Undergraduate and Graduate Opportunities in Nuclear Science at University

Corina Andreoiu, Jean-Claude Brodovitch, Krzysztof Starosta

Department of Chemistry , BC,

TRIUMF Location

SFU UBC

TRIUMF

Corina Andreoiu Simon Fraser University

Arthur Erickson &

SFU (1965) has over 25,000 students and 90,000 alumni, and more than 700 tenure-track faculty

Corina Andreoiu Department of Chemistry 27 research-active faculty

Research Areas Analytical Inorganic & Bioinorganic Organic & Biological Physical and Nuclear

Interdisciplinary Research Materials Science Chemical Biology

Corina Andreoiu Department of Chemistry http://www.chemistry.sfu.ca/ Minor in Nuclear Science: Profs C. Andreoiu, K. Starosta, J.C. Brodovich

. NUSC 341-3 Introduction to Radiochemistry . NUSC 342-3 Introduction to Nuclear Science . NUSC 344-3 Nucleosynthesis and Distribution of the Elements . NUSC 346-2 Radiochemistry Laboratory . NUSC 444-3 Special Topics in Nuclear Science * . CHEM 482-3 Directed Study in Advanced Topics of Chemistry * . NUSC 485-3 Particle Physics . PHYS 385-3 Quantum Physics

Corina Andreoiu Student enrolment in the four courses specific to the nuclear science minor program in the last 10 years. The black bars refers to the number of graduating students enrolled in the nuclear science minor program. Corina Andreoiu Chemistry Graduate Program

• Ph.D Program • M.Sc. Program • Application Process • Coursework • Tuition Fees and Financial Support Student Services • Need more information? http://www.chemistry.sfu.ca/teaching/graduates

Corina Andreoiu Research

Canada Foundation for Innovation

British Columbia Knowledge and Development Fund

Corina Andreoiu Rotations in the Universe

1030

1020

1010

100

10-10

10-20

10-20 10-10 100 1010 1020 1030 How We See Different Size Objects

λ = ħ/p

Corina Andreoiu Electromagnetic Radiation

λ = ħ/p

Corina Andreoiu Constituents of matter

A ZXN

A – atomic number Z – protons N – neutrons ?

Corina Andreoiu Binding energy per nucleon

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/

Corina Andreoiu Binding Energy Energy that is released when a nucleus is assembled from neutrons and protons

mp = proton mass, mn = neutron mass, m(Z,N) = mass of nucleus with Z,N

• B = 0 for H, otherwise B > 0

2 D1 - deterium BE = (1.007825 + 1.008665 - 2.0141) x 931.481 MeV = 2.226 MeV

4 He2 BE = (2*1.007825 + 2*1.008665 - 4.002603) x 931.481 MeV = 28.30 MeV

238 U146 BE = (92*1.007825 + 146*1.008665 - 238.0289) x 931.481 MeV = 1822.06 MeV

The more nucleons packed into a nucleus, the more energy is released, and thus the higher the binding energy.

Corina Andreoiu Importance of Uranium

Z = 92

Abundance 0.0054% 0.7204% 99.2742%

Half-lives 2.455E5 y 7.038E8 y 4.468E9 y

Uranium is a metal, common and abundant in nature, found in most rocks, soil, rivers, oceans, food; Uranium is a unique element because of its potential to generate huge amounts of energy.

Eight pellets of uranium, each smaller than an average adult thumb, contain enough energy to power an average home for about one year.

1 kg of coal makes 3 kilowatt-hours of electricity.

1 kg of oil makes 4 kilowatt-hours of electricity.

1 kg of natural gas makes 6.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity.

1 kg of natural uranium makes 60,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity. Source: Canadian Nuclear Association Corina Andreoiu Nuclear Landscape (Ségre Chart)

• What are the limits of nuclear existence? • Where are the drip-lines? • What is the last element we can make? • How does the nuclear force depend on varying proton/neutron ratio? • How to explain collective phenomena from the individual motion? • Tests of the Standard Model and the fundamental conservation laws

proton drip line 126 Z > 110 known nuclei stable nuclei 82

50 40

protons,Z protons,Z 82 28 unknown nuclei 20 50 neutron drip line 8 28 neutrons, N 2 20 2 8 Corina Andreoiu Magic Numbers and Shell Model

184 • a nucleon moves in a common potential generated by all the other nucleons

126

82

Maria Goeppert Mayer 50 and Hans Jensen Nobel Prize Physics 1963 28 "for their discoveries 20 concerning nuclear shell structure" 8 2 M.G. Mayer, Phys. Rev. 75, 1969 (1949) Vibrations vibrations octupole

prolate rotor oblate rotor http://wwwnsg.nuclear.lu.se Changes in Nuclear Structure

Nuclear shell structure 126 p1/2 h f 9/2 3p 5/2 f5/2 i13/2 p3/2 As we add neutrons, traditional p1/2 N=5 p 2f h 3/2 f 9/2 shell closures are changed, and f 7/2 7/2 82 may even disappear! h 1h d 11/2 3s 3/2 This is THE challenge in trying to g7/2 h11/2 s1/2 d3/2 N=4 g predict the structure of nuclei at s 2d 7/2 1/2 d the extremes of stability towards d5/2 5/2 1g 50 the neutron drip line. g9/2 g9/2

no spin very diffuse orbit around valley surface harmonic of stability neutron drip line oscillator

J. Dobaczewski et al., Phys. Rev. C 53, 2809 (1996) Corina Andreoiu Main Astrophysical Processes

• How were the elements first created? • Life cycle of stars and why they shine astrophysical models require a considerable amount of nuclear information as input

M.S. Smith and K.E. Rehm, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci, 51 (2001) 91-130

Corina Andreoiu Shell Structure Affects Nucleosynthesis

• Shell structure in neutron- rich nuclei affects the r-process path – this changes the predicted abundances of r-process isotopes

• Need experiments to Abundance determine whether: • N=82 and 126 shells are quenched or • Astrophysical model is wrong Mass number, A

K.L. Kratz et al. Ap. J. 403, 216 (1993); B. Pfeiffer et al., Z. Phys. A 357, 235 (1997)

Corina Andreoiu TRIUMF Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics Laboratoire national canadien pour la recherche en physique nucléaire et en physique des particules

High β SCRF S 0.15 – 5.0 MeV/A C Med β Accelerated Beam SCRF L 0.15 – 1.7 MeV/A I Low β SCRF N DTL1 Thick/Hot A Target high-energy DTL2 C proton beam Ion Source RFQ Production Accelerator ISAC TRIUMF Ion 500 MeV Isotope Cyclotron Beam Separator 60 keV 100 µA Corina Andreoiu ISAC I and II @ TRIUMF

Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC) Accelerated radioactive beams Energy up to 4.5 MeV/A (A~150) 15 MeV/A for light nuclei Corina Andreoiu High Power Targets

Corina Andreoiu Fusion-Evaporation Reactions

3-6.5 MeV/A

yrast line – lowest energy for a given angular momentum

Corina Andreoiu TRIUMF-ISAC Gamma-Ray Escape-Suppressed Spectrometer

TRIUMF ISAC Gamma Ray Escape Suppressed Spectrometer

Detects gamma rays de-populating excited states

Corina Andreoiu Associated Detection Systems

Bambino Si CD (LLNL, Rochester)

SHARC (York, Colorado)

Bragg Detector (York)

CsI(Tl) Array (Saint Mary’s)

DESCANT (Guelph)

DANTE (Guelph/TRIUMF)

GRIFFIN (Guelph) 11 cm

Corina Andreoiu Gamma-Ray Radiation and Nuclei Germanium detector γ γ γ

Excitation Angular energy, keV momentum, ħ

E = ħ2 I(I+1)/2I Numbercountsof

γ-ray energy, keV Gamma-ray energy (keV) 59 Cu 29 30 Corina Andreoiu 59Cu – A Nucleus as a laboratory

GAMMASPHERE + MICROBALL experiments 58 59 60 28Si + 40Ca → 68Ge* → 59Cu + 2α + 1p 30 Zn Beam energy 146 MeV; σrel ~ 5%

57 58 59 Ex~32 MeV 29 Cu ν = 3 x 1021 rot/s

56 57 58 28 Ni 28 29 30

Extensive level scheme • 150 levels, 320 γ-ray transitions • 8 rotational bands • 5 prompt proton decays • discrete γ decay-out mechanism

C. Andreoiu et al., Phys. Rev. C62, 051301(R) (2000) Eur. Phys. J A 14, 317 (2002)

Corina Andreoiu TIGRESS integrated plunger (TIP) at SFU

186Pb (Z = 82; N = 104) A. Andreyev at al, 2000

N = Z shape coexistence

68Se (N = Z = 34) 72Kr (N = Z = 36)

Corina Andreoiu Recoil Distance Method 40Ca

Beam 36Ar v/c ~ 0.08 µm

Recoil v/c ~ 0.04

For v/c ~0.04 a 1 ps (10-12 s) lifetime corresponds to 12 µm Corina Andreoiu Tigress Integrated Plunger

K. Starosta

Corina Andreoiu The Tigress Integrated Plunger device

• implements Recoil Distance Method measurements of pico-second (10-12 s) lifetimes for gamma-ray decaying states at TIGRESS,

• combines a plunger apparatus for positioning of a target and a stopper with a large (3π) solid angle CsI array of charged particle detectors for channel identification in fusion-evaporation and other reactions,

• will be first used in an experiment investigating shape coexistence in 68Se and in studies of shape coexistence and evolution along the N = Z line,

• has been funded in 2009 through a Research Tools and Instruments (RTI) grant by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Corina Andreoiu Delayed Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy at EMMA’s Focal Plane

Techniques: recoil decay tagging technique (RDT) isomer decay tagging (IDT)

Aim: delayed gamma decays depopulating isomeric states

Set-up: EMMA, TIGRESS large highly-efficient Ge clover detector double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSSDs)

Topics: Study of N~Z nuclei at and beyond the proton-drip line; 100Sn and the validity of the Z = 50 shell gap

Prompt gamma The Electromagnetic Mass Analyser, EMMA The SFU Clover decay, TIGRESS DSSDs Detector The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it Beam again. Delayed gamma decay

CorinaCorina Andreoiu Andreoiu Department of Chemistry

• Low radiation lab equipped with fume hood for wet radiochemistry, on top of a neutron vault; pneumatic rabbit

Corina Andreoiu ThermoFisher Scientific P-385 neutron generator for induced-fission studies

K. Starosta 108 neutrons/s

Corina Andreoiu 252Cf spontaneous fission yields

Corina Andreoiu 232Th neutron-induced fission yields

232Th provides access to r-process nuclei around mass 80, specifically in the vicinity of N=50, Z=28 shell closure

Corina Andreoiu Fission twin ionization chamber

Provide:

 atomic number identification

(ΔZ~1 for Z1/Z2~45/55)

 atomic mass identification (ΔA~2 TKE integrated)

 direction of the track in space

C. Budtz-Jorgensen et al. NIM A258 (1987) 209

Corina Andreoiu Long-term plan

Build a set of compact twin ionization chambers with segmented electrodes optimized for neutron-induced fission studies with a TFS P-385 neutron generator.

 Develop a TIG-based DAQ system.

 Apply Digital Signal Processing and fission fragment tracking algorithms, search for rare isotopes.

 Couple the chamber with an efficient γ-ray array minding the impact of the neutron flux from the generator:

 8π multiplicity filter for entry distribution studies,

 reconfigured 8π detectors for high resolution studies,

 a dedicated array of high-resolution scintillators (LaBr ).

Corina Andreoiu Proposal: • BL4N is proposed to deliver 500MeV New Front ISAC protons to two target End stations for beam production and an additional RIB station New Existing for development Target Target • Take advantage of the Stations Stations shielded and unused proton hall to add an electron driver to BL4N supply electrons to the new target area via a separate beamline; E- Driver • Develop new ISAC front end to permit three simultaneous RIB beams (two 500MeV accelerated). Cyclotron

Corina Andreoiu Training of Highly Qualified Personnel

• Postdoctoral studies, profs, etc • Jobs at TRIUMF (cyclotron operator) • Nordion (isotope production) • BC Cancer Agency • Nuclear medicine • Nuclear Power Industry • IT, finances/banks, etc....

Corina Andreoiu OUTREACH ACTIVITIES AT SFU

 SFU open house  Science in action  TRIUMF tours

Corina Andreoiu Open House at SFU - poster

Radiation in Everyday Life Do not be afraid! Be Informed!

Types of Sources of Radiation

ionising radiation Living at the Boundary Other Sources of a Nuclear 0.04 mSv Station Less than 0.05 mSv Medical Sources Less than 1.0 mSv Natural Background • X-rays and gamma rays 3 mSv • alpha particles • beta particles • neutrons

Corina Andreoiu Doses Useful Applications of Radiation Typical radiation doses from natural sources (mSv/year) • Medical diagnosis and treatment Source Average Range Cosmic Rays 0.40 0.3 to 1.0 • Nuclear power

External 0.48 0.3 to 0.6 terrestrial • Archeology, environment, etc Inhalation 1.2 0.2 to 10.0 (radon) Ingestion 0.3 0.2 to 0.8 • Science and technology Total 2.4 1 to 10 Radiation measurements

Typical average radiation doses from man-made sources (mSv/year) Source Average Range Medical 0.4 0.04 to 1.0 Nuclear 0.005 0.004 to 0.006 bombs Geiger Muller Nuclear 0.0002 0.0001 to 0.02 detector power Large scale detectors Nuclear Science Minor, Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University ask Dr. Andreoiu at [email protected], phone 778-782-3946

Corina Andreoiu Kit

Corina Andreoiu Contact Information

http://www.chemistry.sfu.ca/ http://www.chemistry.sfu.ca/teaching/graduates Simon Fraser University Department of Chemistry 8888 University Drive Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 corina_andreoiu @sfu.ca; [email protected] Corina Andreoiu

Thank you very much for your attention

Corina Andreoiu Molecular Rotations and Vibrations (Bjerrum 1912) m1 r1 CM m2 r2 r axis rotation

L= 5 15 ħ2/I Absorption spectrum of HCl (note the double peaking caused by two isotopes of Cl) L= 4 10 ħ2/I λ = 3 µm = 3 x 10-4 cm, IR L= 3 6 ħ2/I L= 2 3 ħ2/I L= 1 1 ħ2/I moments of inertia L= 0 0 bond and force length Corina Andreoiu Corina Andreoiu Corina Andreoiu