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Mooreia Alkaloidigena Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov. and Catalinimonas Alkaloidigena Gen

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Mooreia Alkaloidigena Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov. and Catalinimonas Alkaloidigena Gen International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 1219–1228 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.043752-0 Mooreia alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. and Catalinimonas alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov., alkaloid-producing marine bacteria in the proposed families Mooreiaceae fam. nov. and Catalimonadaceae fam. nov. in the phylum Bacteroidetes Eun Ju Choi, Deanna S. Beatty, Lauren A. Paul, William Fenical and Paul R. Jensen Correspondence Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University Paul R. Jensen of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA [email protected] Bacterial strains CNX-216T and CNU-914T were isolated from marine sediment samples collected from Palmyra Atoll and off Catalina Island, respectively. Both strains were Gram- negative and aerobic and produce deep-orange to pink colonies and alkaloid secondary metabolites. Cells of strain CNX-216T were short, non-motile rods, whereas cells of strain CNU- 914T were short, curved rods with gliding motility. The DNA G+C contents of CNX-216T and CNU-914T were respectively 57.7 and 44.4 mol%. Strains CNX-216T and CNU-914T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1v5c as the major fatty acids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that both strains belong to the order Cytophagales in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strain CNX-216T exhibited low 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (87.1 %) to the nearest type strain, Cesiribacter roseus 311T, and formed a well-supported lineage that is outside all currently described families in the order Cytophagales. Strain CNU-914T shared 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with ‘Porifericola rhodea’ N5EA6-3A2B and, together with ‘Tunicatimonas pelagia’ N5DB8-4 and four uncharacterized marine bacteria isolated as part of this study, formed a lineage that is clearly distinguished from other families in the order Cytophagales. Based on our polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strains CNX-216T and CNU-914T represent novel genera and species, for which we propose the names Mooreia alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain CNX-216T 5DSM 25187T 5KCCM 90102T) and Catalinimonas alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain CNU-914T 5DSM 25186T 5KCCM 90101T) within the new families Mooreiaceae fam. nov. and Catalimonadaceae fam. nov. Marine environments harbour remarkable levels of bacterial (Go´mez-Pereira et al., 2012) and have been reported to diversity (Giovannoni et al., 1990), much of which appears play a major role in the degradation of organic matter in to be uniquely marine. The vast majority of this diversity has marine ecosystems (Kirchman, 2002). While the phylum yet to be cultured (Rappe´ & Giovannoni, 2003), creating a Bacteroidetes has been the subject of considerable taxonomic major void between that which is known to exist and that revision (Gupta, 2004), it is currently comprised of four which has been subjected to systematic evaluation. Among large classes (Bacteroidia, Cytophagia, Flavobacteria and the bacteria frequently observed in marine samples are Sphingobacteriia) and corresponding orders (Bacteroidales, members of the phylum Bacteroidetes (formerly the Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales and Sphingobacteriales) (Ludwig Cytophaga–Flavobacteria–Bacteroidetes group). Members of et al., 2010). this phylum are known to colonize marine particles Within the phylum Bacteroidetes, the order Cytophagales The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene includes a morphologically diverse assemblage of unicel- sequences of strains CNX-216T and CNU-914T are JN368460 and lular Gram-negative bacteria, many of which display JN368461. gliding motility (Reichenbach, 2006). Defining character- Two supplementary figures are available with the online version of this paper. istics of the order Cytophagales include the production of 043752 G 2013 IUMS Printed in Great Britain 1219 E. J. Choi and others flexirubin-type pigments, starch hydrolysis and the posses- using API 50CH test strips (bioMe´rieux) according to the sion of menaquinone 7 (MK-7) (Reichenbach, 2006). As manufacturer’s recommendations. In addition, API 20E, with other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes,manyofthe API 20NE and API ZYM kits (bioMe´rieux) were used to species in the order Cytophagales occur in marine or saline determine additional biochemical properties. environments. At the time of writing, there are four Fatty acid methyl esters were analysed according to the recognized families within this order (Cyclobacteriaceae, MIDI/Hewlett Packard Microbial Identification System Cytophagaceae, Flammeovirgaceae and Rhodothermaceae) T protocols from biomass generated from strains CNX-216 and 58 genera (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html). T and CNU-914 grown on MA plates for 72 h at 25 uC. We cultured two alkaloid-producing strains of Gram- DNA G+C content was determined by HPLC analysis as negative bacteria from marine sediment samples collected described previously (Martin et al., 1997). Isoprenoid from the remote Pacific island atoll of Palmyra (strain quinones were extracted and separated by HPLC as CNX-216T) and off the Channel Islands, California (strain described previously (Bligh & Dyer, 1959; Collins & CNU-914T). Based on a polyphasic taxonomic analysis, we Jones, 1981). Cell motility and morphology were observed propose that these two strains represent two novel genera using phase-contrast microscopy and scanning electron and species within the proposed families Mooreiaceae fam. microscopy. For electron microscopy, samples were pre- nov. and Catalimonadaceae fam. nov. within the order pared according to standard protocols (Collins et al., Cytophagales. 1993). T Marine sediment samples were collected in sterile Whirl- Chromosomal DNA from strains CNX-216 and CNU- T pac bags by divers and dried overnight in a laminar flow 914 was isolated using the QIAamp DNA Mini kit hood. Dried sediments were stamped onto P1 agar plates (Qiagen). 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using (18.0 g agar, 1 l filtered seawater) using sterile foam plugs the universal primers 27f and 1492r, purified using the as described previously (Jensen et al., 2005) and incubated MinElute PCR purification kit (Qiagen) according to the at room temperature (approx. 25 uC) for 2 months. The manufacturer’s instructions and sequenced on a Perkin- amount of sediment added to each plate varied depending Elmer capillary sequencer (model ABI 3730XL; Applied on how well it adhered to the foam plug, but was estimated Biosystems) using the same primers. The sequences were in most cases to be ,100 mg. Both strains were analysed using the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990) subsequently obtained in pure culture by repeated streak- and a multiple sequence alignment of representative ing onto medium A1 (10.0 g starch, 4.0 g yeast extract, sequences was created using CLUSTAL W version 1.8 2.0 g peptone, 18.0 g agar, 1 l filtered seawater). Each (Thompson et al., 1994). Neighbour-joining and max- strain was then cultured in liquid A1 medium for 7 days imum-likelihood trees were generated using MEGA5 while shaking at 230 r.p.m. (25 uC) and cryopreserved at (Tamura et al., 2011). 280 uC in 20 % (v/v) glycerol. Strain CNX-216T was isolated from a marine sediment Both strains were inoculated onto A1 agar, marine agar sample collected at a depth of 7 m from Penguin Spit, 2216 (MA; Difco), nutrient agar (Difco), R2A agar (Difco), inside the fringing reef at Palmyra Atoll in the Northern Czapek–Dox (CD) agar (Difco) and tryptic soy agar (TSA; Line Islands. This atoll is more than 1600 km from Hawaii u and represents one of the most remote shallow-water Mediatech) and incubated at 25 C for 7 days for T morphological studies. The temperature range for growth marine ecosystems on Earth. CNX-216 is a Gram- of strains CNX-216T and CNU-914T was examined from 4 negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It to 45 uC (in 5 uC intervals) on these same media. NaCl forms dark-orange, rounded colonies on A1 agar and MA requirements were examined on A1 medium (using at 25 uC and produces umbonate colonies with lobate distilled water instead of filtered seawater) containing margins on nutrient agar and R2A agar. It grows well NaCl at concentrations from 0 to 15 % (w/v) (in 1 % between 20 and 40 uC, with an optimal temperature of intervals). Growth at pH 1–11 (in 1 pH unit intervals) was 30 uC. The strain did not grow at 4–15 or 45 uC on any tested in marine broth. Gram staining was performed media and only grew on nutrient agar and medium R2A at according to established protocols (Gerhardt, 1981). 20–30 uC. No growth was observed on CD agar or TSA at any temperature. Moreover, colonies were detected on Anaerobic growth was tested for 7 days at 25 uConA1 medium prepared with 0–8 % NaCl but not at higher NaCl agar and MA in an anaerobic jar. Flexirubin-type pigment T production and CM-cellulose hydrolysis were determined concentrations. Growth of strain CNX-216 was observed at pH 5–8 but not at pH 1–4 or 9–11. as described previously (Bernardet et al., 2002). Casein, agar and starch hydrolysis was determined according to The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CNX-216T (1424 bp) T established methods (Smibert & Krieg, 1994), as was chitin was analysed using the BLAST algorithm. CNX-216 shares the hydrolysis (Høvik Hansen & Sørheim, 1991). Catalase closest sequence identity with Cesiribacter roseus 311T (87.1 %) activity was determined by assessing bubble production in (Liu et al., 2012), C. andamanensis AMV16T (86.8 %) (Srinivas T 3 % (v/v) H2O2 and oxidase activity was determined using et al., 2011), Adhaeribacter aerolatus 6515J-31 (86.6 %), A. a 1 % (w/v) solution of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine aerophilus 6424S-25T (85.8 %) (Weon et al., 2010) and (Kova´cs, 1956). Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated Litoribacter ruber YIM CH208T (85.7 %) (Tian et al., 2010).
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