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The Influence of the Dark Triad and Gender on Sexual Coercion Strategies of a Subclinical Sample

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The Influence of the Dark Triad and Gender on Sexual Coercion Strategies of a Subclinical Sample The Influence of the Dark Triad and Gender on Sexual Coercion Strategies of a Subclinical Sample Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Psychology Raymond A. Knight, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Psychology by Katherine R. Finkelstein August 2014 Copyright by Katherine R. Finkelstein © 2014 The author wishes to thank her advisor, Raymond A. Knight, for his guidance, enthusiasm, and generosity in sharing his comprehensive MIDSA database. iii ABSTRACT The Influence of the Dark Triad and Gender on Sexual Coercion Strategies of a Subclinical Sample A thesis presented to the Department of Psychology Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Katherine R. Finkelstein The Dark Triad of Personality is composed of three higher-order personality constructs: subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, and subclinical psychopathy. Recent research indicates that the Dark Triad covaries with sexually coercive behavior, which is generally defined as a spectrum of tactics used by both men and women to obtain sexual activity and/or intercourse with an unwilling partner. The present study examines whether the use of specific sexual coercion strategies (i.e., seduction, manipulation, intoxication, and physical force) and the frequency with which sexual coercion is attempted and/or completed (i.e., rape) are influenced by the severity of Dark Triad trait expression and the gender of the perpetrator. Factor analysis of selected items from the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression yielded factors comparable to the Dark Triad subcomponents. The predictive validity of these factors for sexually coercive tactics was, however, suboptimal. Results indicated that gender and overall lack of empathy were unique and independent predictors of seduction and overall sexual coercion. As such, gender and overall lack of empathy should be considered as separate constructs from the Dark Triad, particularly when analyzing the sexual behaviors of subclinical samples. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS I. List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………vi II. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1 a. The Dark Triad of Personality…………………………………………………….2 b. Sexual Coercion Strategies………………………………………………………..6 c. Considering Gender of the Coercer as a Predictor………………………………..8 d. The Present Study………………………………………………………………..10 III. Method……………………………………………………………………………….12 IV. Results………………………………………………………………………………..15 V. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………22 VI. Appendix A: Tables………………………………………………………………….28 VII. Appendix B: Dark Triad Trait Subscales…………………………………………….40 VIII. Appendix C: Sexual Coercion Strategy Scales………………………………………44 IX. References……………………………………………………………………………46 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Full Sample Characteristics 2. Scales Used to Measure Dark Triad Traits and Dark Triad 3. Descriptives for Sexual Coercion Strategies and Specific Acts 4. Correlations among Dark Triad Trait Variables 5. Independent T-Tests by Gender: Dark Triad Traits and Dark Triad Subscales 6. Independent T-Tests by Gender: Coercive Strategies and Specific Sex Acts 7. Obliquely Rotated Factor Loadings for Dark Triad Trait Scales 8. Correlations among Dark Triad Factors from Factor Analysis 9. Zero-Order Correlations for Seduction and Overall Coercion, Controlling for Gender 10. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions: Sexual Coercion Strategies 11. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions: Specific Sex Acts 12. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions: Physical Force vi INTRODUCTION The personality constructs of the Dark Triad (subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, and subclinical psychopathy) have been individually linked to greater sexual hostility (Dreznick, Cronin, Waterman, & Glasheen, 2003; McHoskey, 2001; Seto, Khattar, Lalumitire, & Quinsey, 1997) and positivity towards rape (Bushman, Bonacci, Dijk, & Baumeister, 2003). For example, Bushman et al. (2003) found that men with greater narcissism have less empathy for rape victims, are more likely to adhere to rape myth ideologies, and perceive depictions of rape more favorably than men with less narcissism. Moreover, individuals displaying greater Machiavellian personalities are more inclined to feign love and use intoxication tactics to obtain sexual interaction (McHoskey, 2001), and individuals possessing greater psychopathic tendencies have been shown to have increased risk for behavioral deviance, which often culminates in sexual and/or non-sexual offending (Vitacco, Michael, Neumann, & Wodushek, 2008). Furthermore, psychopathy has been particularly well-documented as a covariate of sexual offending (see Knight & Guay, 2006 for an extensive review), and there is a positive correlation between psychopathy and the use of deception in sexual (and non-sexual) contexts (Seto, Khattar, Lalumitire, & Quinsey, 1997). Consequently, there is substantial data to support the hypothesis that as individual personality constructs, subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, and subclinical psychopathy influence sexually aggressive behavior. The expressions of each maladaptive personality trait exists on a continuum, as evidenced by the existence of empirically tested scales that assess the severity of an individual’s Machiavellian, narcissistic, and psychopathic trait expressions: 1 MACH-IV, NPI, and the PPI-R, respectively (Christie & Geis, 1970; Lilienfeld & Widows, 2005; Raskin & Hall, 1979). As such, an overarching Dark Triad composite may comprise varying proportions of each construct. For example, one individual high on Dark Triad characteristics (e.g., characteristics from all three personality constructs) may manifest more narcissistic traits than Machiavellian or psychopathic traits, whereas another individual at the same level may have achieved that level with a different proportion of traits. Some research suggests that all three of these higher-order personality constructs deserve separate classifications because of the differing emphasis of certain traits and behaviors (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). In contrast, other researchers have argued that because many of these personality traits are highly inter-correlated, the Dark Triad must be conceptualized as a unitary construct (Jakobwitz & Egan, 2006). While prior research has focused mostly on these three higher-order personality constructs as individual and separate predictors of specific behaviors, it is essential to study not only how these individual constructs covary with aspects of sexual aggression, but how they work together. We do not know how the severity of Dark Triad trait expression influences the use of specific sexual coercion strategies (i.e., the use seduction, manipulation, intoxication, and physical force to obtain unwanted sexual interaction) and the frequency with which sexual coercion is attempted and/or completed (i.e., specific sex acts and rape). The present study seeks to address this crucial gap in the literature and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how various forms of sexual aggression covary with the Dark Triad. The Dark Triad of Personality The Dark Triad of Personality is composed of three higher-order personality constructs: subclinical narcissism, Machiavellianism, and subclinical psychopathy (Jonason, Lyons, Bethel 2 & Ross, 2013; Jonason & Schmitt, 2012; Paulhus et al., 2002). These three personality constructs have been shown to be moderately correlated (Paulhus et al., 2002) and research suggests all three constructs are correlated with impulsivity (Jonason & Tost, 2010), manipulation, (Paulhus et al., 2002; Jonason et al., 2012; Jonason et al., 2013), behavioral aggression (Jones & Paulhus, 2010), and lack of empathy (Jonason et al., 2013; Paulhus et al., 2002). Due to this, I will highlight the typical trait components of these three constructs as proposed by previous research. Narcissism. Subclinical narcissism is characterized by self-admiration, self-entitlement, behavioral grandiosity (Paulhus, 2001; Jonason et al., 2013), as well as interpersonal exploitation and manipulation (McDonald, Donnellan, & Navarrete, 2012). Exploitation is suggested to be one of the key components of narcissism, indicating that a narcissist may possess greater disregard for social convention (Watson, Grisham, Trotter, & Biderman, 1984). Furthermore, narcissists report feeling less guilt and shame (Gramzov & Tagney, 1992) and seek interpersonal and relational dominance (Foster, Shrira, & Campbell, 2006). Machiavellianism. Machiavellianism is characterized by calculated manipulation of others, as well as a lack of interpersonal connection (Jonason & Webster, 2012; Rauthmann, 2012) and a lack of empathy (Jonason et al., 2013). Common manipulative and exploitative tactics used by Machiavellians include, but are not limited to, outright deceit, flattery, charming, and emotional detachment (Christie et al., 1970; Wilson, Near, & Miller, 1996). The exploitative tactics of Machiavellians can be characterized on a broad spectrum, from discrete to overt (Jonason et al., 2013), and occur across a variety of social contexts (Christie et al., 1970). Machiavellians are noted for having a cold or cynical outlook (Christie et al., 1970) and lack interpersonal concern for others due to high self-interest (Jakobwitz et al., 2006). 3 Psychopathy. The core features of subclinical psychopathy are considered to be manipulation and charm (O’Toole, Smith, & Hare, 2008), callousness, (Hervé, Ling, & Hare,
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