The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural People in Bangladesh: a Study in Savar Rural Area

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The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh: A study in Savar Rural Area

Mirza Naveed Jitu, Tania Hossain and Md Taufiqul Islam

Abstract th At the beginning of the 21 century like many other developing countries Bangladesh is also facing many challenges, and one such challenges that the country is thriving to cope with its electricity problem. For its population of about 170 million, it has become a great challenge to produce and supply electricity for everyone, no matter whether in rural areas or urban. The present study is an attempt to find out the dimensions of power accessibility for rural people in Bangladesh. It tends to light up the area problems for rural electricity users along with their satisfaction level regarding price, accessibility, availability, service, demand fulfillment, and fee. To do so, the study picks up Savar area as the sample location of the whole rural Bangladesh. The following two methods were taken to answer the research questions:（ a） A field Survey using Simple random sampling method has been used for data collection from the head of the family of every other holding in the Nabinagar village of Savar district, Dhaka, Bangladesh from a sample of 100 and（ b） historical document analysis. The collected interview data were properly coded and qualitative data were converted into quantitative forms by means of suitable scoring

二二一whenever necessary. Results indicated that the supply and services including billing system of Palli Bidyut have been found in satisfactory level and people are increasingly getting satisfied with performance of power supply. It also shows that average income of the people is quite compatible with the electricity price in that area. But it clearly indicates that the demand has yet to be fulfilled and people encourage more

10 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh electricity production to meet up the demand. The survey also shows corruption is one of the major issues of getting new connection and insufficient electricity supplies are the main reasons behind the low accessibility of the rural areas. This research addresses that it is time to focus the incidents like system loss, power theft and also corruption if Bangladesh wants to progress in ensuring power security to all its inhabitants before it’s too late. Therefore, proper monitoring and imposition of strict laws are needed without any delay to deal with power anomalies.

The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh: A study in Savar Rural Area Bangladesh, which is a developing country in South Asia, has managed to cope up with the recent world economic recessions and has maintained its economic growth better than many other similar nations. As it is being thriving for economic progress, Bangladesh needs to ensure uninterrupted electricity to its people, majority of who are village dwellers. Thus supply of electricity, no matter in urban or rural areas, has always been a major concern and also a challenge for the country. Electircity sdupply is pretty much constant in urban areas because of better infratructural priviledges while the rural areas often suﬀers intermittent flow if electricity. However, it is a fact that the rural people also deserve 24/7 electricity supply because they share the lions portion of the total population of the country, and also because of the reality that Bangladesh is still an agriculture based country. Still, unfortunately enough, the rural people are the most neglected population of the country in terms of having uninterrupted supply of electricity. The accessibility to electricity and the constraints to access have become an urgent issue to be addressed nowadays. Though is undeniable that most of the industries are located in the city or Export Processing Zone（ EPZ）, and accessibility to electricity is a must for the inhabitants of these regions, agricultural purposes like irrigation also requires electricity, and therefore, the rural people need electricity as anyone of the ccountry. Besides, if the country wants to reduce dependency from agriculture 二二〇 based production to industrialized production; it needs to ensure power supply in each and evey corner of its land area. Electricity is also a very primary requirement to achieve progress in social parameters like education and health. The future generation needs access already for them to grow in a society where they can use any equipment and utilize them for their self and community development. So

11 reaching the majority of the people to provide electricity is a very important issue for the future of the nation.

Background Since the times of the Mughal Empire, the region has been thriving for development of infrastructure and strength through buinding architectural monuments, healthcare development and disciplined life style. But in this modern era it has become almost impossible to develop lifestyle and move forward whether in individual or national level without access to electricity. Bangladesh has been starving for electricity to meet up with its development pace of 5.5% to 7.0%. However, unfortunately enough, the country has not been able to ensure electricity for all therefore erratic power supply still remains a great concern among the masses. As a result, the natural pace of development of every sector, economic and social, is [1] hampered due to shortage of electricity . Electricity production in Bangladesh started in 1901 when a private generator was installed at the residence of the then Nawab of Dhaka. Mr. Bolton, British citizen, switched on the first electricity in Ahsan Monjil on 7 December 1901. Electricity distribution system under private ownership began by DEVCO, a subsidiary of Octttavian Steel Company in the 1930s and Dhanmondi power house [1] was setup for commercial distribution of power . In 1947, power generation and distribution of this part of the country were in the hands of some private companies. The power supply to then 17 provincial districts was within the township in a limited way. In 1948, Electricity Directorate was created in order to plan and improve power supply situation. In 1959, Water and Power Development Authority（ WAP DA） was created and the power sector really started working satisfactorily. In 1960, Electricity Directorate was merged with WAPDA. The basic philosophy was to give more autonomy to an organization [1] for development of this basic infrastructure . At that time（1960） relatively higher capacity plants were built at Siddhirganj, Chittagong and Khulna（ highest plant size was only 10 MW Steam Turbine at 二一九 Siddirganj）. At the same time, Kaptai dam was under construction under Irrigation department. Unit size of Kaptai was 40 MW, which for that time was considered to be a large power plant. Side by side construction of Dhaka-Chittagong 132 KV transmission line was in progress. Construction of Kaptai dam and commissioning of Dhaka-Chittagong 132 KV transmission line in the year 1962 may be taken as

12 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

[1] milestone of power development of this country . In 1972, Bangladesh Power Development Board（ BPDB） was created to boost the power sector. A different approach and a new model were considered for undertaking a comprehensive scheme. Thus the Government created Rural Electrification Board（ REB） in October 1977. Later in 1991 Dhaka Electric Supply Authority（ DESA） was created basically to operate and develop distribution system in and around Dhaka（ including the metropolitan city） and bring about improvement of customer service, collection of revenue and lessen the [1] administrative burden of BPDB . BPDB is a key stakeholder in the power sector of Bangladesh, being responsible for generation and transmission of electricity in the country and distribution of electricity in the urban areas except the Metropolitan City of Dhaka. The installed generation capacity has increased to about 3,700 MW（ as of June [2] 2000） from a meager 88 MW in 1960 . Electricity generation grew at about 7% p.a. during last ten years, compared with average annual GDP growth rate of about 5.5%. Notwithstanding the progress made to date, Bangladesh’s per capita electricity generation of 120 kWh p.a. is still among the lowest in the world. About 20% of the population has access to electricity, which is also low compared to many developing countries. The Government has already opened the power sector for private investment and “The Private Sector Power Generation Policy” has been formulated in 1996. The Government is also committed to reforms of the power sector for achieving [2] efficiency of the sector . Bangladesh has experienced sustained growth in recent years, but is facing widening deficits in the provision of electricity and other infrastructure services, as demand for them grows at a faster rate than investments. In 2012, the country ranked 134th out of 144 countries on the quality of electricity supply, which is seen as one of the most problematic obstacles to doing business in Bangladesh. The [3] Government has targeted universal access to electricity by the year 2021 . The Government’s plans for addressing the generation shortages and to 二一八 increase access to electricity call for energy conservation, load management, adopting grid and off-grid electrification approaches to extend electricity services, promoting private sector investment in short and longer-term power supply [3] measures, and improving sector governance and efficiency . Since energy plays an important role in socio-economic development, the

13 Government of Bangladesh is giving priority in overall development of the energy sector. About 20% of the total public sector investment was owed for the energy sector development during the last one decade. The primary energy source is natural gas and the electricity generation significantly relies on natural gas in Bangladesh. About 80% of the installed electricity generation capacity is based on natural gas. The per capita commercial energy and electricity consumption in Bangladesh is one [4] of the lowest among the developing countries . In order to develop the living standerd of the rural areas, the contemporary government formed The Rural Electrification Board of Bangladesh or more commonly known as Palli Bidyut in 1977. According to the website of Palli Bidyut, Today there are 72 operating rural electric cooperatives called Palli Bidyuit Samity （PBS）, which bring service to approximately 1,09,55,835 new connection being [5] made and more than 2,73,495 kms of line has been constructed . Accoring to the website of Dhaka Palli Bidyut Samity, the connection charges and procedures of Palli Bidyut are as follows.

Description of Service Consumer No. Application/Feasibility Fee 01 09 100 （） Domestic/Commercial/Charitable to Consumer Tk. /- per person Institute/ Street Light 10 to 20 Consumer Tk.1,500/-（ fixed） 21 and above Tk.2,000/-（ fixed） DTW/STW/LLP Each Tk.250/-（ fixed） Any type of Temporary/Provisional Each Tk.1,500/- Connection Any Temporary/Provisional Connection Each Tk.1,500/- other than specified above or Industry Pole Transfer/Line Route Change or Transfer of Other Consumers Service Each Tk.500/- Drop Installed by PBS Connection for Industry（ GP） Each Tk.2,500/- Connection for Large Industry（ LP） Each Tk.5,000/- Upto 0-10 KW Tk.1,000/- Load Extension Upto 11-45 KW Tk.2,000/- 46 5 000 二一七 KW and Above Tk. , /- Source: http://www.dhakapbs1.org.bd/user/english/12/41

14 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

Security Deposit（Dometic） Load Description Deposit Rate（ Tk.） 0.50 KW Tk.500/-（ fixed） 0.50 KW Above to 1.00 KW Tk.600/-（ fixed） Additional Per KW Above 1.00 KW Tk.200/-（ fixed） Source: http://www.dhakapbs1.org.bd/user/english/12/41

Application has to be submitted with 2（ two） copy passport size photograph and Feasibility Fee. After completion of the feasibility study and approval by the Member Service Department, consumer has to complete wiring at his or her own expenses by the PBS approved electrician. Finally after depositing the required fees [6] and security deposit, connection will be established . However, Palli Bidyut’s service has never been beyond criticism and farmers have often protested against Palli Bidyut for proper supply for electricty. As per a report on The Daily Star（ April 20, 2014）, Farmers besieged Dinajpur Palli Bidyut Samity office and then formed human chain in front of the office at Uttar Gobindapur under Sadar upazila to press their demands including smooth power supply for irrigating Irri-boro crops. Organised by Dinajpur unit of Bangladesh Krishak Samity, several hundred farmers along with their family members besieged Dinajpur Palli Bidyut Samity-1 office at around 11.00am and later joined a human [7] chain programme on Dinajpur-Dhaka highway in front of the office . The purpose of this paper is to explore and get the actual scenario out in the field about the condition of the rural electricity users who represent the majority of the population. Electricity production might have increased but has the access to it been made easy and cost effective compared to the income of the people.

Specifically the study aims to: • Examine accessibility of electricity in Nabinagar, village of Savar District; • Investigate the cost effectiveness between the income and the price of electricity for the population in Nabinagar, village of Savar District and 二一六 • Find out the barriers to get easy access to electricity for the Study area.

The significance of this study would be that compared to other studies done previously, this research is only concentrated to a specific group of people who actually represent the majority of the population of Bangladesh（ Rural People）.

15 The study will definitely oﬀer a clear view and also facts of the practical situation of the rural areas regarding electricity on contrary to what the government generally denotes on the issue.

Literature Review: Bangladesh ranks third among the top 20 countries where people lack access to electricity, according to a report of a World Bank-led multi-agency team .The report titled‘ Global Tracking Framework Report’ published on Tuesday said until 2010, 66.6 million people, or 45 percent of the country’s population, were out of electricity. However, Bangladesh government statistics say 60 percent of its population was brought under electricity coverage by the end of 2012, against 43 percent in 2009. The government claims power generation increased to8 ,525 [8] megawatts last year（2014） from 4,941 megawatts four years earlier . According to the Rural Electrification Board of Bangladesh they have been providing service to rural member consumers for over 37 years. Continued support from the Government of Bangladesh, the donor community, consulting partners, and member consumers will help this program continue to expand, providing the gift of electricity to millions more Bangladeshi households, businesses, and industries. Rural Electrification Board Act, 2013 has been established instead of Rural Electrification Board Ordinance, 1977（ Ordinance No. LI of 1977） and the name of Board is Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board which is responsible for electrifying rural Bangladesh. Since its inception, the purpose of the program has been to use electricity as a means of creating opportunities for improving agricultural production and enhancing socio-economic development in rural areas, whereby there would be improvements in the standard of living and quality of life [8] for the rural people . Bangladesh has a large unsatisfied demand for energy, which is growing by10 percent annually. Currently, it has the lowest per capita consumption of commercial energy in South Asia. While the current installed capacity is 5,320 megawatts, because of reduced efficiency of the old generating units the derated（ effective）二一五 capacity stands at 4,830 megawatts as of November 2008. As a result, the country has been unable to meet the growing demand for electricity. All parts of the country, including the capital, Dhaka, experience frequent planned electricity outages（2009 , [9] USAID） . A research conducted by Akter（1997） reveals that, though different

16 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh organizations such as Rural electrification Board（ REB）, Atomic Energy Commission（ AEC）, Local Government Engineering Department（ LGED）, and Grameen Shakti（ GS） have installed（ or are in the process of installation） a number of solar PV systems in different parts of the country, these are not widely used in rural and urban areas in Bangladesh. As Bangladesh is still very centralized to its capital, many locations outside the capital do not get the attention they need when it comes to the daily amenities, most prominent of them being a reliable [10] source of electricity . A study conducted by Ahmed and Taufiq in（2008） mentioned that, for the near future, it is impossible to connect every remote village and offshore island to the national grid system. Since expanding the national grid in those isolated areas is very expensive and not cost effective, solar PV could be an effective alternative to [10] fulfill the electricity demand in these off-grid areas . Besides, as per Anam and Hussain Al-Bustam（2011） , most of the power stations of the country have become very old and they are operating lower than rated capacity with derated machineries. The demand of electricity cannot not be met due to insufficient production across the country as most of the power stations depend primarily on natural gas as fuel because of the shortage of gas supply some power plants are unable to produce power of their rated generation capacity. Beside natural gas based power plants, other power plants are Hydro Electric Plant at Kaptai, the coal based plant at Barapukuria and several other power plants around the country. But the insufficient gas supply has decreased the power generation capacity in the whole country. In most cases, the country has failed to use our [11] national resources to get maximum power output . A report on Bangladesh’s power situation and problems published by Centre for Policy Dialogue（1999） it was shown that the power system has been suffering from severe inefficiency and high system loss since the very beginning of its inception. The donor community, since the mid 80` s, has been pressurising the GOB to separate distribution from generation and transmission in order to improve overall efficiency in the power sector. There has also been a general consensus 二一四 among the policy makers regarding the need for a competitive and efficient power industry in Bangladesh. Thus, as part of the power sector development programme, [12] DESA was formed in 1990 to take part in the distribution of power in Dhaka city . However, the situation remained almost the same and the people, especially those from rural areas, still suffereing from erratic power swupply. Islam and Islam

17 （2005） have observed in their research that, throughout the country, different government administrative offices, NGO offices, health centers, schools, banks, police stations etc are functioning. In the off-grid locations, these offices are either using traditional means（ lantern, candles, kerosene wick lamps etc.） or operating their own diesel generator sets. These offices have separate budgets for electricity [13] and they can be easily served with solar photovoltaic applications . Islam（2008） has mentioned in his research article that, Bangladesh holds the potential to cost-effectively meet a significant fraction of its future electricity demand through the use of renewable generation technologies, possibly adding as much renewable capacity as the current overall electric power capacity of the country. Islam also said in his article that, Bangladesh must develop a policy framework that allows and encourages private investors to develop renewable [14] energy projects in order to realize the enormous potential of renewable . As of 2014 the current production capacity shown on BPDB’s official website [15] is 10,390 MW . See appendix section for details of power generation capacity of each of the plants. The power production and consumption state of some of the South Asian countries also needs to be analyzed as these neighboring countries projects almost the same socio-economic state as Bangladesh. Therefore, it is be important to shed light on electricity scenario, especially power use in the rural areas, to have better understanding of what is going on in Bangladesh and also to acquire lessons from those countries on how they cope with the issues and challenges.

Research Methodology Data Sources Both primary and secondary data sources have been used to gather information. A field survey has been conducted for primary data and the secondary data has been collected from oﬃcial sources, websites, and articles.

Method of Data collection: 二一三 Primary data sources have been used to collect and analyze data to have an understanding on the current electricity situation in the study area. A field survey approach has been taken for data collection using simple random sampling method, utilizing the focus on questionnaire and the research is based on the data that has been collected from the field survey. The data from the questionnaire have been

18 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh used to illuminate and enrich the discussion of the quantitative findings. Secondary data have been collected from the oﬃce of Rural Electricity Board（ Process, Cost, Maintenance fee, Service）, online journals and websites. A total of 100 rural power users of Nabinagor village in Savar district were interviewed for the research. They were selected on the basis of simple random sampling method where every second house was selected on the basis of house number. The questionnaires have been translated to Bangla for better understanding. The data have been analyzed through the statistical representations that means by table and graphical presentations, from the answers received from the questionnaire. The head of the family was interviewed.

Types of survey: Field survey is based on questionnaire.

Sample Frame & Sample Size The total population of Bangladesh who are using Polli Bidut or Rural Electricity has been considered as the sample frame. Among the total population a total of 100 users of rural electricity have been selected randomly by using simple sampling method on the basis of every second house that has rural electricity subscription. The interviewee is the head of the family. The questionnaire summary is as follows.

Questionnaire Summary How long have you been using Less than 1 More than 10 1-3 Years 3-10 Years rural electricity? Year Years How long did it take for you More than 1 More than 3 to get the connection from the Instantly 1 Month Month ＜ 3 Month date of application? Month How much did you have to pay Tk: 5,000- Tk: 10,000- More than Tk: 1-5,000 as subscription fee? 10,000 50,000 Tk: 50,000 What was the actual subscription Tk: 5,000- Tk: 10,000- More than Tk: 1-5,000 fee? 10,000 50,000 Tk: 50,000 Did you face anything diﬃculty while getting the electricity Yes Sometimes No Other 二一二 line? Is there any inconsistency in Yes Sometimes No Other the billing amount? What is your level of satisfaction with the current electricity supply system? Moderately Security Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied

19 Moderately Supply Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Moderately Service Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Moderately Fee-Previous Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Moderately Fee-Present Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Moderately Availability Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Are you able to meet your full demand of Yes Sometimes No Other electricity? Has power situation improved compared to the demand from Yes Sometimes No Other before for the rural electricity users? What is your monthly Tk: 1,000-5,000 Tk: 5,000-10,000 Tk: 10,000-50,000 Tk: 50,000 or more family income? Is there any in convenience about Power outage the electricity system must be that you feel should addressed be addressed? What do you think should be done to Increase Power improve the system Production further?

Findings

Question1 14.00％ 1-3 Years 1-3 Years 3-10 Years More than 10Years 55.00％ 31.00％ More than 10Years 3-10 Years

二一一 : Figure 1 Duration of using Palli Bidyut（Rural Electricity）in survey area th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

20 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

The pie chart clearly states that majority 55% of the population has been using rural electricity for more than 10 years and only 15% have been using it for the past 1-3 years. The data states that even though majority of the 75% population has a monthly family income of more that Tk-10,000-Tk 50,000 but only 55% of the population had access to electricity for a decade. The remaining20 % could get access not because of the shortage of income but because of the shortage of electricity itself.

Question2 8.00％ More than 3 Ｍｏｎｔｈ 1Month More than 1 month ＜ 3 Month 33.00％ More than 3 month 1 Month

59.00％ More than1 Month ＜3 Month

: Figure 2 Percentage of the duration of getting electricity connection from the date of application th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

The pie chart clearly states that majority59 % of the population got connection within more than 1 month to less than 3 month from the date of application. 33% got it within a month and it took more than 3 months for the remaining 8% to get connected.

Question3 18.00％ Tk: 1-5,000 Tk: 10,000-50,000 Tk: 5,000-10,000 Tk: 10,000-50,000 31.00％ Tk: 1-5,000 51.00％ Tk: 5,000-10,000

二一〇 : Figure 3 Subscription fee in percentage th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka

21 51% of the population said that the subscription fee was from Tk- 5,000-10,000 the 31% said it was Tk- 1-5,000 and the remaining 18% paid Tk- 10,000-50,000 as a subscription fee to the authorities responsible for providing connection.

Question4 5.00％ 1.00％ Tk: 1-5,000 Tk: 10,000-50,000 More than Tk: 50,000 Tk: 5,000-10,000 Tk: 10,000-50,000 More than Tk: 50,000 42.00％ 52.00％ Tk: 1-5,000 Tk: 5,000-10,000

: Figure 4 Actual subscription fee in percentage th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

When asked about the actual subscription fee 52% responded by saying it was within Tk- 5,000-10,000 and 43% said it was Tk 1-5,000 the other 5 % said that the fee was Tk- 10,000-50,000 and 1 % said it was more than 50,000.

Question5 3.00％ Yes Yes Sometimes No 35.00％ 62.00％ Sometimes No

: Figure 5 Difficulties faced while getting connected to the electricity line th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

二〇九 3% of the interviewees said that they faced difficulties while getting the line and 35% said they sometimes faced difficulties. The majority of the population 62% said that they did not face any kind of difficulty while getting the electricity line.

22 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

Question6 1.00％ Yes Yes Sometimes No

55.00％ 44.00％ No Sometimes

: Figure 6 Incosistency in billing amount th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

Inconsistency in the billing amount seems to have affected 1% of the interviewees the other 44% said there were sometimes and the majority said that there was no inconsistency.

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Highly satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied (3％) satisfied(84％) (9％) （4％） : Figure 7（1） Satisfaction level regarding security th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

84% said that they are moderately satisfied with security issue and 9% said that they were satisfied. Highly satisfied were the 3% and the 4% amongst the interviewees were dissatisfied with the security issue.

0.5

0.4

0.3 0.2 二〇八 0.1

0 Highly satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied （20％） satisfied（48％）（30％）（2％） : Figure 7（2） Satisfaction level regarding supply th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

23 Regarding the supply of electricity 48% of the interviewees were moderately satisfied 30% satisfied and 20% were highly satisfied. The rest 2 % were dissatisfied with the supply.

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Highly satisfied Moderately satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied (18％) (42％) (39％) （1％） : Figure 7（3） Satisfaction level regarding service th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

The service had mixed reactions as 42% said they were moderately satisfied 39% said they were satisfied and highly satisfied were 18% of the interviewees. Dissatisfied was1 % of the interviewee from the survey area.

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Highly satisfied Moderately satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied (5％) (35％) (58％) （2％）

Figure 7（4） Satisfaction level regarding fee-previous th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka

58% of the interviewees said that they were satisfied with the previous fee of the electricity and moderately satisfied was 35%. 5% said that they were highly 二〇七 satisfied and2 % said they were dissatisfied.

24 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Highly satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied satisfied（81％）（7％）（12％） : Figure 7（5） Satisfaction level regarding fee-present th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka

81% of the population said that they were moderately satisfied with the present fee and 12% expressed their dissatisfaction and 7% were satisfied.

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Highly satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied satisfied（42％）（58％） : Figure 7（6） Satisfaction level regarding availability th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

Regarding availability 58% of the sample population said that they were satisfied and the remaining42 % were moderately satisfied.

Sometimes (27％)

No (72％) 二〇六 Yes (1％)

0％ 20％ 40％ 60％ 80％ : Figure 8 Demand fulfilled to the level of. th th Source: - Field Survey from March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

25 Regarding fulfillment of the demand of electricity72 % said that they could not fulfill their full demand and 27% said their demands were sometimes fulfilled. Only 1% said their demands were properly fulfilled.

Sometimes (48％)

No (5％)

Yes (47％)

0％ 10％ 20％ 30％ 40％ 50％ 60％ : Figure 9 Improvement of power situation compared to before th th Source: - Field Survey From March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in Savar, Dhaka.

48% of the sample population in the survey area said that the power situation has sometimes improved from before. 47% said for sure that the power situation has improved from before and only 5% said that the power situation has not improved from before.

Tｋ 50,000 or more Tｋ 10,000-50,000 Tｋ 5,000-10,000 Tｋ 1,000-5,000

0％ 20％ 40％ 60％ 80％ : Figure 10 Monthly family income（ per month） th th Source: - Field Survey From March 13 2015 to March 27 2015 in 二〇五 Savar, Dhaka.

75% of the population has a family income of Tk- 10,000-50,000 and 13% said they had Tk-50,000 or more income. 11% said Tk- 5,000-10,000 and 1% said Tk- 1,000-5,000.

26 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

When asked about addressing an issue that they think should be addressed for better service all of the interviewee said the load shedding should be gone or there is too much load shedding. In another instance every one insisted to increase power production.

Results and Discussions The study tends to find out accessibility of electricity of the rural people and also to determine compatibility between electricity price and income of the peoples and lastly the study also intends to identify the causes behind low accessibility to electricity of the people of rural areas of the country.

Accessibility of Electricity According to the data collected through interviewing the one hundred individuals who use Palli Bidyut in the Savar area, 55% has been has using power for about 10 years and the remaining 15% for last 1-3 years. Besides, as per the data, 15% of the sample population got connected to Palli Bidyut（ rural electricity）. The data also shows higher level of irregularities in connection charges; in contrary to the government charges to new connection, which is Tk only 100 for each member of the family, people have to pay Tk 5,000-10,000 for a new connection that means reckless corruption exists in the distribution process of Palli Bidyut. Only 1% and 11% of the sample population having a monthly income of less than 5,000 and 5,000-10,000 respectively would find it really diﬃcult to get Palli Bidyut connection paying more than Tk 5,000. The money the sample population had to pay to be connected to Palli Bidyut was alarming. As per the data, more than half of the sample population said that they had to pay Tk-5,000 to 10,000 while the 18% people reported paying of 10,000 to an upsetting amount of 50,000 to get connected to electricity. The rest of the people had to pay about10 ,000 taka for the same connection.

Problems with new connections 二〇四 Besides, 20% of the sample population could not get timely access to electricity only because they did not get the connection at their homes and business enterprises on time even after paying their fee and the extra amount. Thus, connection has become a great barrier for the people to use electricity in their daily life and enrich their living standard. As per the study, 33% of the sample

27 population using electricity got connected only within one month of application; however; about 55% of the applicant had to wait about three months to have the connection of power at their home. Therefore, a clear discrepancy is going on in connection of electricity, and general people willing to get power connection are increasingly falling victim of the system. Therefore, corruption and probably hidden charges, and alos connection problems causing lower accessibility of electricity for the people of that area.

Positive features of Palli Bidyut The people revealed satisfaction with supply of electricity. Only 2% of the people interviewed shared their dissatisfaction over supply of electricity while the rest of the interviewees expressed their overall satisfaction on electricity supply. Billing system has also be found out as consistent because majority of the electricity users as about 99% seems to be satisfied with billing system while only 1% people shared their dissatisfaction over billing system of the electricity they use. Besides, the people also generally shared that the power situation has improved in recent years that means lesser occasions of load shedding or interruptions are taking place in that area nowadays. However, small number of people comprising only 5% on the study claimed that the power situation has not improved at all. Besides, the study also tended to find out the overall income of the people of that area. And, according to the interviewees, majority of the families have an income of Tk 10,000- 50,000 per month while only 1% percent shared their low income, less than 5,000. herefore, as per the overall scenario of the study, it can be said that the electricity service of the area is of satisfactory level and the people’s income and price of electricity is quite compatible and also well-tolerable. However, the electricity supply is not over drawbacks in that area, as it projected low accessibility of electricity of the masses. Thus the rate of accessibility of electricity at the study area has not reached satisfactory level because of higher connection charge and also scarcity of electricity itself. 二〇三

Comparable situation to other South Asian countries: Bangladesh shares quite dissimilar situation with Pakistan regarding production of electricity though both the countries use natural gas to produce power. However, natural gas power production is not enough to meet growing

28 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh demand therefore, Pakistan turned towards nuclear power production. The country had capacity to produce only 10.7MW electricity using HYDEL in 1947. In 1956, Pakistan established Atomic Energy Research Center to meet the energy requirements. . In 1958, energy generation capacity rose to 115MW through nuclear power generation. However, currently Pakistan produces enough electricity to fulfill its domestic needs; however, load shedding still takes place in that country. And load shedding is caused mainly because of mismanagement and system loss of electricity. Therefore, Pakistan has achieved self-fulfillment still the country needs a long way to go gets rid of load shedding. Bangladesh, on the other hand, is not self-sufficient in electricity production thus load shedding and low accessibility are realities of the country. However, according to the data analysis, the supply and management of electricity in the countryside of Bangladesh is quite good. India, unlike Bangladesh, uses coal to produce electricity. However, for this country also, electricity theft is a great threat for power security of the people. Illegal connections and illegal installation of devices in the meter for reduced bills are common activities in that country. Forty percent of India’s electricity is produced by coal and the rest of the electricity is produced by other sources like natural gas and nuclear energy. With increase coal prices, the price of electricity also increases in that country and therefore experts are proposing the government to focus on renewable energy. Like India, Bangladesh will someday fall short of natural gas therefore the country must focus on sustainable sources of energy without any delay. Nepal’s electricity problem is not quite similar to that of Bangladesh. As Nepal’s electricity crisis is generally caused by natural calamities while Bangladesh suffers from low production of electricity. As a country of less population, Nepal produces sufficient electricity however the production gets barred by floods every year. Therefore, Nepal is looking for decentralization of power production rather than depending on a national grid. Bangladesh is also a country of natural calamities as it often gets hit by cyclone and floods. However, electricity supply of the country gets more aﬀected by system loss and other man-made issues than natural causes. Still decentralization of electricity across the country depending on 二〇二 smaller power plant would also be a very good solution for Bangladesh to solve electricity problems in the long run. Sri Lanka has been a true success story among the South Asian countries in terms of getting self-dependent on power supply. The country uses diverse mediums including biomass, hydro-electricity and petroleum that contribute to

29 47%, 8% and 45% of total energy respectively. Thus Sri Lanka does not use nuclear energy to produce power still the country has attained considerable success in that sector through proper production management, use of renewable energy and also dependency on diverse methods of power production like biomass, hydro and petroleum. To meet future demands, the country is currently stressing on renewable energy rather than conventional power production methods. Besides, there is no evidence of power theft in Sri Lanka showing the country’s greater power management system. On the other hand, it is also time for Bangladesh, which produces power by natural gas and hydroelectricity and liquid fuel, to turn towards renewable source of electricity production.

Major Findings The study had three objectives. The first objective was Examine accessibility of electricity in Nabinagar, village of Savar District. The second objective was to investigate the cost effectiveness between the income and the price of electricity for the population in study area and the third objective was to find out the barriers to get easy access to electricity for the study area. In this section I will summarize the differences between the strength of the rural and urban population in Bangladesh. The urban area houses minority of the population where as the majority of the population lives in the rural areas. Urban areas have private and government organizations like Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited（ DPDC） to provide and maintain supply in the urban areas but in the rural areas there is only Palli Bidyut Shamity and office. My understanding from the data tells that the rural people are in less advantage compared to the urban people regarding electricity accessibility. According to the study accessibility of electricity seemed alarming as majority of the population（92 %） said it took from one month to more than three month to get a connection. It is an indication of slow response time of the concerned authorities. But on the contrary majority of the population expressed their satisfaction regarding service, supply, fees, security and availability. This explains that 二〇一 once the line is connected the difficulty reduces to a more tolerable level for the users. On investigating the cost effectiveness between the income and the price of electricity connection and billing almost half of them expressed some concern about inconsistency in the billing amount. This indicates lack of integrity of the system.

30 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

Half the population paid from ten times more to even hundred times more to get a power connection. The main barriers to get easy access to electricity are corruption, shortage of supply due to lack of demand not being fulfilled. All the interviewees said that the load shedding was a huge problem in supply but has improved from before. They suggested increasing electricity production to meet up with the demand. Going through the cases of the neighboring countries like India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka it has been found that unlike the cultural similarities the electricity problem is also a like. All the nations are battling the electricity crisis and many have come up with some quick and eﬃcient ways to combat the situation. Bangladesh can learn from their mistakes too to be prepared in advance to avoid such problems like electricity theft, increase dependence in renewable energy for a sustainable future.

Conclusion and Recommendations As a developing country, Bangladesh has been thriving for providing electricity for all. Overcoming all the oddities and limitations, the country is achieving to its goal to ensure power supply to all its inhabitants. Rural power supply has always been a greater challenge than to supply electricity to the urban areas. But Bangladesh has brought most of its rural areas into the range of electricity supply in last two decades. However, the study needed to find that the power scenario of the rural areas and this study tends to do the same. Taking Nabinagar, a small village in Savar as the sampling area, the study found out the electricity scenario of the rural people of Bangladesh. More than 100 inhabitants of that village were interviewed for the fulfillment of the purpose, and the result showed that lower level of electricity accessibility of the people. However the research also suggested some positive traits regarding the issue including tolerable cost of electricity and satisfactory level of supply and services. To solve the existing electricity crisis, Bangladesh can rely on renewable and 二〇〇 decentralization of energy. That means Bangladesh can create small electric plants and not depend on enormous plants for electricity production. In doing so, the country could turn to more private investors for more eﬃcient ways of electricity production and distribution in the rural areas. Besides, Bangladesh can promote sustainable energy like Solar, Windmills, Bio gas energy from garbage and others to

31 fulfill electricity demand. Here are some recommendations for Bangladesh to gain self-dependency in power supply. Besides, Bangladesh can turn towards renewable energy sources rather than electric plants that run by gas or coal. Sustainable electric plants like windmills, solar panels and bio gas plants could work in Bangladesh as high eﬃciency because the location being a plain land have lots of air and sunlight. It has also been discussed that India and Pakistan’s electricity problems are manly related to system loss and theft. These situations are still better in Bangladesh. It is time to address incidents like system loss, power theft and also corruption if Banlgadesh wants to progress in ensuring power security to all its inhabitants. The line connection process can be made easier by providing connection for free as it is a necessity. The billing system can be turned to the prepaid card where there will be no scope for inconsistency. It will also require less man power. This will also address the issue of income disparity. Services can be made easier if there are scope for online complaints and call centre that are fully functional. A committee should be formed to monitor whether the complaints are being addressed as promptly as possible in every Upazila. Increase solar panel and bio gas home generation unit will ensure uninterrupted supply of electricity for the rural people. Therefore, proper monitoring and imposition of strict law is needed without any delay to deal with power anomalies. Increased supply of electricity is recommended for an over increase of accessibility in the area. It is a fact that, production of electricity cannot be increased in a short time as it is a time-consuming and a costly process. Bangladesh could learn from neighboring countries like Sri Lanka for the solution. It has already been mentioned that Sri Lanka（ see 2.4） has achieved substantial success in power management through decentralization of power production. The country has set up small, cheap electric plants rather than large ones in numerous numbers across the country especially in the rural areas. Bangladesh could also rely on such small plants 一九九 to cope with electricity problems.

Contribution of the study In this study, the focus was on the views of the actual rural electricity users in coordination with the Palli Bidut（ Rural Electricity） oﬃcials. Historical data from

32 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh newspapers, various previous study, blogs and oﬃcial websites was used to analyze the findings. It is hoped the result is an in-depth picture of challenges facing the Bangladeshi rural electricity users. The outcomes of this research may be helpful for the policy planners to formulate a well designed policy which would be helpful for all. In particular, the study showed that there is huge disparity between the actual fees of connection to the paid fees for connection in the rural areas. This research may draw attention of the policy planners to formulate a policy which would support the poor families to get connection and raise the quality of rural life. It is vital to give importance to rural areas because the rural development will create jobs and develop the local economy. It will also reduce the migration to urban areas. By carefully going through the primary and secondary data, this study documented wide variations in the quality of life of the rural people and the place of ignorance by the concerned government authority. Although there were many studies done previously on rural areas but this study will draw a straight line indicating the place where the system actually needs to work.

Limitations of the study The study is not beyond limitations that are listed below: • Because of time and financial restraints, the study can only include the people of Nabinagar, a village of Savar area as the sample location and will pay no attention to other rural areas of the country. • The study only includes rural area and overlooks power situation of the urban areas of the country. • The study investigate the cost eﬀectiveness between the income and the price of electricity for target population in Nabinagar, village of Savar; however, to fulfill the goal more effectively, more detailed observation and research should be conducted in terms of socio-economic status of the people of that area. However, because of limitations of capacity, the present study could only touch those issues rather than conducting in- depth scrutiny. 一九八 • The study is not meant to prescribe any solutions to the issues to the targeted people facing electricity crisis. However, the study would, off- course, attempt to recommend several resolutions in later parts.

33 Bibliography [1] History of Electricity in Bangladesh Posted on July 18, 2013 by Mress- Retrieved on January 12, 2015 Retrieved on January 6, 2015 http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html [2] Bangladesh Power Sector Reform: BPDB’s Perspective By- Brig. M A MALEK Chairman, BPDB September 2000 Retrieved on January 9, 2015 [3] http://www.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/06/ 26/000333037_20140626120629/Rendered/INDEX/885460PPAR0P070C0disclos ed060240140.txt [4] Future Prospect of Solar Energy in Bangladesh Retrieved on January 17, 2015 http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/engineering/future-prospect-of-solar- energy-in-bangladesh.html [5] Providing Power to Rural Bangladesh Retrieved on January 22, 2015 http://www.reb.gov.bd/ [6] Fees For New Connection Retrieved on January 22, 2015 http://www.dhakapbs1.org.bd/user/english/12/41 [7] Irri-boro farmers demand smooth power supply Retrieved on January 28, 2015 http://m.thedailystar.net/irri-boro-farmers-demand-smooth-power-supply-20732 [8] Bangladesh third most power-starved country Retrieved on January 22, 2015 http://bdnews24.com/business/2013/05/28/bangladesh-third-most-power-starved- country [9] Future Prospect of Solar Energy in Bangladesh Retrieved on January 17, 2015 http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/engineering/future-prospect-of-solar- 一九七 energy-in-bangladesh.html [10] Future Prospect of Solar Energy in Bangladesh Retrieved on January 29, 2015 http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/engineering/future-prospect-of-solar- energy-in-bangladesh.html [11] Power Crisis & Its Solution through Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

34 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

By-Khairul Anam, Husnain-Al-Bustam, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Retrieved on February 2, 2015 http://www.cyberjournals.com/Papers/Sep2011/02.pdf [12] BANGLADESH’S POWER SITUATION PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES Centre for Policy Dialogue Report prepared by: Mr. Selim Raihan, Research Fellow, CPD. Assistant Editor: Ms Ayesha Banu, Coordinator（ Dialogue & Communication）, CPD. Series Editor: Professor Rehman Sobhan, Chairman, CPD Retrieved on February 7, 2015 http://www.cpd.org.bd/pub_attach/DR-10.pdf [13] Future Prospect of Solar Energy in Bangladesh Retrieved on January 29, 2015 http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/engineering/future-prospect-of-solar- energy-in-bangladesh.html [14] Future Prospect of Solar Energy in Bangladesh Retrieved on January 28, 2015 http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/engineering/future-prospect-of-solar- energy-in-bangladesh.html [15] Bangladesh Power Development Board Retrieved on January 27, 2015 http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/ [16] Posts Tagged Electricity load shedding Pakistan Retrieved on February 9, 2015 http://www.infopakistan.pk/tag/electricity-load-shedding-pakistan/ [17] Electricity Demand in Pakistan: A Nonlinear Estimation Nasir Iqbal, Saima Nawaz & Saba Anwar Retrieved on February 9, 2015 http://pide.org.pk/psde/pdf/AGM29/papers/Nasir%20Iqbal.pdf [18] Pakistan’s energy security Retrieved on February 11, 2015 http://tribune.com.pk/story/655573/pakistans-energy-security/ [19] Fixing India’s electricity problem By Sonam Mittal-June 4, 2013 at 0:22 一九六 Retrieved on February 14, 2015 http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Blog/Campaign_blogs/fixing-indias-electricity- problem/blog/45418/ [20] India’s power struggle Retrieved on February 15, 2015

35 http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/aug/01/ india-power-struggle [21] Fixing India’s electricity problem By Sonam Mittal-June 4, 2013 at 0: 22 Retrieved on February 14, 2015 http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Blog/Campaign_blogs/fixing-indias-electricity- problem/blog/45418/ [22] Electricity Crisis（ Load Shedding） in Nepal, Its Manifestations and Ramifications By-Ratna Sansar Shrestha http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HN/article/viewFile/4187/3561 [23] Electricity Crisis（ Load Shedding） in Nepal, Its Manifestations and Ramifications Ratna Sansar Shrestha Retrieved on February 26, 2015 https://energyfornepal.wordpress.com/2013/07/01/short_term_solutions/ [24] Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy in Sri Lanka: Future Directions By M.M.C. Ferdinando, Secretary, Ministry of Power and Energy R.J. Gunawardana, Additional General Manager（ Transmission）, Ceylon Electricity Board, Retrieved on February 19, 2015 http://www.lankagaslk.com/uploads/1/0/4/7/1047656/electricity_generation_from_ renewable_energy_in_sri_lanka-future_directions.pdf [25] Grid Interconnection Mechanisms for Oﬀ-Grid Electricity Schemes in Sri Lanka Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka BOC Merchant Tower, St. Michael’s Road Colombo 03 Published April 2013, Retrieved on March 2, 2015: http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Final-Report-Web- Load.pdf [26] Sri Lankas’ Middle Path to Sustainable Development through‘ Mahinda Chintana -Vision for the Future ’Country Report of Sri Lanka United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development （/ Rio +20） 20-22 June 2012, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT - SRI LANKA June 2012, Retrieved on March 6, 2015, 一九五 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1013SriLankaRio+20.pdf

36 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

Appendix A Questionnaire Name: Gender: F or M House no. : 1: How long have you been using Palli Bidut? （a） Less than 1 Year （b） 1-3 Years （c） 3-10 Years （d） More than 10 Years 2: How long did it take for you to get the connection from the date of application? （a） Instantly （b） 1 Month （c） More than 1 Month < 3 Month （d） More than 3 Month 3: How much did you have to pay as subscription fee? （a） Tk: 1-5,000 （b） Tk: 5,000- 10,000 （c） Tk: 10,000-50,000 （d） More than Tk: 50,000 4: What was the actual subscription fee? （a） Tk: 1-5,000 （b） Tk: 5,000- 10,000 （c） Tk: 10,000-50,000 （d） More than Tk: 50,000 5: Did you face anything diﬃculty while getting the electricity line? （a） Yes [ ] （b） Sometimes [ ] （c） No [ ] （d） Other [ ] 7: Is there any inconsistency in the billing amount? （a） Yes [ ] （b） Sometimes [ ] （c） No [ ] 一九四（d） Other [ ] 8: What is your level of satisfaction with the current electricity supply system? i> Security: （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ]

37 （d） Dissatisfied [ ] ii> Supply: （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ] （d） Dissatisfied [ ] iii> Service: （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ] （d） Dissatisfied [ ] iv> Fee-Previous （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ] （d） Dissatisfied [ ] v> Fee-Present （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ] （d） Dissatisfied [ ] vi> Availability （a） Highly Satisfied [ ] （b） Moderately Satisfied [ ] （c） Satisfied [ ] （d） Dissatisfied [ ] 6: Are you able to meet your full demand of electricity? （a） Yes [ ] （b） Sometimes [ ] （c） No [ ] 9: Has power situation improved compared to the demand from before for the rural electricity users? （a） Yes [ ] （b） Sometimes [ ] 一九三（c） No [ ] （d） Other [ ] 10: What is your monthly family income? （a） Tk: 1,000 – 5,000 [ ] （b） Tk: 5,000 – 10,000 [ ] （c） Tk: 10,000 – 50,000

38 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

（d） Tk: 50,000 or more 11: Is there any in convenience about the electricity system that you feel should be addressed?

12: What do you think should be done to improve the system further?

Appendix B The table states power generation capacity of different plants in Bangladesh.

Derated Capacity Power Station Name Day Peak Evening Peak （Unit） Daily Generation of 14/12/2014 a）Ghorasal ST 1, 2 78MW 76 MW 42 MW Ghorasal ST : Unit 3 180 MW 110 MW 110 MW Ghorasal ST 4 180 MW 170 MW 170 MW Ghorasal ST 5 190 MW 190 MW 190 MW Ghorasal ST 6 190 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Ghorasal ST 45 MW（ aggreko） 45 MW 45 MW 46 MW Ghorasal ST 100MW（ aggreko） 100 MW 100 MW 104 MW Ghorasal ST 78. 5MW（ MAX） 78 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Ghorasal ST Regent 0.00 104 MW 108 MW Horipur GT: Unit 1, 2, 3 60.00 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Horipur 412 MW CCPP 412 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Horipur NEPC（ HFO） 110 13 MW 84 MW Horipur CCPP 360 371 MW 369 MW Meghnerhat CCPP 450 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Meghnerhat IEL 100 MW 7.00 MW 87 MW Meghnerhat CCPP（ Summit） 0.00 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW 一九二 Madanganj CCPP 100 MW 48 MW 95 MW Madanganj（summit） 100 MW 10 MW 88 MW Karaniganj（ powerpack） 22 MW 19 MW 19 MW Narsindhi（ Doreen） 100 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Meghnahut 150 MW 110 MW 110 MW

39 Derated Capacity Power Station Name Day Peak Evening Peak （Unit） Siddhirganj ST 210 MW 215 MW 102 MW Siddhirganj GT 96 MW 0.00 MW 10 MW Siddhirganj Desh 100 MW 8.00 MW 80 MW Siddhirganj（ Dutch Bangla） 50 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Pagla（ DPA） 0.00 MW 0.00 MW 85 MW Gagnagar（ Orion） 412 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Horipur EGCB 360 MW 156 MW 116 MW 113 MW Gazipur RPCL 52 MW 0.00 MW 43 MW Tongi GT 105 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Chittagong Raozan ST（ Gas） 180 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Raozan 25 MW 25 MW 8.00 MW 17 MW Patenga 50 MW 0.00 MW 47 MW Chittagong raozan Unit 2 180 MW 120 MW 100 MW Kaptai Hydro Unit: 1, 2, 3, 4 220 MW 35 MW 43 MW Shikalbaha ST 40 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Chittagong Energypack 0.00 MW 107 MW 54 MW Hathajari 150 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW b）Shikalbaha 89 MW 27 MW 90 MW Dohajari sangu 0.00 MW 0.00 MW 26 MW Julda 102 MW 80 MW 102 MW Malancha Ctg 100 MW 5.00 MW 105 MW Barabkunda（ Regent） 0.00 MW 16 MW 11 MW a）Ashugang ST Unit 1, 2 22 MW 50 MW 19 MW b）Ashugang ST 3 110 MW 130 MW 50 MW Ashugong ST 4 140 MW 140 MW 130 MW Ashugong ST 5 150 MW 0.00 MW 140 MW Tangail 22 MW 19 MW 22 MW Fenchugang CCPP 90 MW 71 MW 75 MW 一九一 Fenchugang CCPP-2 104 MW 60 MW 60 MW Fenchugang（ BEDL） 51 MW 46 MW 52 MW 50 MW 47 MW 40 MW Fenchugang（ Prima） 11 MW 8 MW 8 MW Hobigong（ Confidence） 66 MW 54 MW 69 MW

40 The Dimension of Power Accessibility and Rural people in Bangladesh

Derated Capacity Power Station Name Day Peak Evening Peak （Unit） Shahjibazar GT Unit 8, 9 86 MW 81 MW 84 MW Shahibajar 86 MW 50 MW 47 MW 49 MW Shahibajar 50 MW 142 MW 98 MW 144 MW Sylhet 150 MW 20 MW 0.00 MW 20 MW Sylhet GT 50 MW 45v 48 MW Sylhet 50 MW 0.0 MW 0 0.00 MW Sylhet 50 MW 10 MW 11 MW 10 MW Sylhet 11 MW 25 MW 11 MW 27 MW Shahhajibazar 25 MW 46 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Bheramara GT 105 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Bheramara 105 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Khulna ST 110 55 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW HDVC C/B 500 MW 237 MW 440 MW b）Khulna ST 30 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW KPC Khu;na 110 MW 6 MW 107 MW KPCL Khulna 115 MW 0.00 MW 115 MW Khulna 150 MW 150 MW 40 MW 40 MW Go[algong 11 MW 54 MW 0.00 MW 44 MW Noapara 109 MW 0.00 MW 80 MW Noapara 40 MW 101 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Khulna 40 MW 40 MW 0.00v 32 MW Khulna 55 MW 40 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Barisal GT 1, 2 55 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW a）Bagerhat 50 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Bagherhut 32 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Bera 70 MW 33 MW 220 MW 17 MW Amnura 50 MW 71 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Khtakhali（ Northern） 100 MW 22 MW 0.00 MW Katakhali 52 MW 13 MW 40 MW 一九〇 Sirajgang CCPP 70 MW 0.00 MW 0.00 MW Santahar 50 MW 91 MW 50 MW Bogra GBB 50 MW 91 MW 42 MW Bogra 52 MW 50 MW 8 MW 0.00 MW

41 Derated Capacity Power Station Name Day Peak Evening Peak （Unit） Rajlanka 52 MW 150 MW 0.00 MW 47 MW Barupakuria ST 1 50 MW 0.00 MW 220 MW Barupakuria ST 2 22 MW 31 MW 40 MW Ullapara 11 MW 0.00 MW 22 MW Rangpur GT 20 MW 22 MW 11 MW Syedpur GT 20 MW 0.00 MW 53 MW Thakurgaon RZ 47 MW 31 MW 89 MW Total 10,390 MW 4,415 MW 6,030 MW Source: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/download/maheshkhali_2%28600-700%29Coal/TD%20Part%20 B%20Vol%201.pd

一八九