QUALICUM HISTORY CONFERENCE 2020 Bios & Abstracts

ALLARD, DANE (UBC) PANEL 3B “When Family and Archive Blur: Academic Writing on Home””

Abstract: "Can I do this and still come home; what am I revealing here and why? Where will this get us? Who benefits from this and why?" ("On ethnographic refusal," 78). Audra Simpson asked these questions in a 2007 paper that would later become her ground-breaking book Mohawk Interruptus. Simpson's scholarship on her own community not only provided critical insight into Indigenous modes of refusal but has prompted us as graduate students from diverse fields to ask what it means to do work as scholars both "inside" and "outside" Red River, Mi'kma'ki, and Paueru-gai.

Roundtable with Nicole Yakashiro - Nikkei settler PhD Student at UBC and Mercedes Peters - Mi'kmaw PhD Student at UBC, Glooscap First Nation

This roundtable offers the opportunity to engage with the ethics, practices, and politics of community-based research when you have to return home. We will discuss questions of methodology, community knowledge production, and the intimacies and affective dimensions of our research.

As graduate students, we sit uncomfortably between the academy and the communities we come from and are responsible to. We ask, then: what are the radical potentials that emerge from community work as community members and what might the limitations be? What are the unique roles and responsibilities of graduate students at the intersection of academia and community?

Bio: Dane Allard - Métis PhD Student at UBC

BURTON, JOSEPH (SFU) PANEL 5B “The Student as Revolutionary: Graduate Student Organizing and Social Movements in Vancouver”

Abstract: Beginning in the late Summer of 2019, Research Assistants at Simon Fraser University launched an organizing campaign under the slogan "Research is Work," rendering their status as workers and solidarity with the labour movement explicit. Contextualizing this campaign in the history of students' trans-university activism in Vancouver - beginning with SFU students' initiative to bring their movement "off the mountain"• during the late 1960s - this paper attempts to assess the relationship between contemporary graduate student activism at SFU and social movements beyond the university. How, that is, have students framed their objectives and movements in relation to broader campaigns against austerity and privatization? To feminist and anti-racist movements? What can such an examination begin to tell us, at a broader, more theoretical plane, and with the objective of contributing to a foundation for comparative analysis, about students' role in a movement against the neoliberal university? Against capitalism and other forms of oppression?

Bio: Joseph Burton is a PhD candidate in the History Department at Simon Fraser University. His research addresses the history of anarchism in the United States, the Industrial Workers of the World, and the category of the worker-intellectual across the twentieth century.

CAPUTO, EMILIO (UNBC) PANEL 4C “And In Their Image, Man Made God: Masculinity, Hierarchy, and Obedience in the Medieval Spanish Military Orders”

Abstract: Sexuality and war occupied much of the discussions surrounding the new knighthood that originated in the Holy Land in the twelfth century. Seemingly antithetical to Christianity, these soldiers of Christ blended monasticism with a secular tradition of violence. Together, these incongruous worlds formed a masculinity known only to the military orders. While gender studies is not new to the military orders, few scholars have addressed what it was to be a man in a world almost entirely devoid of women. Further, distinct regionalism in Spain offers scholars a new view of how the orders were shaped by the places they inhabited. The unwashed Templars are the ideal, living in chastity and obedience to God. Yet in Spain, a land dominated by frontier society, masculinity in the military orders was more pragmatic, inducting children and married men. My talk will challenge established academia about a crusading masculinity by using the Templars and the Order of Santiago as a case study of how frontier life altered an established tradition, creating a new regional knighthood that more closely resembled secular masculinity.

Bio: Emilio Caputo is an alumnus of the University of Northern British Columbia. In 2019, he graduated with Honours in History and minors in Political Science and Philosophy. He was also the Valedictorian of the College of Arts, Health and Social Sciences. In his undergraduate he completed an honours thesis titled "Masculine Reconquests: Military Orders in Castile and the Crown of Aragon, 1085-1250", bridging a gap in the literature between the Spanish military orders and the study of masculinity. He has gone on to present his research at conferences and now works actively to promote historical research more broadly, most notably co-founding the Northern Historical Conference.

CHENG, JUSTIN (UBC) PANEL 2C “Circumstantial Nationalism: Hong Kong Chinese Merchants in the Canton-Hong Kong Strike of 1925-1926”

Abstract: In the years before World War II, British Hong Kong functioned as a major conduit for Sino-Western movement of goods and people. Chinese merchants benefitted greatly from Hong Kong's trading position, and became part of the established elites. Tension, however, broke out between China and the West from time to time. One such instance was the Canton-Hong Kong General Strike of 1925-1926, during which Chinese laborers went on strike against Western-owned interest and imperialism. Many Chinese merchants stood with the colonial government and contributed in settling the Strike in order to resume the business. This Strike, however, was atypical in that it was utterly a patriotic campaign. Such confrontation tested the sense of identity of Chinese merchants who stood in between the Chinese and western sides. This paper reveals the flexible, circumstantial, opportunistic, yet multi-layered characteristic of the Hong Kong Chinese merchants' identities, which were performed to best fit their interest depending on the circumstance, and reflected the layers of being a Chinese in regard to cultural and political levels. Hong Kong Chinese merchants were taking advantage of their Chinese ties and western training to situate themselves nationalistic Chinese persons and loyal British subjects at the same time for self-interests.

Bio: Justin Cheng is an MA student in the Department of History at UBC. His research focuses on Hong Kong. In particular, he is interested in the relationships between the government and the Chinese merchants in the early twentieth-century. He hopes to delve into the relief effort of the government and the charities ran by the Chinese merchants at the time of natural disasters, such typhoons. More broadly, through the lens of relief effort, he hopes to understand the interaction between the government and the Chinese elites, hence to explore the position of the Chinese elites in Hong Kong. In addition to working as a teaching assistant, Justin is also a Student Associate at Hong Kong Studies Initiative (HKSI).

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CHIA, STANLEY (UBC) PANEL 2C “Oral Histories of the May 1969 Race Riots in Kuala Lumpur”

Abstract: Roundtable with Justin Cheng and Nathan Gan. This panel examines how three "protests" took place in disparate forms and how discontentment was articulated in East and Southeast Asian contexts during the 20th century. The panelists take a bottom-up view on different contentious spectacles by considering how local people navigated and self-positioned themselves in the face of control asserted by authorities. Our three cases of "protests"• are situated in various colonial contexts that share similar oppressive atmospheres. Justin looks into the Canton-Hong Kong Strike of 1925-1926 to understand how Chinese workers were mobilized and organized amid the hostility between the British colonial authority of Hong Kong and the Chinese regime in Canton. Nathan examines how Sinophone Muslims struggled against everyday internal-colonialist discrimination in China in the 1930s and 1940s by claiming their rights as well as mastery of particular languages. Using oral history accounts of the May 1969 racial riots in Kuala Lumpur, Stanley examines the ways in which rumour, self-defence groups and inter-ethnic cooperation were significant in how ethnic minorities survived political violence. Overall, the panel attempts to revisit the organizational bases and cultural repertoires for protests and thereby re- contemplate the definition of protest itself.

Bio: Stanley Chia researches political violence in Southeast Asia as a Master's student in History at UBC. His other research interests include international lawyers, Chinese diaspora and decolonization in the 20th century.

DOYLE, JENNIFER (UVIC) PANEL 1C “’As a long life promiséd’: Birth, Death, and the Poetic Alchemy of Katherine Philips”

Abstract: In May of 1655, the poet Katherine Philips (1632-1664) gave birth to a little boy who died just days after his birth. Philips's grief over "little Hector" resulted in a literary response that might be considered unusual, in that she left to us not just one, but two poems in his memory. Philips's elegy for Hector was known during her lifetime: two verses of it had been set to music by Henry Lawes and it also appears in original manuscripts housed in the National Library of Wales. The church of St. Benet-Sherehog and the tombstone on which Philips's epitaph for Hector was engraved are long gone, but the epitaph itself survives in a volume of poetry published after Philips's death. Using an imagined narrative framework, this paper analyzes Philips's epitaph for her son against the backdrop of social and political restraints of the Interregnum, and how Philips's diction, metrical choices, and alchemical and Biblical allusions serve to help her process her profound grief in an Early Modern London whose Cromwellian reforms discouraged ritual and outward displays of mourning.

Bio: Jennifer Doyle is an MA student in English at the University of Victoria with a background as a performing artist and director. Her most recent foray into theatre was a one-woman performance with lutenist of "As You Like It". Her research interests include Catholic and Protestant social, political, and religious influences on the work of Shakespeare, Ford, Webster and their respective contemporaries, as well as Early Modern English orthography and punctuation and their disputed influences on performance practice.

ECCLESTON, ALLISON (UVIC) PANEL 4B “Biography of a Fisheries Uniform”

Abstract: In 1992 the Lower Fraser Fishing Authority (LFFA) was formed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in conjunction with Sto:lo. Recently, an LFFA uniform was donated to the Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre in Chilliwack, BC. This uniform sparked a number of questions within the community about the uniform itself and the organization it belonged to in the absence of written histories regarding the LFFA and its uniform. I was asked as a student of the University of Victoria Ethnohistory field school to answer some of these questions using the methodology of "New Ethnohistory", a community-engaged process. In my paper I discuss the "new ethnohistorical" method; some of its benefits and challenges. Moreover, I discuss the process and value of doing object based history and present a history of the donated uniform and the LFFA through this framework.

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Bio: My name is Allison Eccleston. I am a first year MA student in the Department of History at the University of Victoria. My first introduction into the MA program was doing the University of Victoria-University of Saskatchewan field school in May 2019 which immediately shaped my research interests into Indigenous fisheries and enforcement. For my thesis I hope to expand on the project I started with the Sto:lo community and help to create a written history of the Lower Fraser Fishing Authority based on the Sto:lo tradition of oral histories using an ethnohistorical framework.

FACKNITZ, HANNAH (UBC) PANEL 5A “Willing to be Wrong: Working to Decolonize Our Own Writing in a Case Study on the Louisiana Purchase Exposition”

Abstract: As an undergraduate, Hannah Sullivan Facknitz wrote a thesis on indigenous experiences at world's fairs at the turn of the last century, a chapter of which covered the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. As part of her master of arts curriculum at the University of British Columbia, she participated in Dr. Coll Thrush's Comparative Indigenous Histories course. Using the recent scholarship discussed in the course, Hannah worked to apply these methodologies to her research on the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This paper examines her process of attempting to decolonize her own work from the position of a settler-scholar. Understanding decolonization as a continual process, the paper will compare the before and after of the chapter as well as discuss techniques and observations from the experience and hopes for Hannah's own ongoing decolonizing process in herself and her work.

Bio: Hannah Sullivan Facknitz is a settler historian of indigenous experience in North America. Interested in the history of performance, technology, and labor in indigenous communities, she has presented her research across the United States. Her recent scholarship includes studies of Edward S. Curtis, American Indians and the automobile, and the depictions of indigeneity in twentieth century film. Her undergraduate thesis "Performing Authentic Savagery: National Myth-Making and Indigenous Survival at American World's Fairs, 1893-1904" won the Phi Kappa Phi Best Thesis Award at James Madison University. Hannah has also studied in Japan, Ghana, and the United Kingdom. She is a masters student at the University of British Columbia on a J. William Fulbright Scholarship. Hannah holds a deep conviction that history is a social justice discipline-that telling accurate history opens a door to liberation.

FLECHL, KATEY (UVIC) PANEL 3A “Female Education as a Signification of Power in Post-Revolutionary America”

Abstract: On August 17, 1787, an unnamed author writing into the Newport Herald stated that the advancement of female education would do “a real service to women, to virtue, to their country and to the world,” as long as the woman in question “ranked her duties above all things but her mental accomplishments, next to her duties.” In the post-revolutionary period, opinion pieces and newspaper advertisements regarding female education proliferated in American newspapers. As evidenced by historian Linda Eisenmann, historians’ accounts of the increasing political significance of female education have thus far lacked a theoretical framework. By examining newspaper advertisements for female education within Joan Scott’s definition of gender, including her four subsets of societal norms, culturally available symbols, social institutions, and subjectivity, it becomes clear that the discourse surrounding female education signified the power of the republic over its female citizens.

Bio: Katey is in the two year MA thesis program at UVIC, researching women's rights in the American revolutionary period.

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FLEISCHHACKER, CHRISTIAN (UVIC) PANEL 1B “The ‘Generation Metternich’ and the Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848. The Development of European Concepts of International Order with the example of Friedrich von Gentz”

Abstract: The paper discusses the extent to which the European state order has changed in the course of the French Revolution, and the relationship between the order of the Congress of Vienna and its pre-revolutionary counterpart. First, Paul W. Schroeder's theses are critically dis-cussed. He identifies two fundamentally different systems with a balance of power that existed in the 18th century and a political equilibrium that was established in the course of the Congress. With Sven Externbrink's concept of a "Generation Metternich", Schroeder's theses are contrasted with an alternative concept. Borrowing from cultural transfer studies, the focus is on the experiences of actors who were involved in establishing a new system at the Congress. Influenced by the same experiences of peace and war between 1763 and 1815, this group of individuals carried out the transfer and implementation of pre-revolutionary methods, ideas and practices via a war epoch into the Viennese order in a modified form.

This is exemplified by analyzing Friedrich von Gentz’s biography. He made the necessary experiences of peace and war and, due to his role as the Vienna Congress’s First Secretary, he was one of the essential actors in the establishment of the Vienna order.

Bio: Master of Arts: History, University of Victoria, BC, 2019 - Present. Bachelor of Arts: Film Studies (Major), Audio-visual Publishing (Minor), University of Mainz (Germany), 2014 - 2019. Study Abroad, University of Burgundy, Dijon (France), 2012 - 2013. Bachelor of Arts: History (First Major), Political Science (Second Major), Heidelberg University (Germany), 2010 - 2014.

FONG, ANNA (SFU) PANEL 3C “Bandits, Kidnappers, Parents: Grassroots Insecurities in Rural Guangdong 1944-1949”

Abstract: This paper critically examines how local communities, including villagers and unlawful forces, negotiated the disorderly and impoverished conditions of the Siyi counties of Kaiping and Taisan between 1944 - 1949. At this time, Kaiping and Taishan were marked by food scarcity and sporadic localized community law enforcement. Any survival tactics seemed valid. The lawless and impoverished conditions in these two counties created opportunities for various groups in the community to threaten the safety and security of other groups. Sources of insecurity included bandits, kidnappers, kins, and even parents. The victims were villagers, but the most at-risk groups were the children and the poor. This paper investigates fragments of villagers' lives and stories to explore grassroots survival tactics in the lawless and impoverished Kaiping and Taishan counties. Their stories allow us to appreciate the different social, economic, and moral options available for navigating their environment.

Bio: Anna is a second-year MA student. She has a Bachelor of Science and worked in the video game industry as a 2D and 3D graphic artist for 14 years. She hopes to combine her love of Chinese history and visual arts into a graphic novel in the near future.

GAN, NATHAN (UBC) PANEL 2C “Languages for Muslims: Linguistic Identities and Sinophone Muslim Intellectuals' Self-conceptions in Modern China, 1900-1949”

Abstract: This paper aims to examine the relationship between language learning and Chinese-speaking Muslim intellectuals' self-conceptions in the first half of the 20th century. I am going to investigate how Sinophone Muslim elites under discussion perceived the value of studying foreign languages (e.g. Arabic and English) and the value of learning China's lingua franca, namely Mandarin. I argue that the linguistic identity played an indispensable part in the formation of personal and social identities among well-educated Sinophone Muslims. The ability or inability to use specific languages,

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just as faith in Islam, was a major factor in shaping the ways accomplished Sinophone Muslims positioned themselves in relation to each other, the Sinophone Muslim as a whole in relation to the dawning Chinese nation and Chinese non- Sinophone Muslims, and the entire Chinese native Muslim population in relation to Chinese governments and foreign Muslim communities. To be sure, different language skills did not necessarily carry equal significance in Sinophone Muslim intellectuals' self-conceptions. The value of specific language skills in relation to the learning of a particular language was largely determined by prevalent notions about the religious, economic, or political utility of the language.

Bio: Nathan Gan is a second-year PhD in history at UBC. He studies the history of modern China and Taiwan.

GARDNER-HARRISON, ALVIONNE (UBC) PANEL 1C “Medical Manuscripts in the Medieval Classroom, 1200-1250”

Abstract: The first European universities were established during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, with classroom practices structured according to the principles of scholasticism. The scholastic classroom prioritized structured dispute and formal argument. Researchers have readily envisioned, through analysis of documentary and manuscript evidence, how these practices looked in the law, theology, and arts faculties. This paper extends this analysis to the fourth faculty, medicine.

Manuscripts of textbooks produced for use in the classrooms of early universities are a valuable resource for understanding how scholastic medicine functioned. Like modern textbooks, medieval books that were made for use by students or teachers employed a page layout and structure that reflected the book's function. Unlike modern textbooks, however, scribes produced manuscripts in response to the needs of specific users, and therefore we can look to their design to understand the specific context of their use.

Blending manuscript studies with analysis of intellectual and university history, this paper asks the question: how might the scholastic practices of the first university medical classrooms be reflected by the page layout of manuscripts that were designed for use in this setting?

Bio: Alvionne Gardner-Harrison is an MLIS student at UBC's iSchool focusing on book history. She is currently writing a thesis on page design and reader engagement in the first medical textbooks produced for university use. Her background is in the history of medicine in the Mediterranean.

GREENUP, ERICA (UVIC) PANEL 5C “Living Feminism and Leaving Catholicism on Vancouver Island”

Abstract: This paper looks at how Catholic women on Vancouver Island in the 1960s and 1970s interacted with the feminist discourse of the time and navigated their relationships with the church. Though there was a notable decline in church attendance for both men and women beginning in the 1960s, I argue that much of the patriarchal parameters of the Catholic institution were uniquely the plight of women and deserve to be studied exclusively. This paper focuses not only on denominational specificity of the Catholic church, but regional specificity as well. By choosing to focus solely on the history of Vancouver Island, I intend to uncover the distinctive traits of having once belonged to a conservative institution in a space that has been historically secular by nature. This is a project of oral history, and methodologically a feminist discursive analysis. Through interviewing women who left the Catholic church in the 1960s and 1970s on Vancouver Island, I investigate how, in this era, discursive changes offered new found choice and agency to women on Vancouver Island, allowing for a personal evolution of one's beliefs, beyond the patriarchal constraints of the Catholic institution, and an unchurching of belief.

Bio: Erica Greenup is a 2nd year Masters student in the History department at UVic. This year she was offered a spot as a graduate research fellow in the Centre for Studies in Religion and Society at UVic, where she patiently works away on her thesis.

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IRWIN, REESE (UBC) PANEL 5C “Pushed to the Edge: Analyzing Victorian Attitudes Towards Romantic Era Women's Literary and Print Labour”

Abstract: In 2015, Michelle Levy and Mark Perry undertook a quantitative study of women's inclusion in the British Romantic-era literary canon, finding that despite an evolving understanding of women's involvement in literature of the period, they were still underrepresented in the dominant canon of the Norton anthology. Although theirs and other scholarly attempts to create a more nuanced understanding of women's literary and print labour exist, our understanding of the complexity and importance of women's contributions remains limited. This paper explores one potential reason for this issue, arguing that the role which nineteenth century historians took in underplaying middle and upper class women's involvement in activities such as writing and publishing has resulted in a skewed vision of their contributions to these areas. This paper will use three case studies: Jane Austen, whose nephew formed her into pious Victorian woman; publisher Elizabeth Newbery, who became a passive figure under Newbery biographer S. Roscoe; and Germaine de Stael, who was styled a "demon" by John Murray's biographer Samuel Smiles, to show how the attitude of nineteenth century male historians towards gender and labour has flattened and oppressed the reality of women's literary and book trade involvement in the Romantic period.

Bio: Reese Alexandra Irwin (BA & MA, SFU) is a graduate student in the iSchool at the University of British Columbia, where she is currently completing a Master of Library Information Science. She holds two English degrees from Simon Fraser University; in her MA from that school she explored the early print history of Jane Austen's last, unfinished manuscript Sanditon and how its first editors manipulated the fragment for public consumption. She was a research assistant for The Women's Print History Project, 1750-1836, a database which seeks to bring together all known instances of women's involvement in print production during the Romantic period in Britain. She is the co-author, with Michelle Levy, of "The Female Authors of Cadell & Davies" (2017), published in Women's literary networks and Romanticism: "a tribe of authoresses." She is currently interested in women's involvement in print production, and, more broadly, the role of bibliographies, cataloguing, and metadata in uncovering the complex history of hand-press print networks and women's involvement in them.

JOHNSTON, ANDREW (UVIC) PANEL 4C “Arbitrary and Cruel Punishments: Crime, Punishment and Legal Reform in the Nineteenth Century Royal Navy”

Abstract: The Royal Navy of the early nineteenth century was the unquestioned master of the world's oceans, having won such standing after over a century of near-uninterrupted warfare. However, while the strategies, tactics and technology of Britain's Navy evolved dramatically during this period, the laws that governed its thousands of soldiers, sailors and officers remained virtually unchanged from the original 1661 Articles of War of Charles II. Despite minor amendments throughout the eighteenth century and a major reworking in 1749, both capital and corporal punishment were frequently employed as punishment for fairly minor offences in a system that made the 'bloody code' look positively humane. In Arbitrary and Cruel Punishment I use statistical data of thousands of Naval courts-martial records to analyze why this changed in the period from the end of the wars with France in 1816 until the passing of the Naval Discipline Acts of the 1860s. Using this information, it is possible to determine how Naval courts took reform into their own hands, and to what degree practices of crime and punishment changed as the Royal Navy underwent the 'professionalization' of the nineteenth century.

Bio: Andrew Johnston is a second year MA student in the history department at the University of Victoria, studying the social and legal history of the British Royal Navy. His current research consists of a digital analysis of courts-martial and legal reform in the nineteenth-century Navy, with specific focus on demographic and geographic factors. He hopes to continue this project at the doctoral level.

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KIM, YEE REM (UBC) PANEL 2B “My Brother is My Enemy: North Korean Soldiers and their Perception of the Other during the Korean War”

Abstract: This research focuses on the North Korean soldiers - a unique group that is usually understudied as a historical agent tucked into the broader field of military history. The aim of this research is to deconstruct the image of the North Korean soldiers by looking at their writings from the time of the Korean War, which has been conveniently effective in solidifying the perception of the enemy in the post-war years. This research brings back the voices of the North Korean soldiers during the Korean War and attempts to shatter the fixed, constructed image of the soldiers of the impossible state in present day, in the hopes of contributing to the peace process on the Korean peninsula. It examines the primary sources from the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park, Maryland. Most of the material comes from the Record Group 242, a unique collection of seized foreign records, including the Korean War. By examining the primary sources including poems, letters, songs, and diary entries, this research tries to answer the question: "How did the North Korean soldiers view their southern counterparts and what kind of future of Korea did they fight for?"

Bio: Yee Rem Kim is a first-year Master's student in the University of British Columbia History Department.

KING, GEORGIA (UVIC) PANEL 5C “Everyday Nationalism and the Irish Housewives' Association”

Abstract: While historians have increasingly drawn attention to the significant role of women within Irish nationalist movements, this scholarship remains focused on moments of exceptional crisis and violent turmoil. Historians have illuminated the central role of women in the nationalist movements which fought for independence at the outset of the twentieth century and have also been attentive to the role of women in the violent nationalist turmoil known as the'˜the Troubles' in Northern Ireland. However, I argue that women do not actually disappear from national public life after 1923 until violent conflict calls them forth once more, but the belief that they do largely stems from how we approach and define the phenomenon of nationalism. Through applying the theoretical insights of everyday nationalism to the Irish Housewives' Association, we can explore overlooked types of nationalist engagement within an understudied period of Irish history.

Bio: Student at the University of Victoria studying History with a concentration in Cultural, Social, and Political Thought.

KLEINSTUBER, BRAD (SFU) PANEL 5B “A Comparative History of Research Worker Unionisation”

Abstract: For several months, SFU Research Assistants have been organizing a drive to add their job category to the Teaching Support Staff Union (TSSU). Several Canadian universities already include RAs in relevant unions, but an increasing number have faced intense campaigns to add them over the last several years; the case of Queens is perhaps the most prominent. Despite the popularization of the notion of "liberal" or even "Marxist"• campuses, these campaigns regularly face serious opposition in a university system increasingly committed to a view of educational consumer-workers, and are challenged by a bevy of divergent legal and local contexts.

What commonalities and differences do these campaigns share? What common obstacles have they faced? How have these shaped the ultimate results of unionisation, including collective agreements? Are there differences - in behavior, in outlook, in agreements - between those unions who have included RAs for some time, and those who faced a recent movement?

Bio: Brad Kleinstuber received a double degree in History and Philosophy from Wilfrid Laurier University in 2016, and is currently pursuing an MA at Simon Fraser University. He is disappointed he cannot participate in WLU's own union drive, but glad he doesn't have to deal with Doug Ford.

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LANG, DAVE (UVIC) PANEL 4A “A Rule to the Exceptions: Ignoring the Law During the Early Years of British Columbia's Raw Log Export Controls (1901- 1916)”

Abstract: The export of raw, unprocessed logs from British Columbia has been opposed by both the public and politicians for more than a century. However, following the implementation of legislation controlling raw log exports in 1901, the province regularly succumbed to forest industry pressure and suspended enforcement of the law, despite having no legal authority to do so. It wasn't until 1916 that an amendment to the Forest Act gave the government the ability to do legally what it had been doing illegally for years: allow the export of raw logs, a practice which continues in the twenty-first century. An examination of the history of British Columbia's forest industry shows that this behaviour was in fact the rule, not the exception.

Bio: Dave Lang is a mature student pursuing an MA in History at the University of Victoria.

LARSON, AARON (UNBC) PANEL 3C “Discovering Old Worlds: Conceptualizing Space and Place in Pre-Modern Europe through Archival Source Mapping”

Abstract: The shrinking of distances paired with the paradigm shift toward state building and national consolidation in the modern period has changed the way that humans understand and rationalize space, place, and the world. However, this shift comes at a cost to the historian in our understanding of how people in the pre-modern period interacted with the places in which they lived. This presentation will explore the concept of Archival Source Mapping, in which location data is found in archival sources, and then extrapolated into a geographic setting. When applied to pre-modern sources, the worldviews of our subjects become clear as the boundaries of their realities become tangible. This presentation will explore the theoretical framework that will be applied to my forthcoming research on the 1737-1738 witch trials in Zug, Switzerland, with the aim of understanding how life at a religious borderland affected the trials. This theory and the related research are designed to provide insight into the boundaries of a woman's world in the 18th Century, bringing their world to life through records of their deaths.

Bio: Aaron Larsen is a Graduate student in UNBC's History Program and a teacher in School District 57. His current research explores the concept of borders and boundaries through the 1737-1738 witch trials of Zug, Switzerland. A two-time alumnus of UNBC after obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in History (with a double minor in Anthropology and Human Geography) and a Bachelor of Education, Aaron is a passionate advocate for History in the community. Aaron is a co-founder of the Northern Historical Conference, the president of the Northern Historical Student Society, and the winner of UNBC's Senate Leadership Award for Campus Leadership recognizing his work in the field of History over the past eight years.

LEBERE, KATHRYN (UVIC) PANEL 2A “Red Swans: The Transformation of Ballet after the Russian Cultural Revolution (1924-1937)”

Abstract: After the 1917 Russian Revolution, the Soviets were faced with the difficult task of revolutionizing ballet, an imperial art form based in tradition. Since Marxist philosophy suggested that the ruling class would be invested with cultural hegemony, the Soviets were aware that a distinctly "proletarian" consciousness was expected to emerge, eventually superseding the imperial high culture of pre-revolutionary Russia. For ballet, this philosophy led to the rejection of classical balletic rules during the Cultural Revolution (1927-1932). Analyzing the ballet repertoire after 1932, however, it becomes clear that the Soviets abandoned their dreams of proletarian art at the expense of their doctrine of Socialist Realism and general Communist ideological influence. This paper situates ballet history within Soviet cultural history to analyze ballet's transformation during the late 1920s and early 1930s. Through discussion of the initial interpretations of proletarian ballet, the repertoire's reversion to classicalism after 1932, and the regime's official denunciation of proletarian ballet after Bright Stream, I argue that the regime began a complicated negotiation with the old intelligentsia to restore the excellence of the

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stage. The Soviet leadership promoted classical ballet to enlighten the masses, create social harmony, provide entertainment desired by audiences, and further socialism's development.

Bio: Kathryn LeBere is an honours student in the Department of History at the University of Victoria. She is the Assistant Project Manager of Map of Early Modern London (MoEML) and a textual re-mediator for Linked Early Modern Drama Online (LEMDO). Her research interests include 16th and 17th century Britain and Soviet ballet history.

LESSARD, KELSEY (UVIC) PANEL 1A “Sir Gordon Covell and Malaria Eradication in Colonial India”

Abstract: This paper will examine how malaria eradication was approached by British physicians and administrators in colonial India in the era before the widespread use of DDT. The work of British physician Sir Gordon Covell will be the primary focus. Specifically, the two major campaigns undertaken by Covell to survey, prevent, and attempt to control malaria in Bombay from 1927-1928 and in Delhi Province from 1936-1939 will be examined. The latter campaign was the first large-scale use of insecticidal spraying to prevent malaria in India. Therefore, Covell implemented malaria campaigns that involved a high degree of administrative organization and top-down control.

Bio: Kelsey Lessard is a second-year MA student at the University of Victoria. Her work focuses on British medical history.

LUCKY, NATHAN (UBC) PANEL 2B “Negotiated Identity: The Vancouver Jewish Community Responds to the Holocaust” Abstract: While most Canadians downplayed European antisemitism between 1933 and 1945, the small Jewish community of Vancouver used their newspaper, the Jewish Western Bulletin, to call attention to the burgeoning crisis. While the larger Anglo-Jewish Press in eastern Canada downplayed the crisis, I trace how Vancouver's Jews (only 1.5% of the Canadian Jewish community) negotiated their Jewish identity in the face of expressions of exclusivist Anglo- and Franco-Canadian identities but continued to highlight Jewish persecution in Europe and lobbied for refugees. Due to their relative independence from Canadian Jews in eastern Canada and local community connections, the Vancouver Jewish community, especially the press, highlighted the particular suffering of Jews at the same time they promoted the war effort.

Bio: Second-year History MA student.

MACKAY, THERESA (UVIC) PANEL 4B “Calling all Foodies! Cooking and Eating in Nineteenth-Century Scotland”

Abstract: Want to know how to make crow pie? Come on a food journey to the past as we discover what it meant to feed a family in the rural Highlands and Islands. This presentation shares the results of 100 hours of preliminary research into the Maclagan Manuscripts housed at The School of Scottish Studies Archives at The University of Edinburgh. The reports that form part of the archive, many written by local schoolteacher Elizabeth Kerr in the 1890s, note daily life in the West Highlands. Once completed by Kerr these reports were then sent to avid folklorist and collector, Dr. R.C. Maclagan of Edinburgh. The archive in total contains more than 9000 items, a significant number of which concern food: growing, preparing, consuming. Ingredients, tools, and recipes will be shared, along with some early findings and emerging themes.

Bio: Theresa Mackay is a 3rd year PhD student studying history at the University of Victoria. She holds a Bachelor of Arts from Simon Fraser University and a Master of Letters (MLitt) with Distinction from the University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland. Her MLitt dissertation, entitled Women at Work: Innkeeping in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland 1790-1840, established the impact of women on tourism and hospitality infrastructure in Scotland, winning the 2016 Women's History Scotland Leah Leneman prize. Her PhD research builds on her MLitt, looking at women and food in Scotland's nineteenth-century rural north.

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MROZEWSKI, JOSEPHINE (UVIC) PANEL 1A “Dear Mr Minister, Please Help: Death, Desperation and the White Plague in early 20th-century Canada”

Abstract: The White Plague was a common name for one of the deadliest human diseases, known medically as tuberculosis. The common name speaks to its transmissibility and its death toll, which made it a leading cause of death in Canada up to the mid-20th century. The plague label also suggests the fear and resignation produced by the threat of a virulent disease without a cure. In the face of the fear and hopelessness, many members of the public wrote to the federal government to ask for help or reassurance, or to offer their own ideas for a cure. This presentation will use selected correspondence between Canadians and the Department of Health and Welfare to characterize the societal presence of a fearful disease, now almost gone in the minds of most Canadians.

Bio: I'm a candidate for a Master's degree in History at the University of Victoria, focussed on Arctic medical history. I come to graduate studies with an undergraduate chemistry degree and a communication career, including 12 years with CBC Radio and consulting with governments, businesses, and non-governmental organizations. While living and working in some of Canada's biggest cities and smallest villages, from Québec to Yukon, I often wondered what gave rise to the similarities and differences in the Canadian experience across these settings. The press of such questions has drawn me to the discipline of history to search for answers.

OSBORNE, CARLA (UVIC) PANEL 5A “Recognizing and Understanding Indigenous History Transmission, Both Before and After ‘Contact’”

Abstract: The belief that Indigenous histories are preserved principally or only in oral traditions is so entrenched that we risk missing other forms of Indigenous historiography in plain sight. We also risk misinterpreting Indigenous historiography as something new, a product of European-style education and writing, rather than understanding that it is part of ancient, land-based Indigenous practices of encoding and transmission. In this paper I provide an overview of the preliminary results of my research into Indigenous histories recorded and transmitted by Haudenosaunee and Northwest Métis knowledge keepers and authors between 1848 and 2018. The first part of the paper outlines Indigenous historiographical methods in use prior to the arrival of Europeans, including a comparison and contrast of Indigenous and European modes of historical thinking. The second part traces examples of Haidenosaunee and Northwest Métis resistance to settler historical imperatives, subversions of settler forms and genres, and syncretic adaptations to new ways of recording and sharing their histories. This will begin to show how Haudenosaunee and Northwest Métis historians have disrupted settler ways of “doing history” while maintaining their own ways and cultures through a period of intense violence perpetrated against their existence as peoples and nations in what is currently called Canada and the United States. Even as this paper demonstrates continuity and successful resistance, it will also begin to illustrate the risks of applying strategies that are both subversive and syncretic to recording and transmitting Indigenous histories.

Bio: Carla Osborne is a Northwest Métis scholar born in the Okanagan and raised in Victoria and Surrey, British Columbia. After spending over ten years working in energy regulation in Alberta, and completing an MA at the University of Calgary in Greek and Roman Studies (“Talking to Strangers: The Use of Stories as Guides to Intercultural Encounters by the Archaic Greeks and the Hudson’s Bay Cree” 2014), she returned to Lekwungen and Coast Salish lands to work on her PhD dissertation on Indigenous historiography at the University of Victoria.

PEARCE, ANNE-MARIE (UVIC) PANEL 3C “The Future of the Truth North: Revisiting the Incomplete Historiography of the Canadian Arctic”

Abstract: Canadian identity as a northern country, adventure narratives and the lack of recognition of Inuit history have hindered the complete and comprehensive development of the history concerning the "True North" or the Canadian Arctic. European exploration and travel accounts of the arctic expeditions, like the Franklin Expedition, remain popular amongst modern readers despite their lack of Inuit voices, the traditional residents of Inuit Nunangat. Additionally, this essay

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surveys how modern historical works on the Arctic have changed. For example, the 1980 work by W.L. Morton, Contexts of Canada's Past, a collection of essays that argues Canadian historiography is incomplete without accounts of the North. Plus, William Wonder's Canada's Changing North shows the modifications in Canadian perception of their North through time from the book's first publication in 1971 and the revised edition in 2003. New developments in the field published in the early 2000s by historians Kenneth Coates, William Morrison, Shelagh Grant, and Bruce Hodgins offer promising integrations of Inuit oral history. Chiefly, this essay analyzes how different methodologies have contributed to the mistakes in the field and suggests areas of improvement for the future of Canadian Arctic historiography.

Bio: Anne-Marie is a first-year master's student in the department of history at the University of Victoria. She is accountable to improving the landscape of Arctic history by recognizing the traditional territory of the Inuit Nunangat.

PETERS, MERCEDES (UBC) PANEL 3B “Finding Community in the Archives”

Abstract: "Can I do this and still come home; what am I revealing here and why? Where will this get us? Who benefits from this and why?" ("On ethnographic refusal," 78). Audra Simpson asked these questions in a 2007 paper that would later become her ground-breaking book Mohawk Interruptus. Simpson's scholarship on her own community not only provided critical insight into Indigenous modes of refusal but has prompted us as graduate students from diverse fields to ask what it means to do work as scholars both "inside" and "outside" Red River, Mi'kma'ki, and Paueru-gai.

Roundtable with Nicole Yakashiro - Nikkei settler PhD Student at UBC and Dane Allard - Métis/Settler PhD Student at UBC This roundtable offers the opportunity to engage with the ethics, practices, and politics of community-based research when you have to return home. We will discuss questions of methodology, community knowledge production, and the intimacies and affective dimensions of our research.

As graduate students, we sit uncomfortably between the academy and the communities we come from and are responsible to. We ask, then: what are the radical potentials that emerge from community work as community members and what might the limitations be? What are the unique roles and responsibilities of graduate students at the intersection of academia and community?

Bio: Mercedes Peters - Mi’kmaw PhD Student at UBC, Glooscap First Nation

PLATSON, CURTIS (SFU) PANEL 1A “The Process of British Colonial Statecraft and its Effects on Medical Dispensaries in Rural Zanzibar”

Abstract: This thesis is about the changes in the British colonial medical dispensary system of Zanzibar throughout interwar period. While this thesis will trace how Zanzibar's medical dispensary system developed following World War One, my central focus is to explore how the process of development was imagined and practiced by British colonial officials. Under colonial rule, Zanzibar's medical dispensaries served very different purposes at different points in time. As a result, medical dispensary stations took on a multitude of roles that were never clearly defined nor thoroughly planned by the colonial administration. The colonial era dispensary system is a significant entry point for discussion on the particular nature of British colonial rule in Zanzibar. However, tracing the way the dispensary system underwent attempted changes also connects this case to a larger discourse on the motivations and actions of the British regarding matters of public health, medical training, and colonial spatial mapping in East Africa during the interwar period. I argue that a significant aspect to the ineffective development of the rural dispensary system in interwar-era Zanzibar was British colonial officials' conceptualization and implementation of process.

Bio: Curtis is a History MA Candidate at SFU. His research interests are in East Africa, British imperial statecraft, and colonial public health development. Apart from research, Curtis is an avid swimmer and photographer.

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POUSSARD, HEATHER (SFU) PANEL 6A “To improve and consolidate our relations with the sons of the soil": Ismaili politics during the rise of the independence movement in Tanganyika, 1953-1961”

Abstract: This paper is concerned with Ismaili politics in Tanganyika during the era of decolonization in the late 1950s. I argue that Ismaili leaders were concerned with solidifying the position of Ismailis as a community above Africans in the colonial structure as the colony neared independence. This is epitomized in the desire of the Aga Khan Volunteer Corps to operate as a body of colonial authority by participating in the colonial police force as special constables. Confident in the ability of Ismailis to be colonial leaders, Ismaili leaders took steps to ensure a positive, and paternal, relationship between Ismailis and local African populations. The Aga Khan promoted that Ismailis in Tanganyika turn away from racialized politics, however this only created tension and divisions between Ismailis, the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), and other South Asian populations as independence neared. Though not entirely successful, the primary goal of Ismaili leaders at this time was to establish a relationship with local Africans that would ensure Ismailis would not lose their preferable economic and social position upon independence.

Bio: I recently graduated from SFU with an Honour's degree in History. I am currently applying to graduate schools, hoping to continue my research on decolonization in Tanganyika.

RAJENDRAN, JANETHTHA (UVIC) PANEL 6A “Healthcare as a Treaty Right and Kinship Responsibility”

Abstract: On September 6, 2018 the Canadian federal government announced that it was "transferring control over Indigenous health programs to First Nations" (The Canadian Press, 2018). This move by the federal government may be seen as a step towards fulfilling Calls 43 and 44 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's (TRC) Calls to Action to use the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) as a framework for reconciliation. Although the right to health is specifically stated in Article 21 of UNDRIP, this action by the federal government may lead to the affirmation of existing Indigenous treaty rights to healthcare, as enshrined in section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982 and Article 37 of UNDRIP. The acknowledgement of treaties and treaty rights goes hand in hand with Indigenous self- determination due to the empowering role of treaties as nation-to-nation agreements. Although the federal government made a commitment to meet their constitutional obligations to treaties, they still recognize Indigenous peoples as being under their paternalistic fiduciary obligations. This paper argues that by not affirming the Indigenous treaty right to healthcare, the federal government fails to meet Calls 43 and 44 since they deny Indigenous self-determination, place Indigenous peoples under the paternalistic fiduciary obligation of the Crown, and thus limit the possibility of Indigenous- Settler reconciliation.

Bio: Janeththa Rajendran completed her Bachelor of Arts at the University of Toronto. She is now a Master's in History candidate at the University of Victoria, within the Major Research Project stream. Her project will focus on the legal historical question of the Crown's fiduciary relationship to Indigenous peoples, under the supervision of Dr. Penny Bryden. Her research interests include Settler-Indigenous relations and history, colonial histories, South Asian history, material culture and environmental histories.

REID, DARREN (UVIC) PANEL 2B “"Dear Mr. Chesson:" Black South African Letters to the Aborigines’ Protection Society, 1879-1888”

Abstract: My paper explores the engagement of late 19th-century black South African political leaders in British imperial information networks. I present a case study of letters written by black South Africans to the Aborigines' Protection Society during the intense imperial interventions of South Africa's mineral revolution. I explore how these correspondents imagined their local situations to be located in a larger imperial world, how they used rhetorics of justice and civilization to protest imperialism, and I challenge the representation of black communities as local, passive victims of empire. However, by

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comparing the words and the meanings of these letters to the publications of the Aborignes' Protection Society, I also explore how black voices were mediated, altered, and ignored according to the interests of that Society, illustrating how non- European voices were structurally marginalized by the information networks of the late 19th-century British empire.

Bio: Darren Reid is a M.A. student in history at the University of Victoria, focusing on interconnected local experiences of 19th-century British imperialism. Other interests, some of which make an appearance in his presentation, include GIS and other digital methodologies, and ecological aspects of empire.

SAMOIL, ANDREA (SFU) PANEL 5B “Nothing to Lose But Our Precarity: Research Workers Organizing at a Neoliberal University”

Abstract: Research Assistants (RA) at Simon Fraser University embarked on an organizing drive in fall 2019. This paper will historicize the contemporary, largely graduate student-based RA drive as part of a broader pattern of university organizing in Canada.

At Simon Fraser University, this history extends from workers organizing with the feminist, Vancouver-based Association of University and College Employees in 1972, including teaching assistants, clerical, support, library, and technical staff, through to the more recent transition of the faculty association into a formally certified bargaining agent in May 2014. In the past year, graduate student-workers at the Student Learning Commons at SFU also organized with the Teaching Support Staff Union (TSSU), which represents teaching assistants and sessional instructors. What has caused this sudden surge of graduate student organizing at SFU and how does this fit the larger Canadian-wide context of RA organizing? Avoiding simplistic readings of radical workers organizing at a 'red' campus, this paper will argue unionization should be understood as a result of deteriorating working conditions in progressively fund-strapped neoliberal universities.

Bio: Andrea Samoil is a PhD student at Simon Fraser University working on contemporary Alberta labour history. At certain times this past fall she could be seen wearing four "Research is Work" campaign buttons.

SAMUELS, KATHERINE (QUEEN’S) PANEL 2A “'Be Friendly. Be Helpful. Be Hospitable.': Hospitality, Antimodernism, and the Promotion of Tourism to Ontarians, 1956-1973”

Abstract: This paper broadly explores the promotion of tourism in Ontario in the Cold War era, more specifically the ways in which Canadian citizens themselves were manipulated and moulded to create a specific vision for American tourists. Existing at the intersection of environmental history, transnational history, and social history, this research considers how postwar tourism existed as a profound contradiction, as tourism boards capitalized on a long-standing desire to"get away from it all,"• while simultaneously promising the latest amenities. While historians have examined how this antimodernist leaning has contributed to a specific Canadian psyche vis-à-vis our physical surroundings, very little work has been done on how the construction of an 'ideal' Canadian state has influenced the building of a pervasive national identity. Through a discussion of local tourism advertisements in the Kingston and Thousand Island region of Eastern Ontario as well as national campaigns, I argue that in the same way the Canadian government manipulated the physical landscape to attract tourists, so too did they devote governmental and financial resources to manipulating the Canadian population in a way that conformed with a specific image that continues to be deeply omnipresent: that of the welcoming, kind, hospitable Canadian citizen.

Bio: I am a 2nd year PhD student of History at Queen's University at Kingston under the supervision of Dr. Jeffrey Brison. I completed my BAH in History at Queen's University in 2017, and my MA in History at McGill University under the supervision of Dr. Leonard Moore in 2018. My areas of research surround national identity, social and cultural history, and environmental history through the lens of tourism. More specifically, my dissertation research focuses on American tourists who summered in Ontario cottage country, and the impact of transnational tourism on the ecology, identity, and social

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landscape of postwar Ontarians. I am also a JD Candidate at the University of Victoria Faculty of Law, pursuing my first year of law school concurrently with my PhD.

SCHNEIDER, RACHEL (UVIC) PANEL 1B “Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and Vietnamese Independence”

Abstract: Amidst the turmoil of the First World War, Woodrow Wilson's 14 point speech proposed a restructuring of the world order based on the premises of international diplomacy, free trade, open seas, the reduction of armaments, and an "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims." The vision that Wilson advanced inspired people across the colonial world to believe that the United States possessed both the political will and the authoritative strength to instigate an era of decolonization at the war's end. Consequently, when the Allied powers gathered in Paris for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, colonial delegations arrived to plead their case for national independence. Amongst them, Ho Chi Minh approached the conference with an eight-point treatise for the eventual emancipation of Indochina. However, Vietnam's search for national self-determination was quickly rebuked by the Western powers present at Versaille, leading Ho to adopt more radical solutions to achieve international sovereignty. This paper will focus on how Wilson's Fourteen Points specifically affected the Indochinese independence movement, with particular emphasis on the diplomatic and revolutionary actions of Ho Chi Minh. It will be argued that the failure of Wilson to deliver on the perceived assurance of national self-determination for the colonial world culminated in Ho Chi Minh's shift from diplomatic to revolutionary means, in order to obtain Indochinese independence. Bio: Rachel Schneider received her BA in International Relations from the University of British Columbia before being accepted into the Cultural, Societal, and Political Thought program at the University of Victoria. Her interest in post- colonialism was inspired by her trip through South East Asia in 2013 when she visited and volunteered across the continent.

SHAMAN, WREN (UVIC) PANEL 5A “Settler Scholars and Teaching Indigenous-settler Relations”

Abstract: This year I have been given the opportunity of writing a thesis paper, and the focus of my thesis is going to look at how Indigenous histories, and histories of Indigenous-settler relations are taught in Canadian history courses at the university level. For my project I am interviewing a selection of local scholars, including scholars who teach Canadian history and Indigenous scholars who have thought about the implications of non-Indigenous scholars teaching these sensitive histories. The goal of my paper is to further explore how these histories are being taught, compare how Indigenous scholars think these histories should be shared in the context of Canadian history, and potentially find a way that professors could be assisted to be more comfortable teaching them. The field of Canadian history has been rapidly changing, and expanding to include and showcase Indigenous histories. The changing narratives and recentering of Indigenous narratives can be difficult to adjust to, and results in uneven coverage in Canadian history classrooms. This research project wants to ensure that upcoming generations of university students, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous receive the most thoughtful, unbiased, and complete version of Canadian history possible.

Bio: My name is Wren Shaman. I'm a fourth year honours student in the History department; I study primarily Canadian history, with a focus in Indigenous-settler relations. I'm also excited to be working towards an Indigenous Studies minor. I started my degree at Selkirk College in the West Kootenay, and am excited to be here at UVic now!

SNIDAL, MICHELLE (UVIC) PANEL 3A “Rape in History: A Brief Historiography of Sexual Violence”

Abstract: The transnational and transtemporal subject of rape warrants the attention of academia and the general public alike. With the influence of the #MeToo Movement and the demand to destigmatize victimhood, the number of police-reported sexual assaults in 2017 was the highest in Canada since 1998. Academic attention to sexual violence and demands for justice have also increased. Scholars from all backgrounds—sociology, law, biology, and history--are trying to understand why rape

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occurs and its influence in society. Yet, despite the encouraging number of historical analyses, three main themes predominately characterize the histories of rape. Predominately rape narratives are confined to periods of conflict and societal breakdown, used to describe relationships of power, and assume victims are female. However, rape is not stagnant, nor does it end during times of peace. In Canada alone, one in three women will experience a form of sexual violence. Women under thirty-five are five times more likely to be victims of sexual assault and one in every six men are victims of sexual abuse. Therefore, by restricting our analyses of sexual violence to female victims, power, and conflict, historians unwittingly confine the historiography of rape to a category of historical analysis. To engage in respectful and victim-centered histories, the historiography and definitions of rape and sexual violence need to be expanded beyond a rigid, conflict dependent, and gendered categorization.

Bio: Michelle Snidal went to the University of Lethbridge where she received her Honour's B.A. in History and Political Science in 2019. She is currently working towards receiving her M.A. in History at the University of Victoria researching the impact of rape culture on revolutionary behaviour during the American Revolution. It is her hope that one day she will own a disaster relief company and a pet sanctuary.

TAO, LE (SFU) PANEL 6B “Turning against "Corrupt" Family Members in 1952: Ideological Education for Primary Schoolchildren in Yangzhou, China”

Abstract: In December 1951 and January 1952, the Chinese Communist Party launched the Three and Five Antis Campaigns, targeting primarily the bourgeoisie. One directive mentioned that it should be an exception to have primary schoolchildren turn against their "corrupt"• family members. But what happened at the grassroots? I will focus on Yangzhou, a southeastern city. Based on archival documents, printings purchased in flea markets, and oral history interviews, we can see a picture of uneven implementation. In some primary schools, having children turn against their family members became a priority rather than an exception. But there were also teachers and schools that failed to wholeheartedly conduct the education of the Three and Five Antis. From the Yangzhou case, some general lessons about the early years of the People's Republic of China can be learned.

Bio: Le Tao is a first-year PhD student at SFU. His primary research interest is in modern China.

VENN, HAILEY (SFU) PANEL 4A “Legality and Leachate: Prevailing "Mutual Benefit" Relations and Leachate Politics (1966-1981)”

Abstract: This presentation introduces the second chapter of my MA thesis, "Dumping like A State: A High Modernist(?) Vancouver Burns Bog Landfill (1958-1981)." A question which puzzles most residents of Delta is "Why did the City of Vancouver send the landfill leachate into the Fraser River until 1981?" Examination of Supreme Court of British Columbia case documents suggests a series of explanations. The beginning of that shift in leachate practice can be traced back to "a dispute between adjoining neighbours." Dr. Arne K. Mathisen, a resident who purchased property next to the landfill three years after its opening, was at first concerned with fences and flooding, but not pollution. By 1973, however, Mathisen recognized that the city's weak spot was their precarious pollution control permit. Continuous extensions paralleled the ongoing dispute between Mathisen and the city. While Mathisen's resistance influenced the Pollution Control Board's persistent refusal to grant the city a permit with no expiry, the resistance of residents was arguably not the key factor which explains the timing of the leachate finally being treated. Not surprisingly, it was the possibility of piggy-backing on a north- bound Delta sewer line up to a treatment plant which provided a key economic incentive.

Bio: Hailey Venn is an MA candidate in SFU's Department of History. Her thesis is tentatively titled ""Dumping like A State: A High Modernist(?) Vancouver Burns Bog Landfill (1958-1981)."

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WALL, KYLIE (UFV) PANEL 3A “’Femmes, Fables, and Foibles in Sport’: An Examination of the Relationship Between the Second World War and the Success of the 1944-1945 Vancouver Hedlunds Women's Basketball Team”

Abstract: "Femmes, Fables, and Foibles in Sport" provides insight into the role women played on the home front in Vancouver during the Second World War through the lens of the Vancouver Hedlunds Women's Basketball team. This team existed only between 1939-1945 and, as a result, their experiences closely mirrored the overall female experience in Vancouver during the War. This paper examines the specific conditions created by the War and the role this had not only on the Hedlunds and their rise to fame as Canadian Champions, but also on the new roles women were expected to undertake during the war.

Bio: Kylie Wall graduated from the University of the Fraser Valley in June 2019 with her Bachelor of Arts Honors History Degree. She plans to share her passion for history through teaching, and hopes to share her love of local sports history with anyone who will listen.

WENG, WENJIE (UBC) PANEL 1B “Inventing “New Democracy”: Zhang Dongsun and Chinese Communism (1911-1952)”

Abstract: This project investigates the lifelong experience of Zhang Dongsun (1886-1973), a modern Chinese philosopher and liberal politician, leaning to the side of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and transforming into a pro-Marxist. His change is not an abrupt choice under political pressure, but a decade-long intellectual transformation shaped by his personal experience, worldwide ideological trends, national crisis, and the cooperation with the CCP collectively. By grounding his transformation in the vicissitudes of modern China, this project sheds light on the ideological dilemma faced by Chinese liberalism and the rise of an alternative model of democracy. This paper first deals with the contradiction between Zhang and Marxism/Communism approximately before 1937 by examining his mixed thinking influenced by Confucianism and Anglo-American political theories. It then investigates the transitional period from 1931 to 1937 which prepared Zhang to be a pro-Marxist. The urgent need to resist Japanese invasion, the success of the Soviet Union’s first five-year plan and also the rise of Fascism collectively transformed Zhang and his intellectual circle’s understanding towards “democracy.” This marks an important transformation that he started to believe that parliamentary democracy should be revised to be more efficient to defend China. Under this circumstance, from 1937 to 1945, Zhang started the cooperation with the CCP and helped organize Anti-Japanese periphery organizations in Beiping. This period was also for him to re-read and re-discover Karl Marx by reading Marxist classics. He transformed into a pro-Marxist by accepting Marx’s definition of “democracy,” in which people are economically and politically equal and united under the general will and planned economy. The era from 1946 to 1949 witnessed his final choice to join the government of the CCP and his invention of “new-type democracy” that echoed Mao’s propaganda of New Democracy. By constructing Zhang’s transformation, this paper adds understanding to the rise of Chinese communism in the historical context of changing “democracy” and reflects the demise of Chinese liberalism under the calling for equality and efficiency.

Bio: Wenjie Weng is a MA graduate student of the University of British Columbia majoring in modern Chinese history. Her research interests are intellectual history, transnational history, and the early history of the Chinese Communist Party (pre- 1949). She was from Mainland China and received her undergraduate degree in History from Hong Kong Baptist University in 2019. During the undergraduate years, she also studied at Leiden University and National Taiwan University as exchange and visiting student.

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WING, MELISSA (UFV) PANEL 4B “Albania's Concrete Dictatorship: An Analysis of Enver Hoxha and ‘Project Bunkerization’"

Abstract: After being torn apart by the Second World War, Albania turned to the promises of prosperity and freedom under Enver Hoxha and the Communist Party of Albania. Hoxha played on the hopes and fears of the Albanian people to create one of the longest lasting dictatorships in human history.

The legacy of Hoxha's dictatorship has been immortalized through the hundreds of thousands of concrete bunkers he built across the Albanian landscape. Although they were presented as a defense strategy, these bunkers were constructed by the imagination of a dictator stuck in the past. In an attempt to hold control over Albania, Hoxha built his bunkers not as a way to keep people out, but instead as a last effort to hold people in.

This paper analyses the construction of Enver Hoxha's bunkers and how they tell the much longer story of how occupation, tyranny, and authoritarian rule has plagued the history of Albania.

Bio: Melissa Wing graduated from the University of the Fraser Valley in the spring of 2019 with an Honours Major in History, an Extended Minor in Media & Communications, and a French Language Proficiency Certificate. Apart from her studies, Melissa was president of UFV's Association of History Students from 2016-2019 and participated in the 2018 Canadian Battlefield Foundation's annual study tour. Melissa is currently in the process of applying to graduate schools where she plans to further her research into Canadian war correspondents during the Second World War.

WOOD, JAMIE (UBC) PANEL 1C "Truth Rehearsed’: Contemplating Manuscript Design in the Carthusian Order”

Abstract: The Carthusians as a religious order are known for their strict eremitic lifestyle. Monks spend the vast majority of their week within the confines of their cell and accompanying garden, working and studying in silence. This lifestyle, which is modeled on the lives of the Desert Fathers, is laid out for them in their guiding texts, which also speak to the copying of texts as a devotional practice. This research explores manuscript production in a medieval Carthusian setting and asks the question: Is this simplicity, this call to the desert, reflected in the script and decoration of medieval manuscripts produced within the charterhouse?

Bio: Jamie Wood holds a M.A. in Educational Psychology from the University of Colorado -Denver, and is currently completing dual master's degrees in Archival Studies and Library & Information Studies at the University of British Columbia's iSchool. An unrepentant love of "old books"•, acquired whilst studying abroad in the UK during her undergrad, led to her current research interests, which include medieval monastic practice and learning the history of Britain, the Vikings, and Iceland via interacting with the material text.

WORTHING, JEANNINE (UVIC) PANEL 2A “’In Remembrance and Solemn Tribute’: Remembrance Day and the Commemoration of War in British Columbia, 1921- 1960”

Abstract: As one of the most lasting traditions of commemoration originating from the First World War, Remembrance Day is observed in communities both large and small across Canada. Statues and monuments, erected in memory of those lost in Canada's then-greatest war, served as an anchor point for many November 11 ceremonies through the twentieth century, and still do today. Between 1920 and 1960, consideration and remembrance of the past was not the sole priority on and around November 11 of each year, however. The day was rife with differing meanings, providing a locus for people to not only consider their shared past and collective memories of war, but also to contemplate their country's current state of affairs. Within British Columbia, the tone of Remembrance Day ceremonies fluctuated according to the status of peace in the world, and more acutely according to Canada's direct involvement in international conflicts. The ritual act of remembering

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the sacrifices made by those who died in war brought both the meaning of war and the fragility of peace into sharp focus in this time period.

Bio: Jeannine is a second-year student in the Public History MA program at the University of Victoria. Her research interests include commemoration and memory, constructions of masculinity and femininity, and lived experiences of Canadians, with a particular focus on the First World War. She is currently working on her final Master's project on the topic of embodied masculinities of soldiers and veterans during and after the First World War.

YAKASHIRO, NICOLE (UBC) PANEL 3B “Making historical research matter: dispossessions across time and in conversation”

Abstract: "Can I do this and still come home; what am I revealing here and why? Where will this get us? Who benefits from this and why?" ("On ethnographic refusal," 78). Audra Simpson asked these questions in a 2007 paper that would later become her ground-breaking book Mohawk Interruptus. Simpson's scholarship on her own community not only provided critical insight into Indigenous modes of refusal but has prompted us as graduate students from diverse fields to ask what it means to do work as scholars both "inside" and "outside" Red River, Mi'kma'ki, and Paueru-gai.

Roundtable with Dane Allard - Métis/Settler PhD Student at UBC and Mercedes Peters - Mi'kmaw PhD Student at UBC, Glooscap First Nation

This roundtable offers the opportunity to engage with the ethics, practices, and politics of community-based research when you have to return home. We will discuss questions of methodology, community knowledge production, and the intimacies and affective dimensions of our research.

As graduate students, we sit uncomfortably between the academy and the communities we come from and are responsible to. We ask, then: what are the radical potentials that emerge from community work as community members and what might the limitations be? What are the unique roles and responsibilities of graduate students at the intersection of academia and community?

Bio: Nicole Yakashiro - Nikkei settler PhD Student at UBC

YOUMANS, GREGORY (UVIC) PANEL 4C “Officers and Gentlemen? Officers, Social Class and Values in the Late Victorian British Army”

Abstract: This paper will argue that the Late Victorian British Army's social values were a closely-integrated, synthetic part of its professional culture - not the oppositional, anti-professional influence the historiography has previously presented them as. It will draw extensively on the memoirs of British Army officers from this period to discuss the ways in which 'gentlemanly' expectations of character, including in personal behaviour, financial matters, sporting and attitudes to violence informed the officer's understanding of what his profession 'meant' in this period and how he approached it. It will also briefly discuss how this set of values was inculcated through regimental social customs and linked to wider social trends within the British landed classes, in order to make it clear that this set of values was both a part of a wider British social system, and that these values enshrined a professional culture which, while based on the social definitions of the British class system, operated with a great deal of fluidity in practice within the armed forces. This view of the Late Victorian army's engagement with social values and class presents a nuanced picture of a small sub-section of British society, attempting to reinterpret the traditional understanding of this social body through a closer study of the personal literature produced by its members.

Bio: Gregory Youmans is an MA student in the Department of History at the University of Victoria. His background is primarily in British military and social history, with a particular focus on the Victorian period.

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ZHOU, KEFEN (UVIC) PANEL 6B “Christianity and Some Individual Chinese Women's Social Mobility in Late Qing and the Republic China, 1880-1950”

Abstract: This paper examines the ways in which late 19th and early 20th century Western Christian missions to China promoted, intentionally or otherwise, the upward social mobility of certain Chinese Christians. Based primarily on Canadian-Chinese family archives, with attention to feminist principles of historiography, this study aims to shed light on how the missionaries' emphasis on education and an expanded role for women may have influenced opportunity and social advancement among those with whom they had contact. Coming at a time of Western imperialist expansion, this effort to 'save China' had unforeseen but important implications for the social status and professional trajectories of many Chinese and Chinese Canadians.

Bio: Kefen Zhou, a PhD student at the department of History, University of Victoria.

Kefen received her B. A. in Chinese language and literature from Hubei University, China, in 1983. Before moved to Canada she worked as reporter, columnist and editor for Chinese newspaper and magazine for 18 years. She published two books in 1985 and 1998 respectively and won many national awards for her writing in both in-depth news reporting and Chinese contemporary literature reviews.

Kefen obtained her M. A. from the university of Victoria in Pacific and Asian Studies in 2006. Through studying contemporary Chinese author Zhang Xianliang's trilogy, her thesis examines the Chinese intellectuals' relationships with politics and women during the Cultural Revolution, analyzing the psychological make-up of male intellectuals, which allows them to victimize women after they themselves were persecuted by political powers.

Kefen's PhD project focuses on China's social mobility patterns between the years of 1880 and 1950 as that these were shaped by the missionaries and by Christian mission education. Kefen's research is supported by SSHRC from 2016 to 2020.

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