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Education in Asia and the Pacific How We Work ADB—Education ADB provides project financing and technical assistance to help develop comprehensive education sector plans and support sustainable development of education at all levels. at a Glance ADB’s Community of Practice in Education supports education sector operations through knowledge generation and sharing lessons and best practices from the field. ADB regularly undertakes studies on education development in the region and prepares timely publications and other knowledge products to share knowledge on important topics in education. The National Qualifications Framework for Skills Training Reform in Sri Lanka CERC Monograph Series in Comparative and International The National VocationalEducation Qualifications and Development Framework of Sri Lanka was developed in conformity with the socioeconomic milieu and the needs of the labor market with the participation of industry stakeholders. It has enhanced the role of the government in policy and regulation, and the role of the private sector in providing skills training. A unified system with seven levels covering 96 occupations at the craft level, 14 fields at the middle ADB proactively pursues partnerships with stakeholders of education, technician level, and 4 courses of study at the degree level, it has reduced the complexity and ambiguity of training and selecting competent workers. This publication describes the progress and challenges in developing, implementing, and monitoring this ambitious scheme, with lessons for developing skills qualification frameworks in other countries. Shadow Education including the private sector, to help leverage financing for education and About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its The National Qualifications developing member countries substantially reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 903 million struggling Shadow Educationon less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive Framework for Skills Training improve inclusiveness, quality, and relevance of education service delivery. economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Shadow Education Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia Private Supplementary Tutoring instruments for helping its developing memberNo. countries9 are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia Reform in Sri Lanka private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students’ achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in Mark Bray and Chad Lykins education systems. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics Bray and Lykins ADB Support to Education Development, 1970–2013* school systems. As the curriculum in the school system changes, so does the shadow. This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. For many decades, shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia. Now it has spread throughout the region, and it has far-reaching economic and social implications. IMPROVING INSTRUCTIONAL QUALITY Focus on Faculty Development About the Asian Development Bank Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve ISBN 978-92-9092-221-6 Country the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it Publication Stock No. TIM112959 remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, Printed in the Philippines environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Afghanistan Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the COUNTING THE COST region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and Financing Asian Higher Education Bangladesh technical assistance. for Inclusive Growth ACCESS WITHOUT EQUITY? Finding a Better Balance Bhutan CERC in Higher Education in Asia Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City Cambodia Asian Development Bank 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org HIGHER6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong EDUCATION City ACROSS ASIA ISBN 978-92-9092-518-7 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Printed in the Philippines Publication Stock No. RPS124228 www.adb.orgAn Overview of Issues and Strategies China, People’s Printed on recycled paper. Broad Education Republic of Printed on recycled paper. Private Higher Education Across Asia Printed in the Philippines Sector Development Cook Islands Expanding Access, Searching for Quality 13% Asian Development Bank HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Fiji 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City Regional Cooperation and Cross-Border 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org Collaboration in Higher Education in Asia Improving Transitions India Printed on recycled paper. Ensuring that Everyone Wins From School to University to Workplace ISBN 978-92-9092-636-8 Indonesia Administration and Governance of Kazakhstan Higher Education in Asia HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Printed in the Philippines Patterns and Implications Kiribati Printed in the Philippines Asian Development Bank HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Technical 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Korea, Republic of www.adb.org ISBN 978-92-9092-511-8 Preprimary and Publication Stock No. RPS114214 HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Asian Development Bank Education and Printed on recycled paper. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City Kyrgyz Republic 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org Printed in the Philippines ISBN 978-92-9092-636-8 Basic Education Vocational Skills Lao People’s Printed on recycled paper. ISBN 978-92-9092-734-1 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines 37% Democratic www.adb.org ISBN 978-92-9092-511-8 Printed in the Philippines Training Publication Stock No. RPS114214 Republic Printed on recycled paper. 21% Malaysia HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA ISBN 978-92-9092-824-9 Maldives HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Marshall Islands ISBN 978-92-9092-762-4 HIGHER EDUCATION IN DYNAMIC ASIA Nonformal Micronesia, Education Federated States of Printed in the Philippines Asian Development Bank 4% 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Mongolia www.adb.org Upper Printed on recycled paper. Tertiary and Myanmar Secondary Nepal Education is a Core Operation Area of ADB. Education Higher Pakistan 13% Education Papua New Guinea ADB. 2008. Strategy 2020: The Long-Term Strategic 12% Philippines Samoa Framework of the Asian Development Bank 2008–2020. Manila. Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Tuvalu Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam Regional * Includes loans, grants, and technical assistance (TA). How We Work ADB—Education ADB provides project financing and technical assistance to help develop comprehensive education sector plans and support sustainable development of education at all levels. at a Glance ADB’s Community of Practice in Education supports education sector operations through knowledge generation and sharing lessons and best practices from the field. Education plays an increasingly critical role in ensuring sustainable human resource development in Asia and the Pacific. The Asian Development ADB regularly undertakes studies on education development in the region Bank (ADB) provides financing and technical assistance to its developing and prepares timely publications and other knowledge products to share member countries (DMCs) in the region to help improve education systems knowledge on important topics in education. The National Qualifications Framework for Skills Training Reform in Sri Lanka to become equitable and inclusive, cost-efficient, of high quality, and CERC Monograph Series in Comparative and International The National VocationalEducation Qualifications and Development Framework of Sri Lanka was developed in conformity with the socioeconomic milieu and the needs of the labor market with the participation of industry stakeholders. It has enhanced the role of the government in policy and regulation, and the role of the private sector in providing skills training. A unified system with seven levels covering 96 occupations at the craft level, 14 fields at the middle ADB proactively pursues partnerships with stakeholders of education, technician level, and 4 courses of study at the degree level, it has reduced the complexity responsive to labor market needs. In the past 4 decades, ADB has provided and ambiguity of training and selecting competent workers. This publication describes the progress and challenges in developing, implementing, and monitoring this ambitious scheme, with lessons
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