DOCSLIB.ORG

Immunoelectrophoresis: a Possible Source of Error

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Immunoelectrophoresis: a Possible Source of Error J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.5.500 on 1 May 1980. Downloaded from J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 500-504 Detection of monoclonal immunoglobulins by immunoelectrophoresis: a possible source of error AM SMITH, RA THOMPSON, AND MR HAENEY From the Supra Regional Protein Reference Unit, Department ofImmunology, East Birmingham Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5ST, UK SUMMARY The technique of immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is widely employed in the qualitative analysis of serum immunoglobulins. The most commonly used support media are agarose or agar gels, but the mobility of immunoglobulins is different in these two media. The presence of a small amount of a cathodal monoclonal immunoglobulin G may not be detected on IEP in agar if it is masked by larger amounts of polyclonal immunoglobulin of the same class. In these circum- stances the use of agarose imparts to the monoclonal protein a different mobility from that of the bulk of the serum IgG and allows its positive identification. Since its introduction' immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) phoresis may then be interpreted as an artefact. has proved a valuable tool in the qualitative investi- This paper reports five cases in which the presence gation of proteins, particularly human serum of a monoclonal protein could not be shown immunoglobulins. Classically, the technique involves convincingly on IEP in agar, although all were the separation of proteins by electrophoresis in a clearly visible after IEP in agarose. gel support medium, followed by visualisation of the separated proteins using specific antisera. Initial Material and methods separation of the proteins depends on the charge carried by each protein. Polyclonal immuno- IEP in agar was carried out using 1-5 % agar in http://jcp.bmj.com/ globulins, being of varying amino-acid composition, 0-045 M barbitone buffer pH 8-6. The agar was will exhibit a spectrum of mobility, moving as a poured on to a glass plate (8 x 8 cm) to give a depth broad band on electrophoresis and producing a of agar of 1-7 mm. The pattern of sample wells and pattern of smooth arcs with monospecific antisera antiserum troughs was cut as required. Electro- to IgG, IgA, and IgM. A single clone of plasma phoresis of sera was carried out in an electrophoresis cells synthesises immunoglobulin of one molecular tank (Shandon Southern Limited) containing type only. A number of such molecules possessing 0045 M barbitone buffer pH 8-6 at a current of on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. identical charge will travel as a discrete band on approximately 20 mA per plate for 45 minutes. The electrophoresis, producing characteristic distortion troughs were then filled with the relevant antisera of the polyclonal arc on visualisation with specific and the plates incubated at room temperature antisera. overnight. The diagnosis of a monoclonal immunoglobulin In this laboratory, a mixture of three monospecific is suggested by serum protein electrophoresis on antisera (anti-IgG, anti-IgA, and anti-IgM) is cellulose acetate, agarose, or some other support employed. These antisera were raised in sheep and medium. Its verification requires visual interpretation absorbed where necessary to render them mono- of precipitation patterns on IEP. If only a small specific. Antisera to kappa or lambda light chains amount of monoclonal protein is present, there may were obtained from Kallestadt Laboratories. be insufficient distortion of the polyclonal arc to IEP in agarose was carried out using the Corning- allow identification of the monoclonal protein, ACI agarose film cassette system. This system particularly in the presence of a polyclonal increase includes pre-poured gel plates of 1 % agarose in of the same immunoglobulin class, and a faint 0-065 M barbital buffer, containing 0-035 % disodium gamma band seen on cellulose acetate electro- EDTA pH 8 6 and 50 g/l sucrose. The pre-formed plates contain wells for the addition of test serum and troughs for the addition of antisera after Received for publication 3 September 1979 electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is carried out in 500 J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.5.500 on 1 May 1980. Downloaded from A Hpp iation wel "' Serum .iiiill' P utients seru m NdrmaI Cathode Anode AniIgG Normal Normal k :A serum Test AkapaAntichain _ _ = X {~~~~~~~ightchain Test C Normal Anti lambda light chain 0 Test Serum Test _... =4. Anti whole Nlormal human serum Fig. I Putient 1: Anti lgG (a) Electrophopre.si.s Test of serum in agartose. http://jcp.bmj.com/ (b) Ininuno- electrophoresis of .serum in cigar. (c) Inmmuno- Anti IgA electrophoresis of' Normat .serumn in Jgar-ose. on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Anti IgM Test Anti kappa Normal light chain Anti lambdda Test light chain Anti IgG, Normtl IgA, IgM J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.5.500 on 1 May 1980. Downloaded from 2D Application wel Serum Patients Normal serum .:.=....... Cathode Anode Test z~~~~~~~~~A;'tLIgG Normal Normal serum ~Anti kappa Test light chain Normal *_4 "1111kAnti lambda Te = _ light chain Serum Test IX ............ Anti whole Normal ; human serum Anti IgO Test http://jcp.bmj.com/ ..- ... Fig. 2 Patient 7: (a) Electrop/wresis Normal Anhi IgA of serum in agarose. (b) Immuzno- electrophlresis of serum in cigar. (c) Iuniuno- A nti 1g M electroplmresis of on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. serum in agcarose. Test Anti kappa Normal light chain Anti lambda -light chain Test Anti IgG. *^kt>*- <- ^IgA. Ig M Normal J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.5.500 on 1 May 1980. Downloaded from Detection ofmonoclonal immunoglobulins by immunoelectrophoresis; a possible source oferror 503 barbital buffer 005 M containing 0.035% EDTA Discussion at pH 8-6. The cassette system comprises an electro- phoresis tank and pre-set power supply, the time All five sera cited in this report contained a mono- for an electrophoretic run being 30-40 minutes. clonal IgG on IEP in agarose, which were difficult After electrophoresis and the addition of antisera to visualise by IEP in agar. None of the patients the plates are incubated overnight. The antisera had multiple myelomata as defined by accepted usually employed are provided by Corning Medical criteria:2 all were probable examples of 'monoclonal as part of the above system and were found on gammopathy'. It is well recognised that paraproteins testing to be monospecific for the stated antigen. may be detected in as many as 3 % of patients aged The precipitation lines so formed may be enhanced over 70 years.3 by staining with Amido Black. The increasing use of cellulose acetate electro- phoresis to screen serum samples undergoing Results biochemical or immunological investigations has led to the frequent accidental detection of many Figures 1 and 2 show comparisons of electro- asymptomatic monoclonal proteins. phoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of two of the Occasionally difficulty is found in the definitive five sera in agar and agarose. In all cases the mono- identification of the nature of this monoclonal band. clonal protein in question is the IgG class. The Positive identification of the immunoglobulin class results for IEP in agar show only the anti-IgG and involved is important in the long-term follow-up of anti-light chain plates. The Corning agarose system such patients since serum paraproteins may be employs a battery of antisera, and the full results detected many years before clinical presentation with have been shown. malignant immunocytoma. Also, in patients receiv- In each case diagnosis of the monoclonal IgG ing chemotherapy for myeloma, assessment of the was difficult on the agar plates, but in the agarose tumour size by serum paraprotein studies allows system, the presence of a monoclonal IgG was quite important monitoring during treatment. It is obvious. Relevant laboratory details for each of the important, therefore, to establish that the apparent five cases are shown in the Table. IEP in agarose failure to detect a monoclonal protein on IEP is not has also been of value in the confirmation of the an artefact due to the use of an inappropriate presence of monoclonal IgM in sera. support medium. We have shown that, in some of Since the purpose of this study was to show a these cases, the use of a different gel allows positive variation in results using different media, it was identification of the immunoglobulin class of the http://jcp.bmj.com/ necessary to use the same antisera for both methods. paraprotein. The antisera usually employed in this laboratory were used in the Corning system in place of the References Corning antisera. (A previous comparison of our Grabar P, Williams CA. Methode permettant l'etude in-house antisera and the Corning antisera had, in conjugee des proprietes electrophoretiques et im- fact, shown identical results.) Preincubation of the munochimiques d'un melange de prot6ines. Applica- test sera with agar or agarose did not affect the tion au serum sanguin. Biochem Biophys Acta on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. mobility of the monoclonal immunoglobulin. 1953;10:193-4. Table Laboratory details offive cases Case AgelSex Band on IEP findings in Immunoglobulin levels (g/litre) cellulose acetate electrophoresis Agar Agarose IgG IgA IgM 1 85 M Normal Monoclonal 8.45 1 90 1-40 IgG (A) 2 98 F y Normal Monoclonal 12-55 3.55 0 65 IgG (A) 3 73 F y Normal Monoclonal 14-40 2.65 050 IgG (K) 4 69 F y Equivocal Monoclonal 19-40 5.40 1-40 IgG (A) 5 84 M y Equivocal Monoclonal 7-15 2 85 1-30 IgG (K) J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.33.5.500 on 1 May 1980.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mcb 407-Immunology and Immunochemistry-Lecture Note
    MCB 407-IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOCHEMISTRY-LECTURE NOTE DR. D. A. OJO BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY The mechanism by which antibody are formed has been debated for years. It was proposed that the specificity of an antibody molecule was determined both by its amino acid sequence but by the molding of the peptide chain around the antigenic determinant. This theory lost favour when it became apparent that antibody-forming cells were devoid of antigen and that antibody specificity was a function of amino acid sequence. At present, the CLONAL (proposed by Burnete) SELECTION THEORY is widely accepted. It holds that an immunologically responsive cell can respond to only one antigen or a closely related group of antigens and that this property is inherent in the cell before the antigen is encountered. According to the clonal selection theory, each individual is endowed with a very large pool of lymphocytes, each of which is capable of responding to a different antigen. When the antigen enters the body, it selects the lymphocyte which has the best “fit” by virtue of a surface receptor. The antigen binds to this antibody-like receptor, and the cell is stimulated to proliferate and form a clone of cells. Thus, selected cells quickly differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibody which is specific for the antigen which served as the original selecting agent (or a closely related group of antigens). The History of Blood Transfusion Man’s centuries-long desire to perform blood transfusion as a therapeutic procedure forms the cornerstone of the modern science of immunohematology. At present time, the use of whole blood is a well-accepted and commonly employed measure without which many modern surgical procedures could not be carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • TITAN IV Immunoelectrophoresis Procedure
    TITAN IV Immunoelectrophoresis Procedure Cat. No. 9050 and 9061 Helena Laboratories Titan IV Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is intended for barbital-sodium barbital buffer with 0.1% sodium azide added semiquantitative determinations by immunoelectrophoresis. as a preservative. WARNING: FOR IN-VITRO DIAGNOSTIC USE ONLY. This SUMMARY product contains sodium azide. Refer to the sodium azide Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) combines two techniques, warning. electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. In this two-part procedure, Preparation for Use: The plates are ready for use as proteins in a serum or urine sample are first separated packaged. according to charge by electrophoresis. Then, antisera Storage and Stability: Plates should be stored flat, in the complimentary to the proteins under study are applied to the protective packaging, at 2°C to 8°C and are stable until the plate and allowed to diffuse. When a favorable antigen to expiration date indicated on the label. DO NOT FREEZE antibody ratio exists, a precipitin arc will form on the plate. PLATES OR EXPOSE THEM TO EXCESSIVE HEAT. IEP is used for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Signs of Deterioration: The plates should have a smooth, monoclonal gammopathies when using serum or urine clear agarose surface. Discard the plates if they appear 1-4 specimens. The method is also used for a number of other cloudy, show bacterial growth, or if they have been exposed to purposes, including screening for circulating immune freezing (a cracked or bubbled surface) or excessive heat (a complexes, characterization of cryoglobulinemia and dried, thin surface). pyroglobulinemia, recognition and characterization of antibody 2. Antisera for Assay of Immunoglobulins syndromes, and recognition and characterization of the various Antiserum to Human IgG, Cat.
    [Show full text]
  • IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TEST Dr
    [Type text] IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TEST Dr. Daljeet Chhabra Department of Veterinary Microbiology College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Mhow NDVSU, Jabalpur The term “immunoelectrophoresis” was first coined by Grabar and Williams in 1953. Immunoelectrophoresis refers to precipitation in agar under an electric field. It is a process of a combination of immuno-diffusion and electrophoresis. An antigen mixture is first separated into its component parts by electrophoresis and then tested by double immuno-diffusion. Antigens are placed into wells cut in a gel (without antibody) and electrophoresed. A trough is then cut in the gel into which antibodies are placed. The antibodies diffuse to meet diffusing antigens, and lattice formation and precipitation occur permitting determination of the nature of the antigens. Principle: When an electric current is applied to a slide layered with gel, the antigen mixture placed in wells is separated into individual antigen components according to their charge and size. Following electrophoresis, the separated antigens are reacted with specific antisera placed in troughs parallel to the electrophoretic migration and diffusion is allowed to occur. Antiserum present in the trough moves toward the antigen components resulting in the formation of separate precipitin lines in 18-24 hrs, each indicating reaction between individual proteins with its antibody. Materials required: Agarose gel, slides, well cutters, Immunoelectrophoresis machine, buffer, etc. Procedure: 1. Agarose gel is prepared on a glass slide put in a horizontal position. 2. After well cutting, sample is added in well. 3. The gel is placed into the electrophoresis chamber with the samples on the cathodic side, and electrophoresis runs for 20 mins/ 100 volts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays
    ISSN 00062979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2017, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 12341248. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2017. Original Russian Text © N. B. Ustinov, E. G. Zavyalova, I. G. Smirnova, A. M. Kopylov, 2017, published in Biokhimiya, 2017, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 15771592. REVIEW The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays N. B. Ustinov, E. G. Zavyalova*, I. G. Smirnova, and A. M. Kopylov Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Email: [email protected] Received May 12, 2017 Revision received August 8, 2017 Abstract—Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) are surface proteins that bind to sialic acid residues at the host cell surface and ensure further virus internalization. Development of methods for the inhibition of these processes drives progress in the design of new antiviral drugs. The state of the isolated HA (i.e. combining tertiary structure and extent of oligomerization) is defined by multiple factors, like the HA source and purification method, posttranslational modifications, pH, etc. The HA state affects HA functional activity and significantly impacts the results of numerous HA assays. In this review, we ana lyze the power and limitations of currently used HA assays regarding the state of HA. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297917110025 Keywords: influenza virus, surface antigens, influenza hemagglutinin, inhibitors of hemagglutination, monoclonal antibod ies, ELISA Influenza is one of the most common infectious dis endosome with subsequent nucleoprotein release from eases: 510% of adults and 2030% children are infected the endosome (HA and M2 protein), and detachment of with influenza each year. Influenza infection itself lasts the newly synthesized virus particles from the host cell only for several days, but the high risk for human health surface (neuraminidase, NA) [35].
    [Show full text]
  • Hemagglutinin from Acrididae (Grasshopper)
    Hemagglutinin from Acrididae (Grasshopper) : preparation and properties by Mark Richard Stebbins A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biochemistry Montana State University © Copyright by Mark Richard Stebbins (1984) Abstract: The proteinaceous hemagglutinin (lectin) present in the hemolymph of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), was isolated and biochemically characterized. The protein was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose-galactose. The hemagglutinin showed broad specificity and agglutinated several erythrocyte types. Gel filtration and electrophoresis showed that grasshopper hemagglutinin was a high molecular weight (600-700 K dalton) non-covalent aggregate of 70 K dalton subunits. The 70 K dalton subunits contained two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains of molecular weight 40,000 and 28,000 respectively. The purified hemagglutinin contained a preponderance of acidic and polar amino acid residues and a small amount of glucosamine. Hemagglutination activity toward human asialo erythrocytes was destroyed by treatment of the hemagglutinin with trypsin, heat or EDTA. Hemagglutination inhibition studies showed that low concentrations (<5 mM) of both galactosidic and glucosidic carbohydrates are bound by the hemagglutinin and cause inhibition of erythrocyte agglutination. The strongest inhibitors of hemagglutination were the alpha anomers of D-galactose. Hemolymphatic hemagglutinin isolated from Melanoplus differentiaIis yielded identical physicochemical results as did hemagglutinin from Melanoplus sanguinipes. It was concluded that a single hemagglutinin protein was the substance responsible for all hemagglu-tinating activity present in the hemolymph of either species. Research directed toward the elucidation of the possible roles that grasshopper hemagglutinin plays in grasshopper immune/defense mechanisms was initiated by producing antibodies to purified hemagglutinin in rabbits and mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Inmunoelectrophoresis
    INMUNOELECTROPHORESIS This protocol is based on the EDVOTEK® protocol “Radial Immunodiffusion”. 10 groups of students 1. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE In this experiment, students are introduced to the use of immunoelectrophoresis to separate and characterize a mixture of proteins and examine the specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction. 2. EXPERIMENT COMPONENTS for 10 groups of students COMPONENTS STORE A IgG 4-8ºC B Whole serum 4-8ºC C Albumin 4-8ºC D Antibody to whole serum 4-8ºC E Antibody to Ig 4-8ºC F UltraSpec-Agarosa™ 4-8ºC G Electrophoresis (25x concentrate) 4-8ºC Microtest tubes 10 ml pipettes Filter paper Well cutters Petri plates (60 mm) NOTE: Store all components at the indicated temperatures upon receipt. NOTE: No human material is used in this practice. NOTE: All components are intended for educational research only. They are not to be used for diagnostic or drug purposes, nor administered to or consumed by humans or animals. 2.1 Requirements Horizontal Electrophoresis Apparatus Power Supply Automatic Micropipet and Tips (5-50 μl) Waterbath Microscope Slides (1" x 3") Distilled Water 400 to 600 ml Beaker 1000 ml Graduated Cylinder Bunsen Burner, Heat Plate, or Microwave Container with Lid (large enough to hold electrophoresis trays) Paper Toweling Plastic Wrap or Foil 37°C Incubation Oven NOTE: Make sure glassware is clean, dry, and free of soap residue. For convenience, you can buy additional disposable transfer pipettes to the steps of extraction and washing liquids. 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Immunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis is used in both clinical and research laboratories for separating and identifying proteins on the basis of their electrophoretic behavior and their immunological properties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Application of Labeled Antibody Technics in Studying Cell Antigens1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 28, 1372-1381,July 1968] The Application of Labeled Antibody Technics in Studying Cell Antigens1 Robert C. Mellors The Hospital for Special Surgery, Affiliated with The New York Hospital, Cornell University Medical College, and the Department of Pathology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York INTRODUCTION by the direct (one-step, one-layer) procedure (12), that is, direct staining with fluorescent antibody, or by the indirect The underlying principles of the immunofluorescence method, (multiple step, "sandwich") procedure (100), in which un originated and developed by A. H. Coons and his associates (10- labeled antibody reacts with antigen and is followed by, and 12), are these: in turn stained by fluorescent antibody against the deposited (a) Antibodies can be conjugated with chemical compounds y-globulins. Antibody (Chart lò) is usually localized by the (32), including colored dyes (57), without destroying the ca indirect procedure (13), using a layer of antigen followed by pacity of the antibody to react specifically with its antigen. fluorescent antibody against this antigen. However, labeled (6) Antibodies can be conjugated with fluorescent dyes antigens of high molecular weight and labeled antigen-excess (fluorescent antibodies) and used as immunospecific stains for soluble immune complexes (preformed "sandwich") can be the histochemical detection of antigens (11, 12). used for the detection of antibody by the direct procedure (63- (c) Antigens used indirectly as unlabeled intermediaries 65). A provisional or presumptive identification of antigen- (followed by fluorescent antibodies) or directly when labeled antibody complex (Chart le) and/or denatured or aggregated (fluorescent antigens) serve as immunospecific reagents for the •y-globulinismade by the indirect procedure using a layer of histochemical detection of antibodies (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Porcine Rotavirus by Em, Elisa and Ciet·
    Acta vet. scand. 1981,22, 32-38. From the Department of Veterinary Virology and Immunology, Hoyal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. DETECTION OF PORCINE ROTAVIRUS BY EM, ELISA AND CIET· By Jon Askaa and Bucliardt Bloch ASKAA, JON and BUCHARDT BLOCH: Detection of porcine rota virus by EM, ELISA and CIET. Acta vet. scand. 1981, 22, 32-38. ­ Feces samples from swine-herds with severe problems of neonatal diarrhoea, 3 weeks scours or early weaning diarrhoea were examined for porcine rotavirus using three techniques: E:\1, ELISA and CIET. Infection with rotavirus was found in about one third of the feces samples, representing more than half of the examined swine-herds. EM and ELISA revealed nearly all the samples found to be positive, while CIET as used here detected only half of them. p 0 r ci n e rot a vir us; EM; C lET; ELI SA; d i a r rho e a. Rotavirus has been detected in pig feces since 1975 (Rodger et al. 1975) and considered to be the cause of, or to be a contri­ butory agent for, certain forms of neonatal diarrhoea, 3 weeks scours and early weaning diarrhoea (Rodger et al., Leece et al, H)76, McNulty et al. 1976, Woode et al. 19i6, Clwsey & Lucas 19i7, Bohl et al. 1978, 'I'zipori & Williams 1978, Debouck & Pen saert 1979) . Further the diarrhoea complex has been reproduced experimentally-by inoculation of field isolates and of in vitro cultured virus on colostrum-deprived piglets (Leece et al., McNulty et al., Woode et al., Theil et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tumor-Associated Antigen in Human Nephroblastomas (Wilms' Tumor/Virus/Immunoelectrophoresis/Immunofluorescence) P
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 2051-2054, July 1973 A Tumor-Associated Antigen in Human Nephroblastomas (Wilms' tumor/virus/immunoelectrophoresis/immunofluorescence) P. BURTIN AND M. C. GENDRON Laboratorie d'Immunochimie, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France Communicated by Andre LIwoff, April19, 1978 ABSTRACT Antisera prepared against extracts of diseases (tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, and polykystic disease), human nephroblastomas (Wilms' tumors) allowed the characterization in these extracts, and in a few extracts three were obtained at necropsy from patients who died from of tumors of other organs, of a tumor-associated antigen. different diseases, cancerous or not. A pool of 18 kidneys of This antigen is different from all previously described anti- children who died from congenital cardiopathies was studied. gens, and was named W antigen (W for Wilms). It does not Other noncancerous organs obtained at necropsy were: livers, seem to be a carcinoembryonic antigen, and hence it adrenals, lung, heart, thymus, and epididymis. Those ob- could be of viral origin. tained after surgery were: colonic and gastric mucosae, Immunochemical studies have led to the discovery of several spleen, and urinary bladder. Different kinds of mucus secre- tumor-associated antigens, all of fetal origin. Two of them have tion were: gastric mucus, jejunal juice, and pools of saliva. been isolated, and their usefulness in diagnosis and surveil- Fetal Organs were generally obtained from the third to the lance of some carcinomas has been well documented: they are sixth month of gestation: kidney, liver, lung, adrenals, muscle, the a fetoprotein (1, 2) and the carcinoembryonic antigen of epididymis, urinary bladder, skin, stomach, and colon.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Apolipoprotein D Determination Methods in Breast Cancer
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 28 : 1151-1160 (2008) Comparison of Apolipoprotein D Determination Methods in Breast Cancer H VARD S ILAND 1,2 , IVAR SKALAND 3, EMIEL A.M. JANSSEN 3, EINAR GUDLAUGSSON 3, HARÅTWIG K ØRNER 1,2 , JAN ERIK VARHAUG 2,4 , JON ARNE S REIDE 1,2 and JAN P.A. BAAK 3,5,6 Ö Ø Departments of 1Surgery and 3Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger; 4Section for Endocrine and Breast Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; 2Department of Surgical Sciences, and the 5Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway; 6Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract. Background: Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a hypothesised that ApoD is a marker for steroid signalling in promising prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer, but breast cancer (7, 8), and its high affinity to arachidonic acid the analysis methods and results vary. Patients and Methods: (9), progesterone and tamoxifen (10) makes it a very Determination of ApoD content by immunoelectrophoresis in interesting putative prognostic and predictive marker in tumour cytosol (EPC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) in whole breast cancer. sections (WS) and tissue micro arrays (TMA) were compared In breast cancer research, two different methods have in 283 breast carcinomas. Results: With EPC, 45% and with been used for ApoD determination, in tumour cytosol with IHC, 71% of the tumours were ApoD-positive. Correlation fresh frozen material by means of a precipitating antibody between the degree s of ApoD positivity by ECP and IHC was used in immunoelectrophoresis (EPC) (11) and by an poor (R 2=0.04), caused by higher sensitivity of the IHC immunohistochemical (IHC) method on paraffin- (resulting in many ECP negative carcinomas being IHC embedded tumour material (12).
    [Show full text]
  • Immunology and Serology
    LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laboratory Technology Students Immunology and Serology Selamawit Debebe Alemaya University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2004 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2004 by Selamawit Debebe All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Immunology and Serology Preface Immunology and serology is an advanced science dealing with how the human immune system organized, function and the different types of serological techniques. It is a very vast subject covering a wide area of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • B-Cell Epitopes of the Intracellular Autoantigens Ro/SSA and La/SSB: Tools to Study the Regulation of the Autoimmune Response
    Routsias JG and Tzioufas AG. Β-λεμφοκυτταρικοί επίτοποι των ενδοκυττάριων αυτοαντιγόνων Ro/SSA και La/SSB: εργαλεία για την μελέτη της ρύθμισης της αυτοάνοισης απόκρισης. J Autoimmun. 2010, 35(3):256-64. A common serologic finding in systemic autoimmune diseases is the presence of autoantibodies against intracellular autoantigens. Although their pathogenesis is not fully understood, autoantibodies are important tools for establishing diagnosis, classification and prognosis of autoimmune diseases. In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) autoantibodies mainly target multicomponent ribonucleoprotein complex Ro/La RNP. The last years, the main characteristics, the clinical significance of the anti‐Ro/SSA and anti‐La/SSB autoantibodies, their biologic function, as well as their B‐cell antigenic determinants (epitopes) have been addressed. More specifically, the structural characteristics and clinical associations of epitopes along with their utility as tools to investigate the autoimmune response have been investigated in detail. New insights for the pathogenetic role of epitopes in initiation, propagation and regulation of systemic autoimmunity have been emerged. In this regard, the role of epitope spreading in the diversification of autoimmune response and the anti‐ idiotypic antibodies in the regulation of autoantibodies (idiotypic) response are addressed. Journal of Autoimmunity 35 (2010) 256e264 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Autoimmunity journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jautimm B-cell epitopes of the intracellular autoantigens Ro/SSA and La/SSB: Tools to study the regulation of the autoimmune response John G. Routsias, Athanasios G. Tzioufas* Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 M Asias st, 11527 Athens, Greece abstract Keywords: A common serologic finding in systemic autoimmune diseases is the presence of autoantibodies against Intracellular autoantigens intracellular autoantigens.
    [Show full text]