DOCSLIB.ORG

Elemental and Molecular Evidence of Soot- and Char-Derived Black

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Elemental and Molecular Evidence of Soot- and Char-Derived Black Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 82-87 deposited during the peak period of combustion. The Elemental and Molecular Evidence temporal trends of soot-BC observed in our lake cores do of Soot- and Char-Derived Black not agree with published historical reconstructions Carbon Inputs to New York City’s based on fuel consumption and estimated emission factors. Atmosphere during the 20th Century Introduction P A T R I C K L O U C H O U A R N , * , † , ‡ Black carbon (BC) is a generic term that was initially S T E V E N N . C H I L L R U D , ‡ introduced by Novakov (1) to illustrate the role of soot in S T E P H A N E H O U E L , ‡ , # B E I Z H A N Y A N , § atmospheric sulfur chemistry. Goldberg (2) further charac- D A M O N C H A K Y , ‡ C O R N E L I A R U M P E L , | terized BC based on particle size and formation conditions C L A U D E L A R G E A U , ⊥ G E R A R D B A R D O U X , | as a spectrum of highly recalcitrant organic residues re- D A N W A L S H , ‡ A N D R I C H A R D F . B O P P § maining after organic matter combustion (whether biomass Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia or fossil fuel). With time, the BC definition has evolved into University, Geoscience Building, Room 110, P.O. Box 1000, a continuum model which represents combustion byproducts 61 Route 9, West Palisades, New York 10964-8000, ranging from slightly charred materials, retaining original Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, structural information of the parent material, to highly Palisades, New York 10964, Earth and Environmental condensed refractory soot (3, 4). Simple particle size dif- Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York ferentiation between char and soot has been augmented with 12180, Laboratoire Bioge´ochimie et EÄ cologie des Milieux methods employing optical, physical, chemical, and/or Continentaux, Site du Centre INRA Versailles-Grignon, thermal treatments to separate noncombustion organic Baˆtiment Eger, 78850 Thivernal-Grignon, France, and carbon (OC) from BC. Although BC is often referred to as Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Organique Physique, being primarily elemental carbon in the form of graphite, it UMR CNRS 7618 BIOEMCO, EÄ cole Nationale Supe´rieure de is seldom pure and normally includes varying proportions Chimie de Paris, France of other atoms (5). Urban centers are major sources of combustion-derived particulate BC and OC to the atmosphere, and their expansion in the 20th Century has led to environmental impacts of BC Soot black carbon (here expressed as GBC) is present in that range from local health effects on humans (6, 7) to sediments of Central Park and Prospect Park Lakes, New potentially global influence on the earth’s radiation budget York City (NYC), and peaks in the middle of the 20th (5, 8). The energy and transportation sectors have been Century at the highest values (1-3% dry weight) ever recognized as major emitters of fine carbonaceous particles, reported in urban lakes. During that period ( 1940-1970), or soot-BC, which can redistribute over vast areas (9). the GBC represents up to 28% of the total organic∼ Researchers have attempted to reconstruct temporal trends carbon (OC). Radionuclide-normalized whole core inventories of soot-BC using historical data on fuel consumption and of accumulated GBC are similar in the two lakes which estimated fuel-specific BC emission factors (9-11). However, are separated by 15 km, suggesting that emissions of fine emission factors are poorly constrained, resulting in the soot particles may∼have accumulated homogeneously recognition of the need for additional reconstruction ap- proaches (5). Ice cores provide the potential for obtaining over at least the urban center of NYC. The distribution of the history of long-range transport of fine-particles of BC polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments emitted from multiple source regions over time. Urban lake is decoupled from that of GBC. The highest levels of total cores, on the other hand, may record the history of BC and PAHs correspond to peak coal use for space heating in other combustion-associated contaminants, including PAHs NYC in the early 1900s. In contrast, GBC concentrations were and metals, near their sources (12-16). They can provide a highest in the mid 1900s, a period when oil combustion chronology of deposition of combustion-derived carbon- dominated local fossil fuel use and incineration of municipal aceous aerosols, over the past 100-150 years, a period of solid waste (MSW) was common practice in NYC. accelerated industrialization characterized by major changes Decreases in GBC levels observed in more recently in combustion technologies and fuel use. Furthermore, deposited sediments are consistent with improvements in reconstructing atmospheric deposition of BC in urban lakes can constrain historical exposure to combustion-derived particle emissions control systems. Non-soot BC (char) aerosols for health studies of urban populations. was identified by a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio that This study uses two lakes within the airshed of NYC to persisted after correction for GBC. This likely tracer of establish the history of BC emissions since the end of the MSW incineration was estimated to contribute an additional 19th century and focuses on two components of BC: 35% of total organic carbon found in the sediments thermally recalcitrant soot-BC and thermally labile char ∼ residues derived from inefficient combustion processes, such * Corresponding author phone: (409) 740-4710, fax: (409) 740- as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. 4787, e-mail: [email protected]. Present address: Depts. of Ocean- ography and Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551. Materials and Methods † Columbia University. Push cores were collected in 1996 from Central Park Lake ‡ Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. (CPF) and in 2002 from Prospect Park Lake (PPL7), located § Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. respectively, in NYC’s boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. | Site du Centre INRA Versailles-Grignon. ⊥ UMR CNRS 7618 BIOEMCO. The lake history and chronology of contaminant inputs to # Present address: University of Colorado at Boulder, Department Central Park Lake have been described previously (12, 16). of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. We are not aware of any previous study describing the 82 9 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / VOL. 41, NO. 1, 2007 10.1021/es061304+ CCC: $37.00 © 2007 American Chemical Society Published on Web 11/29/2006 TABLE 1. Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Organic Carbon/Nitrogen Atomic Ratio ((C/N)a), and Black Carbon (CTO-BC and GBC) Values for Four Reference Materials (2 Soot Samples and 2 Estuarine Sediments)a OC N CTO-BC GBC BC (Lit) (%dw) (%dw) (C/N)a (%dw) (%dw) (%dw) diesel soot (SRM 2975) 86.5 ( 1.7 0.42 ( 0.09 240 ( 52 64.4 ( 0.8 63.7 ( 8.7 63 ( 4.1c-68.2 ( 0.9d n-hex soot (U. of Denver) 92.8 ( 1.0 bdb 43.8 ( 2.3 42.2 ( 1.5 41.1 ( 0.8e-44 ( 5.3c NY/NJ sediment (SRM 1944) 4.4 ( 0.4 0.22 ( 0.01 23 ( 2 0.96 ( 0.04 0.82 ( 0.07 0.66 ( 0.16d-0.80 ( 0.02d Balt Harbor (SRM 1941b) 3.1 ( 0.1 0.26 ( 0.01 14 ( 1 0.41 ( 0.08 0.41 ( 0.04 0.51 ( 0.14e-0.58 ( 0.05d a CTO-BC: Chemothermal oxidation method (Gustafsson et al. (21)); GBC: chemothermal oxidation method with prior demineralization and hydrolysis (Gelinas et al. (22)); BC Lit: literature values for soot BC in the reference materials listed. b bd: below detection level. c Nguyen et al. (23). d Gustafsson et al. (21). e Hammes et al. (4). environmental geochemistry of PP Lake sediments. Both lakes exact soot-BC standards exist at present (4, 20), accuracy were constructed in the 1860s as part of the 19th Century can only be assessed by comparing results from similar Park works in Metropolitan NYC. They have surface areas of treatments of selected reference materials. Soot-BC was approximately 7.1 104 m2 and 2.4 105 m2, respectively, measured on several BC-containing NIST standard reference × × and a drainage to surface area ratio of 10-15 within a heavily materials using both the GBC and CTO methods and the ∼ urbanized environment (12). Both lakes are shallow with a results were compared to published data (Table 1). Based on deepest water column of 1.2 and 1.8 m where CPF and PPL7 replicate analyses (n ) 4) of each sample, the precision of were collected, respectively. the GBC method averages 9% (range 4-14%). These data Upon recovery, core CPF was sliced into 2 cm sections also demonstrate that both methods produce results that over its entire length (52 cm). PPL7 was sliced into 1 cm are consistent with values previously reported in the litera- sections from 0 to 10 cm, 2 cm sections from 10 to 30 cm, ture. Furthermore, comparison between GBC and CTO-BC and 4 cm slices for the remainder of the core (30-54 cm). on a series of natural sediment samples, NIST reference All sections were oven dried at 35 °C under a flow of air materials, and soot, produces a strong relationship with a filtered through a column of florisil. Dried samples were then slope of 1 over 2 orders of magnitude in soot-BC concentra- ground and homogenized with a mortar and pestle.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HELE Coal Technology Roadmap -- Process
    HELE Coal Technology Roadmap -- Process Keith Burnard Energy Technology Policy Division International Energy Agency IEA, Paris, 8-9 June 2011 © OECD/IEA 2010 IEA Technology Roadmaps To date: Biofuels; Buildings; CCS; CSP; Cement; E&PIH Vehicles; Nuclear; Smart Grids; SPP; Wind © OECD/IEA 2010 Key technologies for reducing energy-related CO2 emissions 2 60 Baseline emissions 57 Gt 55 End-use fuel and electricity Gt CO Gt efficiency 38% 50 End-use fuel switching 15% 45 40 Power generation efficiency and 35 fuel switching 5% 30 Nuclear 6% 25 Renewables 17% 20 15 BLUE Map emissions 14 Gt CCS 19% 10 5 0 2010 Perspectives Technology Energy IEA 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 source: Analysis underpins development of technology roadmaps. © OECD/IEA 2010 The role of coal in meeting recent growth in energy demand World's Average Annual Growth Rates in Primary Energy Increase in PrimaryDemand Energy between Demand, 2000 and 2000 2008-08 5.58% Coal/peat 140 % = average annual rate of growth Oil 130 3.05% Gas 2.8% 120 2.52% Nuclear 110 1.38% 0.68% Hydro index: 2000=100 index: 100 Renewables 90 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Demand for coal has been growing faster than any other energy source and is projected to account for more than a third of incremental global energy demand to 2030. © OECD/IEA 2010 … and in meeting recent growth in electricity generation The growth in electricity from coal over the past decade represents almost half of total growth © OECD/IEA 2010 Annual hard coal consumption 3500 Mt 3000 2500 2000 China
    [Show full text]
  • “Peak Coal” Mean for International Coal Exporters? a Global Modelling Analysis on the Future of the International Steam Coal Market
    What does “peak coal” mean for international coal exporters? A global modelling analysis on the future of the international steam coal market 2018 Authors Franziska Holz (DIW Berlin) Ivo Valentin Kafemann (DIW Berlin) Oliver Sartor (IDDRI) Tim Scherwath (DIW Berlin) Thomas Spencer (TERI, IDDRI) COAL TRANSITIONS www.coaltransitions.org What does “peak coal” mean for international coal exporters? A global modelling analysis on the future of the international steam coal market A project funded by the KR Foundation Authors Franziska Holz1, Ivo Valentin Kafemann1, Oliver Sartor2, Tim Scherwath1, Thomas Spencer2,3 1DIW Berlin, 2IDDRI, 3TERI Cite this report as Holz F., Kafemann I. V., Sartor O., Scherwath T., Spencer T.(2018). What does “peak coal” mean for international coal exporters? A global modelling analysis on the future of the international steam coal market. IDDRI and Climate Strategies. Acknowledgments The project team is grateful to the KR Foundation for its financial support. We would like to thank Roman Mendelevitch, Jesse Burton and Tara Caetano, Frank Jotzo and Salim Mazouz, as well as Fergus Green for their helpful comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank Amit Garg from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedebad (IIMA) as well as Teng Fei from Tsinghua University for providing input to the scenario assumptions. We acknowledge funding from the KR Foundation. All remaining errors are ours. Contact information Oliver Sartor, IDDRI, [email protected] Andrzej Błachowicz, Climate Strategies, [email protected] Copyright © 2018 IDDRI and Climate Strategies IDDRI and Climate Strategies encourage reproduction and communication of their copyrighted materials to the public, with proper credit (bibliographical reference and/or corresponding URL), for personal, corporate or public policy research, or educational purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Global Coal Markets and Major Demand Trends in Key Regions
    Études de l’Ifri STATUS OF GLOBAL COAL MARKETS AND MAJOR DEMAND TRENDS IN KEY REGIONS Sylvie CORNOT-GANDOLPHE June 2019 Center for Energy The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 979-10-373-0042-3 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2019 Cover: “Large bucket wheel excavators in a lignite (brown-coal) mine after sunset, Germany”. © Shutterstock.com How to cite this publication: Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe, “Status of Global Coal Markets and Major Demand Trends in Key Regions”, Études de l’Ifri, Ifri, June 2019. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe is an independent consultant on energy and raw materials, focusing on international issues. Since 2012, she has been Associate Research Fellow at the Ifri Centre for Energy. She is also collaborating with the Oxford Institute on Energy Studies (OIES), with CEDIGAZ, the international centre of information on natural gas of IFPEN, and with CyclOpe, the reference publication on commodities.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia, Climate Change and the Coal Industry
    Dr Adam Lucas Science & Technology Studies Program University of Wollongong 1. International context for GHG emission reduction 2. Coal & climate change in Australia 3. Coal consumption in Australia 4. Coal mining’s contribution to Australia’s economy 5. Global trends in coal production & consumption, 1980-2010 6. Australian coal production, 1910-2010 7. Coal reserves & ‘peak coal’ 8. Australia’s role in coal export trade, 1900-2010 9. Australia’s coal trade with Asia & Europe, 1970-2010 10. Conclusion INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT FOR GHG EMISSION REDUCTION Current CO2 level → COAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN AUSTRALIA Per capita GHG emissions (2006): Australia – 28.1 tonnes US – 20.6 tonnes UK – 11.0 tonnes OECD average – 14.4 tonnes World average – 6.6 tonnes Fugitive CO2e emissions from coal mining, 1990-2009 CO2e emissions from electricity generation by fossil fuels, 1990-2009 http://www.climatechange.gov.au/sites/climatechange/files/documents/03_2013/nggi-quarterly-2010-dec.pdf ¡ Australian domestic emissions around 1.8% of global emissions, with 0.3% of world population. ¡ Domestic & overseas consumption of Australian coal responsible for more than 2% of global emissions. ¡ Black coal export emissions 130% of domestic emissions. ¡ Coal industry responsible for 3.6% of GDP (historic high). ¡ If coal export emissions added to domestic emissions, total contribution to global CO2 emissions in excess of 4.3%. ¡ Plans to triple or even quadruple coal export volumes over next 10 yrs: Australia’s total contribution to global GHG emissions will grow to around 9% to 11% by 2020, discounting export LNG & CSG. ¡ Australia uses twice as much coal to generate electricity than world average.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Coal Production Forecast with Multi-Hubbert Cycle Analysis
    Energy 35 (2010) 3109e3122 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy A global coal production forecast with multi-Hubbert cycle analysis Tadeusz W. Patzek a,*, Gregory D. Croft b a Department of Petroleum & Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of California, Berkeley, Davis Hall, CA 94720, USA article info abstract Article history: Based on economic and policy considerations that appear to be unconstrained by geophysics, the Received 18 August 2009 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) generated forty carbon production and emissions Received in revised form scenarios. In this paper, we develop a base-case scenario for global coal production based on the physical 30 January 2010 multi-cycle Hubbert analysis of historical production data. Areas with large resources but little Accepted 5 February 2010 production history, such as Alaska and the Russian Far East, are treated as sensitivities on top of this base- Available online 15 May 2010 case, producing an additional 125 Gt of coal. The value of this approach is that it provides a reality check on the magnitude of carbon emissions in a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. The resulting base-case is Keywords: fi Carbon emissions signi cantly below 36 of the 40 carbon emission scenarios from the IPCC. The global peak of coal fi IPCC scenarios production from existing coal elds is predicted to occur close to the year 2011. The peak coal production Coal production peak rate is 160 EJ/y, and the peak carbon emissions from coal burning are 4.0 Gt C (15 Gt CO2) per year.
    [Show full text]
  • THE END of COAL: How Should the Next Government Respond?
    THE END OF COAL How should the next government respond? THE END OF COAL: How should the next government respond? Contents Executive summary i by Tim Hollo The structural decline of coal markets 1 by Tim Buckley The end of coal—international pressure 13 by Julie-Anne Richards Managing the closure of coal-fired power stations in Australia 23 by Dr Nick Aberle Communities in transition—reflections from the coal face 32 by Dr Amanda Cahill New economy, new democracy and coal mine rehabilitation 37 by Drew Hutton Two-way streets and revolving doors—disentangling governments from fossil fuels 42 by Charlie Wood The end of coal: How shoud the next government respond? Published in 2016 by: The Green Insitute. www.greeninstitute.org.au This work is available for public use and distribution with appropriate attribution, under the Creative Commons (CC) BY Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. ISBN: 978-0-9580066-3-7 Design: Sharon France, Looking Glass Press. Cover image: Coal CC by attribution—Flickr, Bart Bernardes THE END OF COAL: How should the next government respond? Coal—for decades one of the “certainties” of Australian politics—is in terminal decline. This economic, environmental and geopolitical fact is now beyond dispute. Whoever wins the coming Federal Election will have no choice but to deal with the beginning of the end of coal, with power stations and mines closing and companies walking away or going bankrupt. Yet the issue is barely on the political agenda. This collated paper is an attempt to bring the issue to the attention of our
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Mining and Health in Central Appalachia from 2000 to 2010. James Kent Pugh University of Louisville
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 Down comes the mountain : coal mining and health in central Appalachia from 2000 to 2010. James Kent Pugh University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Pugh, James Kent, "Down comes the mountain : coal mining and health in central Appalachia from 2000 to 2010." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1162. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1162 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DOWN COMES THE MOUNTAIN: COAL MINING AND HEALTH IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA FROM 2000 TO 2010 By James Kent Pugh B.A., Berea College, 2012 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts Department of Sociology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 DOWN COMES THE MOUNTAIN: COAL MINING AND HEALTH IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA FROM 2000 TO 2010 By James Kent Pugh B.A., Berea College, 2012 A Thesis Approved on April 7, 2014 by the following Thesis Committee: _______________________________ Robin S.
    [Show full text]
  • Wintertime Aerosol Dominated by Solid Fuel Burning Emissions Across Ireland
    Wintertime aerosol dominated by solid fuel burning emissions across Ireland: insight into the spatial and chemical variation of submicron aerosol Chunshui Lin1,2,3, Darius Ceburnis1, Ru-Jin Huang1,2,3*, Wei Xu1,2, Teresa Spohn1, Damien Martin1, Paul 5 Buckley4, John Wenger4, Stig Hellebust4, Matteo Rinaldi5, Maria Cristina Facchini5, Colin O’Dowd1*, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite1 1School of Physics, Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway. University Road, Galway. H91 CF50, Ireland 2State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Chinese 10 Academy of Sciences, 710061, Xi’an, China 3Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China 4School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland 5Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129, Bologna, Italy 15 Correspondence to: Ru-Jin Huang ([email protected]) and Colin O’Dowd ([email protected]) Abstract. To get an insight into the spatial and chemical variation of the submicron aerosol, a nationwide characterization of wintertime PM1 was performed using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) and Aethalometer at four representative sites across Ireland. Dublin, the capital city of Ireland, was the most polluted area with an average PM1 -3 -3 -3 concentration of 8.6 μg m , ranging from <0.5 μg m to 146.8 μg m in December 2016. The PM1 in Dublin was mainly 20 composed of carbonaceous aerosol (organic aerosol (OA) + black carbon (BC)) which, on average, accounted for 80% of total PM1 mass during the monitoring period.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Coal Futures
    AUSTRALIAN COAL FUTURES CAN CHINA AND INDIA PROMOTE RECOVERY IN AUSTRALIA’S COAL EXPORT INDUSTRY TO 2020? Commissioned by: David Mee Date of Submission: 7 November 2016 Submitted by: Nathaniel Groeneveld UQ Supervisor: Peter Knights STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this final thesis is my own work and that it contains, to the best of my knowledge and belief, no material previously published or written work by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been submitted for another course, except where due acknowledgement is made in the report. Signed, Nathaniel Groeneveld ii ABSTRACT The declining price of seaborne coal since 2011 has placed enormous pressure on the Australian coal industry, slashing profits and forcing mine closures. This report aims to determine whether Australian exporters can expect a recovery in seaborne price and demand in the period to 2020. It was determined that demand from China and India would be the most important variable in determining seaborne price. Both countries are major importers pushing towards changing their energy mix. They also have access to low cost domestic coal supply and are looking for greater energy security in a tense political climate. With the viability of the Australian industry hinged on these two countries, two key drivers within China and India were found to determine their demand for coal. These were: growth in renewable energy; and availability of domestic coal. From these, a matrix of four possible export futures was produced, based on outcomes of either growth outperforming expectation or stagnation in each of the drivers. This model is based on the original scenario planning model employed by Royal Dutch Shell from late 1960’s, adjusted to allow an accurate representation of possible scenarios for Australian coal towards 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook for Methane Control in Mining
    IC 9486 Information Circular/2006 TM Handbook for Methane Control in Mining Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Information Circular 9486 Handbook for Methane Control in Mining By Fred N. Kissell, Ph.D. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory Pittsburgh, PA June 2006 ORDERING INFORMATION Copies of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) documents and information about occupational safety and health are available from NIOSH–Publications Dissemination 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226–1998 FAX: 513–533–8573 Telephone: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674) e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cdc.gov/niosh This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. ————————————————————— Disclaimer: Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006–127 CONTENTS Page About this handbook ......................................................................... 1 Acknowledgments ........................................................................... 1 Chapter 1.—Facts about methane that are important to mine safety, by F. N. Kissell ........................ 3 Chapter 2.—Sampling for methane in mines and tunnels, by F. N. Kissell ............................... 27 Chapter 3.—Methane control at continuous miner sections, by F. N. Kissell, C. D. Taylor, and G. V.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOBAL COAL: the ACCELERATION of MARKET DECLINE © Martin D
    REVIEW OCTOBER 2015 GLOBAL COAL: THE ACCELERATION OF MARKET DECLINE © Martin D. Vonka / shutterstock.com Wind turbine , renewable energy source This literature review captures the state-of-play of the global coal and renewable energy markets on the basis of over 130 studies and articles that were published between September 2014 and August 2015. It consists of key highlights, an executive summary, tables of main coal countries globally, and summaries of all the considered studies and articles (global and per key country). An earlier literature review 2013-2014 showed that the global coal market became bearish around 2012. This new study of literature indicates that the decline is structural. Meanwhile, investments in renewable energy re-increased – leading to record power capacity additions in 2014 that surpassed power capacity additions from all fossil fuels combined. Fossil fuels are losing the race against renewables, with coal as the principal victim. © DmyTo / Shutterstock.com Coal mining harvester while working at a depth of about 700 meters underground CONTENTS Highlights 11 Executive Summary 13 Introduction 13 The game changer: Chinese coal consumption dropped in 2014 13 The EU and USA: towards the end of coal 14 Coal mines on the verge of the abyss 15 Utility death spiral: thermal coal reaches retirement age 17 Renewables on the rise 18 Coal divestment spreading to mainstream financial institutions 19 Main coal countries globally 21 Producers 21 Consumers 21 Exporters 22 Importers 22 What is new in the global market? 25 Policy
    [Show full text]
  • The Net Benefits of Low and No-Carbon Electricity Technologies
    GLOBAL ECONOMY & DEVELOPMENT WORKING PAPER 73 | MAY 2014 Global Economy and Development at BROOKINGS THE NET BENEFITS OF LOW AND NO-CARBON ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES Charles R. Frank, Jr. Global Economy and Development at BROOKINGS Charles R. Frank, Jr. is a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. Acknowledgements: The author is indebted to Claire Langley, Ricardo Borquez, A. Denny Ellerman, Claudio Marcantonini, and Lee Lane for their helpful suggestions in the preparation of this paper. I would also like to acknowledge the contribu- tions made by participants in a roundtable discussion of an earlier draft of this paper chaired by Kemal Derviş of the Brookings Institution. Abstract: This paper examines five different low and no-carbon electricity technologies and presents the net benefits of each under a range of assumptions. It estimates the costs per megawatt per year for wind, solar, hydroelectric, nuclear, and gas combined cycle electricity plants. To calculate these estimates, the paper uses a methodology based on avoided emissions and avoided costs, rather than comparing the more prevalent “levelized” costs. Three key findings result: First—assuming reductions in carbon emissions are valued at $50 per metric ton and the price of natural gas is $16 per million Btu or less—nuclear, hydro, and natural gas combined cycle have far more net benefits than either wind or solar. This is the case because solar and wind facilities suffer from a very high capacity cost per megawatt, very low capacity factors and low reliability, which result in low avoided emissions and low avoided energy cost per dollar invested. Second, low and no-carbon energy projects are most effective in avoiding emissions if a price for carbon is levied on fossil fuel energy suppliers.
    [Show full text]