DOCSLIB.ORG

On Peasant Organizations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Peasant Organizations PSR 29 (1981): 133-137 ON PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS PEREGRINO M. TARUC Agrarian Reform Institute, University ofthe Philippines at Los Banos Peasant organizations provide additional For those who savor historical irony, it is dimensions in the implementation of indeed curious that the peasant in the modern development programs. It can be said that in era has been as much an agent of revolution this last decade, peasant organizations were as the machine, that he has come into his own • given significant recognition for their as an effective historical actor along with the contribution to the growth of the rural sector. conquests of the machine. While before, the peasantry has always The peasant war in the Philippines is a part been kept an arm's length from power, they of the peasant wars of the twentieth century are now called upon to participate in problem such as in Mexico, Russia, China, Algeria, Cuba identification and decision-making. They are and Vietnam which ushered in "the process of now the focus of the "peaceful democratic modernization." The tension that gave rise to revolution" and the locus of the "rebellion of it had all its roots in the past. It is the the poor." revolution of the largest sector of the Filipino people - the peasantry - against foreign For the first time in the millenia, said domination and exploitation. This revolution Eric Wolf, humankind is moving toward is still in process today after taking various a solution of the age-long problem of hunger forms and functions, and its main instruments and disease, and everywhere, ancient are the peasant organizations. Today's monopolies of power and received wisdom are democratic revolution, the rebellion of the • yielding to human effort to widen poor, is a function of the continuing participation and knowledge. In such efforts ­ revolution against an unjust agrarian structure however uncertain, however beset with which created a "throne of bayonet where the difficulties, however ill-understood - there lies powerful exacts what they want and the weak the prospect of increased life for increased grants what they must." This structure humanity. constitutes an "institutionalized violence" against the poor. How to reach this solution is a question of struggle, a question of power - a political With the 20/20 vision of hindsight, said Dr. question. It is for this reason that the struggle Umali (1979), we see now that over the last against poverty becomes a struggle against the quarter century, we often mistook rural system that breeds poverty. This struggle leads poverty and hunger as the problem. Today, to rebellion and revolution. we see that they are the symptoms or consequences of the real basic problems; the unjust economic socio-political structures that According to Barrington Moore, the process distort and constrain the development process. of modernization begins with peasant revolutions that fail. It culminates during the Theneedforo'Xannation twentieth century with peasant revolutions that succeeded. No longer, he continued, is it In any society, the naves are as powerful as possible to take seriously the view that the the have-nots are powerless so that peasantry is an "object of history." perpetuation of power in the hands' of the few 133 134 PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW will always result in the perpetuation of 2. Organizational capability; poverty among the majority of the people. 3. Rapport with politico-administrative T9 free themselves from the cycle of decision-making groups or individuals; poverty and exploitation, the people must and realize their potential strength and power and use it. To quote Umali (1979:8), "people 4. IiJ.t~r-supportiveness, of peasant cannot develop if they have no power, and organizations in the area, the region, or development will occur if, and only if, the the country as a\ whole especially for people can organize their own power in their mass action or "agitational activity." own .interests," These roles in tum are influenced, he ~ntinued, by another four basic factors: The sources of this e9wer are resources and organization. Any organizational structure is a 1. The genesis of the peasant organization structure of power whether economic, (as a direct result of governmental political, social or cultural. policy). The, rich are powerful because they are 2. The local power structure (economic, organized and have access to power. social, politico-administrative). Institutional services and decision-making have 3. Levels of peasant awareness (the more generally been their monopoly because those aware peasants are' of developmental and who control the resources' also control the modernization trends and objectives of economic, social and political power. the country and the outside world, the higher their performance in support of The poor, especially the. peasantry, are mobilization, organizational capacity, powerless because the majority are still rapport with decision-makers and unorganized. According to labor statistics, intersupportiveness; the less aware, the only about 10 percent of the labor force lower the level of role performance). including agricultural laboris organized. 4. The policy environment (government To .alter the basic power. relationship and policy either strengthens or weakens the obtain greater access to society's benefits, ability of peasant organizations in the there is, therefore" an urgent need for WIder performance of their roles). participation and higher level of performance among peasant organizations. To understand the roles of existing peasant organizations, let us view them in a historical The role ofpeasant organizations context, in the genesis of their structure and functions. We have observed that it was only in this last decade that significant recognition was The Federation of Agrarian and Industrial given to peasant organizations on their Toiling Hands (FAITH) Inc. and contributions to the growth of the rural HUKBALAHAP Veterans Inc. (HUKVETS) sector. This recognition was brought about by four basic performances of peasant FAITH was initially organized as FARM in organizations. According to Wanashinghe 1969. It was formally organized as FAITH on (n.d.) these are:' - January 20, 1974. The HUKVETS, an affiliate of FAITH, was formally organized on 1. Support or mobilization of local November 30, 1975 (National Heroes Day), peasants; and recognized by the Government under P.D~ • ON PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS 135 No. 1207 on October 7, 1977. Relative to the parties merged and their mass organizations, past, FAITH is the tip of an iceberg of various the KPMP and the AMT joined a united front peasant organizations that gave rise to it. against Japanese fascism. On March 29, 1942 the merged peasant organizations created the In 1919, a sharecropper's union was Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon organized by a communist leader, Jacinto (HUKBALAHAP). The aims of the Manahan. This was renamed in 1924 as the HUKBALAHAP were to drive out the Katipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid ng. Japanese, cooperate with the allied armies, Pilipinas (KPMPj the main objective of which apprehend and punish collaborators, attain was to fight usury and obtain equal share of complete independence and establish a • 50·50 under tenancy (Huizer 1977:4-5). democratic government with land reform, national industrialization and guarantees for a In 1930, lawyer Pedro Abad Santos, the higher standard of living ( Huizer 1977:8). Socialist Party leader, though a wealthy landlord in Pampanga, created the Aguman The Huk resistance against the Japanese ding Maldang Talapag-obra (AMT or V nion of gained the support of the masses of Central All Workers) in response to the grievances of and Southern Luzon that in many areas de farmers and workers. One of the leaders of facto political control and local governments Abad Santos was Luis M. Taruc who, during were in the hands of the resistance forces the anti-Japanese war, became the Supremo of which had their base in the peasantry. the HUKBALAHAP. Although the efforts of the Huks The peasant organizations generally used considerably facilitated the liberation of the non-violent methods: demonstrations, sit-down Philippines from the Japanese by the strikes to let everyone be arrested and sent American army, the relations between the together as a group into jail, and so on. Huks and the American army were never • Dramatic stage presentations and similar good. There was fear that the Huks would cultural activities were used to teach the radically change the social order in the peasants about the labor struggle, and to turn Philippines, if they got the chance. the strikes into public manifestations. By After the war, the Huks joined a popular 1938, the AMT had 70,000 members who front with several other groups, such as the participated actively in mass actions. Democratic Alliance, the Pambansang Kaisahan The socialist peasant organization, AMT, ng mga Magbubukid (PKM) and the had good chances to develop during the Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO) and 1930's while the communist mass supported Osmena for the April 1946 election organization, KPMP, and the communist party against Roxas, a former collaborator with the were officially prohibited. Landlords organized Japanese who was supported by the V.S. • armed groups or private armies such as the Supreme Commander, Douglas MacArthur. Kawal ng Kapayapaan (Soldiens of Peace) to Roxas won the election with a slight majority. oppose and clash with the socialists. This led With him in power, three Nacionalista senators to considerable violence in the rural areas in and six Democratic Alliance congressmen were Central Luzon. When the socialists were also unseated; including Congressman Luis M. Taruc prohibited to hold' meetings, the organizers and Jesus Lava. used any kind of gathering, such as protestant As a result, the Huks lost hope in the religious meetings, to make propaganda for Roxas administration, After several Huk the peasant cause. leaders were kidnapped and assasinated, violence flared up again. The Huk problem In 1938, the Communist and Socialist was not solved by violence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
    [Show full text]
  • Singsing- Memorable-Kapampangans
    1 Kapampangan poet Amado Gigante (seated) gets his gold laurel crown as the latest poet laureate of Pampanga; Dhong Turla (right), president of the Aguman Buklud Kapampangan delivers his exhortation to fellow poets of November. Museum curator Alex Castro PIESTANG TUGAK NEWSBRIEFS explained that early Kapampangans had their wakes, funeral processions and burials The City of San Fernando recently held at POETS’ SOCIETY photographed to record their departed loved the Hilaga (former Paskuhan Village) the The Aguman Buklud Kapampangan ones’ final moments with them. These first-of-its-kind frog festival celebrating celebrated its 15th anniversary last pictures, in turn, reveal a lot about our Kapampangans’ penchant for amphibian November 28 by holding a cultural show at ancestors’ way of life and belief systems. cuisine. The activity was organized by city Holy Angel University. Dhong Turla, Phol tourism officer Ivan Anthony Henares. Batac, Felix Garcia, Jaspe Dula, Totoy MALAYA LOLAS DOCU The Center participated by giving a lecture Bato, Renie Salor and other officers and on Kapampangan culture and history and members of the organization took turns lending cultural performers like rondalla, reciting poems and singing traditional The Center for Kapampangan Studies, the choir and marching band. Kapampangan songs. Highlight of the show women’s organization KAISA-KA, and was the crowning of laurel leaves on two Infomax Cable TV will co-sponsor the VIRGEN DE LOS new poets laureate, Amado Gigante of production of a video documentary on the REMEDIOS POSTAL Angeles City and Francisco Guinto of plight of the Malaya Lolas of Mapaniqui, Macabebe. Angeles City Councilor Vicky Candaba, victims of mass rape during World COVER Vega Cabigting, faculty and students War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Ray O' Light Newsletter
    RAY O’ LIGHT NEWSLETTER July-August 2019 Number 115 Publication of the Revolutionary Organization of Labor, USA FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL Featuring the CI’s Outstanding Contribution to the Philippine Revolution by RAY LIGHT “For the proletariat needs the truth, and there is nothing so harmful to its cause as plausible, respectable petty bourgeois lies.” —Lenin In our previous Double Issue, Ray O’ Light Newsletters #113 and #114, March-April and May-June 2019, we published my lengthy article entitled “Reflections on the Communist International on the occasion of the Hundredth Anniversary of its Founding (1919-2019).” Its concluding section (VI), entitled “Sixty-Five Years of Mostly Setbacks and Defeats and No Fight for a New Comintern” made the following points: “... like Leninism itself, its organizational expression in the Third, Communist International was not defeated Lenin at Third Congress of Communist International 1921 from without; rather it was deserted, abandoned and a Communist International then and now was that I betrayed largely by opportunists among the vanguard unearthed the startlingly courageous and exemplary forces that achieved state power or some substantial level role, virtually alone and against all odds, played by the of autonomy/privilege through the victories guided Stalin-led Soviet Union and the Dimitrov-led Comintern by the Stalin-led Bolsheviks, the Soviet Red Army and (including the Spanish Communist Party) in support masses and the Communist International. of the Spanish people’s heroic defense of the Spanish Republic against the Franco fascist army backed by “At least the past sixty-five years, approximately Italian and German fascism in the latter half of the since the death of Stalin in 1953, have been largely 1930’s.* Indeed, although the Spanish Civil War ended characterized by setbacks and defeats.
    [Show full text]
  • Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953
    Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Lawson, Konrad. 2012. Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9795484 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – Konrad Mitchell Lawson Some Rights Reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ iii Dissertation Advisor: Professor Andrew Gordon Konrad Mitchell Lawson Wartime Atrocities and the Politics of Treason in the Ruins of the Japanese Empire, 1937-1953 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between violence and betrayal in retribution against military and police collaborators who helped maintain Japan’s wartime occupations up until its defeat in 1945. Looking at the approaches taken in the colonies of British Asia, postwar treason trials in the Philippines, and Chinese Communist approaches in wartime and postwar Shandong province, this study argues that the laws and rhetoric of treason were deeply flawed tools for confronting the atrocities of war. At the very moment that war crimes trials were defining a set of acts that constituted crimes against all humanity, around the world thousands of individuals who helped perpetrate them were treated as primarily guilty of crimes against the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the United States High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands
    o I / . ,K UMASS/AMHERST |i>ii|i|ll!!!ll!ll!!ll! 354.S I 1979 - House Document No. Ill 3T2O66 0344 ^q^ , y The Sixth Annual Report of the United States High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands to the President and Congress of the United States Covering the Fiscal Year July 1, 1941 to June 30, 1942 Washington, D. €., Octobei 20, 1*142 78th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. Ill SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES HIGH COMMISSIONER TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTING THE SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES HIGH COMMISSIONER TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS COVERING THE FISCAL YEAR JULY 1, 1941, TO JUNE 30, 1942 February 15, 1943.—Referred to the Committee on Insular Affairs and ordered to be printed UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1943 U LETTER OF SUBMITTAL To the Congress oj the United States: As required by section 7 (4) of the act of Congress approved March 24, 1934, entitled "An act to provide for the complete independence of the Philippine Islands, to provide for the adoption of a constitu- tion and a form of government for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," I transmit herewith, for the information of the Congress, the Sixth Annual Report of the United States High Com- missioner to the Philippine Islands covering the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1941, and ending June 30, 1942. Franklin D, Roosevelt, The White House, February 15, 1943. nx )» TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. General Statement 1 II. Military AND Naval Activities AND Civilian Defense 14 Military developments 14 Naval activities 17 Civilian welfare and defense___l 20 III.
    [Show full text]
  • Directorio Oficial
    i TERGERA LEGISLATURA FIUPINA PRIMER PERIODO DE SESIONES : 'i : v DIRECTORIO OFICIAL V J DE LA ASAMBLEA FILIPINA TEODORO M. KALAW Secretai-io - TERGERA LEGISLATURA FILIPINA PRIMER PERIODO DE SESIONES ft DIRECTORIO OFICIAL DE LA ASAMBLEA FILIPINA TEODORO M. KALAW Secretarin MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1913 119048 TABLA DE MATERIAS. Pagina. Lista de Diputados a la Asamblea Filipina en el primer perlodo de sesiones, por orden alfabetico de apellidos..................................................... 6 Lista de Diputados a la Asamblea Filipina en el primer periodo de sesiones, por orden alfabetico de provincias................................................. 10 Lista de Diputados a la Asamblea Filipina en el primer p»eriodo de sesiones, por orden alfabetico de apellidos, con expresion de los comites permanentes y especiales de la Camara a que han sido asignados durante dicho periodo....................................................................... 14 Resumen de los Diputados por filiacion politjca y por . profesion..._...... 212 Funcionarios de la Asamblea Filipina...... ......................................................... 23 Comites Permanentes de la Asamblea Filipina..... ........................... ............ 24 Comision de Filipinas.................................................................................... .'.......... 31 Comites de la Comision......................................................................................... 32 Datos biograficos de los Diputados: Hon. Osmeria, Sergio (Speaker) ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Peasant Society and Unrest Prior to the Huk Revolution in the Philippines
    PEASANT SOCIETY AND UNREST PRIOR TO THE HUK REVOLUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES BEN J. KERKVLIET Part I: A case study of social and economic changes in the 20th Century for peasants in Central Luzon.* AT THE TURN OF THIS CENTURY, THE PLAINS OF NUEVA EciJA WERE grass lands and forests. Filipinos had used the heavy cover for hiding and surprise attacks in their guerrilla wars against the Spanish and the American armies. After the revolutionaries had surrendered, many of their illustrado leaders held Sunday outings to shoot wild boar and deer in those forests. At the same time, some of the poor farmers in the area, many of them settlers from other parts of Central Luzon and Ilocos region, hunted to add to their meager food stores, just as Negritoes had done before being driven away by the newcomers. As one travels through Nueva Ecija, he marvels at the expansive rice fields. That the wildlife, grasslands, forests (except for some standing tim­ ber high in the Sierra Madres and on balding Mt. Arayat) are gone and in their place stretch rice fields represents a history of interest to more than topographers and botanists. These physical changes betray intricate ecolo­ gical changes of special importance to the peasants there. If one could study those changes, he could better comprehend the reasons for the growth of agrarian unrest that prevailed in Nueva Ecija and other parts of the central plains, beginning at least as early as the 1930's and peaking about 1948-52. Furthermore, such a study would reveal in some detail the society and eco­ nomy of Central Luzon peasants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines: a Story of a Nation Grace Estela C. Mateo
    THE PHILIPPINES: A STORY OF A NATION BY GRACE ESTELA C. MATEO CENTER FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES SCHOOL OF HAWAIIAN, ASIAN AND PACIFIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'l AT MANOA HONOLULU, HAWAI'I August 2001 1 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the U. S. Department of Education and Pamantasan, a University ofHawaii system-wide organization to promote Filipinos in higher education, for funding this project. My utang na loob goes to so many people in the Philippines and in Hawaii who have helped me in every inch of the way. My deep gratitude to Florence Lamoureux, coordinator of the University of Hawaii's Center for Southeast Asian Studies textbook project, for her patience, understanding and excellent editorial advice. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Leonard Andaya who conceptualized and wrote the proposal; Clement Bautista ofOperation Manong who provided me with office space and computer use; and Betsy Ackley who patiently read the manuscript and gave me good feedback. In the Philippines, I would like to thank Maria Theresa S.M. Lazaro and Jacinto C. Mateo ill for their insightful comments and suggestions; my students Lester Firmalino and Leana Odiamar of the University of the Philippines for their technical assistance; and, most of all, my mother Estelita who shared my passion for history and extended invaluable assistance in so many countless ways. Grace Estela C. Mateo Manila April 2001 111 CONTENTS Suggested Activities and Exercises follow each chapter. Map 4 Chapter 1 The Philippines: Pearl ofthe Orient Sea 1 Chapter 2 Cultural
    [Show full text]
  • PHILIPPINES-SOVIET RELATIONS by Thelma L. Beltran a Sub-Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree
    PHILIPPINES-SOVIET RELATIONS By Thelma L. Beltran A sub-thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Relations, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University May 1986 To a friend who knows that I am speaking of him TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv INTRODUCTION v 1. Philippine-USSR Relations: A Historical Overview 1 1.1 Early interests 1 1.2 Direct contact 3 1.3 Early Filipino visitors 5 1.4 Linkages through the Labor Movements 6 1.5 Ideological links 12 2. OVERTURES TO FORMAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 18 3. OPENING OF FORMAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 37 3.1 Later Developments 45 4. Summary and Conclusions 65 4.1 General considerations 66 4.2 Particular considerations 67 4.3 Implications for national security 69 Appendix A. RP-USSR Joint Communique 73 Appendix B. TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC 75 OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Appendix C. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF 84 THE PHILIPPINES AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON CULTURAL COOPERATION Appendix D. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF 87 THE PHILIPPINES AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF THE SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS FOR COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Appendix E. Summary of World Broadcast: The USSR 90 bibliography 95 LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Five-Year Trends of RP-USSR Trade (in million $) DECLARATION Except where otherwise indicated this thesis is my own work.
    [Show full text]
  • Born Again of the People: Luis Taruc and Peasant Ideology in Philippine Revolutionary Politics
    Brn n f th Ppl: L Tr nd Pnt dl n Phlppn Rvltnr Plt Keith Thor Carlson Histoire sociale/Social history, Volume 41, Number 82, Novembre-November 2008, pp. 417-458 (Article) Published by University of Toronto Press DOI: 10.1353/his.0.0049 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/his/summary/v041/41.82.carlson.html Access provided by University of Saskatchewan (18 Sep 2014 18:36 GMT) Born Again of the People: Luis Taruc and Peasant Ideology in Philippine Revolutionary Politics KEITH THOR CARLSON* Luis Taruc was one of the twentieth century’s most prominent peasant revolution- aries. His death in May 2005 at the age of 91 is cause for reflection upon the factors that contributed to his becoming one of the most tragic figures in recent Philippine history, despite his ongoing popularity among the peasants of Luzon. This study examines oral traditions, contrasts Socialist and Communist song lyrics and theatrical productions, and engages hitherto overlooked peasant beliefs in rein- carnation to cast new light on the schism in leftist politics in the Philippines in the mid-twentieth century. The Communist meta-narrative ultimately failed to resonate with Filipino peasants, not only because of the military and economic power of the United States and Philippine Republican governments, but because Taruc (to the chagrin and frustration of his comrades-turned-adversaries in the Communist Party) engaged and ultimately embodied certain peasant counter micro-narratives. Luis Taruc a e´te´ l’un des plus grands artisans de la re´volution paysanne des Philippines du XXe sie`cle.
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Significant Events in Philippine History
    100 significant events in Philippine history Philippine history is made up of thousands of events that happened from the earliest period ever documented to the present. This list includes only 100 major events that influenced Philippine history from the 14th century to the end of the 20th century. Interestingly, the events included on this list represent major areas where the life of the nation revolves like trade and commerce, religion, culture, literature and arts, education, various movements, wars and revolutions, laws and government, and military. Moreover, the events mentioned here are crucial in understanding the present and future of the Philippines as a nation. 1. Trading with the Chinese. 10th century. They dominated Philippine commerce from then on. 2. Arrival of Arab traders and missionaries. Mid-14th century. They conducted trade and preached Islam in Sulu that later spread to other parts of the country. 3. Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. March 1521. It marked the beginning of Spanish interest in the Philippines as several Spanish expeditions followed. 4. First Mass in the Philippines. March 31, 1521. It was held in Limasawa, an island in Southern Leyte. Symbolized the conversion of many Filipinos to Roman Catholicism. 5. Death of Ferdinand Magellan. April 27, 1521. 6. Landing of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in Cebu. 1565. This marked the beginning of Spanish dominion in the Philippines as Legazpi later established the seat of Spanish colonial government in Manila. 7. Blood Compact. March 1565. Spanish Captain General Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna performed the blood compact in Bohol as a sign of peace agreement between their parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Cablethe Tow the OFFICIAL PUBLICATION of the MOST WORSHIPFUL GRAND LODGE of FREE and ACCEPTED MASONS of the PHILIPPINES
    VOL. 95 FORTH ISSUE, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL 2019 CableThe Tow THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MOST WORSHIPFUL GRAND LODGE OF FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS OF THE PHILIPPINES MW ROMEO S. MOMO Grand Master and HON. EDISON ABELLA SCOD Grand Master VOL 95 - 4 CABLE TOW | 1 2 | CABLE TOW VOL 95 - 4 04 Editorial - Truth 06 Grand Master Message 10 Truth 12 Know the Truth 13 Pintong Bato History CABLE TOW 19 Aguinaldo, President of the First Republic VR SAMUEL P. FERNANDEZ 25 Pampanga Lodge History Editor in Chief 40 History of Charleston (0933-081-0816) Lodge No. 44, F&AM 42 Freemasonry and Philippine VW VLADIMIR F. PELAEZ Assistant Editor in Chief Independent Church (0936-9921511) 51 Four Generation of Malolos Masons VW ROMEO S. MUSNGI 54 What is Freemasonry? Assistant Editor for Filipino 59 Masonry in Zamboanga (0949-9988117) 77 Pitak Filipino 79 Constitutions of Blue Lodges VW JOSE A. RONCESVALLES 87 Joint Venture Tzu Chi Circulation Manager and GLOS (0918-9916012) 89 GM Romeo S. Momo & the Order of DeMolay VW CHARLES G. AGAR 91 General Grand Chapter Grand Lodge Photographer Order of the Eastern Star (0910-3510394) 95 Visit to Overseas Lodges & Foreign Grand Jurisdiction JESUSANA S. ESCOBIA (0923-6041022) 96 Building Administration Secretary 98 GM’s Masonic Activities VOL 95 - 4 CABLE TOW | 3 Editorial TruthTRUTH VR Samuel P. Fernandez The plain definition of truth either overstresses factual truth or overstresses the metaphysical. For a satisfactory definition of truth, one must consider three aspects and elements of truth, namely: Factual truth, Logical truth, and Ontological1.
    [Show full text]