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The Archaeology and Architecture of Fort Atkinson, Iowa 1840-1849

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The Archaeology and Architecture of Fort Atkinson, Iowa 1840-1849 Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1998 The ra chaeology and architecture of Fort Atkinson, Iowa 1840-1849 Jeffrey Thomas Carr Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Carr, Jeffrey Thomas, "The ra chaeology and architecture of Fort Atkinson, Iowa 1840-1849" (1998). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17874. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17874 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The archaeology and architecture of Fort Atkinson, Iowa 1840-1849 by Jeffrey Thomas Carr A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of MASTER OF ARTS MASTER OF SCIENCE Co-majors: Anthropology and Architectural Studies Major Professors: Joseph A. Tiffany and Arvid E. Osterberg Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1998 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Jeffrey Thomas Carr has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy lll to my parents, Sherry Pooler and Tom Carr whose support and patience made this possible. Thank You. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Significance of Fort Atkinson Preserve 3 Plan of Presentation 5 CHAPTER 2. METHODS 7 Historical Research 9 Architectural Documentation and Survey 10 Artifact Recording and Analysis 12 CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 14 CHAPTER 4. lllSTORICAL CONTEXT 20 Military Context 20 The Winnebago 21 History of Fort Atkinson 25 Life at Fort Atkinson 32 Daily Life of Officers and Their Families 32 Daily Life of Enlisted Men 34 Daily Life of Others 37 Health and Diet 38 CHAPTER 5. ARClllTECTURE OF FORT ATKINSON 45 Construction History 45 Building Descriptions 49 Standing Structures 50 Non-Extant Structures and Features 53 Outbuildings 58 Stockade 64 Cemetery 66 Post-Military Fort Atkinson and Previous Preservation Efforts 66 v Preserve or Park, How is Fort Atkinson to be Administered ? 70 Present State of Repair 72 Accessibility and Safety 75 CHAPTER 6. ARCHAEOLOGY OF FORT ATKINSON 77 Previous Investigations 77 Fort Atkinson Material Culture 78 Ceramics 79 Glass 85 Functional Classification of Fort Atkinson Material Culture 87 Building Materials and Hardware 87 Miscellaneous Hardware 91 Medical/Toiletry 94 Clothing 97 Domestic Tools 101 Personal Items 101 Recreation 103 Toys/Children's Items 108 Storage/Utilitarian Wares 109 Tableware 115 Tools 121 Transportation 121 Utility (Lighting, Heating) 123 Faunal Materials 123 Amorphous Artifacts 124 Unidentified Non-Amorphous Artifacts 125 Discussion of Fort Atkinson Material Culture 128 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 136 Recommendations for Future Research 146 VI APPENDIX A. FIGURES 147 APPENDIX B. TABLES 227 APPENDIX C. POST RETURNS 247 REFERENCES CITED 25 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 265 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Garrisoned between 1840 and 1849, the establishment of Fort Atkinson, Iowa was directly tied to the removal of the Winnebago people from Wisconsin into northeast Iowa. The post was officially built to quell the fears of the Winnebago by providing protection for them from the Santee Dakota, Sauk and Meskwaki, and Euro-American squatters and traders encroaching on Winnebago lands (Williams 1980:34). Primary duties assigned to the fort also included the coerced or forced containment of the Winnebago within their assigned territory (Lurie 1978; Mahan 1922; Merry and Green 1989; Petersen 1963; Rogers 1993 ). The purpose of this study is twofold. One research objective is anthropological in nature, the other is preservation-centered. Simply, this study concerns 1) the history and culture of a particular group of people in a particular time and space (i . e. the military occupants of Fort Atkinson from 1840-1849), and 2) the preservation of and the modern­ day interpretation of the built environment that they left behind. The first goal of this study is to model past lifeways of the military occupants of Fort Atkinson utilizing documentary evidence and material culture, including architecture, portable artifacts, and features (non-portable artifacts). In realizing such a goal, this study is important in that it provides a description, an analysis, and an interpretation of an artifact assemblage which has gone largely unanalyzed and unreported for over 30 years, namely the privy artifacts excavated by Marshall McKusick in the 1960s. Save for an analysis of bottles (Wiltfang 1976) and an analysis of clay pipes (Tobey 1974), there is no comprehensive study which · 2 describes or interprets these artifacts. Furthermore, no other study combines historic, architectural, and artifactual evidence into a single body of interpretative work on the Fort Atkinson State Preserve. A comprehensive analysis of the artifact collection, fort buildings, and historic documents allows for a more complete and accurate depiction of the lives of those who inhabited the site in the 1840s. The study is intended to supplement not only the histories of the City of Fort Atkinson and of Winneshiek County but also the histories of Iowa and the of United States military. This research presents new interpretations of fort-era happenings which may not have been accurately or completely portrayed in the historical record or understood by the general public today. A second major goal of this study concerns issues regarding the site which the military occupants of Fort Atkinson left behind. Part of this goal was, first, to provide architectural descriptions of all fort-period buildings including preserved buildings, restored buildings, and non-extant buildings and features. The second part of this goal was to explore relevant preservation issues including the administration of the preserve, accessibility issues, the site's current state of repair, and how best to preserve the site. An architectural study of the site provides historical documentation outlining the construction of fort buildings, their deterioration through time, and efforts made to preserve and interpret the buildings and the site. This study provides an architectural survey of the site in its present state, and, most importantly, examines relevant preservation issues. 3 Significance of Fort Atkinson Preserve The Fort Atkinson State Preserve is archaeologically, historically, and architecturally significant as a United States Army post, which was occupied from 1840 to 1849. In archaeological terms, the preserve is significant for the subsurface structural remains and material culture. The archaeological investigations discussed below have proven that the site is a potentially rich resource for future archaeological study. Though some archaeological excavation has occurred, further subsurface investigation of archaeological features will most likely yield information concerning not only the fort's structure, but also information about the lives of the past occupants. The fort is significant in architectural terms as well. Three original fort-period buildings remain standing on the site, two of which (the Powder Magazine and Southwest Blockhouse) are in remarkable condition. These two buildings as well as the North Barracks represent significant examples of nineteenth century military architecture and contribute to the overall significance of the site. Also adding to the significance of the site is the Northeast Blockhouse. Reconstructed in the 1920s, the building represents an early effort in the preservation movement. Unfortunately, the remaining structures had been neglected during the site's years under private ownership (1850s-1921). During this time, fort buildings were dismantled or left to deteriorate. It was not until the early twentieth century that people began to call for the site's preservation. The site is historically significant as a U. S. military post built on the frontier to enforce the Indian removal policy of the United States government of the early nineteenth 4 century. Fort Atkinson was built as a temporary post to keep the Winnebago Indians from returning to Wisconsin once they had been forcibly resettled west of the Mississippi River. The fort also served as a headquarters for the policing of the Neutral Ground (Figure I), a section of land in northeast Iowa that was established as a buffer zone between three hostile native groups: the Santee Dakota and the allied Sauk and Meskwaki tribes. The fort was supposed to quell the fears of the Winnebago who were nervous about being relocated to a region sandwiched between the two groups. The post is often referred to as the only fort in the country built to protect one tribe of Indian from another. This statement is only partially true, however. Until a permanent settlement site could be agreed on by the Winnebago and the United States government, the troops stationed at Fort Atkinson were to perform several other functions. First, troops were responsible for preventing bands of Winnebago from returning to their original homelands east of the Mississippi. Force was necessary to remove them from Wisconsin; likewise, force was necessary to keep them at the Iowa settlement. Also, since the Neutral Ground was to be a buffer zone, it
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