The Medicinal Plant Chloroxylon Swietenia As a Potential Source For
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R. K. Harwansh et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5),978-982 Research Article ISSN: 0974-6943 Available online through www.jpronline.info The medicinal plant Chloroxylon swietenia as a potential source for agricultural crop protection against aphides (Brown Planthopper, Nilapurvata lugens; (Stal) (Hemiptera : Delphacidae) as pesticides. R. K. Harwansh*1, N. Shrivastava1 J. S. Dangi2 *1Department of pharmacy, Surguja University, Ambikapur-497001,Chhattisgarh, India. 2SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495001Chhattisgarh, India. Received on: 24-09-2008; Accepted on: 07-03-2009 ABSTRACT Methanol extract of c. swietenia of medicinal plant was tested for antifeedent, activity against third instars larva of cotton worm (spodoptera littoralis). And the methanol extract was also studied for the adulticidal activity and repellency test in red four beetles (tribolium castenium). The % mortality for adulticidal activity at different concentration (mg/ml) 1,2,3,4, 5 was recorded during the time interval 0 to 10 hour; 0%, 10%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, respectively. LD50 and LD90 were 2mg/ml and 4mg/ml respectively. Statistical analysis of data the P- value is 0.0005, considered significant. Dunnet multiple comparision test the P-value is P<0.01, comparision test between ANOVA and Dunnet, the P-value is 0.0012, considered very significant. The antifeedent activity as % AI was noted according to the concentration (mg/ ml) 0,2,4,5, the LC50 was noted 0.414, 0.104, 0.081, and 0.016, respectively. The % repellency was noted according to the concentration (mg/ml) 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, between the time interval 0 to 10 hour; 0%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%. The LD50 and LD90 was 3.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml respectively. And repulsion test for stored product pest control management in the field of agriculture. The volatile oil from the leaves of c. swietenia was obtained via hydro distillation and was tested for pesticides activity against aphides brown plant hopper (Nilapurvata lugens) (stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). And methanol extract of leaves of c. swietenia tested as adulticides against beetles act as natural insecticides. Keywords: Chloroxylon swietenia; antifeedent; medicinal plant; red flour beetle; aphides; repellency test, pesticides, natural insecticides. INTRODUCTION According to the use of traditionally use of medicinal plants brown plant hopper (Nilapurvata lugens). Took hydrodistilled prod- lead to the development of new pesticides for crop protection against uct as essential oil through Clevenger apparatus. aphides (green/brown leaf hopper). Nowadays synthetic insecticides The essential oil applied into the eggs of aphides directly by or pesticides having a nature of chemical origin such as organo- spray in the crop of rice during the season of October-February be- phosphorus, carberyl, mercurial etc. compounds are mostly used for cause this season was life period of growth of plant hoppers depend- agricultural pest control and management so the insects developed ing upon the climatic conditions. In north India however, the popula- resistance against this chemical compounds so it was harmful for tion of this plant hopper becomes high in September–October. The environmental and human beings and ultimately leads to the toxicity adults remain most active from 10 to 320C. The females start laying and disease. So this why we have to choose a natural insecticides i.e. eggs within 3-10 days of their emergence and they deposit eggs in pyrethrines, azardirectines, nicotine’s, etc. having the potential source masses; by lacerating the parenchymal tissues. The number of eggs of insects killing and growth control. So one of this was a new agent per mass varies from 2-11 and female lays, on an average, 124 eggs (chloroxylon swietenia) having a potential activity against eggs of masses1. insects, larva, beetles insect and pests. And aphides as same as syn- The brown plant hopper is the most destructive pest of rice thetic insecticides. in south and south East Asia, China, Japan and Korea. In India, it has For this purposes we have to took out extract from plant as become very serious on the high yielding verities of paddy in many methanolic and hydrodistilled for different activity tested adulticidal, states including U.P, M.P., C.G., West Bengal; A.P. And Tamil Nadu. larvicidal, pesticidal and repellency activity respectively against red Both adults and nymph feed on paddy, sugarcane and grasses by flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) and cotton worm (spodoptera sucking the cell sap. The brownish adults with brown eyes are 3.5- ltitoralis). For crop protection and management against aphides 4.5mm in length. The nymph is brownish blacked in colour and have grayish-blue eyes1. *Corresponding author. Most of the white backed planthopper, green hopper, Rice Tel.: + 91-9754806921 leaf hopper, zig-zag leafhopper having sensitive for the product of c. Telefax: +91- swietenia as previously studied on essential oil composition of c. E-mail: [email protected] swietenia that was pregejerene, geijerene, germacrene-D, having the potential source for adulticidal, larvicidal and insecticidal activity2,3. Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.2.Issue 5.May 2009 978 R. K. Harwansh et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(5),978-982 According to this we have to point out the control of pest in 3.2 Antifeedent activity against spodoptera littoralis the area of agricultural field chooses this plant for control of pest in a Antifeedent activity was carried out using the filter paper crop of cereals viz, jawar, bajra, ragi, wheat and mainly rice in the disc choice method. The fresh green leaves of vegetables were used agriculture area of Chhattisgarh and M.P. as pasted form. The crude extract of compounds at different concen- trations was applied on to one side of disc the nicotine was used as 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS reference compound. Filter paper disc treated with methanol alone 2.1 Insects used as control. A red flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) was naturally cul- Freshly moulted 3rd instar larvae were taken and starved for tivated in flour of wheat in climatic conditions during the period of 25 4hr prior to testing. One larvae was placed in each Petri plate contain- days. Kept this in nutritive media until the used4. ing filter paper disc with small pieces of wet control to prevent desic- 2.2Larvae cation4. The procedures were performed in triplicate. The consump- Experiments were carried out on 3rd instar larvae (10-12mg) of tion of filter paper (green leaves pasted) was noted after 10 hr in both spodoptera littoralis (Biosdual); (Lepidoptera : Noctuide), kept on control and test disc. An antifeedent activity index (AI) was calcu- synthetic diet5. The larvae were selected under light, dark photoperi- lated from the formula8. odic form at room temperature. Obtained from sericulture department Formula: as natural resources. AI (%) = C-T/C+T×100 Where,C = weight of control filter paper with green leaf 2.3 Aphides paste consumed.T = weight of treated filter paper consumed. A brown plant hopper (nilapurvata lugens), (stal), (hemiptera : delphacidae)was obtained from the natural sources of agricultures. 3.3 Repellency test on red flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) or The eggs and nymph were chooses under climatic condition. Arena ring test 2.4 Plants Chloroxylon swietenia belonging to family Rutaceae is a It may be carried out on red flour beetles as test insects. A medicinal plant having synonyms in; English known as Indian satin filter paper disc was cut in two halves (test and control). The test disc wood, Yellow wood, East Indian satin wood, Baruta and Ceylon satin was treated with methanolic extract of 0.5-5mg/ml concentration and wood but in, Hindi known as Bhirra, Girya, Karwar and Bharhul. Plant dried. The control disc was treated with methanol, dried and both leaves of c. swietenia obtained from forest of Kataravan District – discs (halves) were joined together. About 10 adult insects were re- Janjgir Champa, Chhattisgarh. leased per petridishes at centre of disc and covered with glass ring. A specimen of plant was identified by Pankaj Oudhia, Bota- The distribution of insects in two halves was monitored for 10 hr4. nist; Surguja campus Chhattisgarh and we have also studied a num- ber of books and site of www.enwikipedia.org.com. 4. RESULTS 2.5 Extraction Represented in table and graph 1-3 respectively. Extraction of leaves of medicinal plant c. swietenia in the powdered form by soxhlet assembly. Took 50g of powdered crude 5. DISCUSSION drug macerated with solvent. In the next step took 250ml of methanol In the present study, the plant c. swietenia was chooses in round bottom flask of soxhlet apparatus. It was processing for primarily on the basis of ethnobotanical survey in the region of about 24hr at 550C. Finally take out the concentrated form of extract by Kataravan Distt. Janjgir-Champa; Chhattisgarh according to its uses evaporation on water bath to dryness and obtained crude dried ex- as pesticides in traditional medicine. As previously studies on the tract. composition of hydrodistilled product of volatile oil of c. swietenia 2.6 Hydrodistillation evaluated by topical application on the insects or larvae of cotton The leaves were dried in cool place and hydrodistilled in worm; it provides the acute toxicity effect against insect3. It is well distillation unit for 4hr. The distilled product was dried over anhy- known that various volatile oil and their constituents such as geijerene drous sodium sulphate and stored in refrigerator until further used3. and pegeijerene were found in considerably large quantities in the volatile oil of c. swietenia3 and no activity concerned to these sub- 3. BIOASSAY stances has so for been present on the rice or cereal crop of agricul- 3.1 Adulticidal activity on red flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) tural insects for protection, control and management.