National Coal Exploration Plan /Pakistan/ by Geological Survey of Pakistan and U.S
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY National coal exploration plan /Pakistan/ by Geological Survey of Pakistan and U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report £ V- Prepared in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey under the auspices of the Government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency for International Development This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature, 1988 CONTENTS Page PREFACE.................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................ 3 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................... 3 Recommended Coal Exploration by Priority and Area................... 3 Demand, Utilization, and Limitations................................. 8 Known Coal Resources of Pakistan.................................... 10 INTRODUCTION............................................................. 12 Background Studies.................................................. 14 PAST AND FUTURE DEMAND AND UTILIZATION OF COAL........................... 15 Past Demand and Uses of Coal........................................ 15 Future Demand and Potential Uses of Coal............................ 16 Electric Power................................................. 18 Bri cks......................................................... 19 Cement......................................................... 20 Briquettes..................................................... 21 Other Potential Uses........................................... 21 Total Demand Projections....................................... 22 Limitations on Utilization.......................................... 23 Location....................................................... 23 Quantity....................................................... 23 Quali ty........................................................ 24 Ownership Limitations.......................................... 24 COAL RESOURCE EVALUATION................................................. 26 National Summary Assessment......................................... 26 Regional Synthesis.................................................. 28 Local Exploration Projects.......................................... 31 Coal Resource Classification........................................ 35 FUNDING, PERSONNEL, AND INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS....................... 39 Funding............................................................. 39 Personnel........................................................... 40 Institutional Requirements.......................................... 41 EXPLORATION PROJECTS BY PRIORITY......................................... 43 Cost Estimates...................................................... 43 Priority I Projects................................................. 43 South Sind Coal Area........................................... 46 Lakhra Coal Field......................................... 48 Northwest Lakhra Coal Area................................ 49 Meting-Jhimpir Coal Field................................. 50 Sonda Coal Field.......................................... 50 Indus East Coal Area...................................... 51 Baluchistan.................................................... 51 Khost-Sharig-Harnai Coal Field............................ 53 Sor Range-Daghari Coal Field.............................. 53 CONTENTS Continued Punjab......................................................... 54 Salt Range Coal Field..................................... 54 Punjab and Northwest Frontier.................................. 55 Makarwal/Kurd-Sho Area.................................... 55 Priority II Areas................................................... 55 Punjab......................................................... 55 Punjab Plains Area........................................ 55 Northwest Frontier............................................. 58 Cherat Area............................................... 58 Baluchistan.................................................... 58 Mach and Ab-E-Gum Coal Field.............................. 58 Pir-Ismail-Ziarat Coal Field.............................. 58 Chamalong Area............................................ 59 Duki Aoal Field........................................... 59 Low Priority Areas.................................................. 59 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................... 61 APPENDIXES A, B, AND C................................................... 65 Coal Resource Classification........................................ 66 Coal Exploration Techniques......................................... 77 Acknowledgments..................................................... 79 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Location of Pakistan coal fields and occurrences.............. 4 2. Indus East Coal Area.......................................... 52 TABLES Table 1. Summary information on known coal fields...................... 5 2. Relationship between Geologic Assurance Programs.............. 6 3. Coal Demand Projections....................................... 17 4. Geologic Assurance Program I.................................. 36 5. Geologic Assurance Program II................................. 37 6. Geologic Assurance Program III................................ 38 7. Priority I Areas.............................................. 44 8. Estimated exploration costs and time for GAP I in Priority I Areas .......................................... 45 9. Priority II Areas............................................. 56 10. Estimated exploration costs and time for GAP I in Priority II Areas.......................................... 57 NATIONAL COAL EXPLORATION PLAN By Geological Survey of Pakistan and U.S. Geological Survey PREFACE Indigenous coal supplies about 7 percent of the commercial energy requirements of Pakistan. Oil, mostly imported, supplies about 40 percent, indigenous gas about 35 percent, hydropower about 17 percent, and the remaining 2 percent is supplied mainly by non-commercial fuels--such as fuelwood or cowdung. As the energy requirements of Pakistan increase, coal could and should be an increasingly larger portion of the energy-supply mix of the country. In order for coal to be able to supply more of the needed energy, more coal exploration is required as the necessary prelude to its development and utilization. The National Coa-1 Exploration Plan (NCEP) provides a framework for increased coal exploration in Pakistan. It is based on what is known or can be inferred about the coal-resource potential of the country, the possible forms of utilization of Pakistan's coal from geographic and quantitative and qualitative factors, and the perceived information requirements necessary to allow rational long-range planning for increased coal energy use. Program elements to meet basic data needs are summarized along with estimated funding requirements and timeframes. Appendix A is a description of the coal classification system used by the U.S. Geological Survey. Appendix B is an introduction to coal exploration techniques for the benefit of the non-geologist. Appendix C provides acknowledgments to those involved in development of this plan. The data herein is intended for use by planners as Pakistan's Seventh Five-Year Plan is prepared, and for early planning use by international assistance agencies. The report, of which this is the 4th version, is a joint effort of the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), under the auspices of the joint Government of Pakistan-United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Energy Planning and Development Project. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conclusions and Recommendations An investment of small amounts of time, money and manpower in increased coal resource assessment and exploration can have a very large impact on the energy future of Pakistan. The present effort to assess the coal resources of Pakistan should be accelerated. A modern coal exploration program of the type needed in Pakistan will require funding support from both national and foreign sources. Exploration for coal should be started or accelerated in various parts of the South Sind coal area, and in the Khost-Sharig-Harnai, Sor Range- Daghari, and Salt Range coal fields as soon as possible so that the contribution of coal to the energy balance of Pakistan can be significantly increased in the near future. To assure sufficient production of coal to meet increased demands, leasing and licensing must follow practical guidelines that encourage the formation of efficient production units. Recommended Coal Exploration by Priority and Area A coal exploration strategy involves investigation of all sedimentary basins in order to delineate all major potential coal deposits and to evaluate the national resource base. Until this is done, it will be difficult to carry out rational energy planning for the country. Figure 1 shows location of Pakistan coal fields and table 1 lists summary information on known coal fields. This NCEP describes individual local coal resource projects that are underway or proposed, and groups coal-bearing areas by priorities according to the perceived opportunity for economic exploitation. Detailed proposals for Geologic Assurance Programs (GAP) are presented for seven coal fields. Table 2 summarizes a few important factors about the GAP. The total cost of exploration seems large