SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN U. P. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISTRICT

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of $i)tlo£;Qpt)P IN COMMERCE

BY RAHAT ALI

Under the Supervision of PROP. MAHFOOZUR RAHMAN M. Com., D. B. A., Ph. 0.. D. Lftt* Chairman & Dean Coordinator: M. F. C, M. T. A., D. B. F., and D S A Programmes

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH () 2001

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VTiefiBVIMU MIJ8UM H^OU/^ ABSTRACT

Water undoubtedly is one of the basic necessities of iiuman and animal lives on the earth. Agricultural development is also dependent upon the availability of water. Water relatively is a scarce resource in relation to the requirements and needs of the various nations. It is alarming to note that about 97 per cent of earth's total water resources is found in the oceans and the rest 3 per cent is found on the ground. The surface water of dams, lakes, rivers and springs constitutes only a small fraction of earth's water resources and this is available for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

Sustainability and development of water resources has always been a

critical problem as well as a challenging task for Government of India.

Consequently, with the advent of economic planning, efficient management of water resources has attained great importance in India. Though economic planning has completed more than five decades yet supply of water iti many rural as well as urban areas of the country is inadequate and erratic

due to frequent power cuts and other management problems such as, absence

of accountability and effective controls. There is also little freedom in decision making to agencies such as Jal Nigams, Jal Sansthans, Water

Works Department, Irrigation Department etc. which are involved in providing water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes to all towns and villages of the country. Moreover, these institutions also suffer from many implementation barriers due to excessive interference of bureaucrats and politicians. All this calls for advance planning for sustainability and development of water resources in the country. It is in this background, the present study entitled, "Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. with special reference to " has been carried out.

The entire study has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter highlights the concept of sustainable development of water resources in a general way. In order to understand the concept of water resources, it was felt worthwhile to throw some light on natural resources which include land resources, water resources, fisheries, mineral resources, forest resources, marine resources, climate, rainfall and topography. Metal, ores, coal, clays,

stones, oil and gas are some non-renewable resources, while ground water is an example of renewable resources because a flow is available to replenish the stock of water. The countries which possess a sizable and c'iversified Ill natural resource endowment are in a better position to achieve a rapid economic growth. New technological devices have enabled us to mine the metal, or to explore the oil and gas or to use the ground and surface water for irrigation purpose at a faster rate.

It has been noted in this chapter, that water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. It is important to manage water resources judiciously with a view to eliminate the cycle of shortage (droughts) and excess (floods). It calls for a fresh look at the

strategy adopted so far towards the flood control and drought management to

ensure sustainability and development of water resources.

The second chapter entitled, "Survey of Literature" is a review of various researches conducted on different issues related to water resources.

It has been concluded that of course many researches have been conducted in the field of water resources but so far no specific work has been done on the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar

Pradesh with special reference to Bulandhshar District. It is in this background the study undertaken by me on the theme of water resources will not be an addition to what has been attempted in various studies but will also IV provide an opportunity for highlighting recent happenings in this particular field with special reference to a micro level study conducted in Bulandshahr district of .

Third chapter aims at examining the sustainability and development of water resources in India, just as to prepare the background for the study of sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar

Pradesh with special reference of Bulandshahar District. It has been observed that India is one of the wettest countries of the world but it is not able to hold all the water it receives. Because of deforestation and denudation, a large portion of the mansoon water disappears into sea as surface run-off. Community resources such as ponds, tanks and rivers are misused and continuously neglected. Rivers are increasingly getting polluted as urban and industrial water are dumped into them. The state governments who are the implementing agencies for water supply and sanitation programmes should pay attention to the organizational and administrative structures at various levels, in order to utilize the plan funds more efficiently and productively. The organizational pattern for execution of water supply and sanitation schemes varies not only between different states but also within the state itself in the case of many states. V

After examining the sustainability and development of water resources in India, it had been of paramount importance to study the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh which is the main theme of the research project. Hence, the fourth chapter deals with the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh. It presents the true picture of the sustainable development of water resources in the State.

It has been observed that about 80% of the population of Uttar

Pradesh lives in the rural areas. The state government is committed to provide drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural and urban areas.

State Government has laid the target of providing drinking water to the 100 per cent urban population. Although in urban areas the drinking water facility through pipelines is available in most of the towns, but the supply is not satisfactory. Still in many small towns the state water supply depends only on a single water tap which is often dry and this requir<^s large scale repairs and maintenance of the existing water supply system. Due to phenomenal growth of urban population per head water supply has become inadequate. Works are being undertaken under the World Bank Plan for the VI improvement / extension of the drinking water facilities in all big cities of the state. Improvement in the drinking water facility could not be done due to inadequate resources during first four five year plans. However, from fifth plan onwards massive expenditure has been incurred on the sustainability and development of water resources in UP. Despite that the state government did not meet the minimum requirements of water in big towns and consequently there is crisis of drinking water in many parts of the state.

Apart from this, while reviewing the schemes of Government of India and other national and international organization, it has been observed that

(the Bulandshahr the district chosen for assessment of water resources in this present project) has been totally neglected. Not a single project has been so far launched in the district for the supply of drinking wcter, irrigation, drainage etc. Thus, is suggested that the planners must take immediate steps to minimize the disparities in the provision of social infrastructure in

Bulandshahr district as compared to other neighbouring district.

The fifth chapter entitled, "Sustainability and Development of Water

Resources in Bulandshahr District", indicates that there are extreme variations in the provision of water facilities with in the district itself. The VII number of hand pumps and tube wells for urban as well as rural drinking water supply is not in proportion to population and villages, irrigation facilities are also very limited rather declining every year. Consequently, in most cases, initiatives have been taken by the people themselves for the

development of their own sources of water for drinking as well as for

irrigation purposes which is evident from the fact that the number of

private boring pump sets and private tube wells has increased in rural areas.

Government supplies are available mainly in those areas which have strong

political backing. The people of such areas have been benefited more as

compared to other areas where the representative of public have taken no

interest in their constituencies. Some remedial measures ^.ave been

suggested in the last chapter for sustainable development of water resources

in U.P. State in general and Bulandshahr district in particular. Since no

human need could be more basic than the need of water, to sustain water, it

is necessary that it is no longer considered a free resource. Water must be

priced, but needs to priced differentially for different income groups in the

society. Another significant fact relating to water is that India does not have

the problem of quantity but very often of quality. Besides, the intensive

researches by the scientists in this particular field, existing supplies should

be used more efficiently and new supplies must be developed. Government VIII at all levels should re-evaluate legal, technical and economic approaches for sustainability and development of water resources in the light of possible climate changes. HeiKC, it is suggested that the concerted effort ol' government, non-government organizations, economists, scientists, social scientists, engineers, politicians, different supporting agencies and general public as a whole is the need of the hour for sustainability and development of water resources in Bulandshahr district. THESIS

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SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN U. P. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BULANDSHAHR DISTRICT

THESIS I SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of ptiilofilaplip IN COMMERCE

BY RAHAT ALI

Under the Supervision of PROF. MAHFOOZUR RAHMAN M. Com., D. B. A.. Ph. 0.. D. Litt. Chairman & Dean Coordinator: IVI. F. C, M. T. A., D. B. F., and D S A Programmes

DEPARTMENT OF COMIVIERCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2001 t ^svs

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DEDICATED To tlY BELOVED MOTlf^ ^•^& 'IS

DEDICATED To tlY BELOVED MOTlf^ IJlcAnowiecfqeineni

S7n i/ie name ofO^f/an, Ine most Beneficent ancf merciful, wno snowea me Ine pain to compleie In is slucfu.

S7/ is a pleasure lo express mu qralHucfe io mu /eacners, welfwisners, friends ana insliiutions from wnom, S/naue receiuea uafuaofe neip in Ine preparation oftnis stuai^.

ISJoras are not enouan to express mu deep sense of aratitucfe to my learned teacher iProf MLanfoo7.ur IReiainan, Cnairman ana ^)ean, Lracufty of Commerce C^.jIC.Hl., '^lliyarn, wno in spite of Jiis administrative and academic enaaaements andpre-occupations ^aue me tne lioertu to encroach upon nis ualuaole time in aoing tnrough tne tnesis. wJitnout nis seasoned Guidance, painstaking efforts and constant encouragement, tnis worA would not naue Been accomplisned.

ISJitn egual sincere gratitude, U feel ueru indebted to mu teacner Dr. ZJ. Hi. yCnairoowafa, Senior iReader, -Department of Commerce [TIJIU-U, ylfigar/i wno was hind enough to get me enrolled under nis aole supervision. Jofis auidance, affectionate treatment and encouragement wnicn snaped my carrer in still enshrined in miy heart tnougn ne nas proceeded abroad on a teachina assignment in Othiopia. Snis aosence at tnis juncture pains me a lot

Si must not foryet to express my sincere regards and deep gratitude to 'Dr. jCawa6 CMIi, Senior iSecturer, Department of Commerce O^TR^U, C^figarh for moral encouragement and cooperation throughout the period ofstudu. SJndeed, S7am short of words to list tne vast ooiigations tnat S/owe to the learned andno6fe scholar lihe him.

9 am deeply indebted to O^rof JK. JKushtag 'Jlhmad, CProf IBadar 71. 9g6al, -Prof jKohdlnli, iProf SharifurlRahman who evinced personal interest in mu worh and sought to resolve my difficulties from time to time. 9 am thanhfulto all my teachers in tne Department of Commerce for tneir encouragement and active support at all stages of this worh. Special mention in this connection may £e made of Dr. O^bdul .Zayyum JChan, Dr UK. JlCohsin JChan, Dr 9mran Saleem, Dr JKohd Jlsif 9Chan andDr. jKohd. ^ameen. u SJ am muc/i incfeSlecf io G£. 'yifH SingJi, UKinisier for Cnyricullure, ^oui. of S7ncf/a ancf IKr. ^miiuaz CS£a/, Cix-IKSC/l for ineir hincf cooperation ana moral suppoH auring mu researcn work.

S7 am a/so oSIiqeJ io all mty friencis for Ineir moral supper/ ana encouraqemeni. JKiypariicular InanAs are due io 'Dr. OCas/r jCaeem, T)r.

y can notforqei (ne contrtoulion of mu areat uncles 'J^maj JLoorulMin (bo and JKr. 7l6dul7lIrXfmnS6., Bale J(r. SadaqalJl. J(£an, JKr. JK. Jf. JCIan {GAief C/?yy. J^e/dJ, JKr. 7!6dul J/aq, 7)r 7l6ul'2as,m, JKr. £..71. JGian (Principal), JKr. JK. 5! jeelani and JKr. Undarjee/ Uerma, Tlssii. &conomics and rj/a/is/ica/ Uj-f'cer. Umas .JSnauan, JJuJandsnanr naue also made siqnificanl conirioulion a/ each siaqe ofmu siudq.

y snail oe fatlinq in mu dulu.^ if y don'/ place on records l£e tremendous forebearance snown ou mu es/eemedfalner, JKr. Gn. Jufaqa/CnJi, JKu reuerdmo/Jier, JKrs. Jjiiquis Jjequm and mu

J also owe mu oo/e of /nanAs /o all /Jie non-leacJiinq and BiBraru s/aff of /ne Jacul/y as tvell as Depar/men/ of Gommerce, Z^JKRJ., Cn[iqar£for /£eir £ind and Sj^mpe/ne/icalnefp /£rou^£ou/mu s/au in /ne Jacul/u.

iDas/ ou/ no/ /ne leas/, S7am sincerely /nanAful/o JKr. JKo/id. C/lAram C^lifor Gompu/er Jupese//inq wi/n care and me/iculous precision.

II CONTENTS

Page No.

INTRODUCTION 1-4

Chapter 1: 5-17

SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES : AN OVERVIEW

Water Resources Management of Water Resources Productivity of Water Resources Conservation of Water Resources Public Policy

Chapter II: 18-30

SURVEY OF LITERATURE

Chapter III: 31-98

SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES EV INDIA.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Five Year Plans. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Rural Water Supply Ground Water Development and Related Issues. Need for Alternate Planning and the New Water Policy 1999 External Assistance for Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India.

Chapter IV: 99-160

SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN UTTAR PRADESH

Uttar Pradesh - A Profile Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in Uttar Pradesh during Five Year Plans Role of U.P. Jal Nigam in Sustainability and Development of Water Resoxirces in U.P. Projects for Main Cities Urban Water Drainage Planning World Bank's Programme for Sustainability and Development of Water Resom'ces in U.P. Water Resources and Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh.

Chapter V: 161-198

SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN BULANDSHAHR DISTRICT

Bulandshahr district - Physical Profile Sustainability and Developmaat of Water Resources in Urban Areas of Bulandshahr District. SustainabiUty and Development of Water Resources in Rural Areas.

Chapter VI: 199-212

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

Bibliography 213-224

II LIST OF TABLES

Chapter HI

3.0 Showing the Availability of Surface and Ground Water 34

Resources in India

3.1. Showing Annual Water Resources in India 35

(1974 and 2025)

3.2. Showing State wise Ground Water Resources and 36

Irrigation Potential in India.

3.3. Showing Expenditure on different categories of Public Health 40

in India during the First Five Year Plan.

3.4. Showing outlays for Water Supply and Sanitation in India 46

during Fifth Five Year Plan.

3.5. Showing outlay on Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for 47

major projects in MetropoUtan Cities during Fifth Five Year Plan.

3.6. Showing outlay for Water Supply and Sanitation during 49

Sixth Five Year Plan.

3.7. Showing outlay for Water Supply and Sanitation m India 50

during Seventh Five Year Plan.

3.8. Showing Physical Achievement at the end of Eight 55

Five Year Plan.

Ill 3.9. Showing Scheme wise Outlay / Anticipated Expenditure 56

in India during Seventh Plan (1985-90) and outlay for

Eighth Plan (1992-97).

3.10. Showing the Expenditure on Water Resources during 5 8

the First Three Years of Ninth Plan.

Chapter IV

4.0. Showing Financial Allocation on Sustamable 106

Development of Water Resources in U.P. during Amiual Plans.

4.1 Showing Urban Water Supply and Sewerage in U.P. 109

during Fourth Five Year Plan.

4.2 Showing outlay of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in 111

U.P. during Fourth Fixe Year Plan.

4.3 Showing outlay for Water Supply in U.P. during 111

Fifth Five Year Plan.

4.4 Showing Region Wise Break up of villages covered in 113

U.P. during Fifth Five Year Plan.

4.5 Showing Financial Pattern for difiFerent regions during 114

Fifth Five Year Plan.

4.6 Showing Local Bodies and Position of Drinking Water 115

Supply m U.P.

IV 4.7 Showing the release of funds for Urban Water 124

Supply in 1996-97

4.8 Showing Proposed Expenditure ixnder 124

World Bank's Development Programme.

4.9. Showing Proposed Expenditure under World Bank's 140

Development Programmes

4.10. Showing Irrigation Potential and its UtUization in 143

U.P. (Period 1995-1999)

4.11. Showing Progress of Some Schemes of minor 144

bxigation m U.P. (Period 1997-1999)

4.12. Showing Distribution of Net Irrigated Area through 145

DiflFerent sources in U.P. (Percentage)

(Period 1984-1985 to 1997-1998)

Chapter V

5.0 Showing Urban Drinking Water Supply through Tubewells in 165 Bulandshahr District (Period 1998-99 to 2000-2001).

5.1 Showing Urban Drinking Water Supply through Handpumps in 167

Bulandshahr District Period (Period 1998-99 to 2000-2001).

5.2 Showing Block wise Drinking Water Supply through 170

Handpumps m Bulandshahr District (Period 1997-98 to 2000-2001).

V 5.3 Showing the Position of Water Resources for Irrigation 174

Purposes in Bulandshahr District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.4 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 177

Bulandshahar District during 1990-91.

5.5 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 178

Bulandshahar District during 1991-92.

5.6 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 179

Bulandshahar District during 1992-93.

5.7 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 180

Bulandshahar District during 1993-94.

5.8 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources m 182

Bulandshahar District during 1994-95.

5.9 Showmg Blockwise position of Water Resources in 183

Bulandshahar District during 1995-96.

5.10 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 184

Bulandshahar District during 1996-97.

5.11 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 185

Bulandshahar District during 1997-98.

5.12 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources in 186

Bulandshahar District during 1998-99.

5.13 Showing Blockwise position of Water Resources m 187

VI Bulandshahar District during 1999-2000.

5.14 Showing Blockwise length of Canals in Bulandshahr 188

District (1990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.15 Showing the number of State Tube wells in Bulandshahr 189

District (1990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.16 Showing the number of Pacca Wells in Bixlandshahr 190

District (Period 19990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.17 Showing number of Persian Wheels in Bulandshahr 192

District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.18 Showing the number of Ground Level Pump sets in 193

Bulandshahr District (1990-91 to 1999-2000).

5.19 Showing the number of Pump sets in Bulandshahr District 194

(1990-91 to 19999-2000).

5.20 Showing the number of Private Tube Wells in Bulandshahr 194

District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000).

VII llTRODUCTIOH INTRODUCTION

Water undoubtedly is one of the basic necessities of human and animal lives on the earth. Agricultural development is also dependent upon the availability of water. Water relatively is a scarce resource in relation to the requirements and needs of the various nations. Its is alarming to note that about

97 per cent of earth's total water resources is found in the oceans and the rest 3 per cent is found on the ground. The surface water of dams, lakes, rivers and springs constitutes only a small fraction of earth's water resources and this is available for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Sustainability and development of water resources has always been a critical problem as well as a challenging task for Government of India. Consequently, with the advent of economic planning, efficient management of water resources has attained great importance in India. Though economic planning has completed five decades yet supply of water in many rural as well as urban areas of the country is inadequate and erratic due to frequent power cuts and other management problems such as, absence of accountability and effective controls. Moreover there is little freedom in decision making to agencies such as Jal Nigams, Jal Sansthans, Water Works

Departments, Irrigation Department etc. which are involved in providing water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes to all towns and villages of the country. Moreover, these institutions also suffer from many implementation barriers due to excessive interference of bureaucrats and politicians. All this calls 1 for advance planning for sustainability and development of water resources in the

country.

It is in this background, the present study entitled, "Sustainability and

Development of Water Resources in UP with special reference to Bulandshahr

District" has been carried out. In the following pages an attempt has been made to

highlight the objectives, scope, research methodology, and plan of study.

Scope of the Study :

Keeping in view the survey of literature into consideration, it was felt

necessary to make a micro study of sustainability and development of water resources in UP with special reference to Bulandshar District. The scope of study

is confined to urban and rural areas of Bulandshahr District. To the best of my

knowledge, this study is first of its kind in nature which provides factual information about the sustainability and development of water resources in UP. with special reference to Bulandshahr district.

Objectives of Study :

The objectives of the study are as follows :

1 To highlight the concept of sustainability and development of water

resources in a general way. 2. To make a survey of available literature on water resources as a

•whole.

3. To assess the sustainable development of water resources in India as

well as in Uttar Pradesh.

4. To examine the sustainability and development of water resources

in Bulandshahr district.

5. To suggest suitable measures for the sustainability and development

of water resources in U.P. with special reference to Bulandshahar

District.

Research Methodology :

This study is based mainly on published and unpublished data collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary information has been gathered through the interviews of Government officials and residents of Bulandshahr

District. The sources of the secondary data include the Reports of Uttar Pradesh

Jal Nigam, Five Year Plans, Annual Reports and various other publications of

Uttar Pradesh Government and Government of India. Apart from this various

Journals, books, unpublished theses. Magazines and Newspapers have also been consulted. Finally, all the information and data have been analysed and important inferences have been drawn from them to make the study more meaningful and result oriented.

Plan of the Study :

The entire study has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter highlights the concept of sustainability and development of water resources in a general way. Second chapter deals with the sur\'ey of literature on water resources.

The third chapter has been devoted to examine the sustainability and development of water resources in India. Fourth chapter examines the sustainable development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh. In the fifth chapter, an attempt has been made to analyse sustainability and development of water resources in Bulandshahar

District. Lastly the sixth chapter has been devoted to summarise the conclusions and suggest remedial measures for sustainability and development of water resources in U.P. with special reference to Bulandshahar District. QHAPTER I CHAPTER -1

SUSTAINABILITY AlSfD DEVELOPMENT OF WATER

RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW

The present chapter entitled 'sustainabihty and development of water resources - An overview' discusses the concept of sustainable development of water resources in a general way. In order to understand the concept of water resources, it would be worthwhile to throw some light on natural resources which include Land resources, water resources, fisheries, mineral resources, forest resources, marine resources, climate, rainfall and topography. Natural resources may be classified in two categories; namely renewable and non-renewable. These are called as "renewable resources" or "flow" if different units become available for use at different intervals and those resources whose total physical quantity does not increase significantly with time are called non-renewable resources or stock, metal, ores, coal, clays, stones, oil and gas are some non-renewable resources, while ground water is an example of renewable resources because a flow is available to replenish the stock of water. The countries "wiiich possess a sizable and diversified natural resource endowment are in a better position to achieve a rapid economic growth. The utilization of these resources depends upon technological advancement, which offers new alternatives for the use of the natural resources in satisfying human wants. By utilization we mean economical utilization. To make use of natural resources, we have to incur some costs ; only then do we get some benefits. We utihze the resources only when the benefits obtained are greater than the costs incurred. Therefore, the stock of resources, which is economically utilizable, is our concern, and the rate of utilization depends upon the available technology. New technological devices have enabled us to mine the metal, or to explore the oil and gas or to use the ground and surface water for irrigation purpose at a faster rate. Availability of natural resources depends upon their rate of utilization over time, and our capacity to find out new substitutes for non-renewable resources and our capacity to increase the flow of renewable resources. In this regard, the renewable resources may be grouped into two parts.

(a) The resources which are affected by human action, such as

precipitation, services fi^om durable producer or consumer goods, and

storage capacity of ground water basins; and

(b) The resources which are not significantly affected by human action,

such as solar radiation, tides and winds.

Water Resources.

Human sufferings on earth are caused by lack of several factors such as food, clothing, shelter, and water. Water is the most essential resource to sustain human life on earth. We can live for weeks without food but only a few days without water. Water is a scarce resource, it covers almost 75 per cent of the total

earth surface in the world. About 97 per cent of the earth's water is found in the oceans. It is salty and hence can not be used for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Out of remaining three per cent of total water on the earth, two per cent is tied up

as iceberg in the polar regions and remaining one percent, a considerably low quantity is trapped in reservoirs. The surface water of rivers, lakes and springs constitutes only a very insignificant fraction of the total water resources of the earth. This is used by man for drinking purposes. The water is also vital for realizing full potential of the agriculture sector and the country's economic development. Sustainability, development and efficient utilization of water resource, therefore, assumes greater significance.

The water in the world goes through its own cycle, which is known as the hydrologic cycle, a sort of circular journey fi^omocea n to sky to earth and back to ocean again. The heat of the sun evaporates water fi^om the oceans and lakes and rivers. This water, which becomes water vapors as it is evaporated, forms clouds in the sky, and when the clouds are chilled, water condenses and falls to earth as rain or snow. When it reaches the earth, some of the water runs across the ground into the rivers and down to the sea again. Some of the water that falls as rain evaporates back into the air. A good deal of it sinks into the earth and some even goes down so deep that it never comes out again. If it is near the surface, it may bubble up as a spring.

7 S. Fox mentions two accounts which should be considered in making estimates of the water resources of the earth : one, the water that is more or less constant in the atmosphere, the oceans and on land; and the other, the water that is in circulation.

Among the Chief items of the water in a fixed deposit are ; that in the atmosphere; that in the oceans or hydrosphere; that in the polar ice caps and glaciers; that in the lakes and rivers; that in the soil and plants and animals; that in the rocks and strata up to a depth of 12,500 feet below the sea levels; and that in the sub crystal rocks between depths of 2 Vi and 12 V2 miles below the sea level.

The current account of water in movement may be dealt with under the following heads :

(i) Evaporation from the oceans, lakes and lands;

(ii) Precipitation as rain and snow;

(iii) Run off water from rainfall, melting snow and ice, which

flows to the sea;

(iv) Percolation and absorption and

(v) Discharge from springs, glaciers, and volcanoes. The time interval between evaporation, rainfall and run-off into the sea may be very short, while the interval between percolation into the rocks and emergence as springs may be appreciable, and the period from its being held by freshly deposited sediment to its discharges as steam from a volcanic eruption might be very considerable.

Some rough calculation of the "Fixed Account" are as follows :

(i) Moisture in the atmosphere - 3,600 cubic miles or a layer

1.16 inches over the surface of the earth.

(ii) Water in the oceans and seas - 3,15, GO, 00,000 cubic miles.

(iii) Water in the ice caps and glaciers - 800,000 cubic miles.

(iv) Water in the lakes and rivers and marshes on land - 50,000

cubic miles.

(v) Water in the soil and by plants and animals - 1 inch layer

over the earth's surface.

(vi) Water held by rocks under the land to a depth of 2,500 ft -

1,084,000 cubic miles.

(vii) Water held by sub-crystal rocks - 19,700,000 cubic miles. The approximations of "current account" are as follows :

a) Evaporation from oceans and seas - 42, 600 cubic

miles; evaporation from ice and snow fields - 3, 030

cubic miles ; evaporation from lakes and rivers - 570

cubic miles

The total amounts to 46, 200 cubic miles of water

evaporated by the sun annually, and equivalent to

about 4 feet of rainfall on the earth's surface.

b) Precipitation as rain - 20,000 cubic miles annually.

Precipitation of snow - 45000 cubic miles annually.

The rainfall and snow fall on ocean surfaces will

probably make up the difference between 24, 500

cubic miles

c) The run-off water from rainfall and snow - 8,200

cubic miles.

d) Loss by percolation and absorption - 8, 200 cubic

miles.

e) The discharge of spring, glaciers, and volcanoes

unknown.

10 Thus, water performs very important functions and influences not only hmnan and animal lives but the entire economic system in various ways. The Hydrological system is the largest natural system. The total quantity of water available in the world is approximately 336, 768, 103 cubic miles. But since a major part of it is in the oceans and seas, and this is the water that is available in the lakes, rivers and springs and underground which provides the main supplies of water for use, the utilizable water is approximately only 0.03 per cent of available total. This utilizable water may not be utilized fully because the present technology is not capable of assisting in that direction. Besides, whatever potential we have to utilize the water resource, the actual utilization is far less than the potential. Water is used not only for drinking and other domestic purposes, but has industrial uses as well; and a major use of water is in agriculture - for irrigation purpose. As mentioned earlier, the used quantity of the water resource is replenished through the hydrologjc cycle and, therefore, it is a renewable resource.

Management of Water Resources :

Management of water resource is concerned with three major aspects i.e. management of water, conservation of water, administration and policy formulation of water resources vdiich deal with the efficiency of water use.

The most efficient use of water may be obtained by maximizing the output 11 per unit of water and by minimizing the wastage of water while using it.

The maximization of output per unit of water depends upon so many factors; for instance, the area irrigated per unit of water, the cropping pattern, the intertemporal and interspatial allocation of water, the use of

such other inputs as fertilizers, plant protection materials etc.; the ownership of water, the incentives to irrigators for rational water use, the technique of water use such as the method of water application, land leveling mode of conveyance of water etc.; the source of water, and the uncertainly involved in the availability of water for irrigation purposes. The cropping pattern, is also an important determinant of water use efficiency so one should adopt such cropping pattern which should be most suitable in terms of the availability of water. Because today's water will not be available tomorrow if it is not stored in tanks, reservoirs or dams today, it will go off by way of evaporation. Therefore, one has to determine an optimum intertemporal allocation of available w^ater. Similarly, an optimum inter-spatial allocation of water becomes important in view of the losses of water that accrue through conveyance and the costs involved in the conveyance system which carries it from one place to another and in the increase in agricultural production.

12 Productivity of Water resources :

The productivity of water does not depend only on the efficient use of water but also upon other factors or inputs of production such as, the productivity of irrigation water is considerably influenced by the use of fertilizers in different quantities. A higher use of fertilizers will increase

the productivity of water. The other factors such as, the use of a particular

variety of seeds, intercultural, the method of sowing, the time of sowing, the ownership of water and water rights influences the productivity of water. The another method of increasing the efficiency of water resources is

the use of most suitable methods of water application, leveling the irrigable land properly and selecting an appropriate mode of water conveyance.

Improved techniques will help farmers to irrigate their fields in less time with less quantity of water and with a more uniform water spread. The aforesaid techniques will certainly increase the water use efficiency and the water so saved can be used to irrigate additional land.

Conservation of Water Resources :

Another aspect of management of water resources is related to the storage of water. Regarding the storage of water one has to decide the objective of storing water, the type and size of storage required (e.g. big dams, reservoirs or small tanks, etc. in case of surface water) and the

13 devices to be employed to lift underground water. For preserving the

moisture in the field, suitable cultural practices, crop rotations and other

mechanical means have to be determined and employed. Conservation of

water resources is done primarily to achieve two goals. First to make

available the right amount of water at the right time, at the right place.

Second, to control the quality of water, so that it does not require expensive

processes before use. The measures for water conservation revolve

retention of rain water in the form of surface water through construction of

dames, reservoirs and so on. Other measures include construction of surface

and subsurface check dams which acts as barriers for channel flow and

enable infiltration of water into the soil, to form part of ground aquifers.

Conservation of water involves structural and non-structural measures, keeping in view all aspects of soil water symbiosis and the utility requirements such as agricultural, industrial and domestic. The water conservation both in quantity and quality is the new thrust that India is facing. It has acquired considerable importance in the country during the past two decades.

Public Policy :

A public policy is essential for sustainability and development of water resources and a simultaneous planning of all the resources in an integrated scheme so that all the natural resources are viewed as a whole 14 and in terms of their total effect. This is necessary because some resources

are interchangeable in use; others stimulate one another in use. Planning,

here, refers to organized planning, looking ahead and the application of

professional effort in orienting decisions, actions and the development of

the society in a manner best suited to achieve what will be required

tomorrow.

The Britishers who governed the country before independence did

not evolve a clear cut and definite policy on the utilization of India's water

resources. Thus, India's water policy since independence or more

specifically since 1950-51, consisted of the construction of huge dams and

reservoirs, distribution canals etc. all of which were designated as major or

medium irrigation projects. They were known as multi purpose projects.

In the formulation of its policy regarding utilization and management of water resources. The Government did not consider the role and

significance of traditional source of water, viz., ponds and tanks small rivers and watersheds. Their importance as means of drinking water, means of irrigation, for inland fisheries etc. has been ignored by planners and policy makers. Hence, a public policy has to be formulated for correcting the divergences between private and social benefits and costs comparing the social desirability of alternative resources uses and planning

15 the public expenditure; and planning the resource use in the right direction to meet present and future requirement.

Conclusion :

To conclude, it may be submitted that water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. It is important to manage water resources judiciously with a view to eliminate the cycle of shortage (droughts) and excess (floods). It will ensure a balance in the availability of water. Floods and droughts are regular features all over the globe, it calls for a fresh look at the strategy adopted so far towards the flood control and drought management to ensure sustainability and development of water resources. To make the study more meaningful and result oriented the succeeding chapter has been devoted to review the literature on the subject. It will highlight the findings of the various works and projects undertaken before this study.

Selected References : 1. Sharma, V., "Water Resources Planning and Management" Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, 1998, pp. 1-25. 2. Sir, Cyrill S. Fox, "Water" London, The Technical Press Ltd., 1952, pp. 19-22. 3. Khan, A. Farooq, "A Study of Water Supply Services in Selected Districts of U.P.", (Project submitted under D.S.A. Programme, Department of Commerce, AM.U. Aligarh, 1995). 4. Khairoowala, Z.U. "A Study of Rural Water Supply in U.P. with Special Reference to ". (Project submitted under D.S.A Programme, Department of Commerce, A.M.U., Aligarh, 1995). 5. India 2000, A Reference Annual, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcastiag, Government of India, New . 16 6. Manivannan, S. and R_ Shanthi, "Water : A Challenge in the 21"* Century", Kisan World, Chennai, May 2000 pp. 40-41. 7. Dutt & Sxmdharan, "India Economy", S. Chand. & Co. Delhi, 2000, pp 90-92.

17 CHAPTER Chapter H

SURVEY OF LITERATURE

In the preceding chapter an attempt has been made to discuss the sustainability and development of water resources. The present chapter entitled, "

Survey of Literature" is related to studies conducted in the field of water resources development which shows that several researches have been conducted in this field in India and abroad. In the following pages an attempt has been made to review these studies conducted by various researchers of India and even foreign countries.

K. Gogoi (1973) remarked in his project, that drinking water to people in rural areas is a major problems in India, and particularly of . The main sources of drinking water in rural areas of Assam are tube wells, ring wells, ponds etc. owned by individuals. According to him pond water, is not safe for drinking in summers because of fi-equent flood, this spreads water borne diseases. The rivers in the area of Assam are not deep, and their water is not clean. So it is not fit for drinking purposes.

Special correspondent of Kuruksheti-a (1979) while discussing rural water supply programme stated that UNICEF has provided drilling rigs, terrameters / resistivity meters, compressors, jeeps, moter cycles, pick up vans etc. to Tamil

18 Nadu Government under Rural Water Supply Programme. Apart from this they have also supplied pick up vans, land pumps, pump heads etc. to Tamil Nadu

Water Supply and Drainage Board for the maintenance and rejuvenation programmes of land pumps.

He further stated that "UNICEF" has also proposed to provide potable, perenial and protected water supply to all the needy villages, with the financial help from Government of India under Accelerated Rural Water Supply

Programme.

S. Bala Krishna (1980) has studied the Rural Water Supply in Andhra

Pradesh and found that Gram Panchayats in Andhra Pradesh are responsible to maintain the various rural water supply schemes. But progress is not satisfactory, because of inadequate financial resources to meet the expenditure on repairs, lack of technical know how, lack of ready supply of the required parts for replacement, lack of ready availability of skilled workers to attend to the job and the remoteness of several of these villages.

Jag Mohan Mathur (1986) has reported in his paper that as a result of concerted efforts under the Sixth Five Year Plan and the revised 20 Point

Progranmie, Government could provide safe drinking water to as much as 83 per cent of the 2.31 lakh problem villages, efforts were made during the Seventh Plan to cover the remaining 17 per cent of them.

19 Navin Chandra Joshi (1986) has focused that drinking water supply in rural communities for human consumption and for the catties is the most serious problem. Water is usually obtained from wells, ponds, tanks, rivers etc. At many places women folk have to fetch water from far-off places. In many areas, water in wells and other natural sources is saline because of dissolved salts and other impurities. In such areas water should be supplied through tankers as in the absence of which women folk have to bear the burden of carrying drinking water over tiresome distance.

Dilip Kumar Mund (1986) has studied Rural Water Supply in the successive Five Year Plans. During the first five year plan, schemes of Rural

Water Supply did not make satisfactory progress due to shortage of materials, inadequate infrastructure facilities and absence of adequate public health engineering staff in the state to implement the schemes. But after the end of first plan, i.e. during the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh plans the schemes of Rural Water supply have made satisfactory progress.

Nirmal Gangully (1988) pointed out that the rural water supply during the plan periods has been an important component of the amenity scheme of the community development programme. But during the fourth, fifth and sixth plans, the amenity scheme of the community development programme could not play a vital role in the supply of drinking water to rural areas.

20 M.M. Datta (1988) in his research paper "Rural Drinking Water Supply in

India" has brought out clearly that there are many dimensions to the problems of rural water supply in SAARC Nations. Frequent exchange of data including field visits of the National Technology Mission on drinking water in India will, perhaps, be a result oriented co-operation among the SAARC countries. Nine areas have been identified to conduct a comprehensive study on rural water supply problems that confront SAARC countries in varying degrees. The identified areas in the field of rural water supply are as follows :

a. Development of indicators to judge the O & M status and its

effectiveness for Rural Water Supply Scheme.

b. Financial and Manpower dimension of O «& M system existing status,

deficiency and suggestion for further improvement.

c. Access of the rural poor and disadvantaged community to the water

supply facilities already provided.

d. Need for design of an appropriate information and feed back system

for effective O & M of Rural Water Supply Programme.

e. Involvement of the voluntary agencies in the maintenance of Rural

Water Supply System.

21 f. Integration of Rural Water Supply Programme with that of Rural

Sanitation, Health Education, Enviroiunent.

g. Women's Involvement and awareness Programme for Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation System.

h. Use of local available materials in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Programme and its present status, future scope in SAARC Countries.

i. Identification of sensitive areas of operation and maintenance of Rural

Water Supply Schemes and suggest remedial technological measures

for better O & M of Rural Water Supply System.

G. Ghosh (1988) in his paper entitled, " Towards a new direction for Rural

Water Supply" published in Kurukshetra has found that non availability of water is one of the main reasons for migration of people from rural to urban areas. This is also creating problems for small and marginal farmers to base their development and livelihood on agricultural land. In the long run this inequitable distribution can completely damage our economy unless we take certain measures immediately.

The measures may be bitter today but will bear sweet fiiiits tomorrow.

Amlan Home Chowdhury (1990) has highlighted that supply of drinking water in the rural areas is high on the national agenda. Since Independence, earnest efforts were made to tackle the problem. The main objective was to ensure

22 at least one source of potable water in all the problem villages by the end of the

Vn Plan.

Special correspondent of Yojana (1993) has concluded in his paper that

provision of safe drinking water facilities in rural areas is the prime responsibility

of State Government. While Central Government with joint efforts of States and

Union Territories under the state sector Minimum Need Programme (MNP) and

the Central assistance under Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme

(ARWSP) is providing safe drinking water facilities to rural areas.

K Pushpangadan and G Murugan (1998) have observed deeply in their

study that Financial resources needed for sustainable rural drinking water are

estimated from expenditure data for all states in India. The estimates show that

user financing becomes essential for sustainability of the system. Since user financing affects weaker sections adversely, a subsidy from consumers above poverty line to those below is incorporated in the tariff design along the

Faulhaberian principles. The rate so arrived at, indicates that public subsidy is still needed for some states with high cost of provision due to their hydro geological and topographical conditions. Analysis of institutions based on cooperative action among users suggests that they have several advantages over the other polar alternatives, states ownership and privatization, in providing potable water.

Participatory management inherent in such institutions also enables the government to change its role from provider to facilitator. 23 Ramaswamy R. Iyer (1998) has summarized in his paper that water resources plaiming in India has largely meant irrigation development through big dam projects. Over the years a powerful movement has emerged against such projects. The paper spells out the issues involved and the opposing views. There is a sharp polarization of attitudes on this matter. The World Commission on

Dams established by the World Bank and the World Conservation Union in order to resolve this impasse is expected to submit its report shortly. A crucial question in this context would be whether there are effective alternatives to large dams for meeting the future needs of water and energy. There have been some very successful local initiatives in watershed development and socials transformation, which seem to indicate that significant results can be achieved through these means. Need of the hour is a major reorientation in the approach to water resource policy.

Marcus Moench (1998) represented in his study a preliminary effort to identify a social basis for groundwater rights reform in India and to identify governance structures capable of ensuring that stakeholder values are reflected in the water allocation decision making processes. This is done by first examining basic philosophical divides between the treatment of water as a commodity versus a conmion heritage. Customary and statutory rights structure governing groundwater and surface water in India are discussed next followed by current debates over reforms. In conclusion, the author argues that governance structures

24 must be designed to create a balance of power in water use decisions between private (either individual or group) right holder and common rights that reflect the common heritage nature of water resources.

Amita Shah (1998) studied that conservation of rain water and checking soil erosion is central to the attairmient of economic as well as financial sustainability of dry land agriculture. Integrated Watershed Development

Programme is the major policy instrument for achieving this goal. The approach, though quite comprehensive, however, has come at a time when the global environmental concerns have become quite strong. In turn, this has exerted significant influence in changing the central thrust as well as the composition of watershed development programmes in India. It is the contention of this paper that the global environmental concerns have diverted attention for productivity concerns and thereby resorting to some of the softer options emphasizing indigenous technology, low cost measures and participatory institutional development. It is argued that external forces have deviated the policies from making substantial investments in land which farmers otherwise cannot afford to make on their own. Also, a participatory approach for project implementation perse, may not bring desired results in terms of enhancement of productivity and livelihood security. Finally, given the options, farmers prefer yield augmenting technologies and are willing to pay for the cost. This in turn also helps bringing more effective (interactive) participation in the SWC-programme.

25 B.N. Navalawala (1999) pointed out in his research paper that the adequate availabihty, equitable and efficient use of irrigation water are essential for converting the green revolution into an evergreen revolution. All this can be sustained if the performance of the irrigation system can be maintained at a satisfactory level for which regular and timely physical servicing of irrigation systems and structures is a pre requisite.

K. Kannan and S. Gurumurthy (1999) has described in his study that there is an urgent need to utilize the available water resources in more efficient and cost effective manner by increasing the yield per unit of water used.

B.N. Navalawala (1999) has highlighted in his another study that the efficiency of water use can be improved dramatically. With latest technology and methods, water consumption can be curtailed in agriculture, industries, and cities without sacrificing economic output or quality of life.

The special correspondent of The Hindu (1999) reported that the world is facing a global water crisis. People numbering 1.2 billion in developing countries lack access to safe drinking water, 2.9 billion people do not have adequate sanitation and water related diseases kill 4 million children a year. Over exploitation of ground water, promoting user participation in water use and planning, facilitating the sustainable access of the poor people to potable water, water pollution and water quality were the common issues highlighted by him. He

26 further said that only 37 per cent agriculture was under irrigation , the rest was rainfed. To bring more areas under irrigation, the Government has just launched a

Rs. 75, 800 crore project for saturation with rain water harvesting in 100 districts to start with. He said water as a resource was under tremendous pressure from

population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization and environmental

degradation. A long term perspective planning of water resources was the need of the hour to meet the various completing demands on water.

He also stressed the need for a "quantum jump" in harnessing hydro - power potential. The schemes with regard to major, medium and minor irrigation projects were location specific and could not be replaced by numerous minor irrigation schemes due to topographic and hydrologic conditions. At the same time, there was no competition between major, mediimi, minor projects or between surface and ground water schemes. We have to harness all the potential to meet fiiture demands in 2050 and a clear vision and an action programme will have to be prepared to achieve this objective.

Srivastava, H.C. (2000) in his research paper entitled "Water Resources -

On the threshold of National Disaster", summerises that a revised and revitalized

National Water Policy is the first urgent step and the State Government, particularly the riparian states must clearly realize that time has already run out.

Any fixrther delay would only add to the detriments of their constituents. He further opined that we need, within a common frame work of first principles of 27 such a policy, variants suited to different regions and communities and to understand that privatization mantra taken as a universal panacea, and traditional knowledge and practices, will be as harmful as treating water an absolutely free and renewable natural resource. The states role will have to be redefined from that of an absolute provider to enabler, guide, regulator and technical supporter with the accent or public participation, openness and accountability.

S.C. Pramanik, R.P. Dubey, N. Ravishankar and A.K. Naiyer (2000) submitted in their paper entitled, "Development of Water Resources and Irrigation

Potential in A & N Islands.", published in Yojna, that the most important strategy would be to harvest the excess run off in dug out ponds and use for supplemental irrigation to the crops during day penod.

D.N. Tiwari (2000) suggested in his study that besides extracting the best performance from the existing investment system let us manage our surface and groundwater resources in an integrated manner by creating social awareness, public participation and ensuring dedication of implementing agencies.

Conclusion :

In the foregoing pages, a review of various researches conducted on different issues related to water resources has been done. It has been concluded that of course many researches have been conducted in the field of water resources but so far no specific work has been done on the sustainability and 28 development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh with special reference to

Bulandhshar District. It is in this background the study undertaken by me on the theme of water resources will not be an addition to what has been attempted in various studies but will also provide an opportunity for highligliting recent happenings in this particular field with special reference to a micro le\'el study conducted in Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh. The succeeding part of the research project will particularly cover up the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh with Special reference to Bulandshahr District.

In the next chapter our aim will be to examine the sustainability and de\ elopment of water resources in India, just as to prepare the background for the study of sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh with special reference of Bulandshahar District.

SELECTED REFERENCES 1. Gogi K., 'TDrinking Water in Assam Rural Aieas. - A Survey", Kumshetia, July 1, 1973. 2. Special Correspondent of Kurushetra, "Rural Water Supply Programme", Kurushetra, March 1, 1979. 3. Bala Krishna S., "Rural Water Supply". Kurushetra, Novemberl6,1980. 4. Mund, Dilip Kumar, "Rural Water Supply in the Successive Five Year Plans", Kurushetra, July, 1986. 5. Mathur, JagMohan, "Drinking Water for Rural Masses", Yojana, Ministiy of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi, May 1-5,1986. 6. Joshi, Navin Chandra, 'Tacets of Rural Drinking Water", Kumshetra, July, 1986. 7. Ganguly, Nirmal, "Rural Water Supply - Achievements during the Plan era", Kurushetra, July 1988. 8. Datta, M.M., "Rural Drinking Water Supply m India" Kurushetra, July, 1988 9. Ghosh, G. "Towards a New dhection for Rural Water Supply", Kurushetra, July 1988. 10. Chowdhary, Amlan Home, "Rural Water Supply", Yojana Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Delhi, September 16-30, 1990.

29 11. Special Correspondent of Yojana, "Drinking Water supply in Rural Areas." Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting New Delhi, July 15, 1993. 12. Special Correspondent of the Hindu, "World Facing Acute Water Shortage", The Hindu, National Daily, Tuesday, March 23, 1999, P -6. 13. Pushpangadan, K, Maragun, G., "User Financing and Collective Action, Relavance for Sustainable Rural Water supply in India", Economic and Political Weekly, Mumbai, April 4 1998 PP. 793-798. 14. Iyer R Ramaswamy, "Water Resource Planning, Changmg perspectives", Economic and PoUtical weekly, Mumbai. Dec 12, 1998. p.p. 3198-3204. 15. Meench, Marens, "Allocating the common Heritage, Debates over water Rights and Governance structure in India", Economic and PoUtical Weekly Mumbai, June 27.1998, p.p. A46-A52. 16. Shah Amita, "Watershed Development Piogrammes in India Emerging Issues for Environment Development Perspectives", Economic and PoUtical Weekly Mumbai. June 27, 1998. p.p. A66-A78. 17. Navalawala, B.N., "Improving Management of Irrigation Resources", Yojana, Ministn.' of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi January 1999 PP. 81-88. 18. Gurumurthy S. and Knannan S., 'T)rip Irrigation and Water Management" Yojana. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi, Februaiy 1999 PP. 15-16 19. Navelawala, B.N., "Water Resources Development and Management" Yojana, Mmistry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi July 1999 PP 4-9. 20. Srivastava, H.C., "Water Resources - On the Threshold of National Disaster; Development Alternatives, Vol. 10, No. 8, August, 2000. 21. Pramanik. S.C., Dubey, R.P., Ravishankar, N and Nair, A.K., 'T)eveIopment of Water Resources and Irrigation Potential in A & N Islands", Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi, June 2000. 22. Tiwari, D.N., Management of Water Resources for survival, Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi, June 2000, PP. 4-7.

30 CHAPTEft III CHAPTER m

SUSTAINABELITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF

WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA

In the foregoing chapter, an attempt has been made to review the hterature available in the field of water resources to show the importance of the subject and to highlight the findings of the various researches completed before this study. It has been observed that most of the researches in the field of water resources are confined to general aspects related to water resource management and planning.

No specific work has been done so far to evalute the sustainability and development of water resources in U.P.

This chapter deals with the sustainability and development of water resources in India to prepare a background for the study of sustainable development of water resources in U.P. with special reference to Bulandshahr

District.

Extent of Water Resources in India : An Assessment

In the first chapter, it has been very clearly emphasized that water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious natural asset. In the

March of our water resources development and management many ups and downs have been seen, many unprecedented challenges have been faced successfiilly 31 while assessing the extent of water resources in India it has been observed that

India is one of the wettest countnes of the world Water is available in plenty in our country. But less is available to dnnk. According to a study of World Health

Organization (WHO) less than 25 per cent of our population out of about one

billion people, has access to either treated or partially treated water India has

completed 54 years of independence yet a vast majonty of Indian masses in many rural as well as urban areas still dnnk polluted water Thousands of people die in

India due to floods but even than most of the regions are running short of water

Water supplies are being drawn down by increased use from expanding industnal production, rising living standards and growing population. Water supplies in

India are being siphened away from farmlands to meet nsing urban and industnal demands. Studies estimate that about 60 per cent of dnnking water supplies in many cities is lost either by illegal taps into the systems or leakage through rusted pipes. It has been observed that throughout the developing world an estimated 20 percent of urban families buy water from vendors because they have no access to municipal systems of water supply

To assess the extent of water resources in India M.C. Chaturvedi in his research has placed all the major, medium and minor nver basins in 18 groups

(Table 3 0). The total flows of surface water are estimated at 66.60 million hectare meters (mhms) In addition. 26 10 mhms of ground water are expected to be utilizable, leading to a total of 92 70 mhms utilizable water. There is a vast

32 inter basins variation in the availability of the water resource. The water per hectare of culturable land varies from 8.64 cms in the basin of Luni and other rivers of Saurashtra to 379 cms in the basin of the west flowing rivers below Tapi.

Another estimate of water resources in India was made by B.S. Nag and

G.N. Kathplia for the year 1974 and also for the year 2025. (Table 3.1). According to their study, the total rainfall is estimated at 400 (mhm) and this is distributed in three important ways, 70 mhms evaporates immediately, 215 mhms percolates into the soil and helps soil moisture and recharges ground water, and finally 115 mhms runs off into surface water bodies like rivers. Water utilized in 1974 was just 38 mhms, which is expected to rise to 105 mhms by the end of the year 2025. It has been estimated that irrigation accounts for 92 per cent of the water utilization and domestic and industrial uses account for the balance of 8 per cent. With the growth of population and increase in demand for products of agriculture and industries, the demand for water will also increase.

33 Table (3.0) Showing the availability of Surface and Ground Water Resources in India fin Millioit i Hectare Meters mhms)] Water per Annual Total available Utilizable Water hectare of s. River Basin Precipitation No. Water resource Resource culturable (cms) land (cms) Annual Annual ground Surface Ground Surface Water Water Water nm-off recharge (mhm) (mhm) (mhms) (mhm) 1. Ganga 116 55 01 14 62 18 50 10.639 116 00 2. Brahmaputra 122 42 20 3 47 0 88 1.802 375.00 Barak and other 3. 286 17 50 1.60 0 37 0.660 171 50 rivers West lowing 4 279 21 79 201 2 88 1.036 379.00 rivers below Tapi Tapi,including 5. 78 1 97 061 1 46 0 406 58 40 kim 6 Narmada 121 401 1 24 2 96 0.710 89 00 Mahi including 7 83 1 18 0 35 0 87 0.253 68.20 Dhadar 8. Sabarmati 76 0 37 0 27 0 27 0.065 41.40 Luni and other 9. rivers of 38 1 23 0 80 0.91 2.010 8.64 Saurashtra 10. Indus 56 7 69 2 90 4 93 1.118 110 00 East flowing rivers between 11. 147 4 35 1 63 4 09 0.651 117.20 Ganga and Mahanadi 12. Mahanadi 146 7.07 2.13 6.64 1.060 115.10 East flowing rivers between 13. 111 1 72 0 73 1 61 0.405 90 60 Mahanadi and Godavari 14 Godavari 110 11 54 3 31 8.53 1 916 78 40 15 Krishna 81 5 78 2 65 5 78 1.760 41.60 Pannar and other rivers flowing 16 East between 82 2.53 1 82 2 70 0.998 46.30 Krishna and Cauvery 17. Cauvery 99 1.86 1 23 2.06 0.498 53.30 Rivers flowing 18. East below 91 0.95 0 54 1.17 0.116 56.60 cauvery Total 118 188.12 42.41 66.60 26.105 115.00 Source : M.C. Chaturvedi, Second India Studies - Water, p. 12. 34 Table (3.1) Showing Annual Water Resources in India (1974 «& 2025) [inMillion Hectare Meters (mhms)] Year 1974 2025 Total precipitation 400 400 ( a) Immediate Evaporation 70 70 (b) Run oflf to surface water bodies 115 115 ( c) Parcolation into the soil 215 215 Water Utilization of which, ground water 13 35 contributes surface flows Surface flows 25 70 Source : The Second Citizen's Report, Centre for Science and Environment (1984-85).

35 State-wise ground water resources in India :

Statewise ground water resources and irrigation potential of India have

been shown in the following Table

Table (3.2) SHOWING STATE WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCES AND I RRIG^LTIO N POTE][VTIA l.IN D «)IA Total Ubbsable Bdanoe Available Ulilisable Keplenisha Provision Ground Gronnd Levdof Vaght ground Gross Irrigation ble Ground for Water Water Ground ed Water Estunated Potential State Un Watei Domestic Resource Net Draft ResooToe Water A\erag Q Resource on PtoTat3 for for for Fntore Devdo eData for B&sis Devdopme Other Uses Imgation tn Use in net pment Ddta Iraeatian nt Net Term- terms (m ha,m \r (m ha-m/yr (ni bA.ni \T) (ni ha.m \'r) (m bd.in NT] (m ba.m M (m ha.in/yi) (%) (m) (in ha.) ) ) W (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 0 047- 1 Andiua Pradesh 3 52916 0 52938 2 0997S 2 699KI 1 01318 0 70922 2 29056 23 64 3 96000 1472 Arunachal 2 014385 0 02158 012227 0 1100'< 012227 0 01800 Pradesh - - - - 3 AiSam 2 47192 0 37079 2 10113 1 89102 0 13455 0 09418 2 00695 448 1283 0 90000 0 40- 4 3 35213 0 50282 2 84931 2 564 39 0 78108 0 54676 2 30255 1919 4 947763 0 65 5 Goa 0 02182 0 00327 0 01865 0 01670 0 00210 0 00164 0 01701 «30 0 570 0 02020 0 45- 6 fluiral 2 03707 0 30565 1 73202 1 55881 102431 0 71702 1 01500 4145 2 75590 0 714 0 385- 7 Hanaru 0 85276 012792 0 724M 0 65236 0 86853 0 60798 0 11686 83 88 146170 08 Hiniachal R 0 03660 0 00731 0 02929 0 02637 0 00757 0 00530 0 02300 18 10 0 385 0 00850 Pradesh Janiniu &, 0 385- 9 0 0*4257 0 06639 0 37618 0 33858 0 00713 0 00500 037118 133 0 70795 Kaslinw 06 0 18- 10 Kamataka 1 16857 0 24279 137578 123821 0 61443 043010 0 94568 3126 2 57281 0 74 0 53- 11 0 79003 0 13135 0 65868 0 59281 0 14374 0 10062 0 55806 15 28 0 87925 0 88 Madh\*a 12 5 08892 0 76332 4 32560 3 89298 1 10866 0 71312 3 61249 16 49 0400 9 73249 Pradesh 0 43- 13 Maharasthra 3 78673 123972 2M701 2 29231 1 10576 0 77403 1 77298 30 39 3 65197 1281 14 031S4O 0 04730 0 26810 0 24129 NEC NEG 0 26810 NEG 0 650 0 36900 1< Meghala\'a 0 05397 0 00810 0 04587 0 04128 0 00260 0 00182 0 04405 NEG 0 650 0 06351 IC NOT ASSES SED r Hagaland 0 07240 0 01090 0 06150 0 0553^ NEG NEG 0 06150 NEG - 034- IK Orissa 2 00014 0 30002 170012 1 53009 0 20447 0 14343 155699 842 420258 044 19 Puniab 1 86550 0 18652 1 67898 1 51109 2 25109 1 57576 0 10322 93 85 0 518 2 91815 0 457- 20 Raiasthan 1 27076 0 19945 107131 0 96418 0 77483 0 54238 0 52893 50 63 1 77783 06 21 Sikkuu NOT ASSES SED 0 37- 22 Tanul Nadu 2 63912 039586 2 24236 2 01892 1 93683 1 35578 0 88748 6044 2 83205 0 93 23 Tnpun 0 06634 0 00995 0 05639 0 05076 0 02692 0 01883 0 03754 3343 0 630 0 8056 0 20- 24 UtUr Pradesh 8 38210 1:25743 7 12467 6 41233 3 83364 2 68354 444113 37 67 16 79896 0 50 0 33- 25 2 30923 0 34642 1 96281 1 76653 0 67794 047452 148829 24 18 3 31794 0 75 Total Sutes 43 14769 7 07414 36 07355 32 46621 16 42936 11 50055 24 57300 3188 - 64 04513 1 Source India 2001, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi

36 1. Col. 5 = Ground Water Resource - Provision of Domestic,

Industrial & Other Uses (Col. 3 - Col. 4)

2. Col. 6 = 90% of Column 5.

3. Col. 7 = Gross draft is the total withdrawl from Ground Water

Resource for Irrigation.

4. Col. 8 = 70% of Gross draft (bulk of the losses return back to the

Ground Water Reservoir).

5. Col. 9 = Col. 5 - col. 8 in net terms

6. Col. 10 = Level of Ground Water Development (col. 8 / col. 5) x 100.

7. Col. 12 = Utilisable Ground Water Resource for Irrigation /

Weighted Average Delta (col. 6 / col. 11). (This is 90% of

ultimate irrigation potential which was computed as per

available ground water resource for irrigation and limited it

as per the land availability). Utilisable rrigation potential

has been kept as 90% of the ultimate irrigation potential

which is reasonable in view of the following.

37 1 To ensure sustainable development, the level of

extraction has to be kept at a level reasonably lower

than the ultimate availability

2 To maintain nver ecology, minimum flows have to be

ensured by lirmting extraction of ground water, which

contnbutes to the lean season flows in the nvers

Above noted table reveals state wise ground water resources and imgation potential m India It is observed that totals replemshable ground water resources of

India are 43 14769 m ha m/yr out of which 7 07414 m ha m/yr has been provided for domestic, mdustnal and other uses and 36 07355 mha/yr is available for imgation Utilizable ground water resources for imgation m net term, are

32 46621 m ha m/yr Gross draft i e total with drawl from ground water resources for imgation is 16 42936 m ha m/yr and net draft i e 70% of gross draft has been estimated to be 11 50055 m ha m/yr Balance ground water resources for future use is net terms is 24 57300 m ha m/yr Level of ground water development i e Net

Draft X 100 / available ground water for imgation is 31 88 per cent and utilizable imgation potential for development is 64 04513 h ha A close review of the table further indicates that Uttar Pradesh is the wettest state of India and sustaimbility and development of water resources in U P is the main theme of the research project The other wettest states consist of , Maharasthra, Andhra

Pradesh and Bihar 38 Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Five Years Plans

The provision of safe drinking water to the Indian masses has been of greater significance since the inception of economic planning. This is a basic requirement of human and animal Uves and without this no improvement in the hving standards of Indian society can take place. Despite of concentrated efforts during the successive five year plans towards the provision of safe drinking water to every segment of Indian population, much is still required to be done. In this task, the active cooperation of the general public, Non-govemment organization

(NGOs), economists, social scientists, scientists and engineers is vitally needed. In the following pages, an attempt has been made to evaluate the sustainable development of water resources in India during successive five year plans. More specifically, rural and urban water supply during five year plans has been thoroughly examined.

Sustainability and development of Water Resources in India during First Five Year Plan (1951-55) :

During first plan period, water supply and drainage works under the public health plan comprised mostly measures for improving drinking water supply in urban and rural areas with a provision of Rs. 12.12 and Rs. 11.37 crores respectively. A sum of Rs. 6 crores was provided as grant for rural water supply schemes. However the schemes included in this plan did not make satisfactory progress due to shortage of mankinds, inadequate infrastructural facilities and absence of adequate public health engineering staff in the states to implement the 39 scheme whereas all the states aimed at providing simple types of safe water supply for almost all villages within a certain period. In Madras, for example, a special fund was created with an initial contribution of Rs. one crore for the development of rural water supply for almost all villages within a certain period. The fund was supplemented by a grant of Rs. 15 lakhs annually.

Expenditure on Public Health :

The following table shows the expenditure on different categories of pubhc

health schemes, undertaken by the central and states governments in India during

first five year plan (excluding Jammu and Kashmir)

Table (3,3) Showing Expenditure on different categories of Public Health and India during the First Five Year Plan (Rs. In lakhs) Annual Categories 1950-51 5 Years(total) average Administration 15.6 210.8 42.2 Education 1.0 130.7 26.1 Water Supply and 270.5 2334.4 466.9 Drainage Anti Malaria 45.4 1715.2 343.0 Other Schemes 35.5 672.5 134.5 Total 268.0 5063.6 1012.7 Source : First Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Govt, of India, New Delhi, P. 35.

It could be observed from above table that the First Plan prescribed the bulk of the expenditure was incurred on water supply and drainage. Out of the total expenditure of Rs. 5063.6 lakhs for public health schemes in the five years of the plan, Rs. 2334.2 lakhs were allocated for water supply and drainage which is about half of the total expenditure.

40 Sustainability and Development of Water Resource in India during Second Five Year Plan (1956-61):

During second plan period, once again special attention was paid to development of water resources in India, Total allocation during the plan was more than three times of first five year plan. The second plan made a provision of

Rs. 53 crores for urban water supply and sanitation. Rs. 28 crores for rural water supply and a special provision of Rs. 10 crores was made for urban areas which have corporations.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)

Drinking water supply became an important component of the amenity scheme of the community development programme during the third five year plan.

During this period, special investigation divisions were established in most of the states to make an assessment of the water supply situation especially in the areas of acute scarcity and those endemic to water borne diseases under central scheme.

Data collected through the special investigation divisions indicates that about two third of the rural population lived in areas where it was easy to provide safe drinking water from local sources like wells. The remaining one third lived in such villages which suffered from the scarcity of water and where engineering

41 skills, additional financial outlays and time consuming work was called for the improvement in the existing situation. The following are such categories of people.

i) Who do not have an assured source of drinking water within a

reasonable distance of say 1.6 kms.

ii) Who are endemic to diseases like Cholera, Guinea work etc.,

and

iii) For whom the available water has an excess of salinity, iron,

flourines and other toxic elements which are harmful to

health.

The first category was defined as scarcity and difficult villages and the other two as problem villages. During the Third Five Year Plan a sum of Rs. 89 crores was provided for urban water supply and provision of Rs. 67 crores was made for rural water supply. This includes Rs. 35 crores for the villages water supply programme. Further, a sum of about Rs. 16 crores under the plans of the states under health, about Rs. 4 crores under the programme for the community development programme were made available. The major part of the amounts provided for the village water supply programme were intended to be available for

42 backward areas, as well as for areas not covered by community development programme.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during the Annual Plans :

During the year 1966-69, Planning Commission declared plan holiday and instead of Five Year Plans, three Annual Plans were formulated during which 529 new urban water supply and sanitation schemes were taken up at a cost of Rs. 135 crores. Similarly 1765 rural water supply schemes at a cost of Rs. 27 crores were completed during the same period like wise 478 new schemes in 6000 villages were taken up at an estimated cost of Rs. 21 crores. In addition to that 150 schemes were also taken up at a cost of about Rs. 39 crores. It indicates that despite of absence of a Five Year Plan, the sustainability and development of water resources in India could not be contained. It remained continued and made almost same progress as during earlier three five year plans.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) :

The Fourth Five Year Plan was implemented after a plan holiday of three years in 1969. As against the approved outlay of Rs. 276 crores in the Fourth Plan for urban water supply and sewage schemes, the expenditure was expected to be of the order of Rs. 280 crores. In addition, the programmes were supplemented by

43 Lie loans and market borrowings to the extent of Rs. 100 crores stock nearly 200

spillover and 487 new schemes of water supply were undertaken during the fourth plan at a total expenditure of Rs. 350 crores. The remaining sum of Rs. 30 crores was likely to be incurred on sewerage schemes in 40 towns.

During the fourth plan period, rural areas were also accorded equal preference in term of development of water resources and provision of safe and fresh water supply. A total of 1.53 lakhs villages in the country were identified as being without a safe and assured source of drinking water in the year 1971-72. Of these 90,000 villages were classified as scarcity and difficult villages and 62,000 as health population villages. The approved outlay for rural water supply and sanitation schemes to all the States and Union Territories was Rs. 125 crores, while Rs. 162 crores was actually estimated. Central assistance was extended to the states under two additional schemes, viz. the scheme for setting up special investigation divisions to survey and investigate the problem of difficult villages; and the scheme for setting up design and planning cells for formulation of projects. The assistance for the above noted two schemes was of the order of Rs.

3.5 crores and Rs. 83 lakhs respectively. As a result of the efforts made during the fourth plan and the earlier plans, nearly 36000 difficult villages with a population of nearly 21.6 million have been provided with a water supply which was a dream for the people of such villages.

44 Sustanibility and Development of Water Resources in India during Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79) :

During the Fifth Five Year Plan, the programme of drinking water supply gained a considerable momentum and formed an integral part of the National

Programme of Minimum Needs. The total outlay for the water supply and sanitation in the Fifth Plan was as follows :

45 Table (3.4) Showing outlays for Water Supply and Sanitation in India during Fifth Five Year Plan (Rs. In crores) Sector Outlay State and Union Territory Plan: Rural water supply and Sanitation of 382.24 which Minimum Need Programme Urban Water Supply and Sanitation 539.17 Total State Plan 921.41 Central Plan: Central sponsored projects including Accelerated Rural Water Supply 110.27 Programme Total Central Plan 110.27 Grand Total 1030.68 Source : Fifth Five Year Plan India, New Delhi, p. 264.

The data set out in the above noted table show that during the Fifth Five

Year plan, an amount of Rs. 382.24 crores has been allocated for rural water supply and sanction of which Rs. 329.27 crores were allocated for National

Minimum Need Programme. During the Fifth Five Year, it has been proposed to provide water supply to the remaining 1.16 lakhs villages identified as "no source" or problem villages which will benefit to about 61 miUion population. A total

46 provision of Rs. 539.17 crores has been made for urban water supply and sanitation in the plans of states and union territories.

Proposed out lay for Metropolitan Cities During Fifth Five Year Plan :

The following table shows the proposed outlay for water supply in the Five

Metropolitan cities.

Table (3.5) Showing outlay on Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for major projects in Metropolitan cities during Fifth Five Year Plan (Rs. in crores) S. NO. Projects Outiays 1. Bombay Water Supply and Sanitation 92.50 2. Delhi Water supph' and Sanitation 60.00 3. Madras water supply and Sanitation 27.50 4. Bangalore Water supply 15.00 5. Hyderabad Water supply 11.65 Total 210.65 Source : Sixth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Govt, of India, New Delhi, p.265.

It is revealed from the above mentioned table that out of the total allocated amount of Rs. 210.65 crores, Rs. 92.50 crores was allocated for Bombay City followed by Delhi (Rs. 60.00 crores), Madras (Rs. 27.50 crores). Bangalore Rs.

15.00 crores and Hyderabad Rs. 11.61 crores.

47 Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Sixth Five Year Plan:

In the sixth plan period the concerted efforts were made to cover all the problems villages except in certain difficult areas in the hill and desert regions where, because of physical constraints, the programme could take a longer period of time. The approach in all the areas was to provide atleast drinking water in all the villages. The results achieved were truly impressive as 1.92 lakhs villages out of the total number of 2.31 lakhs identified problem villages, as well as 47,000 other villages were provided with water supply during the Sixth Five Year Plan.

Despite the resources constraint, the Sixth Plan provided for a substantial outlay for water supply and sanitation amounting to Rs. 3,922.30 crores, out of which Rs.

3,307.08 crores were for the state plan and Rs. 614.22 crores were for the central plan. In state sector, high priority was accorded to the provision of drinking water for rural population under the Minimum Need Programme. An outlay of Rs.

1407.11 crores in the state sector under Minimum Needs Programme was provided. In the central sector Rs. 600 crores were provided under Accelerated

Rural Water Supply (see table 7).

48 Table (3.6) Showing Outlay for Water Supply and Sani tation during Sixth Five Year Plan Rs. in crores) Sixth Plan SNo. Scheme 1980-85 I. J State / Union Territory Plans i) Rural Water supply «& sanitation of which 1554.24 minimum Need Programme (1407.11) ii) Urban water supply and sanitation 1753.56 Total State Plan 3307.80 2. Central Plan a) Central Sector i) Prevention and Control of water & air 12.00 pollution ii) Other programmes 2.22 b) Centrally sponsored schemes i) Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme 600.00 ii) Other Programmes - Total Central Plan 614.22 Grand Total 3922.02 Source : Sixth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Govt, of hidia. New Delhi, p. 401.

Sustainability and Development Of Water Resources in India during Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90):

Keeping in view the objectives of the International Water Supply and

Sanitation Decade (1981-90), the Seventh Five Year Plan provided adequate

drinking water facilities for the entire population both in urban as well as in rural

areas of the country. With the increasing awareness of the vital importance of the provision of potable water to all citizens in the rural areas, rural water supply was included in the Minimum Need Programme in the Fifth Five Year Plan and in the 49 revised 20 point programme in the Sixth Plan. The seventh Five Year Plan provided an outlay of Rs. 6,522.47 crores, of which Rs. 5,285.64 crores were for the water supply and sanitation programme in the state sector which comes to 3.62

percent of the total plan outlay. This shows greater emphasis in respect of rural water supply. The detailed outlay of Seventh Plan is stated in table No. 3.7.

Table (3.7) Showing Outlay for Water Supply and Sanitation in India during Seventh Five Year Plan :

Seventh Plan 1985-90 S. No. Schemes Outlay (Rs. in crores) 2350.00 States / UTs Plan i) Rural Water Supply and sanitation of which MNP 1. ii) Urban water supply and sanitation 2915.64

Total 5265.64 Central Plan i) Centrally sponsored accelerated rural water supply programme 1201.22 (ARP) 2. ii) Other Programme 15.61

Total 1216.83 Grand Total 6522.47 Source: Seventh Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Govt, of India, New Delhi, p. 302.

50 Water Resources Development in India during Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) :

The approach to the water supply and sanitation sector has taken into account

the following guidelines given in the New Delhi declaration, which was adopted

by the U.N. General Assembly in December 1990.

a) Protection of environment and safeguarding of health through the

integrated management of water resources and liquid and solid wastes :

b) Organisational reforms, promoting an integrated approach and including

changes in procedures, attitudes and behaviour and the full participation

of women at all levels.

c) Community management of services, backed by measures to strengthen

local institutions in implementing and sustaining water and sanitation

programmes.

d) Sound financial practices, achieved through better management of

existing assets and extensive use of appropriate technologies.

Objectives in Eighth Plan :

For sustainability and development of water resources in India, based on the perceptions gained from an analysis of the performance of the water supply and sanitation sector in the past and the overall approach and strategies adopted in

51 New Delhi Declaration, the following objectives had been visualized for the next five years.

Urban :

i) Extend safe drinking water facilities to the remaining urban population,

so as to achieve the goal of 100% coverage of population by the turn of

the century,

ii) Provide a special thrust to drinking water supply in small towns with

population upto 20,000 and evolve scheme with appropriate financial

support to initiate efforts towards the goal of 100% coverage of

population by turn of the centur\.

Rural:

i) Highest priority to be given to ensure that the remaining about 3000 'No

Source' problem villages in some states are provided with sustainable

and stipulated supply of drinking water by March 1993.

ii) To ensure safe drinking water facilities to all the partially covered

villages having a supply level of less than 40 litres per capita per day (1

pcd) numbering about 1.5 lakh including hamlets,

iii) Ensure that SC/ST population and other poor / weaker section are

covered fiiUy on a priority basis :

iv) The stipulated norms of supply would be 40 litres (Ipcd) of safe

drinking water within a walking distance of 1.6 kms or elevation

52 difference of 100 metres in hilly areas, to be relaxed as per field

conditions applicable to arid, semi arid and hilly areas. Atleast one hand

pump spot source for every 250 persons to be provided. Additional 30 1

pcd in DDP/DPAP areas for cattle to be provided :

v) Achieve coverage of about 5 per cent of rural population (cumulative)

with their full involvement with sanitation facilities by the end of the

eighth plan.

Thrust And Strategies during Eighth Five Year Plan :

Based on the experience gained in the recent years and taking note of the issues which have emerged, strategies have plan thrust have been evolved to cope with the challenges. With regard to operation and maintenance, the following aspects need to be emphasized.

i) Water has to be managed as a commodity in exactly the same way as

any other resources;

ii) Supply of water to consumers should normally be based on the principle

of effective demand which should broadly correspond to the standard of

service, that the users are willing to maintain, operate and finance,

iii) To ensure that in urban areas, Mimicipalities / Lx)cal bodies are free to

levy and raise appropriate user charges for drinking water and sanitation

facilities in order to strenghthen the financial position of the urban local

53 bodies / Municipalities whereby at least the operation and maintenance

costs, if not further development, become self sustaining,

iv) In rural areas, water tariff may not be feasible in all places. However,

wherever house service connection are given, it is suggested that

appropriate water tariff is levied and realized whereby operation and

maintenance becomes self sustaining to the possible extent,

v) Private Sector efforts for construction and maintenance of drinking

water projects should be encouraged and mobilized to the maximum

feasible extent,

vi) Local bodies, whether in rural or urban areas, should be made

responsible for the operation and maintenance of the system installed

with technical guidance from government agencies,

vii) Appropriate links should be formed between water supply and

environmental sanitation (solid and liquid waste management) in the

planning of new programmes.

Envisaged Physical Achievements :

The physical coverage expected to be achieved by the end of the Eighth

Five Year Plan is shown in the table given below:

54 Table (3.8) Showing Physical Achievement at the end of Eight Five Year Plan Expected Expected Envisaged Cover coverage cumulative Sub-sector age as on 31.3.1992 during eighth coverage at the end plan of eighth plan

Population % Population Population % Rural Water 486.11 78.40 188.69 674.80 100.00 Supply Rural 16.96 2.73 16.80 33.76 005.00 Sanitation Urban Water 185.67 84.90 65.00 250..67 094.03 Supply Urban 104.76 47.90 80.00 184.76 069.31 Sanitation Source Eighth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, p. 384.

A ^?i

., I nl-. ^

55 Table No. (3.9) Showing Scheme-wise Outlay / Anticipated Expenditure in India during Seventh Plan (1985-90) and Outlay for Eighth Plan (1992-97) (Rs. In crores)

Plan

Rural

Centrally sponsored Accelerated 1202.52 1890.87 5100.00 Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) including National Drinking Water Mission

Centrally Sponsored Rural 4,205 15.585 380.00 Sanitation Programme (CRSP)

Urban

Centrally sponsored low cost sanitation for liberation / 0.00 1.82 150.00 Rehabilitation of scavengers

Source : Eighth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, NewDelhi, p. 385.

Due to constraints of resources and other competing demands, the Eighth

Plan provided an outlay of Rs. 1611.03 crores, of which Rs. 10743.03 crores was

under state / UT plans and Rs. 5968.00 crores under central plan for water supply

and sanitation proramme. This works out to 3.85 percent of the total public sector outlays. This includes loan assistance from LIC as well as external assistance

from World Bank and bilateral agencies. It is envisaged that sizeable amount of 56 funds will be mobilized outside plan from the local bodies, the beneficiaries,

NGOs, financing institutions like HUDCO etc. particularly for urban sub sector in order to achieve the Eighth Plan target.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India during Ninth Plan period (1997-2002) :

The Ninth Five Year Plan envisages provision of potable drinking water to every settlement in the coimtry and all possible measures for rapid expansion and improvement of sanitation facilities in urban as well as rural areas. This would be achieved through an appropriate mix of Central and States investments, institutional finance, strengthening of operation and maintenance system and more importantly by the involvement of communities at various stages of planning, implementation operation and maintenance. Though provision of safe drinking water and sanitation is the primary responsibility of State Governments and more specifically of the local bodies, Central Government has been supplementing these efforts by financial and technological inputs through four Centrally Sponsored

Schemes; Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, Accelerated Urban Water

Supply Programme for small Towns below 20,000 population as per 1991 census.

Rural Sanitation Programme and Urban Low cost sanitation for Liberation of

Scavengers.

57 Performance during first three years of Ninth Five Year Plan :

The Ninth Plan outlay for water supply and sanitation sector is

Rs. 39, 538 crore i.e. Rs. 30,024 crore under State and UT (Union Territory) Plans and Rs. 9,514 crore under Central Plan. Against this, the likely expenditure during the first three years has been indicated as 51.39 % in nominal terms and 45.40 % in real terms as shown in the Table (3.10) below.

Table (3.10) Showing the Expenditure on Water Resources during the first 3 years of Ninth Plan (Rs. m crore) Ninth Likely Outlay Total for First three Percentage of Plan Expenditure for years (1997-2000) Ninth Plan Outlay During first 1999- outlay two years 2000 (1997-99) In hi real hi hi Nominal terms Nominal real terms terms terms State/UT 30024 9207.10 5809.94 15017.04 13263.37 50.02 44.18 Plans Central Plan 9514 3258.46 2044.95 5303.41 4687.86 55.74 49.27 Total 39538 12465.56 7854.89 20320.45 17951.23 51.39 45.40 Source: Mid - Term Appraisal , >J inth Plan , Plaimin s Commission . Government of India, New Delhi.

58 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation :

After having a discussion on sustainable development of water resources

during five year plans, now specific analysis of various efforts made for urban and

rural water supply is being done to have an indepth idea of actual progress made

during Five Year Plans. Urban water supply and sanitation have remained an

important area of concern and allocation of fiinds is being made from the First

Plan. The outlay for Urban Water Supply and Sanitation, which was Rs. 43

crores in the begirming, increased to Rs. 550 crore by the fifth Plan. However,

despite a rapid increase in the urban population, there was a gradual shift in

priority from Urban to Rural Sector from the Sixth Plan onwards. The percentage

share of the sector out of the total public sector outlay only showed a marginal

increase from 1.28 % to 1.38% between the First Plan and the Eighth Plan. In the

Ninth Plan, this dramatically improved to 2.17 %.

In the absence of any regular / periodical monitoring arrangements, it has not been possible to ascertain, with accuracy, the factual population coverage of these facilities in urban areas. However, by the end of Seventh Plan, the reported coverage with regards to potable drinking water and sanitation was at he level of

84% and 48% respectively. At the beginning of Ninth Plan, the reported level stood at 90% and 49% respectively. However, the service levels of water supply in most cities and towns are far below the desired norms and - in some cases

59 particularly the smaller towns - even below the rural norms. The coverage figures are based on average supply level and therefore do not truly reflect inter state and regional disparities within the states and even within the city itself. The poors, particularly those living in slums and squatter settlement, are generally deprived of basic facilities. Similarly though about 49% of urban population had provision of sanitary excreta disposal facilities, only 28% had sewerage system and the balance

21 % used only low cost sanitation facility. Even where sewerage system existed, the facilities are partial and without adequate treatment, in the case of the solid waste disposal, only about 60% of the generated waste is collected and disposed of - just half of it disposed of sanitarily. Separate arrangements are generally non existent for safe disposal of industrial hospital and other toxic and hazardous wastes.

Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (UWSS) :

India's UWSS Sector faces many problems and is currently bound by a vicious circle of circumstances. Notably :

• Many UWSS providers are not financially viable nor can maintain services

without extensive subsidies.

• Existing UWSS services fall short of ftill coverage of population and are

often of low quality due to insufficient ftmding of Operation and

Maintenance. Sanitation services, in particular, are generally inadequate

60 and access to acceptable UWSS services is extremely limited for the poor

communities, and

• Environmental degradation - the resource as it is currently used - is

increasingly insufficient and over exploited.

These problems arise because most UWSS managers lack the necessary management skills, autonomy and accountability for their performance. The improvement in service provisions will help cut through the 'Vicious Circle' of problems with resultant deterioration of sector assets and be a stepping stone to the creation of the 'Vicious Circle' thus helping to establish a sustainable UWSS sector for the future. The ongoing Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme

(AUWSP) is for small towns with population less than 20,000 (as per 1991 census) up to 31.3.2000. Under it, 438 towns - including 216 during the Ninth plan - have been approved at an estimated cost of Rs. 499.66 crore, of this, Rs.

201.57 crore has been released so far including Rs. 132.95 crore during the Ninth

Plan. In all, 104 schemes have been commissioned. While reviewing the progress, the Ministry of Urban Development was in agreement with the Planning

Commission in concluding that the following issues / problems stood in the way of effective implementation of the programme :

• Changing priority list by the State Government.

• Non submission / delay in submission of DPRs (Detailed Project

Reporters).

61 • DPRS prepared by States without observing the prescribed guidelines./

• Delay in according administrative approval by the State Governments to

sanctioned schemes.

• Non release / delay in providing matching state share/Non submission

of progress report. Non submission of utilization certificate.

• Physical / financial constraint in project implementation.

• Non completion of sanctioned schemes for many years.

• No advance action taken for land acquisition by the States.

Recommended Strategy on improving the system of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation : The key elements of the strategy are : • Democratic decentralization through municipalization of responsibility for UWSS service, including promoting inter municipal coordination and an enhanced role for civil society associations. • Commercialisation and private participation in service provisions, both for municipal and multimunicipal schemes. • Market oriented financial systems, including developing of direct access to capital markets through bond issues, new forms of financial intermediation and leveraging public resources.

Issues and Policy Implications :

Main issues and policy implications are :

62 i) As a follow up to 73"^ and 74* Constitutional amendments, most states

are likely to entrust the responsibilities of operation and maintenance of

urban and rural water supply system to local bodies and villages

Panchayats. Therefore, it would be necessary for the State Finance

Commissions to lay down the norms and other financial implications,

assess requirements of funds and also make suitable recommendations

for provision of finances by category of towns and villages. ii) Areas of concern in operation and maintenance of water supply include

paucity to funds, non availability of adequate trained manpower and

over centralization. Percentage of revenue generation to O & M cost in

cities of Calcutta, Nagpur, Pune, Ludhiana, and (in

March 1998) was 14,48,49, 40, 50 and 78 respectively. Even m Delhi,

the national capital city, the revenue generation was only about 26% of

the production cost in 1997-98, though this has improved to 43% in

1999-2000. Cost of 1 kilo litre of treated water in Delhi is roughly Rs.

4.61 whereas the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) is charging roughly Rs. 1.99 on

an average, that too afl:er almost doubling the rates recently. There are

also some good examples where revenue generation is more than 100%

e.g. Hyderabad (230). Mumbai (268) and Chennai (184). In view of

inadequacy of fiinds, it is increasingly becoming important that water

supply and sanitation be recognized as utility services and local bodies

63 be given greater autonomy for determining the tariff through automatic

annual increase to cover the cost. It would greatly help if the tariff

fixation is based on average incremental cost including operation and

maintenance cost, depreciation charges, debt dues etc. Even though

subsidy is provided. It should be transparent and better targetting

should be done to meet basic minimum requirements of the poor.

Efforts should however, be carried out to ensure reduction in 0 & M

cost by effecting savings on manpower and energy consumption,

reduction in unaccounted for water as also improvement in the system

of billing and collection. Even in areas like sewerage , there is no direct

sewerage tax and this should be collected as part of property tax. For

better realization, some cities are being encouraged to consider charging

direct sewerage tax. iii) In view of huge requirement of funds for urban water supply and

sanitation as also constraint on Government's resources and other

competing demands, it is imperative that larger reliance is placed on

institutional financing . More innovative and broad based approach is

called for the finance and manage urban water supply and sanitation

facilities - implying a shift from exclusive dependence on budgetary

support to resource mobilization through institutional finance / market

borrowing, enhanced participation by private sector in activities which

64 can be performed more efficiently by them. Waste utilization as a

commercial activity may be promoted through finance cum subsidy

scheme. External support agencies have to play a still bigger role in

terms of financing and technology transfer, iv) India's average annual precipitation is nearly 4000 cubic kilo meter, a

part of which goes tov^^ards increasing the ground water storage, a part is

lost as evaporation and the balance flows as surface water. The average

volume flow in the river systems has been estimated to be 1880 cu. Km.

However, due to much lower storage capacity, the quantum of water

utilizable through surface source is about 690 cu. Km. Only. Similarly,

the quantum of ground water that can be estracted Economically from

the ground water aquaifiers every year has been estimated to be 450 cu.

Km. Thus on an average, 1140 cu. Km. of water may be reckoned as

available for exploitation compared to the quantity of utilizable water

resources of 1140 cu.km. the estimated demand in the year 2025 is of

the order of 1050 cu.km. Therefore, in absolute terms, there could be no

shortage of water in the country'. However, there are large variations in

rainfall fi^om region to region, season to season and year to year. The

spatial and temporal variations in precipitation have led to complex

situation such as the distinctly different monsoon and non monsoons,

the distinctly different monsoon and non monsoons, the high and low

65 rainfall areas and drought flood drought syndrome due to numerous

factors. As the overall demand in 2025 would be close to the total water

available, the National water Policy of Government of India stresses the

urgent need for conservation of water with the objective to foster

efficient utilization in all the diverse uses of water. The demand for

community water supply in urban as as well as in rural areas in 1990

was about 25 cu. Km. Which would increase to 33 cu. Km. in 2000 and

to 52 cu.km. in 2025 due to growth in population, as also due to

improved life style of the people. The National Water Policy has

accorded top priority to Drinking Water Supply in the allocation of

water resources for various beneficial uses. It is, therefore, very

necessary to make long term planning of water resources management

for a period of 30-40 years ahead by National and Provincial

Governments by preparing Water Resources Management Master Plans

and implementing the same effectively. v) In view of fast growing population, urbanization and industrialization

on one side and diminishing water resources on the other, it has become

imperative to conserve available water and harvest rain water to the

maximum extent possible. This could be done through various measures

like leak detection and rectification works, rain water harvesting,

controlling indiscriminate extraction of ground water and recharging of

66 aquifers. For assessing the unaccounted Water (theft, pilfeages, line and other losses), meters could be installed in the turn mains. In larger urban and particularly water stress areas, a system of roof top rain water harvesting should be made mandatory for urban development agencies / private colonizers. Percolation structures, wherever suited, should also be encouraged in open ground and road side, this would help recharge bore wells and can also provide water for uses like gardening, car washing etc, thus reducing load on fresh / treated water requirement. For road side percolation, it would be desirable not to make pucca pavement with cement / concrete / stones, but it can be filled up with pebbles and coarse sand to allow fast percolation. All these measures may reduce the frequency and intensity of floods. It may also improve the quality of ground water through dilution, especially for fluoride and nitrate. Some successful experimentation on rain water harvesting and percolation structures has been done in Jawaharlal Nehru University, IIT campus

Delhi and Rashtrapati Bhavan. In Chennai, various water conservation measures have been systematically taken up and the leakages level in the water supply system has been brought down from 30% to 5% ~ by all means a great achievement. Similarly there has been substantial improvement in average ground water level fluctuation in and around the city.

67 vi) Many experts claim that our three fourth of surface water resources are

polluted and 80% of pollution is created by sewage alone. It is estimated

that more than 12000 million litres per day (mid) of waste water is

generated in Class I cities and about 1300 mid in Class n towns,

whereas only about 20% and 2% respectively get primary or secondary

treatment before disposal. While many sewage treatments were based

on the established technology such as Activated Sludge Process.

Trickling Filter and oxidation pond, emphasis is now laid on low cost

treatment technologies which have been developed through R&D

efforts such as Land Treatment. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

(UASB) technology, use of raw sewage for afforestation based on

Kama] technology and using aquaculture. Emphasis is also laid on

resource recovery from effluents of the Sewage Treatment Plants to

minimize the cost of operation and maintenance and maximize the

revenue generation by use of treated sewage for irrigation and

aquaculture and sale of sludge for manure and bio gas generation for

producing electricity and domestic fuel. On an average a healthy person

discharges 100 to 400 grams of fecal mater and 1 to 1.31 kilogramme of

urine per day which has nitrogen, phosphate and potassium in sufficient

quantities in addition to organic mater. All these are essential for plant

growth and applied as chemical fertilizers in agriculture for better crop

68 yield. After treatment, sewage may be used for irrigation,. Aquaculture

and some industrial purposes. Raw sludge produced in the process, if it

is not further processed, creates another pollution problem because it is

foul smelling and houses many pathogens. Now it is realized that it is a

valuable resource. In this era of energy crisis, it is viewed as an

economic source of methane, a fuel. If all the sewage is put for

irrigation, it is assumed, about 82,000 tonnes of nitrogen and 24,000

tonnes of phosphorus input as chemical fertilizers may be saved. The

over supply of nutrient rich sludge and sewage is causing eutrophication

and premature aging of recipient water bodies. The concentration of

nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and organic matter in cities having

population of more than 50 thousands is 645, 148, 282 and 5377 tonnes

per day. Despite so much technological advancements, one is unable to

use this resource and as a result dumps about 1685 million rupees per

year in water courses. The value of water for irrigation is additional 490

million rupees. Some cess on fertilizers could therefore be considered

for fimding this activity.

Rural Water Supply

Despite good monsoons continuously for the last eleven years and high priority by the Central Government for the programme of augmenting the supply

69 of drinking water by way of fimds and attention, the problem of potable drinking water has remained unresolved and in fact is becoming more serious every year.

Although the Ministry of Rural Development claims more than 95% coverage independent reports show scarcity of drinking water in about half of the villages of

India. What is even more distressing is that this gap has been increasing over the years, despite heavy investment.

In 1972, surveys revealed that out of a total of 5,80,000 revenue villages there were 1,50,000 drinking water problem villages in India. By 1980, some

94,000 villages were covered by Government and 56,000 were left uncovered.

But the 1980 survey put the number of problem villages actually at 2,31,000, and not merely 56,000. By 1985, all but 39,000 villages were covered but the new survey showed 1,61,722 problems villages. Again, by 1994, they were all covered leaving only 70 uncovered villages but the 1994 survey revealed 1,40,975 problem habitations. This time the number included both revenue villages as well as hamlets (the total of which is about 14 lakhs, henceforth called habitations).

Since 1994, state governments, with the help of funds from Government of

India, have again provided clean water to almost all the habitations or would do so by the end of 1999-2000, with only 5% more to be covered by 2001-02, but surveys hardly support this optimistic picture and on the other hand indicate acute

70 hardship and quality problems in about half of the habitations. Why this extraordinary discrepancy between government records and reality.

At the beginning of the Ninth Plan, there were about 0.85 lakh "Not

Covered" (NC), 3.91 lakh "Partially Covered" (PC) and 1.40 lakh "Quality

Problem (QP) habitations. The Ninth Plan seeks to cover all the NC,PC and QP habitations with safe drinking water at the existing norms of 40 pcd, giving first priority to NC/PC (0-10 1 pcd) habitations. As per reports received from the States through Department of Drinking Water Supply, 0.62 lakh NC and 2.42 lakh PC habitations have been covered with water supply facilities during the first three years. This would have left a balance of 0.23 lakh NC and 1.49 lakh PC as on

1.4.2000. However, a s per the reconciled / updated figures now received from the

Statement Governments, the balance numbers as on 1.4.2000 are 0.26 lakh NC,

2.13 lakh PC and 2.17 lakh QP habitations. The National Agenda for Governance seeks to provide safe drinking water to all habitations within five years i.e. by

March 2004, A large number of surveys have been done since 1996 to check the validity of government figures as also to measure the level of public satisfaction.

The Plan Evaluation Organisation (PEO) studied, 87 villages in 29 districts of 16

States were studied by although in the selected villages, the number of people who had access to drinking water fi"om government sources had increased from 69% to

81% between 1986 and 1996, PEO came across serious problems even though the

71 definition of providing water was very liberal source need to be within 1.6 km.

One hand pump would be suffice for 250 persons and 40 litres a day per adult in a

habitation would be taken as fully covered.

Of the 29 districts studies, 19 reported the problem of fi-equent water

scarcity. Of the 87 villages 40% complamed of shortage during summer months

and 30% people reported that water supply was not dependable. There was frequent breakdown of power in case of piped water supply and damage in pipelines led to leakages and contamination; for Hand pumps quality of

construction was not satisfactory in 47% cases and there was frequent mechanical failure.

Agencies complained of untimely release of funds and shortage of staff there was embargo on recruitment in some States. For instance, 11 mechanics looked after 4,000 pumps in Bijnore (UP) in the entire district. Often lesting and maintenance are responsibilities of different departments, only in 27.6% cases routine maintenance activity of oiling etc. was undertaken. About 87% of the district reported breakdowns during the year, out of which only in 43% cases repairs were undertaken. Often spares were not available and funds were inadequate. Only in 12 out of 29 districts training was said to be imparted; although 12, 191 people were claimed to be trained, the PEO team did not find them in any of the 87 selected villages.

72 Local communities participated only in 20 out of 87 villages mostly in identifying suitable sites and contributing their labour, involvement in O & M. In

21% cases panchayats looked after O & M in 9% cases panchayats supervised and regulated water supply, only in 3 out of 87 villages water committee were formed.

A large percentage of people in rural areas suffer from water borne diseases like diarrhoea and cholera indicating use of unprotected / unhygienic drinking water sources. Even in those villages where quality was said to have improved after treatment, the incidence of water borne diseases had not come down. Reasons identified were:

• Platforms for hand pumps and pipelines were not well laid leading to

contamination of water;

• Drainage was not satisfactory ;

• Testing of water was not done;

• Dis-infection was not carried out; and

• People fell back to original contaminated source as water supply from new

source was not dependable;

No source villages reemerged because of depletion of groundwater, major

mechanical defects or water being contaminated leading to disuse. About 56%

of the no source villages were never covered under the schemes because they

were not approachable, they had peculiar topography, or were new habitations.

In many districts water table had gone down by 15 metres to 20 meters,

73 increasing the problem of scarcity as well as quality. Programmes leading to

charging of aquifers through water harvesting were needed, but these measures

required inter departmental coordination that was lacking. Legislation was

needed to ban over exploitation for irrigation.

Study for 74 Districts in 1998 :

A study of 74 districts in 1998 was conducted to evaluate the development

of water resources. The following are the main jBndings of the study.

• 59% people felt supply was inadequate;

• 12% households said that the qualify of water was not potable

• 98% households reported that there was no regular quality testing of

drinking water sources;

• 20% sources non functional at any time;

• Of these, half have minor defects;

• 35% defects remain unattended for more than a month ;

• 83% people had never met a water official; and

• 54% villages willing to pay for water.

The National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) carried out a deailed survey of 1765 villages spread over 195 districts between January and May 1994. The survey concluded that about one half of all villages in India do not have any source of protected drinking water. Of the other villages 17%

74 reported pipe water as the dominant source of drinking water, another 18% villages were using hand pumps and 13% had other sources of protected water.

The assessment of the NCAER is in sharp contrast to the official claims that in

1994 more than 80% villages were receiving adequate supply of potable water.

Since these studies indicated large discrepancy between Government records and the ground reality, the mater was taken up by the Planning

Commission with the Department of Drinking Water Supply. The Department clarified that their records in respect of coverage are maintained on the basis nationwide habitation survey conducted through State Governments in 1991, revalidated in 1994, updated in 1996-97 and the subsequent coverage intimated by the State Governments. The Department is of the view that for the purpose of collecting and compiling information the State Governments are the most appropriate source of data and there should be no reason to doubt the information furnished by them. They are also of the view that though these studies are helpful in giving a broad feedback on the implementation of the scheme, it would not be appropriate to generalize the findings and draw conclusions from them because the samples taken for these studies were rather small in size. They also clarified that the information furnished by the State Governments was based on 1991 census and 1991 survey whereas the population since then has increased leading to emergence of new habitations. New habitations also emerge due to natural

75 disasters like earth-quakes, floods, cyclones etc. This, together with the non- sustainability of sources and systems due to variety to reasons, may cause re- emergence of un-covered/partially covered/quality problem habitations negating the efforts of the Government initiative. In the existing monitoring arrangement, such negative coverage is not being accounted for. The Planning Commission has also taken up this issue with the Department of Drinking Water Supply and suggested appropriate modifications in the present monitoring formats to remove anomaly in the reporting system.

What needs to be done ?

To sum up, the number of problem habitations has not declined over the years although around 90,000 habitations (out of a total number of 14 lakh habitations in the country) are claimed to be covered every year. The reason for re- emergence of uncovered villages are :

• Fast depletion of groundwater level, which also increases incidence

of quality problems of Arsenic and Flouride.

• Sources go dry and defunct due to deforestation and lack of

protection.

• Heavy emphasis on new construction and little attention to

maintenance.

• Poor quality of construction.

76 • Non involvement of people in design as well as operations and

maintenance.

• No recharging efforts undertaken particularly due to lack of inter

departmental coordination.

• Neglect of traditional water management strategies.

• It is obvious that the past strategy of pumping money into this sector

without looking at policy and institutional issues is not going to

work what we require is :

• Restrictions on withdrawal of groundwater.

• People's control over management of water supply schemes.

• Water to be managed as an economic asset rather than a free

commodity.

• Increased attention towards recharge of groundwater through

afforestation and watershed development programmes.

Ground Water Development and Related Issues :

Almost 90% of the drinking water needs are met from groundwater

although only 5% of total groundwater extraction is needed for domestic water

supply. Irrigation accounts for 90% of all groundwater extraction whereas industry takes the balance 5%. The rapid development in groundwater based irrigation in many States has caused groundwater depletion, because of which the Aans '^Sflcf f^^ 77 V- - - - -^ '^r^ life of drinking water supply source becomes short. Highly subsidized irrigation electricity tariffs have led to an indiscriminate and disproportionate level of groundwater extraction. Although significant areas in States, such as Punjab,

Haryana, Gujarat, Kamataka, , Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar

Pradesh (in all 144 districts in 10 states) have been declared dark and grey zones, there has been no let up in the depletion of groundwater aquifers. Recently it has been noticed that groundwater depletion has aggravated water quality problems due to excess fluoride, arsenic and backishness, in certain areas, forcing the Public

Health Engineering Departments to abandon low cost hand pump based systems and undertake low cost hand pump based systems and undertake costly and complicated piped water supply schemes.

The need for regulating the extraction of groundwater arises from the following consideration.

• Protection of resource against over exploitation

• Protection of resource against quality degradation

• To ensure social equity and guarantee minimum provision to all

sections of society.

In view of the above and to regulate and develop groundwater resources in a scientific manner, a Model Bill was framed by the Central Government in 1970 and it was circulated to the States. Based on the experiences in the past two decades, the Bill was revised and circulated to States in 1992. The Bill was yet

78 again revised and circulated to States in 1996. The status of the legislation in various States was recently reviewed and it was seen that except for Maharashtra, implementation of the legislation was not satisfactory. A meeting of State

Ministers held in August 1997 resolved against any strong legal measures of controlling groundwater discharge and cropping pattern. Instead they wanted to rely more on improving recharge and arresting run off through watershed programmes. Even such programmes are not very effective today for reasons already discussed.

External Assistance for Sustainability Development of Water Resources in India :

Sustainability and development of water resources in various regions of the country requires large financial investments, external assistance from different funding agencies is required to fill up the resource gap. World Bank continues to be the primary source of external assistance in this sector. The other donors are

European Economic Commission, OECF, Japan, Germany and the Netherlands

Government. During the period 1997-98 to March, 2000 an amount of Rs.2,386.53 crore has been received fi^om the World Bank. European Economic Community and other bilateral agencies and used in implementation of various externally aided projects in the water sector.

79 Regulation of Ground Water Extraction in India:

Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) was constituted by the

Government under the directions of the Supreme Court. The Authority was first set up for a period of one year which was later extended for five years on 13

January 1998 for purposes of regulation and control of ground water development and management. The initial approach of the Authority is to put a major thrust on educating the people on conservation and proper utilization of water. There is need to encourage involvement of masses through community participation in the regulation of ground water usage and its augmentation through artificial recharge.

Mass awareness programmes are to be launched on a large scale for achieving this goal. However, in areas where the situation is fast deteriorating, further stringent measures are to be adopted to check further depletion / pollution of the resources.

This may include declaration of such areas as "Notified Area', permission of

Authority for Installation of new bore wells in Notified Areas', prohibition on extraction of ground water for commercial purposes, etc. Central Ground Water

Authority declares areas of steady depletion of ground water and areas suffering from ground water contamination as "Notified Area' for the purposes of restricted usage of ground water.

Central Ground Water Authority registers persons / agencies engaged in the construction of wells. More than 900 drilling agencies have been registered so far on an All India basis. The Authority has tested water samples at different

80 locations through its mobile chemical laboratory to re-evaluate the quality of

ground water and to identify toxic elements. Groundwater management needs and

options vary between areas and change over time. Artificial recharge of acquifer

systems is gaining importance as one of the strategies of water management in the

context of evergrowing demands for water resources, CGWA has taken up

artificial recharge studies under the Central Sector Schemes in the dark and over

exploited blocks. Rainwater harvesting and similar recharging techniques requires

to be popularized and implemented with participation of NGOs and water user

Association.

Monitoring and Evaluation :

A majority of ground water pollution incidents reported in scientific

literature were discovered some time after sub surface contamination began and, in

most cases, contamination of water supply wells was the first indication of

groundwater pollution problem. In hidia, the Central Ground Water Board and

various States Ground water Departments are the main agencies monitoring

periodic ground water quality fi-omth e wells. It would be in the fitness of things if

all this enormous data so generated are properly computerized and maps are prepared relating to distribution of various solutes viz a viz aquifer geometry,

aquifer lithology and other hydraulic parameters for different areas and various periods. This would help identification of type, magnitude and causes of ground

81 water pollution in various parts of the country and would also help in evolving suitable measures for arresting the ground water pollution.

In a country like India where more than half the population is dependent on ground water, pollution of ground water is a serious matter. Due to limited cost effective treatment options for this, the affected resources is generally lost for drinking purposes and other utilities. In order to forecast any ground water pollution threat, studies on ground water pollution need to be earned out in more industrial, rural and urban areas by establishing ground water pollution monitoring stations. These stations could be established around large industrial and urban establishment in the first phase followed by intensively cultivated areas. Soil degradation due to irrigation induced water logging. Salinity and allied problems, need to be checked.

Recharge of Ground Water through Watershed Development in India.

The three problems in sustainable supply of drinking water viz. scarcity, brackishness and excess fluoride are found to be manifested mainly in the low rainfall and high potential evaporation areas of the country solutions to all these problems should therefore involve an integrated water management approach.

Discrete and pipe oriented solutions of these problems would not be very effective. Water harvesting and conservation measures in a watershed as a natural physiographic unit with emphasis on direct or indirect artificial recharge of

82 aquifers by utilizing surplus run off water can lead to simultaneous mitigation of all the three problems.

Soil and water conservation measures such as contour renching, vegetative bunding and small check dams can enhance soil moistures and recharge of groundwater, accelerating the rehabilitation of the micro environment. Most funds for watershed development are spent by the Ministries of Agriculture and Rural

Developments. They should rehabilitate lands in the upper catchment first for at least three reasons, first the landless and the poor who depend on upper slopes can benefit second, ground water recharge begins at the earliest, and third, by the time the lower catchment is treated any debns and erosion running down from the upper catchment would have been minimized.

Traditional Technologies :

Rain water harvesting not only supplements the domestic water supply but also acts as an anti flood measures and recharges the ground water aquifers. Rain water has been harvested in India since antiquity. There are some evidences of advanced water harvesting systems from pre historical times - systems like canals tanks, embankments and wells. India can be broadly divided into 15 ecological regions. In hills and mountains regions, natural springs were often harvested, rain water harvesting from roof tops and spring water was often carried over long distances with the help of bamboo pipes. In arid and semi arid region, ground water harvesting structures like wells and step wells were built to tap ground water

83 aquifers like bavdis of Rajasthan. Rain water harvesting from roof tops e.g. tanks of pali, used artificially treated catchments wiiich drained water into an artificial well like kunds of Rajasthan. Special rain water harvesting structures which helped to keep sweat rain water mixing with saline ground water and thus providing a layer of potable water e.g. virdas of Kuchchh, horizontal wells similar to the Qanats of the Middle East to harvest seepage down hill slopes e.g. surangams of Kerala. With the fast declining ground water table due to indiscriminate ground water exploitation for agricultural use. It has became imperative to take curative as well as preventive measures to check further declining. Revival of traditional technologies for rain water harvesting can prove to be most economical, successfiil and long lasting and therefore should receive emphasis by all States, those particularly in the water scarcity areas.

Need for Alternate Planning and the New Water Policy 1999 :

A number of steps need to be taken urgentiy in order to manage groundwater in a more scientific manner especially in dark and grey zones. Firstiy, there must be a Central legislation against subsidies on electricity tariffs for irrigation. One may mention here that although the World Bank had approved a drinking water project in principle for Punjab, fiirther processing was withheld by the World Bank because of the Punjab Government's policy of providing free electricity and power for irrigation sector. Secondly, the Model Bill framed by the

Centre and circulated to the States in 1996 should be adopted by the States and

84 implemented seriously. Thirdly, user groups should be turned on the lines of Joint

Forest Management Groups, which should do groundwater monitoring and ensure that it is managed as common property resource rather than allow to be over exploited as an open access resource.

It should be noted that the ongoing Accelerated Rural Water Supply

Programme (ARWSP) has been modified w.e.f 1.4.1999, incorporating most of the su^estions made above. In consonance with the adoption of a need-based approach, it has been found desirable to give appropriate weights (10%) for

NC/PC habitations in the ratio of 2:1 based on data received from States as on

1.4.98. Two more new criteria viz., overall water resources availability" and

"Number of Quality problem habitations" have also been included. The former is reflected by ratio of un-irrigated to irrigated area and will take care of special needs of area with overall water scarcity on account of poor rainfall, low groundwater potential. The latter reflects concern for adoption of need based approach. In this criterion, differential weights have been given (based on severity of the problem) to fluoride (40%), arsenic (40%), trakishness (15%) and iron

(5%). The old criteria of rural population and special category areas (HADP /

DPAP / EDP / Special Category Hill States) have been found relevant and therefore retained. Limit of ARWSP fund utilization for O & M has been raised from 10% to 15%.

85 The New Policy initiated in April, 1999 has asked the States to implement

"Sector Reform" measures and a demand driven approach based on empowerment

of village water and sanitation committee, 10% of capital cost sharing and 100%

sharing of O & M Cost by users etc. 20% of the Central Goverrmient funds would

be reserved for States which adopt these measures.

The new strategy thus rightly relies heavily on the use of Central / States

funding as a critical incentive to drive the sector reform process at both State and

local goverrmient levels. As such, it is important that funding conditionality for

disbursement of Central funds to State administrations, and from State

administrations to Panchayat Raj Institutions and / or local administrations to

Panchayat Raj Institutions and / or local administrations, be explicitly defined both in terms of conditions which must be met and activities for which funding can be

applied. However, the impression gathered during working Group discussions with the States (held between June and September 1999) was that the impact of the programme was yet to be seen. The Ministry has also not identified States which have introduced or have promised to introduce sector reforms. It is likely, therefore, that the 20% funds would again be distributed to the States on the basis of the fixed criterion with no emphasis on performance. It must be recognized that sector reforms such as improving capacity of the local people to manage water resources and to make them pay for the supply are politically or administratively not popular decisions. In the absence of requisite political and administrative will,

86 it is likely that unpopular measures may not be implemented. The modalities of collecting water charges and the use of those collections should also be thought out. So far the Panchayats have relied too heavily on Central and State funding leading almost to spoon feeding and weak implementation capacity. For their capacity building they too should get into the mould of collecting user charges, which the panchayats so far avoided.

Institutions involved for the Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in India :

There are many agencies at the Central and States level, which are responsible for planning and coordination for the development of water resources in India. Specialized tasks have been entrusted to diverse agencies for development of Water Resources in the country. At the apex level, there is now

Ministry of Water Resources responsible for plarming and formulation of policies for water resources at the national level. In India, irrigation is the responsibility of

State Governments but inter State rivers come under the jurisdiction of Central

Government, which plans for state allocations. In most states, there is a separate irrigation department which handles major and medium as well as minor irrigation schemes. Small schemes covering irrigation of about 100 to 200 acres are dealt with by the State Revenue or Agriculture Department. The responsibility for the creation of the irrigation potential for major and medium projects lies with the irrigation Departments, but the actual distribution of water at the field level and its use are decided by the fanners. 87 To examine the problems of command areas from the point of view of

intensification of agricultural product and for optimum utilization of the available

water, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture created a Water Management

Division (WMD) in the year 1966-67. This Division is responsible for identifying

the water management problems in the country and for planning and coordinating

a water management programme at the Central level. It assists the State

Governments in developing and implementing their water management

programmes and schemes of water distribution. Water and irrigation projects

proposed by the State Government are sent for approval to the Central

Government. These schemes are scrutinized by the Water Management Division at the Centre, with Special emphasis on agricultural development in the command areas. The Water Management Division also undertakes the following activities :

i) Collection and compilation of technical information for the field

workers use.

ii) Preparation of material for radio broadcasting, putting up hoardings, etc.

iii) Preparation of the information material, such as films and brochures.

The extension programme for water management is the responsibility of

State Governments. The Centre assists both in the development of the programme and its Implementation. To achieve efficient water management in a large number of projects at the State level, some States have set up water management units.

Realising the seriousness of the water management problems, and with the

88 establishment of the Water Management Division at the Centre, regional pilot projects have been set up for soil and water management in certain key areas with a view to studying and developing sound methods for efficient water use. The discussion on some central and subordinate organization which have played more practive role in the sustainability and development of water resources in India since independence is as under :

Central Water Commission :

Central Water Commission (CWC) is responsible for the various water resources development programmes, it has the power of technological supervision of individual projects, but has no control over ground water resources development, for which a separate Ground Water Board (GWB) has been set up.

Central Soil and Materials Research Station :

The Central Soil and Materials Research Station (CSMRS), New Delhi deals with field exploration, laboratory investigations, basic and applied research in the field of geomechanics and construction materials relevant to river valley projects. The Research Station primarily functions as a consultant to various departments of Government of India, State Govenmients and Government of India

Undertakings / Enterprises. The activities of the Research Station broadly cover soil mechanics / soil dynamics, RockfiU Technology, Rock Mechanics,

Foundation Engineering, Concrete Technology, Construction Materials,

89 Geophysical Investigations, Field instrumentation and Chemical Analysis and

Grouting.

Water Resources Development and Training Centre :

Water Resources Development and Training Centre was set up at

University in the year 1956 under UNSECO sponsorship. The aim v^as to develop it into a leading institution for Asia and Africa. With the development of technological education, many institution and universities have developed water resources education on more modem lines.

Indian Water Resources Society :

In March 1980, the Indian Water Resources Society (fWRS) with regional offices in Delhi, Chandigarh, Patna, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Trivandrum,

Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Lucknow, Bombay and Calcutta, was set up.

The aims and objectives of the Society are :

i) To advance research planning, development, management and

education as well as establish a common meeting group for

physical, biological and social scientists, engineers and other

persons concerned with water resources ;

ii) To provide a focal point for the collection, organization and

dissemination of ideas and information relating to the broad

spectrum of water problems;

90 iii) To provide the necessary forum for communication on water

resources science and technology through its meetings and

publications; and

iv) To owner individuals for there pioneering and meritorious

contribution in the field of water resources, by electing them as

honorary life members or by inviting them to be the patrons of

society.

Central Water and Power Research Station :

Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) in Pune provides comprehensive Research and Development support to a variety of projects in the areas of water and energy resources development and water borne transport. It has taken up projects in selected disciplines such as ship hydrodynamics, photo elasticity, hydro machinery, coastal engineering hydraulic instrumentation, earth sciences, hydraulic structures and information technology, over the last four decades. The infrastructure developed with these inputs over the successive Five

Year Plans has paved the way for work in the areas of Mathematical Modelling of

Fluvial and Ocean Hydromechanics and 'Automated Operation of Irrigation Canal

Systems'.

The CWPRS was recognized as the Regional Laboratory for the ESCAP in

1971. Nearly 80 per cent of the research efforts is currently devoted to the study of govenmient financed projects executed through various Central and State

91 agencies. The Research Station is connected with the projects constituting over 30 per cent of the planned investments in the country.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research :

The Indian Council of Agricultrual Research (ICAR) has taken up a well coordinated research programme by strengthening the existing agricultural research stations as well as by setting up new centers. At these centres, an accelerated water use and soil management research programme has been launched to provide information on irrigation water use for the important crops of the country.

Central Ground Water Board :

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) is responsible for carrying out scientific development and management of ground water resources from national perspective. The regional hydrogeological surveys of the country have already been completed and the Board is currently conducting reappraisal surveys every fifth year to assess the impact of ground water development on the ground water regime and to update the status of development of the ground water resources and water quality. Under the reappraisal surveys, areas having specific problems like water-logging, declining ground water levels and ground water pollution, etc. are accorded priority. Special emphasis is being laid now on monitoring of ground water levels and water quality through a network of about 15,000 observation station in the country. In order to promote the scientific management of ground

92 water resources, specially in the problematic areas, the Board is undertaking pilot projects for augmenting recharge of ground water in the States of Kamataka,

Maharashtra, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Union Territory of Chandigarh and some other states. Studies on the conjunctive use of surface and groimd water are also being undertaken in specific areas to work out the best possible option for optimal development of the total water resources with minimum deleterious effects.

In pursuance of the order passed by the Supreme Court of India in

December 1996, the Notification constituting the Central Ground Water Board as an Authority under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for the purposes of regulation and control of ground water management and development was issued.

The Authority constituted in January 1997, however, started functioning during

1998-99. It took up major programme of mass education about over exploitation of ground water and about the quality of ground water in Delhi and some other areas. The Authority has also given Notice to all concerned in National Capital

Territory of Delhi who are abstracting or intend to abstract underground water through well / borewell or from excavation in the underground strata to registered their ground water abstraction structures with the Authority within a period of thirty days of pubhcation of the notice. The notice was published on 28 and 29

May 1998. In the implementation of its objectives the Central Ground Water

Authority has notified the Najafgarh Block in NCT Delhi, Municipal corporation

93 areas of Faridabad and Ballabhgarh industrial towns in , Ludhiana and

Union Territory of Diu as the areas where abstraction of ground water should be regulated to prevent its over exploitation. It has banned drilling / construction of any new ground water abstraction structures and started the registration of existing ground water abstraction of notified areas. The Central Ground Water Authority along with Central Pollution Control Board has started the surveys of aquifers contaminated by various pollutants.

Central Board of Irrigation and Power :

Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP), with a permanent secretariat, coordinate research activities in the field of irrigation and power. CBIP holds research sessions every year.

Ganga Flood Control Commission :

The Ganga Flood Control Commission was established in April 1972, with headquarters at Patna. It serves as the executive limb of the Ganga Flood Control

Board (wiiich is headed by the Union Minister of Water Resources and has as its members, the Chief Ministers or their representatives of the basin states and concerned Union Ministers). The Commission is headed by a Chairman and is assisted by two full time members and other officers and staff The representatives of the concerned Central Ministries and Departments as well as the

Chiief Engineers of the basin states are either part time members or permanent invitees to the commission.

94 The commission has been mainly assigned the task of preparing

comprehensive plans of flood management of the river systems in the Ganga sub

basin, drawing out a phased programme of implementation of various schemes

from techno economic angle, monitoring of important flood management schemes,

assessment of the adequacy of waterways existing under the road and rail bridges

and providing other technical guidance to the basin states. The Commission also

technically examines flood management and flood proofing schemes submitted by

the states.

Water Technology Centres :

To impart training at various levels in the field of water management, a

water technology centre was established in 1970 at the Indian Agricultural

Research Institute in New Delhi to deal with national problems. Another water

technology centre with Swedish Assistance was established at the Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore, in 1982. This centre mainly aims at

developing knowledge in the specialized field of managing water as a vital resources. It undertakes basic and applied research to solve problems on a priority basis, and integrates the activities of the existing research programmes in different disciplines. The dissemination of information to the research staff, field workers and farmers is an integral part of the activities of the water Technology Centre.

95 National Water Development Agency :

To achieve the goal of optimum utilization of the water resources, the

Central Govenmient set up the National Water Development Agency in July 1982 as an autonomous society registered under the societies Registration Act, 1860.

The objectives of the NWDA are :

i. To promote scientific development for the optimum

utilization of water resources in the country.

ii. To carry out detailed surveys and investigations of possible

storage reservoir sites and interlinks in order to establish the

feasibility of the proposals,

iii. To undertake detailed studies of the quantum of water in

various peninsular River systems which can be transferred to

other basins / states,

iv. To prepare feasibility reports on the various components of

the scheme relating to peninsular river system.

The agency is the major institution in the country to

take up large scale surveys, investigations and related studies

for the scientific development and optimum utilization of

water resources in the larger national interest.

96 National Institute of Hydrology :

National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) was set up with headquarters at

Roorkee by the Government of India in 1979 for undertaking, promoting and coordinating systematic, scientific works in all aspects of hydrology. The Institute is an autonomous society under the Ministry of Water Resources. The Union

Minister of Water Resources is the President of NIH Society.

Conclusion :

To sum up, it is concluded from the preceding discussion on the sustainability and development of water resources in India that India is one of the wettest countries of the world but it is not able to hold all the water it receives.

Because of deforestation and denudation, a large portion of the mansoon water disappears into sea as surface run-off Community resources such as ponds; tanks and rivers are misused and continuously neglected. Rivers are increasingly getting polluted as urban and industrial water are dumped into them. The state governments who are the implementing agencies for water supply and sanitation programmes should pay attention to the organizational and administrative structures at various levels, in order to utilize the plan funds more efficiently and productively. The organizational pattern for execution of water supply and sanitation schemes varies not only between different states but also within the state itself in the case of many states.

97 After examining the sustainability and development of water resources in

India, it has been of paramount importance to study the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh which is the main theme of the research project.Hence, the next Chapter has been devoted to study the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh.

Selected References :

1. M.C. Chaturvedi, Second India Studies - Water, p. 12. 2. The Second Citizen's Report, Centre for Science and Environment (1984-85). 3. hidia 2001, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi. 4. Five Year Plans, Planning Commission, Govt, of hidia, New Delhi. 5. Statistical Abstract, Planning Institute, U.P. Lucknow. 6. Mid-Term appraisal of Ninth Plan Plaiming Commission, Govt, of India, New Delhi. 7. Annual Report, Department of Minor Irrigation, U.P. 8. Khairoowala, Z.U., "A Study of Rural Water Supply in UP. with Special Reference to Aligarh District (Project Submitted under D.S.A. Programme, Department of Commerce, AMU, Aligarh (1995) 9. Khan, A Farooq, "A Study of Water Supply in Selected District of U.P" (Project submitted) under D.S.A. Programme, Department of Commerce, AMU, Aligarh.

98 -Vi AFTER IV CHAPTER IV

SUSTAINABELITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF

WATER RESOURCES IN UTTAR PRADESH

In the previous Chapter, an attempt has been made to examine the sustainable development of water resources in India. The present Chapter deals with the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh. It presents the true picture of the sustainable development of water resources in the

State. Before going into a detailed discussion on the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh, it may not be considered out of place to discuss in a nut shell of socio-economic background of the state to assess the necessity and requirement for the sustainability and development of Water resources in the state.

Uttar Pradesh : A Profile

Uttar Pradesh is one of the border states of the Indian Union. Its northern border, running along the , touches and Nepal. ,

Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan are situated on its western and south-western borders, while Madhya Pradesh is in its south and Bihar on its western border. The political borders of the State more or less follow its national borders. The

Himalayas in the north, and Vindhyachal in the south and south-west and

Gandak in the east. The State has three distinct physical divisions-the Himalayan

99 region in the north, the Gangetic plain in the middle, and the Vindhyan hill and plateau in the south.

The geographical area of Uttar Pradesh, which is the border and vast state of India, is 2,94,411 sq. kilometers constituting 8.9 per cent of country's total geographical area. Area-wise it is the fourth State in the country after Madhya

Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, Having the largest share in the country's total population i.e. 16.44 per cent, population-wise it is at the top among the

States in the country.

The total population of Uttar Pradesh at the 1991 census was 13,91,12,287 out of which 7,40,36,957 were males and 6,50,75,330 females. Rural component of the State's population was 11,15,06,372 or 80.16 per cent as against urban component of 2,76,05,915 or 19.84 per cent. Thus over 80 per cent of the State's people still live in the rural areas. The 1981 census data determines that the State's total population was 11,08,62,512 including 5,88,19,535 males and 5,20,42,977 females. The decadal growth in population of the State was 25.48 per cent during

1981-91. Comparison of decadal growth of population in Uttar Pradesh (25.48 per cent) and India (23.51 per cent) shows that it is higher by 1.97 per cent for Uttar

Pradesh. According to 1991 census, the total population of India was 84,63,02,688 including 43,92,30,458 males and 40,70,72,230 females. Thus share of U.P. in

India's total population was 16.44 per cent. In other words, every sixth person in

India belongs to Uttar Pradesh.

100 The climate of the State varies from place to place. Although Uttar Pradesh

lies within the warm temperate climate zone, there is great variation in climate

depending upon the height of different places above the sea-level. The entire

Himalayas region, except the valleys, is cold. It receives considerable snowfall

between December and March. In the sub-Himalayan belt stretching from

Saharanpur to Deoria, the climate is humid and hazardous to health. Down below

in the Gangetic plain, usually the temperature in January runs between 12.5°

degree C. and 17.5° degree C. and in may between 27.5° degree and 32.5° degree

C. The minimum temperature in January touches 3.4° degree C. while temperature

in January touches 3.4° C in May and June. April, May and June are summer

months when hot winds (the loo) blow from the west. The north western districts

experience extreme cold during winters. Hailstorms in February and march are not

uncommon. The southern hills and plateau are veiy hot in summer owing to the

barren and rocky nature of the terrain. Broadly, there are three main seasons

winter from October to February, summer from march up to mid June, and later,

monsoon up to September. and experience maximum temperatures

while and Roorkee the minimum.

The State gets its major share of rains between mid June and mid

September, mainly from Bay of Bengal monsoon. In the winters north western

districts receive some rain due to north westerly cyclones. Usually heavy rains, with an average of 100-200 cms. Occur in the Himalayan region between June and

101 September. The rain in the sub-Himalayan belt averages over 100 cms. In the western part of the Gangetic plain, ordinarily the rainfall averages between 60 and

100 cms. While in the eastern part the average rainfall ranges between 100 to 120 cms. Western parts of , however, receive little rainfall.

In the Southern hills and plateau, southern parts of Jhansi, Banda and

Allahabad district, whole Mirzapur and Sonebhadra districts and Chakia Tehsil of district, the average annual rainfall is 100 cms. The remaining parts of

Jhansi and Banda districts and and Hamirpur districts have less rainfall.

Most parts of have less than 80 cms of rainfall. The State gets about 83 per cent rains between June and September and about 17 per cent in winters.

Barring northern hill region, the average annual rainfall in major parts of the State is 94 cms. And the number of rainy days on an average is 44.7. The districts of , and Garhwal receive maximum rains, Nainital getting up to 269 cms of rainfall and experiencing upto 253.7 cms of rainfall in a year. In the plains, the maximum rainfall occurs in , the average rainfall being 184.7 cms. While the minimum rainfall is in with an average of 54.4 cms.

The rainfall in Uttar Pradesh is orographic in nature, it is caused by the obstruction of the high mountain wall in the north to the monsoon. The rainfall decreases from north to south and from east to west. Since the monsoon enters the

102 Gangetic plain from the east and retreats the same way, rains occur early in the eastern part and last a little longer there. The maximum number of 56 rainy days in the plains is in Gorakhpur while their number is minimimi i.e. 32 in Mathura.

Uttar Pradesh is endowed with natural wealth in abundance. This wealth lies hidden below a variety of rocks of different ages found in lofty mountain ranges of the Himalayas in the North and Vindhayan ranges in the South. The diversity of flora and fauna displayed here due to vast area, big and small rivers, varieties of climatic conditions, and different kinds of soil are hard to find elsewhere.

The Ganga and the Yamuna are the major rivers of the State. Their flow is determined by the Himalayas in the north and Vindhayas in the South. The Ganga originates in glacier (5, 611 m ) under the name of Bhagirathi. The Ganga collects waters from a number of rivers and rivulets such as Dhauli, Pindar,

Alakhananda, Mandakini, etc. in its course up to Hardwar where it reaches the plain through the Sivaliks. After reaching the plains, it slowly flows from south to east and many tributaries join it on both the banks. The tributaries which join it on the left bank are Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghra, along with its tributaries Kali and

Sarda, Rapti and Gandak. The rivers Sone, Tons and Yamuna with their tributaries Chambal, Sind, Betva and Ken, join it on the right bank. All the left bank tributaries, except the Gomati which originates in , have their origin

103 in the Himalayas or beyond, vviiile all right bank tributaries originate in the

Vindhyan and Satpura ranges.

The Yamuna has its origin in the glacier at an altitude of 6, 315 metres not far from the Gangotri. The Ghaghra originates from Rakastal close to the sources of Sutlaj, Indus and brahmaputra. It flows in Nepal under the name of

Kauriyala. The source of Gandak is also in the distant northern part of the

Himalayan ranges. It is comprised of three currents bearing the same name.

Besides, these, small rivers like, Kosi, Gola, Sai and Kalyani also flow in the northern half of the Gangetic plain.

More then half the Vindhyan water is brought into the Ganga by the tributes of the Yamuna viz. Chambal, Sind, betwa and Ken. Of these, the Chambal is the biggest. It has its source in the Vindhyas and is joined later on by several tributaries. Two other rivers which flow into Ganga from the south are Tons and

Sone of which Sone is bigger. It has its source in the Amarkantak range of the

Satpura hills, which is close to the sources of Narmada and Mahanadi. In addition to these right bank tributaries, some of the other rivers south of the Ganga are

Chandraprabha, Karmanasha, Rihand, Belan and Dharsan.

The Himalayan rivers are fiill of water almost round the year vdiile the

Vindhyan rivers often dry up in the summers. The reason is that the water in the

Himalayan rivers is not reduced in the summers due to the melting of snow.

Another reason is that the Hmalayas receive more rainfall as compared to the

104 Vindhayas. Another distinction between the rivers wiiich have their sources in north and those which originate in South is that the Ganga and northern rivers do not flow through the middle of the plain but turn deep down and then flow forward. They have a longer course than the southern rivers. That is why their current is much more rapid as compared to northern rivers. Similarly, the

Himalayan rivers are filled gradually and the flood situation in them also develops slowly while the vindhyan rivers dry up in the summers and are quickly flooded during rainy season. Another difference between the two riverine systems is that the Himalayan rivers comparatively bring more mud and sand.

The study of socio-economic background of Uttar Pradesh brings into light the fact that the state is endowed with natural wealth in abundance including water resources. Most of the rivers are full of water almost round the year that is why it is called as the most wettest state of the country. Sustainability and development of water resources has always been the top priority of the state government.

Succeding part of the present chapter is mainly concentrated on the sustainable development of water resources in U.P. To begin with, the following tables present the district - wise aimual rainfall and availability of ground water in U.P. for overall assessment of water resources in the state.

105 Table (4.0) Showing District -wise Annual Rainfall in Uttar (Period 1961 to 1998) (mm)

s Distnct 1961 1971 1981 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 No 1122 1 Bijncir 1100 838 768 796 949 1100 1110 1382 967 2 1154 848 779 790 880 766 1057 1320 1174 3 Ratqpur - 1154 1007 820 679 893 804 998 901 4 1241 668 757 504 878 691 1303 409

5 Handwar - - - 929 1040 996 1048 1254 - 753 6 Muzz. Nagar 1176 1406 559 675 688 546 1234 773 768 7 Meenit 1071 735 - 76 543 714 1035 967 732 S - - 519 1033 839 1206 1248 995 696 9 Buland'iiahar 1069 528 478 605 500 695 - 488 702 10 Aligaili 787 867 640 542 821 751 708 594 620 11 Mathura 743 267 649 518 649 433 610 1241 751 12 Agra 854 578 845 698 690 654 - 784 844 n - - - 543 729 671 761 767 722 14 Etah 945 1002 660 558 724 924 647 672 738 15 Mampun 1018 672 678 447 536 867 464 614 861 16 Badaun 1578 1090 816 732 679 837 686 736 1096 17 Bareilly 1497 503 787 585 552 852 656 360 1258 18 Pilibhit 1590 1635 560 670 514 687 668 975 1047 19 1683 952 825 Q838 642 752 714 721 1093 20 Khen 1603 1541 1097 831 828 963 765 1185 989 21 Slt^UT 1521 1619 1096 881 711 737 857 739 941 22 Harden 1476 815 1126 684 692 622 838 598 852 23 Uonao 1289 1452 940 756 821 451 777 534 953 24 Lucknow 1031 884 1029 869 635 578 789 620 923 25 Rae bareili 1034 1089 - 403 452 368 - 307 810 26 Famikhabad 1188 1043 714 603 774 674 651 295 792 27 1128 996 698 585 708 659 476 525 824 28 Kaapur Defaat 1113 1109 785 673 817 610 899 597 783 29 Kanpur Nagar 1113 1109 983 601 488 463 - 1092

106 862 30 Jalaun 1123 844 621 745 690 547 679 731 850 31 Jhansi 1261 1007 718 943 790 688 687 323 1044 32 Lall^ur - - 1123 600 695 1174 1224 945 864 33 Hamnpur 1094 570 8311 858 1004 680 780 655 902 34 Banda 933 641 719 846 1000 773 828 786 938 35 Fatd^ur 415 592 624 537 708 579 666 771 977 36 Pait^gaifa 989 343 1262 302 676 304 824 908 954 37 991 1157 1021 301 573 395 - 637 1125 38 B^iraidi 871 1253 - 1224 1171 1171 912 774 1152 39 Gooda 1094 983 1588 869 1030 1128 940 885 1056 40 Barabaoki 1139 1703 1196 820 626 588 699 574 1035 41 1076 1131 1103 854 806 950 950 850 1871 1005 42 Sultanpur 1164 1001 841 763 629 834 2 - 1376 43 Siddhaitfanagar - - - 1283 1088 981 565 647 1446 44 Maharajganj - - - 1053 793 1214 1064 - 1166 45 BasU 1171 896 1102 723 954 1085 1267 966 1221 46 Gcirakhpur 1286 1267 1516 803 846 1360 1538 331 1203 47 Deona 1605 1633 1324 995 615 817 762 480 1070 48 Mau - - - 755 794 1001 1047 772 1031 49 Azamgaifa 1183 1315 1150 1245 1095 1191 1139 174 987 50 JaunpuT 1093 944 963 1086 839 743 984 978 983 51 885 920 988 661 514 655 - 620 1019 52 Varanasi 1148 1177 840 990 680 692 - - 1034 53 Gfaazq)ur 1428 1803 941 832 545 917 897 479 1043 54 Nbrzapur 1308 1251 1051 1162 883 941 1114 306 1065 55 ScnUiadra - - - 995 674 1050 1300 261 Source Statistical Abstract, Economic & Statistics Division State Planning Institute UP, Lucknow, 1996

107 Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in Uttar Pradesh during Five Year Plans :

Sustainable development of water resource in UP has been one of the major objectives of economic planning of U.P. Government. In every five year plan massive investment has been made to develop the state's water resources. Even than in most rural areas of the state, people depend on rivers, lakes, streams, wells and ponds for obtaining water for drinking and washing purposes. In many areas this water is highly contaminated and unsafe for human consumption, and some times available at great distance. It has been observed that in cities and towns where piped water supply has been introduced, death rate due to gastroenteritis, viral fevers, cholera and dysentery, etc. has gone down considerably. In fact, there are more diseases which are water borne. Therefore, pure drinking water facilities and proper arrangement of sewerage are considered to be essential for the existence of a civilized society in the most populous state of the country.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. during First, Second and Third Five Year Plans :

There are two parts of the water supply scheme namely Urban Water supply and Sewerage, and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. There are 248 urban towns in the State. During first plan period a sum of Rs. 6.64 crores was provided for water supply in the state. There was a decline in the allocation of 108 funds during the second five year plan, as the industrial sector was allocated the largest share during this plan, the sum allocated on water supply was Rs. 4.89 crores. There was over 100% per cent rise in the allocation of funds during third five year plan over preceding plan i.e. it went up fi^om Rs. 4.89 crores during second five year plan to Rs. 9.57 crores during third five year plan. By the end of the third five year plan 132 urban towns had piped water supply, 18 towns had sewerage and 11 towns had surface drainage. The urban population served with piped water supply was 81.689 lakhs i.e. 85 per cent (1991 census) and 44.589 lakhs, i.e. 17 per cent (1961 census).

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. during Annual Plans :

During the three annual plans, viz. 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69 when five year plan was not implemented the efforts for sustainability and development of water resources in U.P. were not give up. The financial outlay during annual plans is given in the following table.

Table (4.1) Showing Financial Allocation on Sustainable Development of Water Resources in U.P. during Annual Plans. Year Financial Allocation (Rs in Lakhs) 1966-67 131.71 1967-68 163.67 1968-69 152.50 Anticipated 006.00 Total 453.88

109 Source : Foxirth Five Year Plan, Planning Department Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.

To assess the problems of rural water supply, two special surveys and

Investigation Divisions were created in the State by the Government of India. It was found from the assessment report prepared by them that out of 1,12,624 villages including 215 Town Area and Notified Area Committee, which had been declared rural in 1961 Census in the 54 disricts of the State, there were as many as

27,287 villages where drinking water was either not available at all or, if it was available the quality was not upto the mark. The population of these villages was

1,53,78,730. By the end of 1967-68, the total number of villages served through water supply and hand-pumps was 2,068 and 126 respectively.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. During Fourth Five Year Plan :

Most of the rivers of U.P. have a perential flow on account of originating in the Himalayas. There is thus no shortage of surface water, which is used by the

Indian Farmers for a variety of purposes from irrigation to drinking. The State being agrarian in nature has the bulk of the population living in small villages which are mostly on the banks of rivers, and scattered over the State's area of

294,000 sq. Kilometers. It would be a tremendous task to cover all such villages with piped/protected water supply. Government had to focus attention in respect

110 of rural water supply in areas which are densely populated. Moreover, large areas of the State have been covered by tubewells and pumping sets etc. set up under the irrigation programme. The population of such places has the facility of drinking water also from such irrigation schemes. After reviewing the physical progress during the last two decades and considering the priorities, it was felt necessary to give more emphasis to sewerage scheme, particularly in those areas where water supply system already existed. Due to the paucity of resources it has been possible to provide only Rs. 18 crores for the schemes of this sector during the Fourth Five Year Plan. In the Supplementary Plan, an additional provision of

Rs. 12.00 crores has been made. The availability of funds was dependent on the mobilization of additional resources. The break-up of the outlay of Rs. 18 crores for different programme is as under :

Table 4.2 Showing Urban Water Supply and Sewerage in U.P. during Fourth Five Year Plan (Rs. In Crores) (Rs. In Crores) A. Water Supply 4.58 B. Sewerage 7.80 C. P.R.A.1. Scheme 0.02 Total 12.40 Source : Fourth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.

Table (4.3) Showing Outlay of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in U.P. during Fourth Five Year Plan (Rs. In Crores) A. Water Supply 4.55 B. Sewerage 0.05 C. Water Supply Schemes for 1.00

HI Hill Areas Total 5.60 Grand Total 18.00 Source : Fourth Five Year Planning Department of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.

It may be added that besides the water supply schemes executed under this sector, provision for construction of wells is also made under the schemes for welfare of Backward Classes and the well constructions programme of the

Community Development Department. An amount of Rs. 85 lakhs has been remarked for extending drinking water facilities amongst the scheduled tnbes and scheduled castes. The amount set apart for scheduled castes is Rs. 75 lakhs and that for scheduled tribes Rs. 10 lakhs, with a subsidy to the extent of Rs. 2,000 per project. It is expected that 3,700 projects under the subsidy schenie for scheduled castes and 500 projects under the scheme of subsidy for scheduled tribes were completed by the end of the Fourth Plan. Under the well construction programme the spill over works of the earlier plans were also completed.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. During Fifth Five Year Plan :

The following table shows the total outlay which was made for water supply in Uttar Pradesh during Fifth Five Year Plan.

112 Table (4.4) Showing Outlay for Water Supply in Uttar Pradesh during Fifth Five Year Plan Name of Programme (Rs. in Lakhs) Normal Programme a) Urban Water Supply 2500.00 b) Rural Water Supply i) Piped Water Supply 10200.00 ii)Wells and Diggis 700.00 Total 13400.00 Source : Fifth Five Year Plan, Planning Department of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow.

It could be observed from the above noted table that a sum of Rs. 2500 lakhs was allotted out of the total outlay of Rs. 13400 for Urban Water Supply,

Rs. 10,200 lakhs were for Rural Piped Water Supply and Rs. 700 lakhs were for construction of wells. Thus it can be said that during Fifth Five Year Plan maximum allocation of fund was made for Rural Water Supply.

Villages Covered during Fifth Five Year Plan :

During 1974-75, 736 villages were provided with piped water supply. In

1975-76, 375 villages were likely to be benefited from this scheme. In 1976-77 target of 240 villages was proposed. UP has been divided in five regions namely

Hilly, Eastern, , Central and Western. The region wise break up of villages covered during Fifth Plan period can be seen from the following table :

113 Table (4.5) Showing Region wise Break up of Villages covered in UP during Fifth Five Year Plan S.No. Name of Villages Number of Proposed Region covered Villages Target 1976- during 1974- likely to be 77 75 covered in 1975-76 1. Hilly 235 100 - 2. Eastern 151 99 94 3. Bundelkhand 88 31 - 4. Central 2 - 13 5. Western 7 10 33 Total 483 240 140 Source : Fifth Five Year Plan, Planning Department of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow P. 516.

The above table reveals that in the first year (1974-75) of the Fifth Plan 235 were covered in the Hilly region, followed by Eastern region (151) and

Bundelkhand region (88). In 1975-76 which was the second year of the plan. The number of villages likely to be covered were as 100 in Hilly region, 99 in Eastern region and 31 and Bundelkhand region. This shows that Hilly region was given top priority followed by Eastern region.

Region wise Financing Pattern during Fifth Five Year Plan;

The financing pattern of the programme for different regions for the year

1976-77 is given in the following table :

114 Table( 4.6) Showing Financing Pattern for different regions during Fifth Five Year Plan (Rs. In Lakhs) Name of Programme 1976-77 Total Lie Share Assistance of Govt, of India outside Plan I. I.D.A. 600.00 450.00 550.00 A. Urban KAVAL Towns Training Programme 100.00 - 100.00 B. Rural 300.00 - - i) Plains ii) ffills 600.00 - - Total 1600.00 450.00 650.00 II) Normal Programme 435.00 200.00 - A. Urban B. Rural i) Plains 300.00 - - ii) Hills 110.00 - - Total 845.00 200.00 - Grand Total 2445.00 650.00 650.00 Source: Fifth Five Year Plan, Planning Department of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. P. 515. The data set out in table noted above show that out of the total proposed

expenditure of Rs. 2,445.00 lakhs an amount of Rs. 650.00 lakhs was proposed to

be obtained from Government of India over and above the plan outlay of the State,

so that water supply scheme sponsored by the International Development Agency

may be carried out timely and smoothly. Therefore, the State Plan outlay carry an

allocation of Rs. 1,795.00 lakhs. The proposed outlay of Rs. 2,445.00 lakhs included Rs. 110.00 lakhs for hill areas. It was proposed to obtain an assistance of

Rs. 650.00 lakhs from Life Insurance Corporation of India. This loan assistance of

Rs. 650.00 lakhs include Rs. 450.00 lakhs for World Programme and Rs. 200.00 lakhs for normal schemes of the urban areas of the State.

115 It was also proposed to utilize a sum of Rs. 3,500.00 lakhs on the re­ organization of the water supply schemes of five KAVAL towns of the State. It was expected that an amount of Rs. 500.00 lakhs would be spent during 1975-76 while an outlay of Rs. 600.00 lakhs has been proposed for the year 1976-77. This

would increase protected water supply in KAVAL towns fi^om27 9 million gallons at the end of 1974-75 to 294 million gallons in 1975-76 and 319 million gallons in

1976-77. A population of 3,549 million would be benefited from the above facility.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in UP during Sixth Five Year Plan :

The State Government set up a Working Group to prepare and draft the scheme of sustainability and development of water resources during Sixth Five

Year Plan. The Group recommended an outlay of Rs. 910 crores keeping in view targets of International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Against this requirement an outlay Rs. 513.62 crores was made out of which 305 crores was earmarked for Rural Water Schemes.

It is imperative that low cost solution 'should be attempted for rural water supply schemes and piped water supply scheme could be resorted to only if there are no definite prospects of local sources being available. The working group set up by the 'State Government has unanimously recommended that as an ultimate

116 goal the water supply should not only be safe but adequate also v*^ch could be

achieved through a piped water supply system only. However, construction of

deep hand pumps specially in rocky areas may be taken up as a low cost and as

and interim solution. Thus the JAL NIGAM would advocate only piped water

supply because maintenance of hand pumps for instance would mean a recurring

problems and recurring cost which from the nature of water supply system can not

obviously be recovered from the users. The risk of contamination and lack of

potable water near the surface are also other considerations.

Besides the above MNP Programme of providing drinking water supply in rural areas, Government of India launched Accelerated Rural Water Supply

Programme in 1977-78, 198 Rural Water Supply Scheme covering, 2,600 villages, about 1, 300 of which are scarcity villages, estimating Rs. 38.25 crores were taken in this programme. Government of India gave 100 per cent grant in aid for these up to March 1980, Rs. 16.77 crores have been spent and 700 villages have been benefited. Remaining Rs. 21.58 crores were expected to be released in the Sixth

Plan Period and all the schemes were completed benefiting 2, 600 villages with a population of 25 lakhs.

117 Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. during Seventh Five Year Plan :

Sustainability and development of water resources in U.P. has been the main objective of Seventh Five Year Plan also. Emphasis was on urban and as well as on rural water supply scheme.

Urban Water Supply :

To ensure the adequacy of Urban Water in U.P., an expenditure of Rs.

108.75 crores was incurred against an approved outlay of Rs. 156 crores during the Seventh Five Year Plan. With this amount 52 new towns were provided with piped water supply and augmentation and extension works, though grossly inadequate, were carried out in 205 towns. It may be recalled that an outlay of Rs.

156 crores only could be provided during Seventh Plan against the requirement of

Rs. 545 crores to provide adequate water supply to 100 per cent urban population by the end of International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade i.e. 1990 to which the State is committed. At the end of Seventh Plan, out of 690 towns in the State, 604 towns had been benefited by piped water supply facility. It is pertinent to note that urban areas could not have their due share in the allocation of financial resources, because of the high priority given to water supply in rural areas in the Sixth Five Year Plan and thereafter.

Rural Water Supply :

For Rural Water Supply an amount of Rs. 115.10 crores was made available for water supply under different programmes in UP in the year 1990-91. 118 In 1991-92 the budget of Rs. 60.17 crores under Minimum Need Programme was passed. A sum of Rs. 10 crores under Dutch Credit Programme and Rs. 50 crores under the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme was provided. Up to SI'''

March, 1991, out of the total 1,12,566 villages of the state, the facility of drinking water through handpumps had been made available in 39, 215 villages . Pipe water facility had been provided in 26, 496 villages. Up to 31^ March, 1991 a total of 2, 82, 700 hand pumps had been installed. In 1991-92 it was targetted to install 23, 227 hand pumps.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P. during Eighth Five Year Plan :

On the basis of norms prescribed by Government of India, 35, 506 villages, out of total 1, 12, 566 villages in the State could be provided water supply. By

1980, only 7, 001 villages could be provided with safe drinking water supply with piped scheme. With a view to cover all the problems villages as speedly as possible and looking into the financial constraints, installations of India Mark E hand pumps at the rate of one hand pump for 250 to 300 persons was decided to be taken up from the year 1982 -83 onwards. From then piped water supply was to be provided only at places where hand pumps were not feasible or where the quality of water was not suitable from chemical point of view.

119 In order to expedite coverage, by providing at least one source of drinking

water in each problem village, it was decided by the State Government to provide

in the first phase a maximum of two hand pumps in each village, out of wdiich one

hand pump was to be provided for Harijan population of the village. On the above

basis 35, 252 problem villages have been covered by March 1990. Remaining 254

villages out of which 195 in hills could not be covered due to dispute on water

sources. Thus, only 150 villages of this list were left to be covered as on

01.09.1990.

The Eighth Five Year Plan provided an outlay of Rs. 475.00 crores including Rs. 200.00 crores for Hills with which it was anticipated to cover total

15, 235 villages including 384 problem villages. Out of these, 800 villages were covered by piped schemes rest by hand pumps. Besides, this reorganization of some existing piped water supply schemes and saturation of some partially covered villages was also done.

The Dutch Assistance for Rural Water Supply Schemes:

For providing water supply in problem villages in UP assistance, is being provided by Dutch Government also against an agreement entered into by

Government of India and Dutch Government. Against this assistance sub project

I, estimated to Rs. 16.37 crores has been completed under which 724 villages of district Rae Bareilly, Allahabad and Varanasi have been provided with piped

120 water supply, sub project 3 estimated to Rs. 11.044 crores to cover 603 villages of district Allahabad, Agra, Mathura, and Etawah by India Mark Handpumps has been completed. Sub project IV estimated to Rs. 11.28 crores to provide piped water supply on 199 villages of district Allahabad and Varanasi and Sub-project V estimated to Rs. 2.09 crore for providing drainage / sanitation / heatlh and education in villages covered under Dutch assistance schemes. Sub project Vn and sub project Vm estimated cost Rs. 25.37 crores and Rs. 30.145 crore respectively had been submitted for approval to Government of India.

Role of UP Jal Nigam in sustainability and development of Water resources in U.P.

Local Self Government Engineering Department was converted to UP Jal

Nigam under the UP Water supply and Sewerage Act, 1975. In Uttar Pradesh, sewerage, water supply and sanitation schemes in urban and rural areas and in problems villages are undertaken by UP Jal Nigam. Jal Nigam provides drinking water facility to 100% per cent urban population and drainage facility to 80% per cent urban population. Also it is a major institution which arranges drinking water supply to the rural population. UP Jal Nigam undertakes water and sewerage works and the same are handed over to the Jal Sansthans in KAVAL towns and hill areas. In other areas, this work is looked after by the concerned urban local bodies, gram sabhas and Zila Pari shads. UP Jal Nigam performs its functions 121 successfully to provide drinking water facility in rural as well as urban areas of the state. The performance of UP Jal Nigam may be studied under the following heads.

(a) Urban drinking water planning;

(b) Urban Water Drainage Plans;

(c) Rural Water supply;

(d) The prevention programme of ganga pollution;

(e) World Bank Programme;

(f) Other works undertaken by the Jal Nigam.

UP Jal Nigam and Urban Drinking Water Supply in U.P. :-

An all out efforts is made by UP Jal Nigam to provide drinking water to all urban areas. Despite that due to rapid growth of population and faster pace of industrialization, many places and hundreds of villages still have inadequate supply of drinking water. This requires need based planning for the supply of drinking water in rural as well as urban areas. Massive investments are required for providing urban drinking water to achieve the pre-determined targets under the

International Water Supply and Sanitation Programme.

Although in urban areas the facility of drinking water through pipe line was available in most of the towns but the standard of service was not satisfactory. In many small towns, the water supply system depends only on a single water tap and

122 this is causing severe shortage of water supply in towns. There has been a rapid rise in rural and urban population in the past decades and a corresponding increase in the rate of water supply per head has not taken place. Also the availability of piped water supply has not been commensurate with the increase in the size of towns and villages. Due to the reasons, in the most of the towns of Uttar Pradesh there is urgent need to carry out repair and maintenance work of the water supply system on massive scale. There is need to provide drinking water facility in the 86 remaining towns having population of less than twenty thousand and in 437 towns

(391 towns in plain region and 46 towns in hilly areas) having population of less than twenty thousand and in 157 towns (148 towns in plain areas and 9 towns in hilly areas). Effort is needed to extend the supply of drinking water in these areas.

Advance planning is needed to tackle the critical problems of providing drinking water to the masses. In order to provide adequate supply of drinking water to all the inhabitants in the towns of U.P. State, it is estimated that a sum of

Rs. 800 crores is needed. In the year 1990-91 an expenditure of Rs. 30.06 crore was incurred concerning piped drinking water in 5 towns and for the extension of water supply system in 91 U.P. towns. In U.P., there are 681 local bodies in the

State where position of drinking water supply is as follows :

123 Table (4.7) Showing Local bodies and position of Drinking Water Supply in U.P. No. Drinking Water Drinking Water Facility Facility Not Available Available Nagar Nigam 11 11 - Nagar 226 225 01 Panchayat Nigams Nagar Panchayat 444 386 58 Total 681 622 59 Source : UP Jal Nigam, Lucknow.

Following funds were released for urban water supply in 1996-97. Table (4.8) Showing the release of funds for Urban Water Supply Schemes in Urban areas of the State during 1996-97

Central S. No. State Govt. Total Govt. For Cities having over 1. 4,316.50 4,316.50 20,000 population For cities with less than 2000 population 2. 618.64 505.00 1,123.64 under Crash Urban Water Supply Programme 3. 1,000 - 1,000 Barrage 4. Agra barrage - - - Kanpur 5. 800 1,100 1,600 Barrage Model Town 6. Area 50 - 50 Committee Total 6,785.14 1,605.00 8,390.14 Source : UP Jal Nigam, Lucknow. 124 Crash Urban Water Supply Programme : (In Qfies Less than 20,000 Population):

Due to paucity of funds, desired improvement in the level of water supply is not being effected in all the cities of the State. The small cities are facing severe crisis of drinking water due to financial constraints and having limited resources. To achieve this goal, the Government of India started crash urban water supply

til programme during the 8 five year plan for water supply works in the cities with less than 20,000 population. Under the scheme, the Government of India provides 50 per cent of the cost and the rest is borne by the State Government.

In the cities having less than 20,000 population, new schemes in eight cities and improvement schemes in 50 cities are already under implementation. A sum of Rs. 1,323 lakh is required for completion of schemes being run under the crash urban water supply programme. Under the programme, the Government of India gave its approval to the scheme in 42 cities costing Rs. 26.48 crore in 1993-94.

Work is going on in three cities. The Government of India has accorded its approval in 1996 and 1997 to the schemes of 26 cities selected under the second phase.

Projects for Main Cities :

For long term solution to the drinking water problem of Agra, Mathura and

Vrindavan, a barrage near Gokul on the Yamuna river is under construction.

Construction of a barrage is also proposed in Agra to solve the drinking water

125 problem of the city. In Kanpur, a barrage is under construction over the Ganga river. These barrages are being constructed by the Irrigation Department and works relating to drinking water supply are being undertaken by the Jal Nigam. A brief sketch of some projects for main cities of UP will enable us to highlight the development of water resources in U.P. In the following pages, an attempt has been made to discuss the schemes of sustainable development of water resources in the State.

Gokul and Agra Barrage :

The , which is under construction, will provide 115 cusec water to Agra City. This barrage alone will not be able to solve the problem of drinking water in Agra City. Therefore, Agra barrage is proposed over the

Yamuna river, 8 kms upstream from Taj. This barrage will also provide 115 cusec water. Survey work of the project has been handed over to the Survey of India.

The Survey work is likely to be completed very soon. The State government has so far released Rs. 45 lakh for research and survey work. For these works, a sum of Rs. 8 crore was required in 1996-97. For arrangement of drinking water facility in Taj Trepazium area, it is proposed that 50 per cent of the project cost should be borne by the Govenmient of India. A sum of Rs. 42 crore is required for supply works from Gokul barrage. It has been proposed that 50 per cent of the project cost should be borne by the Govenunent of India.

126 Ganga Barrage:

The Public Investment Board, U.P. gave its approval in June, 1994 to the barrage proposed over the Ganga river to solve the drinking water problem of the city. Construction of the barrage will cost Rs. 193 crores and drinking water supply Rs. 10 crore. The Government of India has agreed to bear 50 per cent of its cost. So far, a sum of Rs. 34.24 crore has been received for the project, out of which Rs. 4 crore has been made available by the Government of India.

• To solve the drinking water problem facing Lucknow city, the third

water works is proposed in Lucknow. The source of water supply

will be Sharda canal. So far, a sum of Rs. 3.95 crore has been

released for this project. Out of this amount, two crore rupees has

been made available to the Lucknow Development Authority for

acquisition of land for the project.

• The second water works is proposed in Allahabad to solve its

drinking water problem. For this purpose, a project of Rs. 15.63

crore is under consideration. So far, an amount of Rs. 65 lakh has

been released for starting initial development works.

Ganga Action Plan : First Phase

To make the Ganga river pollution free, the Government of ndia launched the Ganga Action Plan in June, 1985. The plan included the cities with over one lakh population along the bank of Ganga river. A provision of Rs. 186 crore was

127 made for U.P. and 106 schemes were sanctioned for six cities, viz., Hardwar,

Rishikesh, , Kanpur, Allahabad, Mirzapur and Varanasi. Of these schemes, 58 were implemented by the Jal Nigam. All the schemes have been completed, except the sewage plants in Kanpur and Allahabad, which will be completed soon. The scheme included prevention of discharging urban affluents in the river and affluent treatment. For execution of the works under the first phase, the Government of India gave cent per cent money. Only for treatment of effluents discharged by the leather industry of Kanpur into the Ganga river (costing Rs.

2,344 lakh), 17.5 per cent cost was to be borne by the State Government, 17.5 per cent by the leather industry and 65 per cent by the Government of India.

Second Phase:

It is proposed to check discharge of urban effluents into the Ganga river and its tributaries such as Yamuna and Gomati in the cities situated on their banks.

These works include divert the opening of drains in the river, installation of sewage treatment plants, construction of clean toilets, construction of cremation houses, beautification and improvement of ghats, afforestation and solid waste management. Work is in progress in the cities on the bank of the Yamima and

Gomati rivers. The schemes relating to the Ganga components cities have been submitted to the Government of India for approval, so that work can be started on them. The cost of the works under the second phase is being borne on 50-50 basis by the State and Central Government.

128 Gomati Action Plan :

The Ganga Action Plan was started in the State with the assistance of the

Government of India in 1985-86. The Government of India decided to start works of preventing water pollution and controlling it with regard to the main tributaries of the Ganga, viz. Yamuna and Gomati. In this connection, the Jal Nigam in cooperation with the subject experts prepared the feasibility report in August, 1993 for keeping the Gomati river pollution free in Lucknow, Sultanpur and Jaunpur.

The report was approved by the Government of India in December, 1993. The report envisaged a total cost of Rs. 100 crores Rs. 8,526 lakh for Lucknow, Rs.

510 lakli for Sultanpur, and Rs. 864 lakh for Jaunpur.

Urban Water Drainage Planning :

In most of Indian cities, the water that we drink is polluted. Hence the removal of control of water pollution is a very challenging task. It is a major public health hazard. Proper drainage system is provided in few big towns in

India. According to a Survey only eight major cities in India have proper water treatment and proper drainage facilities.

As per the target of International water supply and cleanliness programme, it is proposed to provide water drainage facility and clean toilets to 80 per cent of the urban population in all the grade 1st cities. During sixth and seventh five year plan, a meager sum of only Rs. 18 crores and Rs. 15 crores was provided which was much less than the required amount. Therefore, the main hurdle in the

129 fulfilment of target of the urban water drainage is lack of resources because in the

Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Five year Plans, the provision made for drainage systems in cities was inadequate considering the requirements of the cities and towns.

Efforts should be made to obtain financial assistance from other sources for undertaking the works concerning urban water drainage. Under the World Bank

Programme the cities where the works were undertaken for the provision of water supply, the water drainage plan was also included under this programme. In addition to eight towns, two other cities namely Dehradun and Nainital were also included in the water drainage plan for vdiich the World Bank gave its approval.

Under the World Bank Programme, the extension / improvement of water drainage system in 10 towns was proposed. Water drainage plans in these towns are as follows:

Kanpur: A plan of Rs. 364.81 lakhs was provided for the water

drainage system for Kanpur city.

Agra : A plan of Rs. 273.56 lakhs proposed for the water drainage

system of Agra town. In which it was proposed to tap 7.373

km branch sewerage and 5.485 km trunk sewerage number

of 235 drains. The work of the plan was handed over to Jal

Nigam in October, 1989.

Varanasi: A plan of Rs. 176.69 lakhs for the water drainage system of

Varanasi town was handed over to the Jal Nigam in 1990,

130 and under this the work of laying down 20 km branch

sewerage was proposed. Under this plan, the Jal Nigam has

made preparation for the execution of work.

Allahabad : The work is being imdertaken by the Jal Sansthan.

Lucknow : The work in Lucknow town is also imdertaken by the Jal

Sansthan.

Bareilly : For the water drainage system of Bareilly town, a plan of Rs.

97.08 lakhs was prepared. Under this plan the work for the

laying down of 19.692 km sewerage was proposed out of

which the work of laying down of 8.50 km sewerage has

been completed.

Moradabad : For the Moradabad town, a plan of Rs. 20.48 lakh was

prepared in which there was a proposal of 900 meters new

sewerage and the cleaning work of 1.482 km old sewerage.

The work is in progress under this plan.

Gorakhpur: The work of drainage is being undertaken by the municipality.

Aligarh : For the Aligarh town, a plan of Rs. 162.62 lakhs has been

prepared under which there is a proposal of clearance of 3

km drains, laying down of 5.5 km sewerage and the

replacement of 5 old sewerage pumps. Under this plan

131 against the sanctioned amount of Rs. 98.00 lakhs, Rs. 30.69

lakhs has already been spent. The work has not yet been

completed.

Saharanpur: For the Saharanpur town, a drainage plan of Rs. 277.18 lakhs

was prepared. Under this plan there was a proposal of

completion of old water drainage mainly of town. Against

the sanctioned amount of Rs. 38.99 lakhs under this plan, an

expenditure of Rs. 28.26 lakhs has already been incurred.

Ghaziabad: A plan of Rs. 303.78 lakhs was prepared for the water

drainage of Ghaziabad town. Under this there was a proposal

for the laying down of 4.36 km sewerage, the construction of

No. 3 L.P.S. and replacement of old sewerage pumps etc. the

work of laying down of sewerage has been completed.

The water drainage facility is available partially in 57 towns out of the total

68 towns of the state. This is mainly due to inadequate budget provisions provided

for and lack of efforts and initiatives taken under by the State Administration. Also

the severeness of the problem was not recognized and preventive measures were not taken in time.

132 Rural Water Supply:

There are 11256 village in the State. As per norms fixed by the Government

of India there are 78050 villages which are problem village fi-om the point of view

of shortage of drinking water. A survey was conducted by the Government of

India in the year 1972 to determine standards for problem villages fi'om the point

of view of drinking water. This survey conducted by the District Magistrates in

their respective areas covered the following villages :

1. Those villages where the sources of drinking water are situated 1.6

km away or more or those villages where the underground water is

available at the depth of 15 meters or more from the ground surface.

In the hilly areas those villages where the source of drinking water is

available at the height of depth of 100 meters.

2. Those villages which are affected by Cholera. Diarrhoea and other

epidemics caused by water pollution.

3. Those villages where the water available fi'om the source is salty or

where the quantity of fluoride is more.

At the end of March 1990, out of the 35, 506 problem facing villages the

facility of clean drinking water was available to only 3007 villages. Realising the large of limited financial resources, the programme of installing the hand pumps was given priority. And the piped water supply was made available to only those places where hand pumps water was not suitable from chemical point of view. In

133 the hilly area the water was being supplied through pipes for the purpose of providing at least one source of water to every trouble facing village. For 250-300 persons, one hand pump or the maximum two hand pumps, were drilled and one hand pump was made available in the harijan basti.

The acclerated programme for piped drinkable water supported by the government was being operated at the rate of 40 litre per day per head. The standposts were fixed in accordance with the standards of the drilling of hand pumps. The number of problem facing villages after 1972 increased substantially due to drought, lack of basic infrastructure and deforestation. By combining the lists of 1972 and 1985, the total number of trouble facing villages was 78, 050 out of which 71,881 villages were benefited and the remaining 6, 169 villages could not avail this facility.

In the 7**^ Plan, a target of providing at least one source of clean water in all the remaining villages was fixed. Also in all these trouble facing villages on the basis of population there was a proposal of drilling hand pumps so that atleast one hand pump could be installed for the use of 250-30 persons.

Under the International Drinking Water and cleanliness Drive, there was a target of providing of clean and sufficient drinking water to all the rural population by 1990. However, due to lack of financial resources, the progress was not good, although the priority was given to the trouble facing villages.

134 During the severe drought of 1987, the problem of drinking water became more acute in many more villages. Therefore the state government directed all the districts magistrates to send the list oif those villages vy^ch have been declared trouble villages due to the drought of 1987. Consequently the list of new trouble facing villages was obtained on the basis of drought from many janpads (districts).

In that year, the total number of new trouble facing villages was 1993 out of which

3631 villages were benefited by the drilling of one or two hand pipes.

The works of rural water supply is being carried out under the minimum needs programme of the state government and under the accelerated programme funded by the central government, and under the Dutch Programme sponsored by the Dutch Administration. For providing drinking water for Harijan Bastis the fiinds are provided by Rural Development Department. Under the minimum needs programme Rs. 66.42 crores were sanctioned which included Rs. 16 crore under the Dutch Programme and Rs. 50 crores under the accelerated programme of the government. It is hoped that 7000 trouble facing, 69 non trouble facing and 3618 new trouble facing villages would be benefited. In addition to the saturation / conformation of some villages had to be done.

The census of 1991, identified 1,12,566 populated revenue villages in the state, out of v^ch 78,050 villages were declared trouble facing villages from the point of view of providing drinking water facility. The instUation of hand pumps in rural areas has been undertaken under different programmes viz. minimum

135 needs programme, accelerated rural water supply programme, Dutch programme

and Harijan Bastis drinking water plan. In areas where the hand pumps water was

not drinkable due to chemical reasons, the facility of drinking water was made

available through pipe supply in those areas. However, due to inadequate

resources and lack of effective enforcement of different programmes, the facility

of drinking water could be made available only to 945138 villages of the state till

March, 1990. This aspect needs immediate attention and strong steps to be taken

by the State Government.

The government has announced that in the next five years, the proper

arrangement of clean drinking water would be made in the whole state. This

requires that arrangement of drinking water had to be made either through the

hand pump or the pipeline in all the rural areas of the state where there is no

arrangement of drinking water for the people.

Standard of coverage:

As per the standard determined by he government of India one hand pump /

stand post design is proposed for 250-300 persons. Design period is normally a

period of 10 to 15 years and generally the design population should not be greater

than 40% of the population in 1981 or 30% greater than the present population of the state. The state government decided in May, 1991 that in the villages one hand pump would be drilled for each 250 persons and in those villages where the hand pump has been drilled, there will be no further drilling of new hand pumps.

136 As per the standard adopted by the Government of India, a village is assumed to be covered if two hand pumps / stand posts are made available.

Additional hand pumps / standposts may be drilled later as per the needs of the population of that area The State Administration has accorded a priority in providing the water supply to schedule cast and schedule tribes. The hand pump in a village would first be drilled in the Harijan Basti in accordance with this priority.

Position of coverage:

In the Sixth and Seventh Five Year Plan special emphasis was given on providing water supply to all problem villages and towns of the state. In the Eighth plan, there was a target of benefiting all the villages of the state and for this an expenditure of Rs. 1,000 crores was anticipated. It is suggested that in this regard the need based policy should be adopted by the State Administration. In different programmes of water supply Rs. 115.10 crores was sanctioned for rural areas in the budget provisions of 1990-91. In the year 1991-92, a budget of Rs. 6017 crore under minimum needs programme, Rs. 10 crores under Dutch Credit Progranune and Rs. 50 crores under tfie accelerated rural water supply programme initiated by the govt, of India, was provided. This includes a provision of s. 39.44 crores for the hilly areas.

Till March, 1991, out of the total 1,12,566 villages of the state, the facility of drinking water was made available completely in 39215 villages and partially in

137 62,013 villages. Out of which 74,732 villages have been benefittted through the hand pumps while the 26, 496 villages have been benefited through the piped water supply. Handpump installation is relatively an easier and economical way especially for those villages where relatively better quality water is available. The other alternative of piped water supply is preferred only where hand pump is not feasible.

World Bank's Programme for Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in U.P.

Realizing the magnitude of the problem of the urban water supply in many urban and rural areas as well in any sources are tapped. The programme of improvement / extension in the water supply / water drainage arrangement has been undertaken with the help of World bank. The improvement / extension of water supply system is also proposed with the help of HUDCO. There is a proposal of improvement of water supply in rural areas with the help of other international agencies.

World Bank's Urban Water Supply Programme :

The programme of water supply was undertaken in the initial stage with a target expenditure of Rs. 62.41 crores in towns such as Kanpur, Agra, Varanasi,

Allahabad, Lucknow, Bareilly, Moradabad, Gorakhpur, Aligarh, Saharanpur and

Ghaziabad. The work has been completed in Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly,

Moradabad, Gorakhpur, Aligarh, Saharanpur and Ghaziabad and with that 254.50

138 million litres of water daily has been provided. In the second stage, an investment of Rs. 53.77 crores has been earmarked for towns such as Jhansi, ,

Dehradun and Nainital.

World Bank's Urban Water Drainage Programme :

Under this programme, an expenditure of Rs. 11.51 crores was set aside for towns viz. Agra, Varanasi, Bareilly, Moradabad, Aligarh, Saharanpur and

Ghaziabad, but the work is slow and partially completed. In the second stage, the work involving Rs. 5.05 crore was undertaken in Meerut, Dehradun and Nainital towns. These works have been undertaken and are in progress. The main purpose of this project is to provide the facility of clean drinking water, clean lavaratory and water drainage so as to improve health of the general public and to raise their living standard by educating them and developing awareness about their participation in the programme.

The three specific objectives of the above project are :

1. To provide the basic facility of water supply which will also include

new drinking water plans, the reformation of drinking water plans,

and the improvement of the available wells.

2. To initiate measures for environmental cleanliness and water

drainage in which the construction of residential clean lavaratory,

roads, drains and the bathing floorsetc . are included.

139 3. To provide Health education and encourage community

participation.

The above project has been proposed in the 28 districts of the state : Tehri,

Pawn, , , Chamoh, Dehradun, Nainital, , ,

Sitapur, , , Shahjahanpur, Gorakhpur, Pratapgarh, Deoria, Jaunpur,

Bijnaur, Kanpur (rural), Hardoi, Moradabad, , Jalaun, Hamirpur, Jhansi,

Lalitpur, Banda and Fatehpur. The World Bank has expressed its acceptance for the plan.

The proposed expenditure under the above plan for different types of rural programmes is as follows :

Table (4.9) Showing Proposed Expenditure under World Bank's Development Programs S.No. Programme Rs. (Crore) 1. Rural Water Supply 149.16 2. Environmental Cleanliness 57.40 3. Health and Cleanliness 12.55 4. Underground Water 1.75 5. Community Participation 25.21 6. Training 3.30 7. Management and Planning 2.42 Total 251.79 Source : UP Jal Nigam, Lucknow.

140 The World Bank in principal has agreed to provide financial support for the plan of this size. The construction work has started and its continuous monitoring

is needed to make it an effective contribution for the sustainability and development of water resources in rural areas of the state.

Swajal Project:

The U.P. Rural Drinking Water and Environmental Cleanlines Project on

Swajal project was started with the assistance of the World Bank in 15 districts of hill and Bundelkhand regions of the State in 1996. The project will continue upto the year 2002. The project is the first of its kind in the country. Under it, living conditions of the rural people will be improved through providing them drinking water and cleanliness. Another object of the project is to ensure the participation of people in it and make them share the cost of the project. The community itself will run and maintain the facilities. The project also aims at economic emancipations of rural women and strengthen the Panchayats. The main components of the projects are ; supply of clean drinking water, water drainage and clean toilets for environmental cleanliness, and community participation and health education. The project is likely to benefit 650 villages in Uttarkhand and

350 in Bundelkhand. The participation of women is ensured in all the phases of the project. So far a sum of Rs. 266 lakh has been spent on the project.

141 Water Resources and Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh :

Water is required not only for human and animals lives but also for feeding

over 100 crores mouths in India i.e. for irrigation purposes. In the following pages

an attempt has been made to highlight the irrigation potential of Uttar Pradesh.

About 54 per cent of the State's total cultivable land has been brought

under irrigation through Government sources. With a view to further increasing

the irrigation potentials, a firm resolve has been made to provide water to every

field in the state. The main features of the strategy adopted for balanced growth of

irrigation means are as under :

• Creation of additional irrigation potential while ensuring optimum

utilization of existing water resources.

• Removal of regional disparity in creation of irrigation potential.

• Redefine the priorities of the on going projects and complete first

those projects which are likely to give benefit early.

• Maintenance and optimum use of created potential.

• Ensure participation of farmers in operation of irrigation facilities.

• Clean and efficient administrative set up.

The share of cultivable area in the State's total geographical area of 294.4 lakh hectares is to the tune of 203 lakh hectares. The net sown area of the State is spread in 173 hectares out of which 84 lakh hectare is bi-cropped. The Irrigation

Department created an irrigation potential of 107.94 lakh hectares by constructing

142 74,000 km long canals, 28,636 Government tube wells arid 229 minor lift canals by the end of the year 1995-96. Out of this irrigation potential, 69.74 lakh hectares has been created under major and medium irrigation schemes and 38.20 lakh hectares under Government minor irrigation works.

Table (4.10) Showing Irrigation Potential & Its Utilization in U.P. (Period 1995 to 99) (in lakh hectares) Major Minor Year Personal &Medium Total Irrigation Irrigation 1995-96 Potential 3821 17130 6974 27925 Utilization 1860 17130 6014 25004 1996-97 Potential 3831 17851 7043 28725 Utilization 1863 17851 6114 25828 1997-98 Potential 3849 18161 7172 29182 Utilization 1871 18161 6147 2679 1998-99* Potential 3873 18517 7294 19684 Utilization 1880 18517 6222 26619 * Approximately Progress Source : Annual Scheme 1999-2000, Department of Planning, U.P.

143 Table (4.11) Showing Progress of some Schemes of Minor Irrigation in U.P. (Period 1997 1to 1999) Source Unit 1997 1998 1999 Masonry 1000 206 207 207 Rahet (Persian Wheel) 1000 1,74 1,74 1,74 Under Ground Level Pumpset 1000 82 85 88 Boring Pump Sets 1000 28,52 1 29,07 29,65 Electric Tube Wells 1000 5,59 5,63 5,70 Hydrums Number 9,53 9,91 10,32 Masonry Tanks Number 15205 15,709 16,082 Irrigations Drum K.M. 11,044 11,445 11,778 Source : Department of Minor Irrigation, UP.

Table(4.12) Showing distribution of Net Irrigated Area through different sources in U.P. (Percentage) (Period 1984[ -85 to 1997-98) Source 1984-85 1996-97 1997-98 Canal 32.8 25.6 25.5. Tube wells 56.5 66.6 66.4 Wells 6.2 3.9 5.0 Pond / Lake 1.4 0.8 0.7 Others 3.1 . 3.1 2.4 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Source : Directorate of Agriculture, U.P.

144 Major and Medium Projects :

The water available in the State's rivers can create an irrigation potential of

125 lakh hectares through major and medium irrigation projects, against v^ch irrigation potential of 69.74 lakh hectares has been created till 1995-96 and another 1.15 lakh hectares is estimated in 1996-97. This represents about 56.7 per cent of total available water resources. To tap the remaining available water resources, a sum of about Rs. 4,450 crore is required for completion of 29 major medium projects currently under construction. Their completion will help generate an additional potential of 29 lakh hectares. An outlay of Rs. 470 crore is proposed for major and medium irrigation projects in 1997-98. During 1997-98 seven projects have been completed. This would generate an additional potential of 1.35 lakh hectares. These projects are ;

Maudaha Dam Project:

This project has added a potential of 25,000 hectares on its completion and benefit Hamirpur district.

Chambal Dam Project:

This project has created an additional potential of 25, 420 hectares and benefitted Agra and Etawah districts.

Saryu Canal Project:

Under the project in the of Ghagra, Rapti and Rohini rivers, 9200 km. Long canals has been constructed and an additional irrigation potential of

146 14.04 lakh hectares has been created benefiting the districts of , Gonda,

basti, Siddharth Nagar and Gorakhpur. The estimated cost of this project is Rs.

1,256 crore against wdiich Rs. 518 crore have been spent till March, 1997. The

project has been divided into three stages to reap immediate benefits from the

canals constructed under the project. The work imder the first stage has been

completed to create irrigation potential has been for 60,000 hectares.

Sharda Sahayak Project.:

Under this project it was proposed to construct 15, 143 km. long canals for

water distribution, besides lining of the main canal. This project has been divided

into two stages with the object of getting speedy results. The project has created

an additional irrigation potential of 15,000 hectares.

Eastern Ganga Canal Project:

The construction work of the main canal with 4, 850 cusecs capacity

coming out from the left flank of Bhimgoda headworks on Ganga at Hardwar and its branches is in progress. Under this project 1.05 lakh hectares of land would receive irrigation facility in Bijnore and Moradabad districts.

Modernisation of Upper Ganga Canal Project:

For the modernization of this 135 year old irrigation system, it is proposed to renovate civil works lying between 6 km. And 36 km. Of the canal and then construct a parallel canal in the first phase of modernization programme. Besides, it is also proposed to construct a parallel canal between km. 177 to km. 240 of the

147 main canal. The latest estimated cost of the projects first phase period is Rs. 724

crore.

Central Ganga Canal Project:

To ensure optimum utihzation of water available in the Ganga river during rains, it is proposed to construct a barrage over Ganga river near Bijnore and

construct canals on both sides of the river. Under the project, construction w^ork has been completed on the barrage and the main canal. As against the 1,213 km. long distributoiy system proposed under the first phase of the project, work has been completed on 1,213 kms. The total estimated cost of the project is Rs. 543.96

crore. It will create an additional potential of 1. 78 lakh hectares, out of which

1.42 lakh hectares has been created.

Improvement of Sharda Canal System :

Under the project, the Sharda Canal System is being modernized and its water management is also being improved.

Inter State Projects :

Besides aforementioned projects, there are some ongoing inter state projects also. A currency glance on the interstate projects will enable us to assess the water resources development for irrigation purpose in U.P.

Raj ghat Dam Project:

Under the Rajghat Dam project being constructed over the Betwa river in

Lalitpur district by the Betwa River Board, it is proposed to construct 43.8 metres

148 high and 10.79 km. long dam near Rajghat, it will cost about Rs. 266.16 crore out of which Rs. 133.08 crore will be borne by U.P. The capacity of the project will be 76.69 TMC out of which UP's share will be 26.5 TMC. It will create an additional irrigation potential of about 1.09 lakh hectares and benefit Jhansi,

Jalaun and Hamirpur districts in Bundelkhand region.

Ban Sagar Dam Project:

This project is proposed over the sone river in Shahdole district of Madhya

Pradesh. According to an agreement reached between the Goverrmient of U.P.

Madhya Pradesh and Bihar in 1973, U.P. will share one fourth of the total cost and get one million acre feet water.

Multi Purpose Projects :

The important multi purpose and hydel power projects are as follows :

Lakhwar - Vyasi Project:

The project is proposed over the Yamuna river comprising two dams 204 metre high concrete dam at Lakhwar and 80 metre high dam at Vyasi, and Kata

Pathar barrage. A 300 MW imderground power station at Lakhwar and another of

120 HW at Hathiyari will be constructed. The reservoir will make available irrigation facility in an area of about 4,000 hectares in Saharanpur, Muzaffamagar and Meerut districts under the command area of Eastern Yamuna Canal. The estimated cost of the project is Rs. 1,446 crore.

149 Jamrani Dam Project:

This project is under construction over the Gola river near Kathgodam in

Nainital district. Work on its barrage and feeder canal is almost complete. The project will create an additional irrigation potential of about 60,000 hectares and

15 MWs electricity and drinking water.

Flood Control:

There is about 73.36 lakh hectare flood afflected area in the State. Only

26.26 per cent of this area has so far been protected against floods. About 281 flood protection and water drainage projects are under implementation in the State.

Minor Irrigation :

The main objective of minor irrigation is to make farmers self dependent in matters relating to irrigation. Under this project, mainly the programme of free boring of tube wells is carried on. In Bundelkhand and other plateau areas of difficult and deep strata, boring is done by rig machines, wells constructed and deepened through blasting process, and boring through in well rigs of the rocky areas inside the well. In hill areas high drums, guls, and artisan wells are being constructed. The following programmes mainly come under the purview of minor irrigation:

150 Free Boring:

Free boring scheme was started in January 1985, under which in the

beginning the maximum free boring limit for small / marginal farmers was Rs.

3,000. Now these rates have been raised to Rs. 4,000 and Rs. 5,000 respectively.

The grant for pump set is shared on 50.50 basis under the Integrated Rural

Development Programme and the State Government budget. NABARD has now

fixed the cost of 5 HP pumpset unit at Rs. 13,400. The small farmer gets a grant

of 25% with a maximum of Rs. 2825, the marginal farmers 33.33% subject to a

maximum of Rs. 3,750 and farmers belonging to Scheduled Castes / Tribes get

50% subject to a maximum amount of Rs. 5,650 on the basis of pre-fixed price of

Rs. 11,300. Now this scheme is also financed under the million well scheme of

DRDA.

Million Well Scheme:

Under the million well scheme the job of free boring for farmers belonging

to the Scheduled Castes / Tribes having an acre or less of holding was undertaken

for the first time in the year 1992-93. Provision under this project exists an giving

priority to cultivators having less than one acre of holding. The condition of

installing pump set on less than one acre of holdings has now been withdrawn.

However, it will be ensured that there is at least one pumpset between three to four borings. The boring cost under this project has been placed at Rs. 5,000 and if money is saved from this fixed expenditure, the additional facility of installing a

151 reflex valve, delivery pipe etc. is available so that the farmers can immediately start irrigation by setting up the pumping set. In the Bundelkhand division the limit of free boring cost has been raised from Rs. 4,500 to Rs. 7,000 block wise.

The additional cost will be borne by the Bundelkhand Development Authority.

Now the facility of Bank loans has been extended to farmers having less than 0.5 acre of land holding.

Ambedkar Villages :

In all 6,431 Ambedkar villages were selected for boring from 1990-91 to

1995-96. Of them, 4,720 villages were saturated till May, 1997. In the year 1996-

97, as many as 5,000 villages were selected, of which 4,339 have been saturated with borings and 24, 609 borings were sunk against the target of 17,273 borings.

Gandhi Grams :

As many as 4829 borings were sunk in 901 Gandhi Grams by the end of the year.

Construction of Deep Wells through Heavy Rig Machines :

In the plateau and hard strata regions construction of deep wells is done with the help of heavy rig machines by departmental / private / other Govenunent institutions. Provision of 50 per cent grant, subject to a maximum of Rs. 30,000, exists for the farmars. If the farmer's boring fails to deliver the goods, he is charged only 10 per cent of the cost or Rs. 1,000, whichever is less. The remaining

152 cxjst is borne by the Government. If the boring is done by a private rig machine and fails, the farmers is not paid any grant. In Bundelkhand region and 101 development blocks having similar strata condition, the grant limit is Rs. 50,000 for the construction of deep wells.

Boring of Wells in Rocky Strata :

In the plateau areas of Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur, Allahabad, Hamirpur, Agra,

Mirzapur, Sonebhadra and Varanasi districts, on getting boring done through in well rig machines for the construction of wells, a grant of 50% subject to a maximum of Rs. 7,500 is admissible. If the boring fails, the farmers are required to pay 10% of the cost or Rs. 400, which ever is less. The balance of the expenditure is borne by the Government.

Construction / Deepening of Wells through Blasting :

Grant is admissible upto 50% subject to a maximum of Rs. 5,000 for construction of wells through blasting in Bundelkhand division and plateau areas of Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirzapur, Agra and Sonebhadra districts. For deepening of wells, grant is given at the rate of Rs. 20 per hole.

Hydrums in Hill Regions :

The Minor Irrigation Department is carrying out the job of hydrum construction since the year 1979-80. Till March, 1996, a total of 903 hydrums were established in hill areas of v^ch 275 are in and 628 in

Garhwal division.

153 Construction of Artisan Wells in Area of Nainital:

Artisan wells are constructed in the Terai area of for farmers belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The cost of construction work under both the above mentioned schemes is borne by the Government. In the district of Agra,

Mainpuri, Etawah and Jalaun, for the artisan wells constructed through hand boring, 50 per cent grant, subject to a maximum of Rs. 5,000 is provided, while in case of artisan wells constructed with the help of rig machines, a grant of 50 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs. 15,000 is given. Boring is considered as failure in Agra, Etah, Mathura and Aligarh districts if saline water is found in the constructed wells. On such unsuccessful borings, 50 per cent of the cost, subject to a maximum of Rs. 2,500 is given as grant. In Bundelkhand division and plateau blocks of , the farmers are provided a grant of 25 percent, subject to a maximum of Rs.3,000, for installation of pump sets and construction of tube wells. This facility is available in limited quantity. In the hill region, grant of Rs. 1,500 per acre is given for construction of hauz and guls.

Work under Deposit Scheme

Construction and reovation of guls, check dams, bundhis, reservoirs is done under Jawahar Rozgar Yojna, Million Wells Scheme, Drought-prone Area

Development Programme and Small/Marginal Farmers' Scheme.

154 Command Area Development

The main objective of the Command Area Development Programme is to

ensure scientific utilization of irrigation potential created through major and

madium irrigation projects and thus increase farm production and productivity.

This programme is being implemented in the State under the Sharda Sahayak

Command Area Develoment Project in an area of 16.13 lakh hectares irrigated by

Sharda Canal system in 11 districts, viz. Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi,

Unnao, Kehri, Lucknow, , Rae Bareli and Bara Banki.

Under the Ram Ganga Command Area development Project, the

programme is covering 2.22 lakh hectares in Banda district, 2.33 lakh hectares

under the East Ganga in Moradabad and Bijnaur, 2.21 lakh hectares under the East

Yamuna in Saharanpur, Meerut, Muzaffamagar and Ghaziabad districts, 1.50 lakh

hectares under Jamrani in Bareilly, Rampur and Nainital districts, 4.22 lakh

hectares under Betwa and Gurasarai in Jhansi, Jalaun and Hamirpur districts, 6.86

lakh hectares under the Upper and Central Ganga C^al system in Meerut,

Saharanpur, Muzaffamagar, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahar, Etah and Aligarh districts.

Under the Area Development Programme mainly earthen guls, cemented guls, water draining channels and cemented strectures are constructed and

'osarabandi' is carried out to ensure equal distribution of irrigation water among farmers. During the year 1995-96 an area of 43.48 lakh hectares was covered under the command projects and osarabandi was completed in an area of 41.20

155 lakh hectares. Similarly, in the year 1996-97, area development works were completed in an area of 1.26 lakh hectares and osarabandi in 2.06 lakh hectares with a total expenditure of Rs.4018.396 lakh.

An outlay of Rs.2,500 lakh was sanctioned for these works in 1997-98 out of which Rs.Rs. 1,127 lakhs was earmarked to the Sharda Sahayak Project, 1,393 lakhs to Ram Ganga Project and Rs. 10 lakhs to the State headquarters. This amount will be spent on area development works in an area of 59.4 thousand hectares and osarabandi work in an area of 145 thousand hectares.

With a view to ensuring participation of farmers under the command area development project the construction works under this projects are being carried out through water management committees being formed under section 110 of the

United Provinces Panchayati Raj Act 1947. These committees are also responsible for enforcing osarabandi works.

Under the PIM scheme, orders have been issued to ensure participation of farmers in water management in respect of two canals under the Ram Ganga

Command project and 13 canals under the Sharda Sahayak Project. A review of the irrigation potential of UP has presented a very satisfactory picture. The problem of water for irrigation has been minimized to a larger extent and it is expected that with the commissioning of all incomplete schemes and projects, state government will be able to provide water to every field.

156 Conclusion

In the foregoing pages , sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh has been discussed. It has been observed that about 80% of the population of Uttar Pradesh lives in the rural areas. The state government is committed to provide drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural and urban areas. State Government has laid the target of providing drinking water to the 100 per cent urban population. Although in urban areas the drinking water facility through pipelines is available in most of the towns, but the supply is not satisfactory. Still in many small towns the state water supply depends only on a single water tap which is often dry and this requires large scale repairs and maintenance of the existing water supply system. Due to phenomenal growth of urban population per head water supply has become inadequate. Works are being undertaken under the World Bank Plan for the improvement / extension of the drinking water facilities in all big cities of the state. Improvement in the drinking water facility could not be done due to inadequate resources during first four five year plans. However, from fifth Plan onwards massive expenditure has been incurred on the sustainability and development of water resources in UP. Despite that the state government did not meet the minimum requirements of water in big towns and consequently there is crisis of drinking water in many parts of the state.

Under the International Drinking Water and Cleaimess Programme, there was a target of providing clean and sufficient drinking water to all the rural

157 population by 1990,. The drinking water facilities were provided through the

installation of hand pumps in rural areas under different programmes viz

minimimi need programme, Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, Dutch

supported programmes and Harijan Basti Drinking Water Plan. In areas where the

hand pump water is not suitable due to chemical reasons, the facility of drinking

water was made available through piped supply. Despite these efforts, the planned

target have not been achieved and installed hand pumps are defunctional. Proper

repair and maintenance facility has not been provided. The efforts of providing

drinking water in many cases are futile since the machines are functional only till

the time these are in order e.g. If once a hand pump is out of order, it is not

repaired for months together. It happens due to financial constraints, delay in

disbursement of funds, lack of commitment negligence of duty inefficient

plaiming, poor maintenance and responsibility on the part of municipal staff which

is responsible for the maintenance of the system.

But in recent years, the progress seems slightly satisfactory in some areas of the state which is evident fi"om the fact that each comer of urban as well as rural

areas of U.P. has been provided with the facility of drinking water at least through hand pumps and has also added to irrigation potential. It could be possible mainly due to the fact the all Members of Parliament (MPs), Members of Legislative

Assembly (MLAs), Members of Legislative Council (MLCs), Chairmen of

Municipal Board and Corporation and Town Areas Committee have done a

158 tremendous job these days by making available water supply in their constituencies out of their area development funds. Some rural areas of the state still need special attention of the State Government to ensure that the facility of drinking water has been provided in such areas. Apart from this, vv^le reviewing the schemes of Government of India and other National and International

Organisations, it has been observed that the Bulandshahar (the District choosen for the assessment of Water Resources in the present project) has been totally neglected as not a single project has been so far launched in the district for the supply of drinking water, irrigation, drainage etc. Thus, it is suggested that the planners must take immediate steps to minimize the disparities in the provision of social infrastructure in the district as compared to neighbouring districts of the state.

To make the study more meaningful and result oriented, a micro study has been conducted in the succeding chapter to evaluate the sustainability and development of water resources in different blocks of Buladshahr district.

Selected References : 1. U.P. Annual, 1996-97 Information and Public Relations Department of U.P. Lucknow. 2. Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi, June 1-15,1989. 3. Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi 15-30, August, 1986. 4. Annual Reports, U.P. Jal Nigam 1988-2000), published by head ofl&ce, Lucknow. 5. India 2000 & 2001, Minsitry of Information & Broadcasting.

159 6. A Hand Book of U.P. State Public Sector enterprises Sarvajanih Udyam Buraeu, U.P. Lucknow. 7. First Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 8. Second Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 9. Third Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 10. Fourth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 11. Fifth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 12. Sixth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 13. Seventh Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 14. Eighth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. 15. Nmth Five Year Plan, Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.

160 0**APTER CHAPTER V

SUSTAINABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WATER

RESOURCES IN BULANDSHAHR DISTRICT

In the preceding chapter, a comprehensive survey of sustainability and development of water resources in UP. has been made which clearly indicates that U.P. is the most wettest state of the country. Massive investment has been made for sustainable development of water resources in different districts of

India's most populous state during the last few decades. The present chapter is a micro level study of the sustainability and development of water resources in one of the districts of the state having proximity with the capital of India i.e. the district Bulandshahr. In order to study the sustainability and development of water resources in Bulandshahar district, it would be worthwhile to review the geographical profile of the district first.

Physical Features :

Bulandshahar District in the Meerut Division Uttar Pradesh lies, between

28° 4' and 28° 43'N and 77° 18' and 78° 28' E, with an area of 4158.5 square

Kilometer. It is situated in the or alluvial plain between the and

Yamuna rivers, v\^ch form its eastern and western boundaries, dividing it fi^om

Moradabad and Badaun and from Delhi respectively. On the north and south lie

Meerut and Aligarh Districts. The central portion forms an elevated plain, flanked 161 by strips of low lying land, called Khadar. On the banks of the two great rivers.

The Yamuna Khadar is an inferior tract, from 5 to 10 miles wide, except in the south, vsiiere the river flows close to its eastern high bank The swampy nature of the soil if increases in the north by the two rivers, Hindan and Bhuriya. The

Ganges Khadar is narrower, and in one or two places the river leaves fertile deposits which are regularly cultivated. Through the centre of the upland flows the East Kali Nadi, in a narrow and well defined valley which suffers from flooding in wet years. The western half contains a sandy ridge, now marked by the

Mat branch of the Upper Ganges Canal and two drainage lines known as the

Patwai and Karwan. The eastern portion is drained by another channel called the

Chhoya. The whole of this tract is a fertile streth of country, which owes much to the extension of canal irrigation.

The soil is entirely alluvium in which kankar is the only stone found while the surface occasionally bears saline efforescenes. The flora of the District presents no peculiarities. The commonest, and most useful trees are the babul and kikar (Acacia arabiica and A. ebumia). The shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo), neem

(Melia Asadirachta), and pepal (Ficus religiosa) are also conmion. In the east the landlords have encouraged the plantation of fine mango groves.

Wild hog and hog deer are common in the khadar. Both antelope and nilgai are found in the uplands, but are decreasing owing to the spread of cultivation. The leopard, wolf and byena are occasionally met with. In the cold season duck and 162 snipe collect in large numbers on the ponds and marshes. Fish are not much consumed in the District, though plentiful in the rivers.

The climate of Bulandshahr district resembles with that of , but no meteorological observations are made here, except a record of rainfall. The extension of canal-irrigation has increased malaria, but its effects have been mitigated by the improvement of the drainage system.

The annual rainfall averages about 26 inches, of which 24 inches are usually measured between June 1 and the end of October. Large variations occur in different years, the fall varying from under 15 inches to over 40 inches. There is not much difference between the amounts in different parts of the District, but the eastern half receives slightly more than the western.

According to 1991 census total population of the Bulandshahr district was

2468.37 thousand persons which consisted of 1329.12 thousand males and

1139.25 thousand females. However as per national census 2001 the total population of district Bulandhshahar is 2923 thousand persons (official data published in a local magazine i.e. Manorama). There were 17 rural blocks viz.

Dankaur, Sikanderabad, Gulaoti, Lakhaoti, Bulandshahr, Shikarpur, B.B. Nagar,

Siyana, , , , Amia, , Uncha Gaon, Danpur, and . However, two blocks of the districts namely and Jewar have been merged with a newdy created district Gautam Budh Nagar ()

163 since 1997-98. Now there are 15 blocks in the Bulandshahr District. The

Headquarters of each being at Bulandshahr. There are 9 Nagar Palika Parishads and 7 Nagar Panchayat Parishads in Bulandshahr district. Presently the number of total villages in the district is 1122.

The District is exceptionally well provided with means of irrigation. The main channel of the Upper Ganges Canal passes through the centre from north to south. Near the eastern border irrigation is supplied by the Anupshahr branch of the same canal, while the western half is watered by the Mat branch. The Lower

Ganges Canal has its head-works in this District, leaving the right bank of the

Ganges at the villages of . In 1997-98, gross irrigated area was 485 thousand hectares and Net irrigated area was 270 thousand hectares during the same year. After having discussed the geographical profile of the Bulandshahr district. Now the main focus of the study will be to assess the efforts made for the sustainability and development of water resources in both the rural as well as urban areas of the district on the one hand and actual development of water resources on the other.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in Urban Areas of Bulandshahr District:

To examine the sustainability and development of water resources in urban areas of Bulandshahr, an attempt has been made in the following pages to assess the supply of drinking water in urban areas of Bulandshahr district. At the very 164 outset it is important to note that availability of drinking water in urban areas of

Bulandshahr district is mainly through tube wells and hand pumps. Piped water supply is available only in some areas such as Bulandshahr, Khurja, Sikandarabad,

Anupshahr on regular basis but in most of the other areas piped water lines are available but tapes are often dry. Many people have made their own arrangement in almost all urban areas of the district. So far as Governmental arrangement is concerned, water supply through tube wells is not suffice to cater the needs of all

5,28652 persons living in urban areas as per 1991 census which is likely to cross 6 lakh person as per census 2001. The following table shows the availability of drinking water through tube wells in urban areas of Bulandshahr district.

Table (5.0) Showing Urban Drinking Water Supply Through Tube Wells in Bulandshahr District (Period 1998-99 to 2000-2001)

S.No. Nagar Palika Benefitted No. of Tube No. of No. of Parishad/Panchayat wells Tube wells Tube wells Population 1999-2000 2000-2001 1998-1999

1. Bulandshahr Nagar Palika 1,27,201 11 11 11 Parishad

2. Sikandarabad Nagar Palika 60992 4 4 4 Parishad

3. Khurja Nagar Palika Parishad 80305 4 4 4

4. Anupshahr Nagar Palika 15402 2 3 2 Parishad

5. Dibai Nagar Palika Parishad 27721 3 2 3

6. Siyana Nagar Palika Parishad 29888 1 1 1

7. Jahangirabad Nagar Palika 37981 3 3 3 Parishad

165 8. Guloati Nagar Palika Parishad 33982 2 2 2

9. Shikarpur Nagar Palika 29197 2 2 2 Parishad

10. Orangabad Nagar Panchayat 15402 1 1 Parishad

11. Khanpur Nagar Panchayat 11420 1 1 Parishad

12. Nagar Panchayat 11093 1 1 Parishad

13 B B.Nagar Nagar Panchayat 9101 - - Panshad

14 Narora Nagar Panchayat 17890 1 1 Panshad

15 Pahasu Nagar Panchayat 13227 1 1 Parishad

16 Chettari Nagar Panchayat 7920 - - Parishad

Total 5,28,652 37 39 37

Source Office of the Executive Engineer (Construction Branch) U P Jal Nigam, Bulandshahr

Data mentioned in above table indicate that in order to cater the needs of

528652 persons, there were 37 tube wells during the year 2000-2001. The number was same in the year 1998-1999 also but there was some addition to the number of existing tube wells in 1999-2000, where the number went upto 39. Nagar Palika

Parishad wise assessment of tube wells reveals that Bulandshahr Nagar Palika

Parishad has 11 tube wells i.e. 29.72 per cent of total tube wells in the district. The number has remained the same during all three years for which the data is available. Sikandarabad NPP has 4 tube wells i.e. 10.81 per cent. One each tube wells was dug in B.B. Nagar, and Chettari in 1999-2000, and one in Dibai in

2000-2001. However, the tube wells of B.B. Nagar and Chetari could not continue 166 due to operational reasons. Another angle of assessment of position of water resources is to form a relationship between population and number of tube wells in each Nagar Palika Parishad and Nagar Panchayat Parishad. As noted in the table, there are a Nagar Palika Parishads. The ratio of population and tube wells during the period under review was 11564 : 1 in Bulandshahr Nagar Palika

Parishad, Sikandarabad 15248 :1, Dibai 9240 : 1, Khurja 20076 : 1, Siyana 29888 :

1 and not even one in B.B. Nagar and Chattari now. In conclusion, wide variations should be taken into consideration at earliest in order to minimize the sufferings of the people of these areas where either no tube well has been provided or other like Siyana & Khurja where only one tube well is catering the needs of

29888 and 20076 persons respectively.

Urban Drinking Water Supply Through Handpumps in Bulandshahr District:

Water supply through handpumps has been the major source of drinking water supply in urban areas of Bulandshahr. The following table shows the urban drinking water supply through handpumps in Bulandshahr district.

Table (5.1) Showing Urban Drinking Water Supply Through I landpumps>i n Bulandshahr District ( Period 199<8-9 9 to 200(0-2OO1) . S.No. Nagar Palika Benefitted No. of No. of No. of Parishad/Panchayat Population Handpump Handpump Handpump 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 1. Bulandshahr Ns^ar Palika 1,27,201 127 147 167 Parishad 2. Sikandarabad Nagar Palika 60992 43 43 43 Parishad 3. Khurja Nagar Palika Parishad 80305 52 52 52 167 4 Anupshahr Nagar Palika 15402 35 114 35 Parishad 5 Dibai Nagar Palika Parishad 27721 114 35 114 6 Siyana Nagar Palika Panshad 29888 45 45 45 7 Jahangirabad Nagar Palika 37981 34 34 34 Panshad 8 Gulaoti Nagar Palika Parishad 33982 48 48 48 9 Shikarpur Nagar Palika 29197 16 16 16 Panshad 10 Orangabad Nagar Panchayat 15402 9 9 9 Parishad 11 Khanpur Nagar Panchayat 11420 29 29 29 Parishad 12 Bugrasi Nagar Panchayat 11093 31 31 31 Parishad 13 B B Nagar Nagar Panchayat 9101 9 9 9 Panshad 14 Narora Nagar Panchayat 17890 35 35 35 Parishad 15 Pahasu Nagar Panchayat 13227 35 35 35 Parishad 16 Chattari Nagar Panchayat 7920 17 17 17 Panshad Total 5,28,652 633 699 719 Source Office of the Executive Engineer (Construction Branch) U P Jal Nigam Bulandshahr

Above noted table reveals that the number of handpumps in all Nagar

Palika Parishads and Nagar Panchayat Parishad was 633 in 1999 which went up to

699 in 2000 and 719 in 2001 an increase of around 14 per cent during the year

2001 over 1999. Data further indicates that Bulandshahr Nagar Palika Parishad has

over 20 per cent of total handpumps in 1999, the proportion went upto 23 per cent

in the year 2000 and 2001 followed by Dibai i.e. 18 per cent in 1999 to 2001. It

leads to ties conclusion that 41 per cent of handpumps have been installed in just

two urban town areas consisting of 29.3 per cent of total population and remaining

61.7 per cent population is benefited by only 59 per cent of total handpumps in the district. Another significant conclusion is being drawn through the analysis of per capita availability of handpumps. It is observed that on average one handpimip 168 was provided to 1735 persons in Urban area of Bulandshahr district. However if

Nagar Palika and Panchayat Parishad wise assessment is made, these are extreme

variations in the availability of handpumps in different areas. In Dibai, on average

one handpump is available for 243 persons whereas one handpump is available for

1825 persons in Shikarpur Nagar Palika Parishad. The position is worst in

Orangabad Nagar Panchayat Parishad area also where one handpump cater the

need of 1711 persons. Even Sikanderabad and Khurja Nagar Palika Parishad areas

1418 and 1544 persons have been provided one handpump each Nagar Palika

Parishad area. Apart from Dibai Nagar Palika Parishad the position is better in

Anupshahr (440), Gulaoti (708), Bulandshahr (762) as compared to other Nagar

Palika Parishad areas. Among Nagar Panchayat Parishads, the position of Bugrasi

is best i.e. one handpump is available for 358 persons. Pahasu and Khanpur Nagar

Panchayat Parishads provide one handpump to 378 and 394 persons respectively.

On the others, extreme, it has already been mentioned that Orangabad Nagar

Panchayat Parishad has poor supply of drinking water i.e. one handpump is

available for 1711 persons. It leads to the conclusion that the existing number of

handpump in higher only in those areas where politicians are very active and have

taken interest in their constituencies. Consequently, position is extremely good in

their areas as compared to other areas which are neglected due to callous attitude of their local political leaders. It is suggested that more handpumps should be installed in Orangabad and B.B. Nagar Panchayat Parishad areas. Similarly in

169 Nagar Palika Parishads, v\4iere more handpumps are required are - Khurja,

Sikandarabad and Jahangirabad.

Sustainability and Development of Water Resources in Rural Areas of Bulandshahr District:

The assessment of sustainability and development of water resources in rural areas of Bulandshahr district can be done with the help of the study of present position of drinking water and irrigation potential in all villages of the district. The following table shows the number of villages, population of each block and the availability of drinking water through hand pumps :

Table (5.2) Showing Block-wise Drinking Water Supply Through Handpumps m Bulandshahr District (Period 1997 98 to 2000-2001) S.No Block No. of Benefited No. of No. of No. of No. of Villages Population Handpumps Handpumps Handpumps Handpumps 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 1. Sikandarabad 102 150630 665 1073 1165 1244 2. Gulaoti 57 111214 497 603 691 782 3. Lakhaoti 73 113973 567 665 671 742 4. Bulandshahr 93 169915 815 895 898 1032 5. Shikarpur 83 133218 659 765 776 875 6. B.B. Nagar 47 103869 445 540 633 681 7. Siyana 32 93733 400 493 579 633 8. Jahangirabad 76 127919 595 836 906 1010 9. Khurja 88 131876 727 864 933 1057 10. Amia 80 114310 642 773 846 927 11. Pahasu 90 149130 974 1053 1139 1195 12. Uncha Gaon 63 124867 535 664 762 821 13. Danpur 73 134254 851 992 1081 1141 14. Dibai 74 137170 791 1013 1061 1157 15. Anupshahr 91 140661 832 821 960 1040 Total 1122 1936739 9995 12050 13101 14337 Source : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahar. 170 Data noted in the above table exhibit the number of hand pumps in all rural

blocks of Bulandshahar district since 1997-98. It is alarming to note that the

number of handpumps in the district has increased tremendously from 9995 in

1997-98 to 14337 in 2000-2001 registering a sharp rise of 43.44 per cent over a

short span of 4 years. The ratio of hand pumps and village was 8.9:1 in 1997-98,

10.7:1 in 1998-99, 11.7:1 in 1999-2000 and 12.8:1 in 2000-2001. The table

further reveals that during the year 1997-98 the highest number of handpumps was

installed in Pahasu i.e. 974. The population of this block was 149130 person

spread over 90 village. Danpur block succeeded Pahasu block during the same

year i.e. 1997-98. The number of handpumps in Danpur was 851 and the

population and number of villages in this block was 134254 and 73 respectively.

Rural areas of Bulandshahr with a population of 169915 persons living in 93

villages had fourth place, third being Anupshahr. The number of hand pumps in

Bulandshahr and Anupshahr was 815 and 832 respectively in 1997-98. On the

contrary as mentioned earlier the smallest number of villages was 32 in Siyana

Block with a population 93733 persons followed by B.B. Nagar in that category

in assending order. The number of villages in this block was 47 with the

population of 103869 persons. The number of handpumps was 400 in Siyana and

495 in B.B. Nagar. On making a comparison of the year 1997-98 with the year

2000-2001 in terms of supply of drinking water in rural areas of Bulandshahar

district, it is observed that the number of handpumps was highest in Sikanderabad

171 block during 2000-2001 i.e. 1244, Pahasu block which had the highest number of hand pumps in 1997-98 ranked second during 2000-2001. The number of hand pumps ofcourse has increased from 974 in 1997-98 to 1195 in 2000-2001, but it could not exceed . Third position in terms of number of handpumps has been scored by Dibai in 2000-2001, fourth being Danpur which was second in

1997-98. In blocks like Siyana, B.B. Nagar Lakhaoti and Gulaoti which have 32,

47, 73 and 57 villages respectively with population of 93733, 103869, 113973 and

111214 persons respectively. The number of hand pumps was 633 in Siyana, 681 in B.B. Nagar, 742 in Lakhaoti and 782 in Gulaoti in 2000-2001. Actual assessment of sustainability and development of water resources in rural areas of

Bulandshahr district can not be done just by knowking the number of handpumps in each block in each year but by assessing the availability of handpumps in each village. To analyse the trend, ratios of handpumps and villages in each block have been calculated which indicate that during the year 1997-98 the average ratio of handpumps and villages was 8:9:1 which went up to 12:8:1 during 2000-2001.

The blocks which had ratio of hand pump and villages more than 8:9:1 during

1997-98 are, Siyana (12:5:1), Pahasu (10:82:1), Dibai (11.66:1), Danpur (10.69:1),

BB Nagar (9.47:1) and Anupshahr (9.14:1). The blocks which had almost near to district ratio are Bulandshahr (8.76:1), Gulaoti (8.72:1), Uncha Gaon (8.49:1),

Khurja (8.28:1) and Amia (8.03:1). At the same time, Sikandrabad, Lakhaoti,

172 Jahangirabad and Shikarpur had ratios much below the average of the district i.e.

(.6.52:1), (7.77:1), (7.83:1) and 7.94:1 respectively.

The position on comparison with 2000-2001 reveals that the district ratio of handpumps and village was 12.8:1. the blocks whose position was comfortable i.e. the number of hand pumps on average is more than the average hand pumps installed in the district are Siayana (19.78:1), Dibai (15.64:1), Danpur (15.64:1),

B.B. Nagar (14.49:1), Gulaoti (13.71:1), Jahangirabad (13.29:1), Pahasu (13.27:1) and Uncha Gaon (13.03:1). On the other extreme only Sikandrabad, Khurja have a ratio of (12.21:1) and (12.01:1) respectively, all other blocks need more handpumps in order to have parity in the supply of water. The blocks whose the ratio of handpumps to villages is less are Lakhaoti (10.16:1), Shikarpur (10.54:1),

Anupshahr (11.43:1), Amia (11.58:1) and Bulandshahr (11.09:1).

Thus the foregoing discussion on the development of water resources through assessment of water supply in rural areas of Bulandshahar district concludes that there is an uneven distribution of drinking water in the district.

Extreme variations in availability of drinking water in rural as well as urban areas of the district have been noted which need immediate alternation of State Planes and other agencies involved in the development of water resources at the district level.

173 Development of Water Resources for Irrigation Purposes in Bulandshahr District:

Sustainable development of water resources in the district can be assessed through the development of irrigation potential also. In order to make the study more meaningful, an attempt has been made in the succeeding pages to evaluate the development of irrigation works and sources in the district during the last one decade. But before assessing the irrigation works it will be appropriate to have a look at the rainfall in the district in comparison to other districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Trends in rainfall have already been formed in table (4.0) of fourth chapter which indicates that rainfall received by Bulandshahr is in no way less than the neighbouring district like Aligarh, Meerut, etc. Moreover, rainfall received by

Bulandshahr has been more as compared to many districts indicating that the district is quite wettest one. The following table shows the position of water resources for irrigation works since 1990-91.

Table No. (5.3) Showing the position of Water Resources for Irrigation Purposes in Bulandshahar (1990-91 to 1999-2000) S.No. Year Length State Pacca Persian Ground Boring Pvt. of Tube Wells Wheels Level Pumping Tube Canals wells (No.) (No.) Pump Sets Wells (KM) (No.) Sets (No.) (No.) (No.) 1. 1990-91 1291 603 650 247 258 27366 33579 2. 1991-92 1291 635 254 247 258 29221 36318 3. 1992-93 1291 635 254 247 258 33659 37018 4. 1993-94 1291 637 254 247 258 34119 38224 5. 1994-95 1291 637 254 247 258 36334 38772 6. 1995-96 1291 620 254 247 258 38866 39564 174 7. 1996-97 1291 613 254 247 258 39833 40025 8. 1997-98 958 499 223 106 154 32291 36279 9. 1998-99 958 476 223 106 154 32677 36435 10. 1999- 958 476 233 106 154 - - 2000 Source : Statistical abstract 1990-2000, Bulandshahar District.

Data set out in Table (5.3 ) reveal the position of irrigation works and

sources in Bulandshahr district since 1990-91. It is observed that canals, state tube

wells, pacca wells, persian wheels, ground level pump sets, boring pump sets and

private tube wells are the main sources of irrigation in Bulandshahr district. At the

very outset it is important to mention that Bulandshahr is basically an agriculture

based district. In 1990-91, the length of canals was 1291 km and the number of

state and pnvate tube wells was 603 and 33579 respectively. There were 27366

boring pump sets. 650 pacca wells, 247 persian wheels and 258 ground level pump

sets for catering the needs of agriculturists of the district. On comparing the

position with the year 1998-99, it is noted that traditional sources like canals,

pacca wells, persian wheels and ground level pump set are fast replacing the

boring pump sets and tube wells. As a result of merger of two blocks in Gautam

Budh Nagar (NOIDA) during 1997-98 the length of canal has decreased from

1291 km in 1990-91 to 958 kms in the 1999-2000. The development of private

tube wells has decreased the number of state tube wells indicating the lesser

dependence of farmers on state provided facility. The number of state tube wells has come down to 476 in 1998-99 from 603 in 1990-91 however the number of private tube wells has jumped from 33579 in 1990-91 to 40025 in 1996-97 a rise 175 of 19.2 per cent over 1990-91. Similarly, these has been a remarkable increase in

the number of boring pumpsets. The number has increased from 27366 in 1990-91

to 39833 in 1996-97 a rise of 45.6 per cent over 1990-91. The number has dipped

to 32677 in 1998-99 due to the same aforemention reason but even than it has

increased by 5311 over 1990-91. As mentioned earlier the number of pacca wells,

Persian wheels and ground level pump sets has declined to 233, 106 and 154

respectively in 1999-2000. To sum up, it may be said that there is an alarming

improvement in the irrigation potential of the district in the last 10 years yet it is

not as much as it should have been.

Blockwise Position of Development of Water Resources for Irrigation in Bulandshahr District :

It has already been mentioned that there were 17 blocks in Bulandshahr

District till 1996-97. Now there are only 15 blocks. After having discussed the position of water resources in Bulandshahr as a whole since 1990-91, it will not be out of place to make an yearly assessment of the position of water resources in

each block to understand as to how much potential has been added in each year and in each block of the district.

Blockwise Position of Water Resources for Irrigation in Bulandshahr District during 1990-91 :

Block-wise position of water resources in Bulandshahr district during the year 1990-91 mentioned in table No (5.4) reveals that out of 1291 kms. canals in

176 15 blocks of the district, Dankaur has 177 kms. of canal i.e. 13.7 percent of total length of canal in the district followed by Sikandarabad (140 Kms.), Bulandshahr

(129kms.), Jewar (115 Kms.), Anupshahar (109 kms.), Khurja (99kms) etc. The number of state tube wells was as high as 70 in Sikandarabad and as low as 9 in

Gulaoti. During the year, there were 650 pacca wells which did not exist in all 17 blocks of the district. There were found only in Siyana (32), Lakhaoti(81), Khurja

(160); Pahasu (87), Dankaur (79) and Jahangirabad(243). The Persian wheels were also not common in every part of the district. There were only 247 persian wheel in the district spread over four blocks only i.e. Dankaur (141), Khurja (64),

Jahangirabad (33) and Sikandarabad (9). There were 27366 Boring Pump sets and

33579 tube wells spread over 17 blocks of the district. Khurja Block had the highest number of boring pump set i.e. 3688 followed by Jewar (3413) and

Sikandarabad (2884). However, B.B. Nagar had the highest number i.e. 3561 private tubewells followed by 3549 in Khurja and 3533 in Shikarpur.

Table No. (5.4) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1990-91 Length Ground Boring Private State Pacca Persian of level Pumping Tube S.No Tubewells Wells Wheels Block Canals pumping sets (No.) Wells (No.) (No.) (No.) (Kms.) set (No.) (No.) 1 Dankaur 177 48 79 141 104 2363 1779 2 Sikandrabad VAO 70 - 9 - 2884 1660 3 Gulaoti 72 9 - - - 2076 1491 4 Lakhaoti - 36 81 - - 1311 2516 5 Bulandsiiahr 129 21 - - - 1556 1763 6 Siikaipur - 43 - - - 603 3533 7 BB Nagar 10 49 - - 18 783 3561 8 Siyana 55 22 - - 115 1175 3345 9 JabaagiTabad 10 47 243 33 4 975 2721 10 Jewar 115 36 - - . 3413 1232 11 Khurja 99 27 160 64 16 3688 3549 12 Aniia 89 16 - - - 1514 187 13 Pahasu 60 45 87 - - 1771 2089 177 14 UhchaGaca 96 28 . . - 145 2229 15 Vaapxa 37 58 - - - 392 1630 16 Dibai 95 11 - - - 976 1392 17 A&ocpshahar 109 37 - - - 1740 899 Total 1291 603 650 247 257 27366 33579 Source : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr.

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1991-92 :

Block-wise position of water resources in the district during 1991-92 has been mentioned in table (5.5). It is noted that the length of canals during this period was 1291 km, largest being at Dankaur i.e. 177 kms, followed by

Sikandarabad (140 kms), Bulandshahr (129 kms.) , Jewar (115 kms) etc. The number of state tubewells during this period was 615. Pacca wells and persian wheels were 254 and 247 respectively. Ground level pumpsets were not prevalent in every block. These were found only in Khurja, Dankaur, Siyana, B.B.Nagar and Jahangirabad. The total number of such pump sets was 258. There has been observed excessive dependence on boring pumpsets and private tubewells in the entire district. The number of pumpsets was 29229 and number of private tubewells was 36318 during 1991-92.

Table No. (5.5) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1991-92 Length Ground Boring Private State Pacca Persian of Level Pump Tube S.No Block Tubewells WeUs Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) (Kms.) (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 Dankaur 177 51 31 141 104 2520 1815 2 Sikandrabad 140 70 - 9 - 3059 1664 3 Gulaoti 72 9 - - - 2145 1540 4 Lakhaoti - 36 32 - - 1311 2567 5 Bulaidsfaahr 129 21 - - - 1661 1856 6 Shikarpur - 43 - - - 712 3583 178 7 BB NaRar 10 49 . . 18 813 3680 8 Siyaoa 55 22 - - 116 1251 3395 9 JahaoKirabad 10 47 95 33 4 1038 2775 10 Jewar 115 45 ^ - - 3617 1261 n Khuria 99 27 62 64 16 3904 3584 12 Amia 89 16 - - - 1619 190 13 Pahasu 60 45 34 - - 1873 2110 14 Ltacfaa gaoD 96 28 - - - 286 2243 15 Danpur 35 58 - - - 523 1677 16 Dibai 95 11 - - - 1037 1433 17 Aniqishahr 109 37 - - - I860 945 Total 1291 615 254 247 258 29229 36318 Source : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr.

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1992-93:

Above noted table reveals that there is no change in the length of canals, pacca wells and ground level pump sets during the year as compared to previous year. However, the number of state tubewells has gone up from 615 in 1991-92 to 635 in 199192, Boring pumpsets increased to 33652 and Private Tube wells also increased to 37018 in 1992-93. The maximum number of ground level pump sets was concentrated in Siyana i.e. 116 out of a total of 258 followed by Dankaur

(104) indicating that around 90% of ground level pump sets were situated in these two blocks only.

Table No.(5.6) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1992-93 Length Ground State Pacca Persian Boring Private of Level Tube S.No Tubewells Weils Wheels Pumping Blodc Canals Pump Sets Weils (No.) (No.) (No.) Sets (Kms.) (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 Dankaur 177 59 31 141 104 2920 1850 2 Sikandrabad 140 70 - 9 - 3543 1700 3 Gulauhati 72 9 - - - 2485 1569 4 Lakhawati - 36 32 - - 1311" 2618 5 Bulandibahr 129 21 - - - 1925 1892 6 ShikarpuT - 43 - - - 825 3643 7 BB Nagar 10 49 - - 18 941 3750 8 Siyana 55 22 - - 116 1450 3460 9 Jahanf^rabad 10 47 95 33 4 1203 2828

179 10 Jewar 115 53 •& _ . 4189 1285 11 KhuTJa 99 27 62 64 16 4522 3633 12 Amia 69 16 - - - 1876 203 13 Pahasu 60 46 34 . - 2169 2150 14 Uhcfaa gaocL 96 28 - - - 331 2286 15 Danpur 35 60 . - - 605 1709 16 Dibai 95 12 - - - 1202 1461 17 AnnnpAflhflT 109 37 . - - 2155 981 Total 1291 635 254 247 258 33652 37018 Soiu ce : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr.

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1993-94 :

The following table shows the blockwise position of water resources for irrigation purposes in the district during 1993-94.

Table No. (5.7) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1993-94

Length Ground Boring Private State Pacca Persian of Level Pumping Tube S.No. Block TubeweUs WeUs Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) (Kms.) (No.) (No.) (No.)

1 Dankoaur 177 60 31 141 104 3022 1881

2 Sikandarahad 148 70 - 9 - 3621 1818

3 Gulaoli 72 9 - - - 2548 1626

4 Lakhaoli - 36 32 - - 1311 2745

5 Buland

6 Sbikaipur - 43 - - - 623 3655

7 B.B. Nagar 10 49 - - 18 911 3794

8 Siyana 55 22 - - 116 1405 3475

9 Jahangirabad 10 47 95 33 4 1174 2864

10 Jewar 115 53 - - - 4296 1334

11 Khurja 99 27 62 64 16 4521 3866

180 12 Amia 89 15 - - - 1930 286

13 Pahasu 60 47 34 - - 2313 2270

14 Lhcfaa GaoQ 96 28 - - - 330 2362

15 Daapm 35 60 - - - 586 1772

16 EHbai 95 12 - - - 1247 1510

17 Ani^shahar 109 37 - - - 2117 1024

Total 1291 637 254 247 258 34119 38224

Source : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr.

Data noted in above table show that during 1993-94 the length of canals was 1291 kms. The number of state tube wells was 637 i.e. 2 more as compared to previous year. Pacca wells, persian wheels and ground level pumpsets were 254, 247 and 258 respectively without registering any change over previous year. However, there is an improvement in the number of pumpsets and private tube wells as compared to previous year.

The number of pumpsets and private tube wells was 34119 and 38224 respectively.

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandhshahr District during 1994-95 :

Table mentioned below reflects that once again no change has been observed in the number of state tube wells, pacca wells, persian wheels, ground levels pump sets and length of canals. The number of pump sets and private tube wells has increased in comparison to previous year.

181 Table (5.8) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1994-95 Length Ground Boring Private State Pacca Persian of Level Pumping Tube S.No. Block Tubewells Wells Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) (Kms.) (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 Dankoaiir 177 60 31 141 104 3226 1908 2 Sikaadarabad 148 70 - 9 - 3865 1842 3 Gulaoti 72 9 - - - 2720 1649 4 Lakhacti - 36 32 - - 1311 2784 5 Bulandsiihar 129 21 - - - 2190 1972 6 ShikaipuT - 43 - - - 878 3707 7 BB Nagar 10 49 - - 18 974 3848 8 Siyana 55 22 - - 116 1500 3525 9 Jabangirabad 10 47 95 33 4 1353 2905 10 Jewar 115 53 - - - 4486 1353 11 Khuna 99 27 62 64 16 4726 3721 12 Anua 89 16 - - - 2060 291 13 Pahasu 60 47 34 - - 2476 2303 14 Uacba Gaon 96 28 - - - 352 2396 15 Oanpur 35 60 - - - 626 1797 16 Dibai 95 12 - - - 1331 1532 17 Anup

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1995-96 :

Block-wise position of water resources in Bulandshahr district during 1995-96 reflects changes in the number of state tube wells, pump sets and private tube wells But there is no change in the length of canals, pacca wells, persian wheels and ground level pumpsets. Maximum number of state tube wells was 70 in Sikandarabad followed by Dankaur (60) and it was as low as 8 in Gulaoti. Sikandarabad had the highest number of pumpsets (4776) followed by Jewar (4771). Khurja has the highest number of private tube wells i.e. 3966 followed B.B. Nagar (3916).

182 Table (5.9) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in

Loigth Ground Boring Private state Pacca Persian of Level Pump Tube S.No. Hock Tubewells WeUs Wheels Canals Pomp Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) (Kms.) (No.) (No.) (No.) 1. Dankaur 177 60 31 141 104 3082 2181 2. Sikandarabad 148 70 - 9 - 4776 2119 3 Gulaoti 72 8 - - - 3023 1934 4 LakhacU - 35 32 - - 404 2702 5 Bulanddihar 129 21 - - - 2900 2252 6 ShikaipuT - 43 - - - 1071 3750 7 B.B. Nagar 10 45 - - 18 303 3916 8 Siyana 55 20 - - 116 1350 3736 9 Jahangirahad 10 47 95 33 4 1063 1667 10 Jewar 115 58 - - - 4771 1688 11 Khurja 99 26 62 64 16 3149 3966 12 Amia 89 15 - - - 2904 256 13 Pahasu 60 45 34 - - 3093 2261 14 Uiidia Gaon 96 25 - - - 2412 2471 15 DaopUT 35 55 - - - 902 2061 16 Dibai 95 12 - - - 1640 1548 17 Anup^ahr 109 35 - - - 1003 1056 Total 1291 620 254 247 258 38866 39564 Sour ce: Statist! cal Ab stract, Bu andsh£ihi .

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1996-97 :

Data set out in the table reveals that the position of canals in terms

of length is same as in previous year i.e. 1291 kms in all 17 blocks of the

district. The number of state tubewells was 613. Sikandarabad had 67

tubewells i.e. 10.92 per cent of total tubewells in the district followed by

Dankaur where 9.46 per cent of total tubewells existed. Lower number of tubewells was 8 in Gulaoti which is 1.31 per cent of total tubewells in the district. There are 254 pacca wells v^diich are spread over five blocks i.e.

Dankaur (31), lakhaoti (32), Jahangjrabad (95), Khurja (62) and Pahasu

(34). Persian wheels as usual are not very common in all blocks. In 1996-

97, there were 247 persian wheels, out of which 141 are in Dankaur, 9 in

183 Sikandarabad, 33 in Jahangirabad and 64 in Khurja. There are 258 ground

level pumpsets, 39833 Boring pumpsets and 40025 private tubewells in

rural areas of the district during 1996-97.

Table (5.10) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1996-97 Length Ground Boring Private state Pacca Persian of Levd Pump Tube S.No. Block Tubewells WeUs Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No) (No.) (Kms,) (No.) (No.) (No.) I Dankaur 177 58 31 141 104 3159 2287 2 Sikandarabad 148 67 - 9 - 4895 2144 3 GtJaiiU 72 8 - - - 3098 1956 4 Lakbaoti - 35 32 - - 414 2733 5 Bulandsiihar 129 21 - - - 2972 2277 6 ShikaipUT - 43 - - - 1098 3794 7 BB Nagar 10 45 - - 18 3)1 3962 8 Siyana 55 20 - - 116 1384 3788 9 Jahangirahad 10 47 95 33 4 1089 1687 10 Jewar 115 56 - - - 5115 1708 11 Khur)a 99 26 62 64 16 3227 4012 12 Anua 89 15 - - - 2976 259 13 Pahasu 60 45 34 - - 3170 2287 14 Uncfaa Gaon 96 25 - - - 2472 2500 15 Danpur 35 55 - - - 924 2085 16 Dibai 95 12 - - - 1681 1566 17 Anup^ahr 109 35 - - - 1040 1068 Total 1291 613 254 247 258 39833 40025 Sour ce : Statist! cal Ab stract, Bu andshiihr .

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandhshahr District during 1997-98 :

During 1997-98, the district has only 15 blocks on account of aforementioned reason. The analysis of position of water resources in Bulandshahr shows that now there are 499 state owned tube wells, 223 pacca wells, 106 Persian wheels and 154 ground level pump sets. The length of canals was 958 kms in the entire district consisting of 15 blocks. Boring pumpsets and Private tube wells were 32291 and 36279 respectively.

184 Table (5.11) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in the District during 1997-98 Length Ground Boring Private state Pacca Persian of Level Pump Tube S.No. Block Tubewells Wdls Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) Km. (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 Sikandarabad 99 67 - 9 - 4895 2153 2 Gxilatiti 72 8 - - - 3132 1963 3 Lakhaoti - 35 32 - - 414 2742 4 Buland'JihT 129 21 - - - 3050 2279 5 SJukaipur - 43 - - - 1218 3810 6 BB Nagar 10 45 - - 18 311 3964 7 Sivana 55 20 - - 116 1473 3800 8 Jahangirabad 10 47 95 33 4 1089 1706 9 Khur|a 99 26 62 64 16 3291 4041 10 Anua 89 15 - - - 3117 270 11 Pahasu 60 45 34 - - 3200 2295 12 Uacfaa Gaon 96 25 - - - 2511 2515 13 Danpui 35 55 - - - 924 2095 14 Dibai 95 12 - - - 1747 1574 15 Anupshabar 109 35 - - - 1919 1074 Total 958 499 223 106 154 32291 36279 Sour ce: Statist] cal Ab stract, Bu andsha IT.

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandhshahr District during 1998-99 :

Block wise position of water resources in 1998-99 depicted in table

(5.11) exhibits that the length of canals was 958 kms. The number of State tubewells, Pacca wells, Persian wheels, and ground level pump sets was

478, 223, 106 and 154 respectively during the year. There were 32677 pump sets and 36435 private tube wells in the district during the same period.

185 Table (5.12) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1998-99 Length Ground Boring Private state Pacca Persian of Pump Tube S.No. nock Tubewells WeUs Wheels Canals Pump Sets Sets WeUs (No.) (No.) (No.) Km. (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 Sikandarabad 99 44 - 9 4947 2201 2 GulaoU 72 9 - - - 3162 1994 ^ Lakhaoti - 35 32 - - 414 2742 4 Buland.4ihar 129 21 - - - 3055 2295 5 Shikaipur - 43 - - - 1240 3810 6 BB Nagar 10 44 - - 18 311 3964 7 Siyana 55 20 - - 116 1473 3837 g JabangiTabad 10 47 95 33 4 1089 1706 9 Khiuia 99 25 62 64 16 3291 4041 10 Amia 89 16 - - - 3154 270 11 Pahasu 60 45 34 - - 3376 2295 12 tbcfaa Gacn 96 25 - - - 2557 2515 13 Danpur 35 59 - - - 924 2095 14 Dibai 95 10 - - - 1747 1584 15 Aiiup

Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Bulandshahr District during 1999-2000; Table noted below shows the position of water resources dunng

1999-2000. It does not reflect any change in the length of canals, number of State tubewells, pacca wells, persian wheels and ground level pumpsets.

The number of pump sets and private tube wells is not available but in the light of previous trends it is expected that the number of pump sets and private tube wells would have defimtely gone up.

186 Table (5.13) Showing Block-wise Position of Water Resources in Buldandshahr District during 1999-2000 Ground Length State Pacca Persian Level of S.No. Block Tubewells Wells Wheels Pump Canals (No.) (No.) (No.) Sets Km. (No.)

1. Sikandarabad 99 44 - 9 -

2. Gulaoti 72 8 - - -

3. Lakhaoti - 35 32 - -

4. Bulandshahar 129 21 - - -

5. Shikarpur - 43 ~ - -

6. B.B. Nagar 10 45 - - 18

7. Siyana 55 20 - - 116 8. Jahangirabad 10 47 95 33 4 9. Khurja 99 26 62 64 16

10. Amia 89 15 - - -

11. Pahasu 60 45 34 - -

12. Uncha Gaon 96 25 - - -

13. Danpur 35 95 - - -

14. Dibai 95 12 - - -

15. Anupshahr 109 35 - - -

Total 958 476 223 106 154 Source : Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr.

187 Year Wise Assessment of Water Resources in Bulandshhar District.:

After having discussed the block-wise position of water resources, now an attempt is being made to study the yearly assessment of various sources of water for irrigation in Bulandshahr District for a comparative analysis. The following table shows the length of canals in the last 10 years.

Table (5.14) Showing Biockwise Length of Canals in Bulandshahar District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000) (length in Kms.) 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Block 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. DankauT 177 177 177 177 177 177 177 - - - 2. Sikandarabad 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 99 99 99 3 Gulaoti 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 4 Lakhaoti ------5 BulaadsUir 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 6 Shikaipur ------7 B.B. Nagar 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 Siyana 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 9 Jahangirabad 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Jewar 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 11 Khurja 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 12 Amia 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 13 Pahasu 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 14 IhchaGaon 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 15 Dai^ur 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 16 Dibai 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 17 Anupshahr 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 Total 1291 1291 1291 1291 1291 1291 1291 958 958 958 Sourc-e : Compi edby author from statisti c al Abs tract, 1Bulan d shahar Distri(:t .

Table (5.14) showing block-wise length of canals in Bulandshahr district during last 10 years reveals that the district in total has 1291 kms long canal to sustain agriculture sector. The length of canals has remained same since 1990-91 to 1995-96 i.e. 1291 kms in all 17 blocks of the district which clearly indicates

188 that despite of a lot of urbanization the length of canals has remained unchanged.

It was only since 1997-98 the length of canals come down to 958 kms. The

decrease in the length of canals is not an account urbanization or any other factors

but due to merger of Jewar and Dankaur in Gautam Budh Nagar in 1997-98.

State Tube wells :

Increase in the the number of state tube wells has a very significant

contribution in the sustainability and development of water resources for

irrigation in Bulandshahar District. The following table shows the number of state

tube wells in the district.

Table (5.15) Showing the Number of State Tube Wells in Bulandhshar District (Pe riod 1 990-9]I to 1999-20CK) ) 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Block 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. Dankaur 58 58 60 60 60 55 55 55 59 55 2. Sikandarabad 70 70 70 70 70 70 67 67 44 44 3 Gulaoti 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 8 4 Lakhaoti 36 36 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 5 Buland^afar 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 6 Shikaipvir 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 7 B.B. Nagar 49 49 49 49 49 45 45 45 44 45 8 Siyana 22 22 22 22 22 20 20 20 20 20 9 Jahangirabad 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 10 Jewar 36 45 53 53 53 58 56 - - - 11 Khuija 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 25 26 12 Amia 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 16 15 13 Pahasu 45 45 46 47 47 45 45 45 45 45 14 UidiaGaoQ 28 28 28 28 28 25 25 25 25 25 15 Dai^ur 48 51 59 60 60 60 58 - - - 16 Dibai 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 12 17 Ani^diahr 37 37 37 37 37 35 35 35 35 35 Total 603 615 635 637 637 620 613 499 478 476 Sourc e: Compi edby Authoi•fro m Statist! cal Ab stract, Bulan dshaha r.

189 Data mentioned in above table clearly indicate that the number of state tube wells is on the rising trend till 1994-95. There were 603 state tube wells in the year 1990-91 vdiich have increased to 637 in 1994-95 - an increase of 5.6% over

1990-91 thereafter the dependence on own sources and lack of proper operation of these tube wells, the number has declined in Siakandrabad, BB Nagar,

Lakhaoti, Arania and Danpur. As mentioned earlier, the number of tube wells has declined due to decrease in the number of blocks also. But overall assessment does not exhibit any significant improvement in the number of tube wells, meaning thereby, if the government wants improve the lots of poor peasants the efforts should be made provide more water through tube wells.

Pacca Wells :

Pacca wells have their own place and contribution in the sustainability and development of water resources of the district. However, these Pacca wells do not exist every where in the country so is in case of Bulandshahar. The following table shows the number of pacca wells in Bulandshahr during the period 1990-91 to

1999-2000.

Table (5.16) Showing the Number of Pacca Wells in Bulandshahar District (Pe riod 1990-9]I to 1999-20C10 ) 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Hock 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. Dankaur 79 31 31 31 31 31 31 - - - 2. Sikandarabad 3 Gulaoti ------4 Lakhaoti 81 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 5 Bulandshahr 190 6 Shikaipur ------1 - - - 7 B.B. Nagar ------8 Siyana ------9 Jahangirabad 243 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 10 Jewar ------n KhuTJa 160 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 12 Amia ------13 Pahasu 87 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 14 UidiaGacn 15 Dai^ur ------16 Dibai ------17 Ani^iifaahr ------Total 650 254 254 254 254 254 254 223 223 225 Sourc e : Compi ed by Author from Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahar.

Above noted table shows that the number of Pacca wells was 650 in the year 1990-91 which declined sharply to 254 in 1991-92 due to massive urbanization and new sources of irrigation. In 1996-97 also there were 254 pacca wells, the number has declined to 233 in the district. Pacca wells are found only in

Lakhawati, Khurja, Pahasu and Jahangirabad blocks. As a matter of fact, pacca wells are not very popular source of water in the district. The ratio of pacca well to population of 15 blocks was 1:8685 during the year 1999-2000.

Persian Wheels (Rahet):

A traditional source of water which is diminishing year after year and is very uncommon now a days is Persian wheel. Apprentiy there is no change in the number of Persian wheels during the period under review except since 1997-98 onwards when two blocks namely Dankaur and Jewar were merged into a nevAy created distiict Gautam Budh Nagar (NOIDA). Table (5.16) shows that maximum

191 number of Persian wheels was in Dankaur from 1990-91 to 1996-97. Now Khurja has the highest number i.e. 64, followed by Jahangirabad (33) & Sikandrabad (9).

Table (5.17) Showing the Number of Persian Wheels in Bulandshahar District (Pe riod 1990-9]I to 1999-20CK) ) 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Hock 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. Dankaur 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 - - - 2. Sikaidarabad 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 Gulaoti ------4 Lakhaoli ------5 Bulandijiabr ------6 Shikarpur ------7 B.B. Nagar ------8 Siyana ------9 JahangiTabad 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 10 Jewar ------11 Khurja 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 12 Amia ------13 Pahasu 87 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 14 Uncfaa Gacn ------15 Dai^ur ------16 Dibai ------17 Aniqi^ahr ------Total 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 106 106 106 Source : Compiled by Author from Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahar.

Ground Level Pump Sets :

Alike pacca wells and Persian wheels, ground level pumpsets have also negjible contribution in the sustainability and development of water resources.

Since 1990-91, there are 258 ground level pump sets, the decline after 1996-97 is mainly due to the aforementioned reason. Maximum ground level pumps sets are found in Siyana (116) and Dankaur (104). Now the total of 154 ground level pumpsets are spread over only four blocks i.e. Siyana, BB Nagar, Jahangirabad and Khurja.

192 Table (5.18) Shovting the Number of Ground Level Pump Sets in Bulandshahr District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000) 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Hock 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. Dankaur 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 - - - 2. Sikaadarabad ------3 Guloafati ------4 Lakhaoti 81 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 5 Bulandsiiahr ------6 Shikaipur ------7 B.B. Nagar ------8 Siyana ------9 Jahangirabad 243 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 10 Jewar ------11 Khuija 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 12 Amia ------13 Pahasu 87 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 14 UbcliaGacii ------15 Dai^ur ------16 Dibai ------17 Ani^^ahr ------Total 258 258 258 258 258 258 154 154 154 154 Sourc-e : Compi edby Authoi•fro m Statist! cal Ab stract, Bulandshahar.

Pumpsets and Private tube wells.:

Economic prosperity in society has brought a number of changes. One such change is declining dependence of people on Govermnent sources of water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes as well as it is evident from the previously discussed sources provided by the Government that no significant development of water resources has taken place in the district. Now people, even small farmers are dependent on rainfalls and simultaneously they have developed their own means of irrigation ^iiich is evident from the fact that the number of boring pumpsets and private tubewells is on the continuous rise which fiuther

193 indicates the sustainable development of water resource in the district. The following tables reflect the number of pumpsets and private tube wells in

Bulandshahar district during last 10 years.

Table (5.19) Showing the Number of Pumps Sets in Bulandshahar District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-200(0 1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Block 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1. Daokaur 2363 2520 2920 3022 3226 3082 3159 - - - 2. Sikandarabad 2884 3059 3543 3621 3865 4776 4895 4895 4947 - 3 Gulaciti 2076 2145 2485 2548 2720 3023 3098 3132 3162 - 4 Lakhacti 1311 1311 1311 1311 1311 404 414 414 414 - 5 Bulaad^ihar 1566 1661 1925 1958 2190 2900 2972 3050 3055 - 6 Shikarpur 603 742 825 623 878 1071 1098 1218 1240 - 7 B.B. Nagar 783 813 941 911 974 303 311 311 311 - 8 Siyaoa 1175 1251 1450 1405 1500 1350 1384 1473 1473 - 9 Jahaagirabad 975 1038 1203 1174 1318 1063 1089 1089 1089 - 10 Jewar 3413 3617 4189 4296 4486 4771 5115 - - - H Khurja 3686 3904 4522 4521 4726 3149 3227 3291 3291 - 12 Amia 1514 1619 1876 1930 2060 2904 2976 3117 3154 - 13 Pahasu 1771 1873 2169 2313 2976 3093 3170 3200 3376 - 14 LhdiaGaon 145 286 331 330 382 2412 2472 2511 2557 - 15 Daqiur 392 523 605 586 626 902 924 924 924 - 16 Dftai 976 1037 1202 1247 1331 1640 1681 1747 1747 - 17 Aniq}diahr 1740 1860 2155 2117 2260 10037 1848 1919 1937 - Total 27366 29229 33652 34119 36344 38866 39833 32291 32677 - Source : Compiled by Author from Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahar. Table (5.20) Showing the Number of Private Tube Wells in Bulandshahar District (Period 1990-91 to 1999-2000)

1990- 1991- 1992- 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- S.No. Blod( 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000

1. DankauT 1779 1815 1850 1881 1908 2181 2207 - - -

2. Sikaadarabad 1660 1664 1700 1818 1842 2119 2144 2153 2201 -

3 Giiloati 1491 1540 1569 1626 1649 1934 1956 1963 1994 -

4 Lakhaoti 2516 2567 2618 2745 2784 2702 2733 2742 2742 -

5 Bulaadsbhar 1763 1856 1892 1944 1972 2252 2277 2279 2295 -

6 SbikarpuT 3533 3583 3643 3655 3707 3750 3794 3810 3810 -

194 7 B.B. Nagar 3561 3680 3750 3794 3848 3916 3962 3964 3964 -

8 Siyana 3345 3395 3460 3475 3525 3736 3780 3800 3837 -

9 Jahangjrabad 2721 2775 2828 2864 2905 1667 1687 1706 1706 -

10 Jewar 1232 1261 1285 1334 1353 1688 1708 - - -

11 Khuija 3549 3584 3633 3866 3721 3966 4012 4041 4041 -

12 Amis 187 190 203 286 291 256 259 270 270 -

13 Paba'm 2089 2110 2150 2270 2303 2261 2287 2295 - -

14 Uiclia Gaon 2229 2243 2286 2362 2396 2471 2500 2515 2515 -

15 DanpUT 1630 1677 1709 1772 1797 2061 2085 2095 2095 -

16 Dibai 1392 1433 1461 1510 1532 1548 1566 1574 1584 -

17 Ani^sliahT 899 945 981 1024 1039 1056 1068 1074 1086 -

Total 33579 36318 37018 38224 38772 39564 - 36279 36435 - Source : Compiled by Author from Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahar.

Table (5.19) and (5.20) reveal the number of pump sets and private tube

wells in Bulandshahar district. The number of pump sets which was 27366 in

1990-91 went up continusouly during the period under review and reached to

39833 in 1996-97 registering a growth of 45.59 percent over 1990-91. The

decline during 1997-98 and 1998-99 is due to the reason mentioned earlier. But if

a proportionate analysis is done, it is noted that there is a significant development of water resources through pump sets in the Bulandshahar district in all the years.

Block-wise analysis show that during 1990-91, 13.47 per cent of total pumpsets were installed in Khurja Block followed by Jewar (12.47 per cent) and

Sikandrabad (10.54 per cent). The pumpsets were as low as 0.53 per cent in

Uncha Gaon, 1.43 per cent in Danpur and 2.2 per cent in Shikarpur. The position

195 during 1998-99 was that 15.14 per cent of total pumpsets were in Sikandrabad,

followed by Pahasu (10.33 per cent) and Khurja (10.07 per cent), on the other

extreme were B.B. Nagar (0.95 per cent), (2.83 per cent) in Danpur and 1.27 per

cent in Lakhaoti.

On analysing trends in the number of private tube wells, it is observed that

there is also remarkable increase in the number of tube wells in the district

Bulandshahar. The number of private tubewells which was 33579 during 1990-91 jumped to 39833 during 1996-97, a rise of 18.62 per cent over 1990-91. Even

during 1997-98 wiien two blocks namely Dankaur and Jewar were merged with

Gautam Budh Nagar, the number of private tube wells did not decline much.

Block-wise analysis of tubewells shows that during 1990-91, 41.66 per cent of

total tube wells were in four blocks namely Shikarpur, B.B. Nagar, Siyana and

Khurja having almost same number of tube wells. Smallest number of tube wells

was in Amia (0.56 per cent) and Anupshahr (2.66 per cent). During 1998-99 42.96

per cent of total tube wells were once again in aforementioned four blocks. Amia

and Anupshahr had the same position i.e. 0.74 per cent and 2.98 per cent

respectively during the same year. Thus it is observed that there is an uneven

availability and development of water resources in Bulandshahr District.

196 Conclusion :

Final analysis of the data recorded in the entire chapter is that sustain-

ability and development of water resources for drinking and irrigation purpose is

not uniform in all parts of the district. There are extreme variations in terms of

provision of water facilities within the district itself The number of handpumps

and tubewells for urban as well as rural drinking water supply is not in proportion

to popolation and villages. Irrigation facilities are also very limited rather

declining every year. Consequently, in most cases, initiatives have been taken by

the rural people also for the development of their own sources of water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes which is evident from the fact that the number of pumpsets and private tube wells has increased in in almost all rural

areas. At the same time, the areas which have political backing were benefited more as compared to other areas ^^ilere the representative of Public have taken virtually no interest in their constituencies. Hence, it is suggested that the concerted efforts of government, non-government agencies scientists, social scientists, engineers, society and above all local politicians, as a whole are the need of the hour for sustainability and development of water resources in

Bulandshahar district.. These efforts will go a long way to sustain the water resources in Bulandshahar district. In the sixth and final chapter, my endeavour will be to present the findings of this study with certain conclusions and suggestions for sustainable development of water resources in Bulandshahr

197 District to cope with the future requirement of water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

Selected References :

1. Statistical Abstract, Planning Institute, U.P., Lucknow for different years. 2. Statistical Abstract, District Bulandshahr. 3. Annual Report, U.P. Jal Nigam Lucknow. 4. Report of Executive Engineer, (Construction Branch), Jal Nigam, District Bulandshahr.

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FBSDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

Water undoubtedly is one of the basic necessities of human and animal lives on the earth. Agricultural development is also dependent upon the availability of water. Water relatively is a scarce resource in relation to the requirements and needs of the various nations. Its is alarming to note that about

97 per cent of earth's total water resources is found in the oceans and the rest 3 per cent is found on the ground. The surface water of dams, lakes, rivers and springs constitutes only a small fraction of earth's water resources and this is available for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

Sustainability and development of water resources has always been a critical problem as well as a challenging task for Government of India.

Consequently, with the advent of economic planning, efficient management of water resources has attained great importance in India. Though economic plaiming has completed more than five decades yet supply of water in many rural as well as urban areas of the country is inadequate and erratic due to frequent power cuts and other management problems such as, absence of accountability, effective controls etc. There is also little fi-eedom in decision making to agencies such as Jal Nigams, Jal Sansthans, Water Works Department, Irrigation

199 Department etc. which are involved in providing water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes to all towns and villages of the country. Moreover, these institutions also suffer from many implementation barriers due to excessive interference of bureaucrats and politicians. All this calls for advance plaiming for sustainability and development of water resources in the country.

It is in this background, the present study entitled, "Sustainability and

Development of Water Resources in U. P. with special reference to Bulandshahr

District" has been carried out. The scope of study is confined to urban and rural areas of Bulandshahr District. To the best of my knowledge, this study is first of its kind in nature which provides factual information about the sustainability and development of water resources in Bulandshahr district.

The entire study has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter highlights the concept of sustainability and development of water resources in a general way. In order to understand the concept of water resources, some light has been thrown on natural resources also which include Land resources, water resources, fisheries,minera l resources, forest resources, marine resources, climate, rainfall and topography. Natural resources may be classified in two categories; namely renewable and non-renewable. Metal, ores, coal, clays, stones, oil and gas are some non-renewable resources, while ground water is an example of

200 renewable resources because a flow is available to replenish the stock of water.

The countries v\toch possess a sizable and diversified natural resource endowment are in a better position to achieve a rapid economic growth. The utilization of these resources depends upon technological advancement, v^ch offers new alternatives for the use of the natural resources in satisfying human wants. New technological devices have enabled us to mine the metal or to explore the oil and gas or to use the ground and surface water for irrigation purpose at a faster rate.

Availability of natural resources depends upon their rate of utilization over time and our capacity to find out new substitutes for non-renewable resources and our capacity to increase the flow of renewable resources.

Human sufferings on earth are caused by lack of several factors such as food, clothing, shelter, and water. Water is the most essential resource to sustain human life on earth. We can live for weeks without food but only a few days without water. Water is a scarce resource, it covers almost 75 per cent of the total earth surface in the world. About 97 per cent of the earth's water is found in the oceans. It is salty and hence can not be used for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Out of remaining three per cent of total water on the earth, two per cent is tied up as iceberg in the polar regions and remaining one percent, a considerably low quantity is trapped in reservoirs. The surface water of rivers, lakes and springs constitutes only a very insignificant fraction of the total water resources of the

201 earth. This is used by man for drinking purposes. The water is also vital for realizing full potential of the agriculture sector and the country's economic

development. Sustainability, development and efficient utilization of water resource, therefore, assumes greater significance.

It is therefore, important to manage water resources judiciously with a view to eliminate the cycle of shortage (droughts) and excess (floods). It will ensure a balance in the availability of water. Floods and droughts are regular features all over the globe, these call for a fresh look at the strategy adopted so far towards the flood control and drought management to ensure sustainable development of water resources.

The second chapter is a survey of literature and hence is related to various studies conducted so far in the field of water resources development. It has been concluded that most of the researches in the field of water resources are confined to general aspects related to water resources management and planning but so far no specific work has been done to evaluate the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh with special reference to

Bulandshahr District. It is in this background the study undertaken by me on the theme of water resources will not be an addition to what has been attempted in the various studies but will also provide an opportunity for highlighting recent

202 happenings in this particular field. Third chapter has examined the sustainability

and development of water resources in India, just as to prepare the background

for the study of sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh

with special reference of Bulandshahr District. It has been observed that India is

one of the wettest countries of the world Water is available in plenty in our

country. But less is available for drinkinking and irrigation purposes. According

to a study of World Health Organization (WHO) less than 25 per cent of our

population, out of about one billion people, has access to either treated or partially

treated water. India has completed 54 years of independence yet a vast majority

of Indian masses in many rural as well as urban areas still drink polluted water.

Thousands of people die in India due to floods but even than most of the regions

are running short of water. Water supplies are being drawn down by increased use from expanding industrial production, rising living standards and growing population. Water supplies in India are being siphened away fi"om farmlands to meet rising urban and industrial demands. Studies estimate that about 60 per cent of drinking water supplies in many cities is lost either by illegal taps into the systems or leakage through rusted pipes. It has been observed that throughout the developing world an estimated 20 percent of urban families buy water fi-om vendors because they have no access to municipal systems of water supply.

203 To assess the extent of water resources in India, M.C. Chaturvedi in his research project has placed all the major, medium and minor river basins in 18 groups. The total flows of surface water are estimated at 66.60 million hectare meters (mhms). In addition, 26.10 mhms of ground water are expected to be utilizable, leading to a total of 92.70 mhms utilizable water. There is a vast inter basins variation in the availability of the water resource. The water per hectare of culturable land varies from 8.64 cms in the basin of Luni and other rivers of

Saurashtra to 379 cms in the basin of the west flowing rivers below Tapi.

Another estimate of water resources in India was made by B.S. Nag and

G.N. Kathplia for the year 1974 and also for the year 2025. According to their study, the total rainfall is estimated at 400 (mhms) and this is distributed in three important ways, 70 mhms evaporates immediately, 215 mhms percolates into the soil and helps soil moisture and recharges ground water, and finally 115 mhms runs off into surface water bodies like rivers. Water utilized in 1974 was just 38 mhms, which is expected to rise to 105 mhms by the end of the year 2025. It has been estimated that irrigation accounts for 92 per cent of the total water utiilized and domestic and industrial uses account for the balance of 8 per cent. With the growth of population and increase in demand for products of agriculture and industries, the demand for water will also increase.

204 The provision of safe drinking water to the Indian masses has been of greater significance since the inception of economic planning. This is a basic requirement of human and animal lives and without this no improvement in the living standards of Indian society can take place. Despite concentrated efforts during the successive five year plans towards the provision of safe drinking water to every segment of Indian population, much is still required to be done. In this task, the active cooperation of the general public. Non-government organizations

(NGOs), economists, social scientists, scientists, engineers and above all politicians is vitally needed. The state governments who are the implementing agencies for water supply and sanitation programmes should pay attention to the organizational and administrative structures at various levels, in order to utilize the plan funds more efficiently and productively. The organizational pattern for execution of water supply and sanitation schemes varies not only between different states but also within the state itself in the case of many states.

After examining the sustainability and development of water resources in

India, it was of paramount importance to study the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh which is the main coverage of the present research project. The fourth Chapter therefore, deals with the sustainability and development of water resources in Uttar Pradesh It has been observed that sustainable development of water resource in UP has been one of

205 the major objectives of economic plamiing of U.P. Govermnent. In every five year

plan massive investment has been made to develop the state's water resources.

Even than in most rural areas of the state, people depend on rivers, lakes, streams,

wells and ponds for obtaining water for drinking and washing purposes. In many

areas this water is highly contaminated and unsafe for human consumption, and

some times available at great distance. It has been observed that in cities and

towns where piped water supply has been introduced, death rate due to

gastroenteritis, viral fevers, cholera and dysentery, etc. has gone down

considerably. In fact, there are more diseases which are water borne. Therefore,

pure drinking water facilities and proper arrangement of sewerage are considered

to be essential for the existence of a civilized society in the entire world.

Despite that many places in urban areas and hundreds of villages of U.P.

still have inadequate supply of drinking water on account of a rapid growth of

population and faster pace of industrialisation. This requires need based planning

for the supply of drinking water in rural as well as urban areas which ultimately

requires massive investments for providing urban drinking water to achieve the pre-determined targets under the International Water Supply and Sanitation

Programme.

206 The state government is committed to provide drinking water and sanitation facilities in the rural and urban areas and thus has laid the target of providing drinking water to the 100 per cent urban population. Although in urban areas the drinking water facility through pipelines is available in most of the towns, but the supply is not satisfactory. Still in many small towns the state water supply depends only on a single water tap and this requires large scale repairs and maintenance of the existing water supply system.

An indepth study of the sustainability and development of water resources in District Bulandshahr has been done in the fifth chapter of this research project.

At the very outset, it is important to note that availability of drinking water in urban areas of Bulandshahr is mainly through tube wells and hand pumps. Piped water supply through tube wells is available only in some areas such as

Bulandshahr, Khurja, Sikandarabad, Anupshahr on regular basis but in most of the other areas piped water lines are found available but tapes are often dry. Many people have made their own arrangement in almost all urban areas of the district., sicne the Govenmient arrangement is not suffice to cater the needs of is around six lakh persons living in the rural and urban areas of the district.

207 The position of rural areas in the development of water resources for drinking and irrigation purpose is also not uniform in all parts of the district.

There are extreme variations in terms of provision of water facilities in the district. Consequently, in most cases, initiatives have been taken by the rural people also for the development of their own sources of water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes which is evident from the fact that the number of private boring pumpsets and private tube wells has increased in almost all rural areas. At the same time, the areas which have political backing were benefited more as compared to other areas where the representative of public have taken virtually no interest in their constituencies.

Apart from this, while reviewing the schemes of Government of India and other bodies, it has been observed that the District Bulandshahr has been totally neglected. Not a single major project has so far been launched in the district for supply of drinking water, irrigation, drainage etc. Thus, it requires the attention of

Central and State planners to take immediate steps to minimize the disparities in the provision of water for drinking and irrigation purposes as well.

To sum up, a number of steps should be taken up urgently in order to manage the water resources efficiently and effectively. Firstly, water resources have to be managed as a commodity in exactly the same way as any other resources. Secondly, the supply of water to consumers should normally be based on the principle of effective demand which should broadly correspond to the 208 standard of service, that the users are willing to maintain, operate and finance.

Thirdly, to ensure that in urban areas. Municipalities / Local bodies are fi-eet o levy and raise appropriate user charges for drinking water and sanitation facilities in order to strenghthen the financial position of the urban local bodies /

Municipalities whereby at least the operation and maintenance costs, if not fiirther development, become self sustaining. Fourthly, in rural areas, water tariff may not be feasible in all places. However, wherever house service connection are given, it is suggested that appropriate water tariff is levied and realized whereby operation and maintenance becomes self sustaining to the possible extent. Fifthly, the private Sector efforts for construction and maintenance of drinking water projects should be encouraged and mobilized to the maximum feasible extent.

Sixthly, the local bodies, whether in rural or urban areas, should be made responsible for the operation and maintenance of the system installed with technical guidance fi^omgovernmen t agencies. Finally, ^propriate links should be formed between water supply and environmental sanitation (solid and liquid waste management) in the planning of new programmes.

Moreover, the New Policy initiated in April, 1999 has asked the States to implement "Sector Reform" measures and a demand driven approach based on empowerment of village water and sanitation committee, 10% of capital cost

209 sharing and 100% sharing of O & M Cost by users etc. 20% of the Central

Government funds would be reserved for States which adopt these measures.

The new strategy thus rightly relies heavily on the use of Central / States funding as a critical incentive to drive the sector reform process at both State and local government levels. As such, it is important that funding conditionality for disbursement of Central funds to State administrations, and from State administrations to Panchayat Raj Institutions and / or local administrations to

Panchayat Raj Institutions and / or local administrations, be explicitly defined both in terms of conditions which must be met and activities for which funding can be applied. However, the impression gathered during Working Group discussions with the States (held between June and September 1999) was that the impact of the programme was yet to be seen. The Ministry has also not identified States which have introduced or have promised to introduce sector reforms. It is likely, therefore, that the 20% funds would again be distributed to the States on the basis of the fixed criterion with no emphasis on performance. It must be recognized that sector reforms such as improving capacity of the local people to manage water resources and to make them pay for the supply are politically or administratively not popular decisions. In the absence of requisite political and administrative will, it is likely that unpopular measures may not be implemented. The modalities of collecting water charges and the use of those collections should also be thought

210 out. So far in tiie rural areas, the Panchayats have relied too heavily on Central and State funding leading almost to spoon feeding and weak implementation capacity. For their capacity building they too should get into the mould of collecting user charges, which the panchayats so far avoided, because it has become clear that water can longer be considered a free resource. Water must be priced but needs to be priced differentially. The price of water has to be graded to ensure that this resource is available to all sections of society, not only on the basis of how much it costs and how much financial value it creates but also for the human and social impact it generates. Those, such as villagers or slum dwellers vulnerable to pathogens and illness, who need to use more of it should be encouraged to have greater excess than their purchasing power now allows. On the other hand, the price of water for industries and rich farmers must be much higher than it is today to discourage the awfiil and wasteful use they currently make of this precious resource. Another fact which is worth mentioning here is that the water scarcity in India is not only a problem of quantity, but more often of quality. Industry, Agriculture and other water intensive activities must now be designed in the light of their Impact on the hydrological cycle as much as on their economic and development implications. Unless new approaches to water management are developed that take into account the uncertainties, future of the water resources availabiUty will be very poor. Besides the intensive research in this particular field, existing supplies should be used more efficiently and new

211 supplies must be developed. Long term management strategies may also include

regulations and technologies for directly controlling land and water use and

improvements in water management operations and institutions. Govermnent at

all level should re-evaluate legel, technical and economic approaches for

sustainability and development of water resources in the light of possible climate

changes.

Finally, what human need could be more basic than the need of water ?

Next to oxygen, it is surely one of the substances most critical for human survival.

Water is also the basic requirement for agriculture, industry and many other

economic activities - not to mention domestic ones such as cooking, washing and personal hygiene. Lack of clean water is, in one way or the other, the single most important cause of human discomfort, disease and early death. Hence, in the light of these ground realities, apart from aforementioned remedial measures, it is further reiterated that the concerted effort of Government, Non-Government

Organizations (NGOs), Scientists, Social Scientists, Engineers, General Public and above all local politicians as a whole is the need of the hour for sustainability and development of water resources in U.P. State in general and

Bulandshahr District in particular to cope with the future requirements of water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes.

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1. Khairoowala Z.U., "A Study of Rural Water Supply in U.P. with

Special Reference to Aligarh District", under D.S.A. Programme,

Department of Commerce, AMU, Aligarh, 1995.

2. Khan A. Farooq, "Water Resource Management and Planning in

India", under D.S.A. Programme, Department of Commerce, AMU,

Aligarh, 1996.

3. Khan, A. Farooq, "A Study of Water Supply Services in Selected

Districts of U.P.", under D.S.A. Programme, Department of

Commerce, AMU, Aligarh, 1995.

4. Khairoowala, Z.U., "Impact of Command Area Development

Programme in U.P., with Special Reference to Sharda Sahayak

222 Project", under D.S.A. Programme, Department of Commerce,

AMU,Aligarh, 1995.

Reports and Government Publications :

1. Annual Reports, UP. Jal Nigam, Head Office, Lucknow for

different years.

2. Annual Reports, U.P. Jal Nigam, Bulandshahr District for different

years.

3. Statistical Abstract, Bulandshahr District.

4. Annual Report, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt, of India,

New Delhi. 1997-98.

5. Report on Ganga action plan, Ministry of environment and forest,

Goverrmient of India, New Delhi, 1994.

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Bulandshahr District.

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8. Cencus of India Xm-B, 1981 and 19991.

223 News Papers :

1. The Economic Times, New Dehli

2. The Financial Express, New Delhi

3. The Times of India, New Dehi

4. The Hindustan Times, New Delhi

5. The Hindu, New Delhi.

224