). Behind this Production, paradigm shift is Ecology/Environmenting the recombination of electrons and holes excited by sunlight and suggested 1954 Bell Labs invents the first efficient crystalline silicon solar cell for the 2021 Environment, Environment, Social Infrastructure been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not Japan Prize nominations Japan Prize Ceremony gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show Social Infrastructure the ability of photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) to convert much higher conversion efficiency of 25% was experimentally feasible. In COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, an achievement that Selection Subcommittee Background and Rationale: 1973 only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative Medical Science, Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, for Medical Science, solar energy Theto electric existence power of humankind at high rates is completely of efficiency, dependent and theon thereduction sustainable in and diverse1983, usehe andof Earth’s his team biological realized resources. a record However, efficiency the of global 18%. expansion This was the first remains unbroken for nearly a decade Medicinal Science Medicinal Science and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many power generationof human costs activities that have coupled allowed with thefor increase the construction in population of large-scaleis decimating the naturalin a series environment of 18 certifiedand biodiversity efficiency forcing records humanity by his to reconsiderteam, achieving how 24.7% cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development 1975 Prof. Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cancer patients. solar powerbiological plants. Prof.resources Green are hasused. been working on improving conversion efficiency in 1999 (reaching his target of 25.0% by recalibration in 2008). increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation Members of the 2021 Japan Prize Selection Committee efficiency ofIn crystalline order to improve silicon the photovoltaic situation, it devicesis necessary since to theperceive 1970s, biological and he production,The the PERC environment, cell that and he ecological invented integrityincluded from measures a unified for viewpoint. not only reducing carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was has achievedThis many requires successes advancements over that in time. fundamental science that enable us to conserverecombination the invaluable environmentalong the top and regionecosystems, of the protect cell biodiversity,(the “emitter”) and but also 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency, which is achieved through Figure5:Multi-step carcinogenesis model Chairman Members contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered sustainably use ecosystem services, and the creation of scientific and technologicalalong innovations, the rear includingof the cell earth as well.observation This PERCand ecosystem structure modeling. now dominates For the passivation of the silicon-electrode interface and current Makoto Asashima Yoshinori Fujiyoshi Yoichiro Matsumoto extraction through the local tunnel junction Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelsteinthey continued theirDr. innovativeRobert A. research Weinberg as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel Benign Metastasis Research Professor, Academic Advisor, Teikyo University Distinguished Professor President the sustainable use of biological productivity, we require new developments includingphotovoltaic the creation device of new market. breeds through genome editing, the application Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Normal cell Hyperplasia adenoma Carcinoma Academic Advisor, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo University of Science of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Medical and Dental University orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the of ICT, AI and robotics for advanced production, the realization of environmentally friendly biological production, the harnessing of useful substances 1983 Prof. Green inventsAustralia PERC, which harnesses passivation on front USA USA Masayuki Matsushita The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- Genetic mutation/ Inactivation of Inactivation of Dysregulation of genes Yoshihiro Hayashi Director from organisms, the enhancement of food functionality, and the reduction of food loss and waste. and rear surfaces requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, accumulation of tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes controlling President/Director General The Japan Prize Foundation and solar power generation Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the mutations： gene ① gene ② metastatic ability National Museum of Nature and Science Eligible Achievements : Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure Medicalwhile Science, Dr. Vogelstein Medicinal Science verified the concept by molecular genetics combined Mutation of Mutation of Shojiro Nishio Building a more secure society with solar power generation 1999 Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency oncogene❶ oncogene❷ Hiroto Ishida President The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Biological Production, Ecology/Environment will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual Director Osaka University Colorectal cancer： APC K-RAS TP53 The Japan Prize Foundation There aresignificantly many types contributed of devices to the that creation, generate development, power from and disseminationsunlight, of scientific and technological breakthroughs that enable the sustainable 2008 Prof. Green’s solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency For their pioneering work in conceptualizing a model of cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. Tadatsugu Taniguchi Development of High-Efficiency cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- Kazunori Kataoka Professor Emeritus, Advisor to the Office of President but crystallinedevelopment silicon of(a human type ofsociety semiconductor) in harmony with is thesaid ecosystem, to be found or to inits potential Thefor great decades-old advances innotion, the future. that Thisrenewable year's P rizeenergy places is emphasisimportant on for global multi-step carcinogenesis and its application and ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Early diagnosis：e.g., early detection of Precision medicine：Approach for cancer Professor Emeritus/Project Professor, The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo Silicon Photovoltaic Devices Figure 2:Functional difference between the normal and mutated RAS proteins treatment and prevention that takes into account approximatelycontributions 95% of tophotovoltaic the advancement devices of basic in scienceuse around in ecology the world. and the The environment, environmental and progress inprotection biological butproduction is too technolexpensive,ogies. has completely changed, as Antireflection Passivated front surface cancer-associated DNA mutations in the Vice Chairperson/Director-General of Innovation Center of impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapeutics individual variability in genes, environment, and NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion for light trapping and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous blood samples the society-wide adoption of photovoltaics has made solar power cheaper Finger electrode (published in 1984 paper) Normal RAS protein Mutated RAS protein lifestyle for each person. Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 2000-2040 DNA (RAS gene) is important for the promotion Prof. Martin Green has pioneered the development of high-efficiency In spite of improvedcommon survival humanrates, the cancers. grim fate Their of most discoveries diagnosed have also led to the opening of the The mutated RAS Selection Subcommittee for the “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” field Fields Selection Committee for the 2022 Japan Prizethan fossil fuel power. This change is encouraging companies to enter the of cell growth Instruction “Vogelgram” (modified from the original article of Fearon ER and Vogelstein B in Cell 61, 759-767, 1990) GW (Gigawatts) protein remains Chairman Members 3500 silicon photovoltaic devices and contributed significantly to the patients is to succumbfield to of the cancer disease genomics, or one ofnow its an associated especially powerful force in discerning and always “switched Coal sustainable energy market and is driving a policy push for renewable energy, The normal RAS Yoichiro Matsumoto Tadafumi Adschiri Hisashi Nakamura Chairman Members realization of solar power that is now cheaper than fossil fuel power. comorbidities. Improved survival rates over the last several decades are, protein is “switched on” and keeps Solar PV Natural Gas Oxide developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. promoting cell Professor Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology + on” when cells need President 3000 Michiharu Nakamura Yozo Fujino Kazuo Kyuma p growth. Tokyo University of Science Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University The University of Tokyo Oil Especially, he made great achievements in increasing power conversion in part, the result of discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical to grow but it is Counselor to the President President, Josai University President + subsequently Muneo Hori Suguru Noda Japan Science and Technology Agency Nuclear Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo National Agriculture and Food Research Organization n Figure 6:The hallmarks of cancer and their therapeutic targeting 2500 Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University n-emitterefficiency dramatically from around 17% to 25% by innovating advanced advancements underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and “switched off” to Director-General Professor Director, The Japan Prize Foundation + Genetic sequence alteration Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon p prevent Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation p p+ （genetic mutation） Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Coal Ken Furuya Eiichi Nakamura technologies and integrating them into practical devices that now make improvements in access to care, and early detection were predicated on overgrowth. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Solar PV Passivated rear surface Instruction Deputy Chairman 2000 Vice Chairman Professor, Graduate School of Science and University Professor Therapeutic Therapeutic (published in 1985 paper) Yuya Kajikawa Taikan Oki Other Engineering, Soka University Department of Chemistry the transition to a low-carbon society realistic. innumerable basic and clinical research findings that have elucidated the Koichi Hishida Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Oxide Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin CDK4/6 Professor, School of Environment and Society Professor Kazuhito Hashimoto renewables LocalHe diffusion has also trained the researchers and entrepreneurs who have played inner workings of cancer development and survival mechanisms. TKI inhibitor Professor Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 1500 Figure 3:Development of cancer cell Outline inhibitors President Mariko Hasegawa Yuichi Sugiyama (published in 1999 paper) ； MEK inhibitors Organization for the Strategic Coordination Hydro Wind Hydro of Research and Intellectual Properties Nobuko Saigusa National Institute for Materials Science President Head key roles in industrial development and in reducing the price of silicon Understood as a general principle, cancer arises through the RAS inhibitors Norichika Kanie Battery storage Proto-oncogene Tumor suppressor gene Therapeutic Therapeutic Professor Director, Center for Global Environmental Research 1000 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on diagram in his 1999 paper) is now Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant SOKENDAI photovoltaic devices. accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations and alterations that APC Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University National Institute for Environmental Studies Kohei Miyazono Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables Mariko Takahashi the mainstream device in the Si-PV market. The blue text denotes technologies developed by Prof. RAS Chiharu Tokoro and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from glycolysis AntiPD-L1 Noboru Kikuchi 500 Professor Masaru Kitsuregawa The Science Coordinator are favorable to the survival and expansion of the tumor cells. This Sustaining Evading Professor Green. Promotion of cell growth Suppression of excessive inhibitors Anti-CTLA4 President NuclearDepartment of Molecular Pathology Director General, National Institute of Informatics The Asahi Shimbun proliferative growth Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. Faculty of Science and Engineering Professor, Institute of Industrial Science concept has been termedcancer “multi-step cells and carcinogenesis then introduced model” the andfragmented has DNA into cancerous cells and cell growth Graduate School of Medicine, The UniversityBattery of Tokyo storage Oil Masayuki Yamamoto signaling suppressors Waseda University 0 The University of Tokyo 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo served as a reliable andfound accepted an appearancefoundation for of subsequent cancer cell oncological clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the Professor Emeritus, National Institute for Basic Biology 1km Deregulating Selection Subcommittee for the “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field Mutation Mutation Avoiding Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric research. Many of thecancer seminal cell-derived studies underpinning genes in these the multi-step cells, he discovered a mutated form of the cellular immune energetics Source : Google Earth Wind power destruction Chairman Members (alphabetical order, titles as of November, 2020) power carcinogenesis modelRAS were gene. the research Normal discoveries RAS gene made product by Drs. is important for the promotion of cell ✖ Tadatsugu Taniguchi Teruo Fujii Rami Suzuki Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Robert Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein. Therapeutic Professor Emeritus Executive Vice President, The University of Tokyo CEO and Representative Director growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted Schedule (2022-2024) is installed with the p-n junction crystalline silicon PERC cells invented by Prof. Green. PERC devices Generation of oncogene Inactivation of tumor Therapeutic Advisor to the Office of President Professor Ferring Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. 100 Proapoptotic Enabling The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo suppressor gene Resisting are considered environmentally friendly because they can generate between 10 and 30 times the BH3 replicative Telomerase The eligible fields for the Japan Prize (2022 to 2024) have been decided for the two research areas, respectively. cell death Hiroshi Hamada Junko Takita amount of energy required to produce the devices, depending on location and technologies used. mimetics immortality inhibitors Team Leader, Laboratory for Organismal Patterning Professor These fields 1990rotate every year in a three year cycle. (Source: Google Maps） RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University 1980 Figure 1:Discovery of an oncogene 10 Cancer cell TP53 Midori Kamimura Kazuhiko Yamamoto Every year the Fields Selection Committee announces the eligible fields for the next three years. The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. Deputy Chairman Distinguished research scientist Director government’s desire to “contribute to the development of science and Every year, two fields for the award presentation are chosen by considering Genome Tumor- TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED 2010 instability & RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solartechnology worldwide plant by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. promoting Masanori Hatakeyama Areas of Physics, Chemistry, Informatics, and Engineering Areas of Life Science, Agriculture, and Medicine mutation inflammation Professor Hideki Katagiri Motoko Yanagita Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field and each laureate 1 2015 Hole Electron

Graduate School of Medicine Vice Dean Professor Module Price 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. Year Eligible Fields Year Eligible Fields Figure 4:Action of normal tumor suppressor p53（ TP53 gene product） Therapeutic Therapeutic The University of Tokyo Tohoku University School of Medicine Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their Inducing Activating of Front contact Cancer cells angiogenesis invasion & Noriko Osumi recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended by the PARP anti- Yoshihiro Yoneda 2022 Materials and Production 2022 Biological Production, Ecology/ Environment Roof-top small-scale No stimulation metastasis Vice President, Tohoku University of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives,Cancerous cellsthe President of House of inhibitors inflammatory Director General power generation Induction of cell death (apoptosis) Professor, Tohoku University School of Medicine National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition 0.0 2023 Electronics, Information, and Communication N-type2023 silicon Life Science Introduction of extracted and fragmented drugs greatly advanced the progress of scienceFast-charging and technology. stations Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as

[Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] in cancerous cells 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 DNA into cancerous cells 2024 Resources, Energy, Environment, and Social Infrastructure 2024 Medical Science and Medicinal Science Recombination Smart houses and electric vehicless well as eminent figures from various circles. Cumulative production (GWp) p53 Therapeutic Therapeutic (alphabetical order, titles as of January, 2021) p-n junction Appearance of cancer cell clones Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to Radiation VEGF signaling c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both, having been involved in both technological Recombination Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Discovery of a mutated form of the gene encoding Carcinogen p53 the RAS protein development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution and expansion of to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power P-type silicon Growth arrest for solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can DNA damage repair “Hallmarks of cancer” (modified from the original in Hanahan D and Weinberg RA, Cell 144, 646-674, 2011) ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster .