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Mvwnz¨ Cwîkv THE DEVELOPMENT PARADOX : MEGA PROJECT, RESOURCE SCARCITY AND CONFLICT NEXUS IN BANGLADESH Md Rafiqul Islam1 Mohammad Shaheenur Alam2 Abstract Conflict over the land accusation for the development projects is the latest phenomenon in Bangladesh. The general people in some occasions have engaged in conflict with the government and multinational corporations in protest of land accusation for the name of the development projects. There is a scanty of the research work to investigate the underlying and proximate causes of the violence and conflict in regard to implementing the development projects in Bangladesh. This article attempts to fill up this gap by analysing some cases of conflict between the general people and law enforcing agencies while implementing the development projects. Based on the case study, this article argues that resource scarcity is the underlying cause of the conflict. The question of the livelihood of the poor people and the government’s inability to rehabilitate the displaced people after the eviction also motivate people to wage into conflict. The population pressure, resource capture by the elites, and fear of losing vital resource by the marginal people (for example, land) play a crucial role in forming conflicts and violence. This paper finds that unholy alliance between the multinational corporation and government bodies exploit the people attached to the environmental resources, which is now a prime cause of violence. The paper, thus, suggests that no project should be implemented if it forces to displace a significant number of people from their land. Moreover, alternative source of living and sustainable livelihood for the poor people are the fundamental prerequisites before implementing any development project in the highly populated areas in Bangladesh. Key Words: Development project, Resource scarcity, Conflict and violence. 1 Md Rafiqul Islam is Associate Professor (On Leave); Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka. Email: [email protected] 2 Mohammad Shaheenur Alam is Assistant Professor; Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka. Email: [email protected] Social Science Review [The Dhaka University Studies, Part-D], Vol. 35, No. 2, December 2018 24 Islam and Alam Introduction After the emergence of an independent state, Bangladesh faced multifaceted problems, such as natural disaster, poverty, political turmoil and several military coups in politics. However, the resurgence of democracy in 1991 ushered new hope for the poor country to attain the economic, social and political development. More precisely, the „green revolution‟ and booming textile industries changed the cycle of the economy of Bangladesh. Currently, the country is moving towards the „middle-income‟ country. In the last decade, the country has initiated some large-scale development projects, such as Padma Bridge, Rampal coal based-electricity project, and Phulbari coalmine project. In order to implement the projects, the successive government and multinational corporations acquired land from the local people. However, on many occasions, the local people, social activists and civil society personnel have opposed the project, land acquisition and the method of implementation of the project. This opposition from the local people and civil society personnel eventually generated conflict situation with the law enforcing agencies. In several occasions, killing, abduction, torturing, and human rights violation have occurred. Case studies on conflict situation show that government, national and multi-national companies twisted information and sometimes manipulated the system to implement protect. As a result, stockholders and local people most likely remained in dark and unaware about the cost and benefit of projects. The local and international civil society organisations have also raised the issue of environmental concern and detrimental effects on the environment and population. This article considers the issue of the development project, protest and conflict as thought- provoking and requires investigation of why local people oppose the development projects and wage into conflict. For exploring the above question this paper has used some frameworks such as „resource scarcity and conflict‟ (Homer-Dixon, 1999, 2010) and „population pressure and civil strife‟ (Khal, 2006); „demography and civil violence‟ (Goldstone, 2002).The mal-development and corruption in the local level, as well as the interest sucking mentality of the multinational corporations, create a complex situation that undermines the interest of poor and marginal communities (Homer-Dixon, 1999). The poor and marginal communities are the most victim of resource capture as they depend on natural resources, such as land and forest for their existence and livelihood. Development projects implemented by the government or companies dislocate local poor people and complicate their livelihood options (Clark, 2017; Gellert & Lynch, 2003)). In Bangladesh implementation of development projects also dislocate the poor The Development Paradox 25 and marginal people. The land acquisition for the development projects has displaced poor and marginal people who depend on their livelihood and shelter. People attached to the land have, thus, fought in a number of occasions against the law enforcing agencies and company personnel (Lutfa, 2011; Nuremowla, 2016).The mal- development, resource capture, unequal distribution of the resources and corruption of the top officials exploit people and ground for occurring the human rights violation and conflict. Precisely, mismanagement of the resources and mal development ostensibly violate the rights of poor and marginal people (Muhammad, 2014).This paper, thus, first gives a framework of environmental resource scarcity and conflict with the working definition of „resource scarcity‟ and „resource conflict‟. Secondly, the methodology and process of case selection have been discussed. Then, this paper discusses the core issue of how and why conflict and violence are originating in almost all development projects undertaken by the government and multinational corporations. Finally, some policy recommendations based on environmental justice and human rights perspectives have been proposed as a policy guideline. Literature Review and the Framework of the Study The causal relationship between environmental resource scarcity and violence is relatively an old issue that emerged in the early 1990s (Deligiannis, 2012). During the time, the issue of national security has been analysed with the connection of environmental resource scarcity, social and political stability. This endeavour founded some conceptual and theoretical arguments on environmental and security relationship(Dabelko & Simmons, 1997; Gleick, 1989; Kahl, 2002; Lipschutz & Holdren, 1990; Renner, 1989; Westing, 1986). The frameworks mainly focused on how human-induced environmental damages complicate national and international security. In the 1990s, the projects of the environment, scarcity and violence by Homer-Dixon and ENCOP group headed by Bachler developed the causal relationship between the resource scarcity, population pressure and violence within and between countries. These two projects founded the basic idea that increasing population and environmental degradation are connected that result in resource scarcity, poverty and income inequality in many developing and underdeveloped societies. The resource scarcity, discrimination and poor institutions lead to deprivation of some sections of people from their proper share in the resources. The deprivation then generates frustration and grievances among people who are attached to the resources and consequently generate violence, civil strife and conflicts (Homer- Dixon, 2010). Based on the qualitative case study and empirical evidence in countries 26 Islam and Alam like India, Egypt, Pakistan Peru, and the Philippines Homer-Dixon (2010) proposed three sets of scarcity:supply-induced scarcity, demand-induced scarcity and structural scarcity that generate conflict within and between states in different forms (Homer Dixon, 2010, p.7). The supply induced scarcity of the resource is created for the degradation and depletion of the resources. The increasing demand from the people for resources generate the demand scarcity. On the other hand, structural scarcity of the resources is formed for the unequaldistribution by the social and political system. In this regard, population pressure and government policy greatly impact on environment and resources which generate conflict. Environmental degradation due to human intervention and development projects alter the existing socio-economic system that causes new forms of conflict and may escalate the already existing conflicts (Baechler, 1998).The politically motivated development goal and vested interest group cause environmental resource scarcity and deprive particular group form their needs and expectations (Ibid). In such situation, environmental stress and resource scarcities coincide with political tensions and unjust access to resources (Dalby, 2002, p. 97). The lootabulity of natural resources and high value of some resources(for example, gold and diamond) also influence contending groups to control, use and export economically valued resources to export for profit. For example, in African countries, valuable resources (for example, Diamond) played a role to generate conflicts between and among ethnic groups as well as between the army and militant
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