DOCSLIB.ORG

Linker and Libraries Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linker and Libraries Guide Linker and Libraries Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 816–1386–10 May 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. Federal Acquisitions: Commercial Software–Government Users Subject to Standard License Terms and Conditions. DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Tous droits réservés Ce produit ou document est protégé par un copyright et distribué avec des licences qui en restreignent l’utilisation, la copie, la distribution, et la décompilation. Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peut être reproduite sous aucune forme, par quelque moyen que ce soit, sans l’autorisation préalable et écrite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence, s’il y en a. Le logiciel détenu par des tiers, et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caractères, est protégé par un copyright et licencié par des fournisseurs de Sun. Des parties de ce produit pourront être dérivées du système Berkeley BSD licenciés par l’Université de Californie. UNIX est une marque déposée aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays et licenciée exclusivement par X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, le logo Sun, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, et Solaris sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées, ou marques de service, de Sun Microsystems, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Toutes les marques SPARC sont utilisées sous licence et sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées de SPARC International, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont basés sur une architecture développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. L’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun™ a été développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. pour ses utilisateurs et licenciés. Sun reconnaît les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le développement du concept des interfaces d’utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l’industrie de l’informatique. Sun détient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l’interface d’utilisation graphique Xerox, cette licence couvrant également les licenciés de Sun qui mettent en place l’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licences écrites de Sun. CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE “EN L’ETAT” ET AUCUNE GARANTIE, EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE, N’EST ACCORDEE, Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE, L’APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE, OU LE FAIT QU’ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS. CE DENI DE GARANTIE NE S’APPLIQUERAIT PAS, DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU. 020116@3062 Contents Preface 13 1 Introduction to the Solaris Linkers 17 Link-Editing 18 Runtime Linking 19 Related Topics 20 Dynamic Linking 20 Application Binary Interfaces 20 32–Bit and 64–Bit Environments 20 Environment Variables 21 Support Tools 21 2 Link-Editor 23 Invoking the Link-Editor 24 Direct Invocation 24 Using a Compiler Driver 25 Specifying the Link-Editor Options 25 Input File Processing 26 Archive Processing 27 Shared Object Processing 28 Linking With Additional Libraries 29 Initialization and Termination Sections 34 Symbol Processing 36 Symbol Resolution 36 Undefined Symbols 40 3 Tentative Symbol Order Within the Output File 44 Defining Additional Symbols 44 Reducing Symbol Scope 49 External Bindings 53 Generating the Output File 53 Relocation Processing 55 Displacement Relocations 55 Debugging Aids 57 3 Runtime Linker 61 Shared Object Dependencies 62 Locating Shared Object Dependencies 62 Directories Searched by the Runtime Linker 62 Configuring the Default Search Paths 65 Dynamic String Tokens 65 Relocation Processing 66 Symbol Lookup 67 When Relocations Are Performed 68 Relocation Errors 70 Loading Additional Objects 71 Lazy Loading of Dynamic Dependencies 72 Initialization and Termination Routines 74 Security 76 Runtime Linking Programming Interface 77 Loading Additional Objects 78 Relocation Processing 80 Obtaining New Symbols 86 Feature Checking 89 Debugging Aids 89 Debugging Library 89 Debugger Module 92 4 Shared Objects 97 Naming Conventions 98 Recording a Shared Object Name 99 Shared Objects With Dependencies 101 Dependency Ordering 102 4 Linker and Libraries Guide • May 2002 Shared Objects as Filters 103 Generating a Standard Filter 103 Generating an Auxiliary Filter 106 Filtee Processing 107 Performance Considerations 107 Analyzing Files 108 Underlying System 109 Lazy Loading of Dynamic Dependencies 110 Position-Independent Code 110 Maximizing Shareability 113 Minimizing Paging Activity 115 Relocations 115 Using -Bsymbolic 120 Profiling Shared Objects 120 5 Application Binary Interfaces and Versioning 123 Interface Compatibility 124 Internal Versioning 125 Creating a Version Definition 125 Binding to a Version Definition 130 Specifying a Version Binding 134 Version Stability 138 Relocatable Objects 139 External Versioning 139 Coordination of Versioned Filenames 139 6 Support Interfaces 143 Link-Editor Support Interface 143 Invoking the Support Interface 144 Support Interface Functions 145 Support Interface Example 147 Runtime Linker Auditing Interface 149 Establishing a Namespace 150 Creating an Audit Library 150 Invoking the Auditing Interface 151 Recording Local Auditors 152 Audit Interface Functions 152 Contents 5 Audit Interface Example 157 Audit Interface Demonstrations 157 Audit Interface Limitations 158 Runtime Linker Debugger Interface 158 Interaction Between Controlling and Target Process 159 Debugger Interface Agents 161 Debugger Exported Interface 161 Debugger Import Interface 169 7 Object File Format 171 File Format 172 Data Representation 173 ELF Header 174 ELF Identification 178 Data Encoding 180 Sections 181 Section Groups 191 Special Sections 192 String Table 196 Symbol Table 197 Syminfo Table 204 Relocation 205 Comdat Section 215 Versioning Information 215 Note Section 220 Move Section 222 Dynamic Linking 224 Program Header 225 Program Loading (Processor-Specific) 230 Runtime Linker 236 Dynamic Section 237 Global Offset Table (Processor-Specific) 249 Procedure Linkage Table (Processor-Specific) 250 Hash Table 258 8 Mapfile Option 261 Mapfile Structure and Syntax 261 6 Linker and Libraries Guide • May 2002 Segment Declarations 262 Mapping Directives 266 Section-Within-Segment Ordering 267 Size-Symbol Declarations 268 File Control Directives 268 Mapping Example 268 Mapfile Option Defaults 270 Internal Map Structure 271 A Link-Editor Quick Reference 275 Static Mode 275 Creating a Relocatable Object 276 Creating a Static Executable 276 Dynamic Mode 276 Creating a Shared Object 276 Creating a Dynamic Executable 278 B Versioning Quick Reference 279 Naming Conventions 279 Defining a Shared Object’s Interface 281 Versioning a Shared Object 281 Versioning an Existing (Non-versioned) Shared Object 282 Updating a Versioned Shared Object 283 Adding New Symbols 283 Internal Implementation Changes 284 New Symbols and Internal Implementation Changes 284 Migrating Symbols to a Standard Interface 285 C Establishing Dependencies with Dynamic String Tokens 289 Instruction Set Specific Shared Objects 289 Reducing Auxiliary Searches 290 System Specific Shared Objects 291 Locating Associated Dependencies 292 Dependencies Between Unbundled Products 293 Security 295 Contents 7 D New Linker and Libraries Features and Updates 297 Solaris 9 Release 297 Solaris 8 07/01 Release 298 Solaris 8 01/01 Release 298 Solaris 8 10/00 Release 298 Solaris 8 Release 299 Solaris 7 Release 300 Solaris 2.6 Release 300 Index 303 8 Linker and Libraries Guide • May 2002 Tables TABLE 5–1 Interface Compatibility Examples 124 TABLE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Computer Systems 15-213/18-243, Spring 2009 1St
    M4-L3: Executables CSE351, Winter 2021 Executables CSE 351 Winter 2021 Instructor: Teaching Assistants: Mark Wyse Kyrie Dowling Catherine Guevara Ian Hsiao Jim Limprasert Armin Magness Allie Pfleger Cosmo Wang Ronald Widjaja http://xkcd.com/1790/ M4-L3: Executables CSE351, Winter 2021 Administrivia ❖ Lab 2 due Monday (2/8) ❖ hw12 due Friday ❖ hw13 due next Wednesday (2/10) ▪ Based on the next two lectures, longer than normal ❖ Remember: HW and readings due before lecture, at 11am PST on due date 2 M4-L3: Executables CSE351, Winter 2021 Roadmap C: Java: Memory & data car *c = malloc(sizeof(car)); Car c = new Car(); Integers & floats c->miles = 100; c.setMiles(100); x86 assembly c->gals = 17; c.setGals(17); Procedures & stacks float mpg = get_mpg(c); float mpg = Executables free(c); c.getMPG(); Arrays & structs Memory & caches Assembly get_mpg: Processes pushq %rbp language: movq %rsp, %rbp Virtual memory ... Memory allocation popq %rbp Java vs. C ret OS: Machine 0111010000011000 100011010000010000000010 code: 1000100111000010 110000011111101000011111 Computer system: 3 M4-L3: Executables CSE351, Winter 2021 Reading Review ❖ Terminology: ▪ CALL: compiler, assembler, linker, loader ▪ Object file: symbol table, relocation table ▪ Disassembly ▪ Multidimensional arrays, row-major ordering ▪ Multilevel arrays ❖ Questions from the Reading? ▪ also post to Ed post! 4 M4-L3: Executables CSE351, Winter 2021 Building an Executable from a C File ❖ Code in files p1.c p2.c ❖ Compile with command: gcc -Og p1.c p2.c -o p ▪ Put resulting machine code in
    [Show full text]
  • CERES Software Bulletin 95-12
    CERES Software Bulletin 95-12 Fortran 90 Linking Experiences, September 5, 1995 1.0 Purpose: To disseminate experience gained in the process of linking Fortran 90 software with library routines compiled under Fortran 77 compiler. 2.0 Originator: Lyle Ziegelmiller ([email protected]) 3.0 Description: One of the summer students, Julia Barsie, was working with a plot program which was written in f77. This program called routines from a graphics package known as NCAR, which is also written in f77. Everything was fine. The plot program was converted to f90, and a new version of the NCAR graphical package was released, which was written in f77. A problem arose when trying to link the new f90 version of the plot program with the new f77 release of NCAR; many undefined references were reported by the linker. This bulletin is intended to convey what was learned in the effort to accomplish this linking. The first step I took was to issue the "-dryrun" directive to the f77 compiler when using it to compile the original f77 plot program and the original NCAR graphics library. "- dryrun" causes the linker to produce an output detailing all the various libraries that it links with. Note that these libaries are in addition to the libaries you would select on the command line. For example, you might compile a program with erbelib, but the linker would have to link with librarie(s) that contain the definitions of sine or cosine. Anyway, it was my hypothesis that if everything compiled and linked with f77, then all the libraries must be contained in the output from the f77's "-dryrun" command.
    [Show full text]
  • Latest X64dbg Version Supports Non-English Languges Through a Generic Algorithm That May Or May Not Work Well in Your Language
    x64dbg Documentation Release 0.1 x64dbg Jul 05, 2021 Contents 1 Suggested reads 1 1.1 What is x64dbg?.............................................1 1.2 Introduction...............................................1 1.3 GUI manual............................................... 15 1.4 Commands................................................ 31 1.5 Developers................................................ 125 1.6 Licenses................................................. 261 2 Indices and tables 277 i ii CHAPTER 1 Suggested reads If you came here because someone told you to read the manual, start by reading all sections of the introduction. Contents: 1.1 What is x64dbg? This is a x64/x32 debugger that is currently in active development. The debugger (currently) has three parts: • DBG • GUI • Bridge DBG is the debugging part of the debugger. It handles debugging (using TitanEngine) and will provide data for the GUI. GUI is the graphical part of the debugger. It is built on top of Qt and it provides the user interaction. Bridge is the communication library for the DBG and GUI part (and maybe in the future more parts). The bridge can be used to work on new features, without having to update the code of the other parts. 1.2 Introduction This section explains the basics of x64dbg. Make sure to fully read this! Contents: 1 x64dbg Documentation, Release 0.1 1.2.1 Features This program is currently under active development. It supports many basic and advanced features to ease debugging on Windows. Basic features • Full-featured debugging of DLL and EXE files (TitanEngine Community Edition) • 32-bit and 64-bit Windows support from Windows XP to Windows 10 • Built-in assembler (XEDParse/Keystone/asmjit) • Fast disassembler (Zydis) • C-like expression parser • Logging • Notes • Memory map view • Modules and symbols view • Source code view • Thread view • Content-sensitive register view • Call stack view • SEH view • Handles, privileges and TCP connections enumeration.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking + Libraries
    LinkingLinking ● Last stage in building a program PRE- COMPILATION ASSEMBLY LINKING PROCESSING ● Combining separate code into one executable ● Linking done by the Linker ● ld in Unix ● a.k.a. “link-editor” or “loader” ● Often transparent (gcc can do it all for you) 1 LinkingLinking involves...involves... ● Combining several object modules (the .o files corresponding to .c files) into one file ● Resolving external references to variables and functions ● Producing an executable file (if no errors) file1.c file1.o file2.c gcc file2.o Linker Executable fileN.c fileN.o Header files External references 2 LinkingLinking withwith ExternalExternal ReferencesReferences file1.c file2.c int count; #include <stdio.h> void display(void); Compiler extern int count; int main(void) void display(void) { file1.o file2.o { count = 10; with placeholders printf(“%d”,count); display(); } return 0; Linker } ● file1.o has placeholder for display() ● file2.o has placeholder for count ● object modules are relocatable ● addresses are relative offsets from top of file 3 LibrariesLibraries ● Definition: ● a file containing functions that can be referenced externally by a C program ● Purpose: ● easy access to functions used repeatedly ● promote code modularity and re-use ● reduce source and executable file size 4 LibrariesLibraries ● Static (Archive) ● libname.a on Unix; name.lib on DOS/Windows ● Only modules with referenced code linked when compiling ● unlike .o files ● Linker copies function from library into executable file ● Update to library requires recompiling program 5 LibrariesLibraries ● Dynamic (Shared Object or Dynamic Link Library) ● libname.so on Unix; name.dll on DOS/Windows ● Referenced code not copied into executable ● Loaded in memory at run time ● Smaller executable size ● Can update library without recompiling program ● Drawback: slightly slower program startup 6 LibrariesLibraries ● Linking a static library libpepsi.a /* crave source file */ … gcc ..
    [Show full text]
  • Using the DLFM Package on the Cray XE6 System
    Using the DLFM Package on the Cray XE6 System Mike Davis, Cray Inc. Version 1.4 - October 2013 1.0: Introduction The DLFM package is a set of libraries and tools that can be applied to a dynamically-linked application, or an application that uses Python, to provide improved performance during the loading of dynamic libraries and importing of Python modules when running the application at large scale. Included in the DLFM package are: a set of wrapper functions that interface with the dynamic linker (ld.so) to cache the application's dynamic library load operations; and a custom libpython.so, with a set of optimized components, that caches the application's Python import operations. 2.0: Dynamic Linking and Python Importing Without DLFM When a dynamically-linked application is executed, the set of dependent libraries is loaded in sequence by ld.so prior to the transfer of control to the application's main function. This set of dependent libraries ordinarily numbers a dozen or so, but can number many more, depending on the needs of the application; their names and paths are given by the ldd(1) command. As ld.so processes each dependent library, it executes a series of system calls to find the library and make the library's contents available to the application. These include: fd = open (/path/to/dependent/library, O_RDONLY); read (fd, elfhdr, 832); // to get the library ELF header fstat (fd, &stbuf); // to get library attributes, such as size mmap (buf, length, prot, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset); // read text segment mmap (buf, length, prot, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset); // read data segment close (fd); The number of open() calls can be many times larger than the number of dependent libraries, because ld.so must search for each dependent library in multiple locations, as described on the ld.so(1) man page.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Variable and Set-UID Program Lab 1
    SEED Labs – Environment Variable and Set-UID Program Lab 1 Environment Variable and Set-UID Program Lab Copyright © 2006 - 2016 Wenliang Du, All rights reserved. Free to use for non-commercial educational purposes. Commercial uses of the materials are prohibited. The SEED project was funded by multiple grants from the US National Science Foundation. 1 Overview The learning objective of this lab is for students to understand how environment variables affect program and system behaviors. Environment variables are a set of dynamic named values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. They are used by most operating systems, since they were introduced to Unix in 1979. Although environment variables affect program behaviors, how they achieve that is not well understood by many programmers. As a result, if a program uses environment variables, but the programmer does not know that they are used, the program may have vulnerabilities. In this lab, students will understand how environment variables work, how they are propagated from parent process to child, and how they affect system/program behaviors. We are particularly interested in how environment variables affect the behavior of Set-UID programs, which are usually privileged programs. This lab covers the following topics: • Environment variables • Set-UID programs • Securely invoke external programs • Capability leaking • Dynamic loader/linker Readings and videos. Detailed coverage of the Set-UID mechanism, environment variables, and their related security problems can be found in the following: • Chapters 1 and 2 of the SEED Book, Computer & Internet Security: A Hands-on Approach, 2nd Edition, by Wenliang Du.
    [Show full text]
  • Intel® Inspector 2020 Update 2 Release Notes Intel® Inspector 2020 Update 2 to Learn More About This Product, See
    Intel® Inspector 2020 Update 2 Release Notes 16 July 2020 Intel® Inspector 2020 Update 2 Customer Support For technical support, including answers to questions not addressed in this product, visit the technical support forum, FAQs, and other support information at: • https://software.intel.com/en-us/inspector/support/ • http://www.intel.com/software/products/support/ • https://software.intel.com/en-us/inspector Please remember to register your product at https://registrationcenter.intel.com/ by providing your email address. Registration entitles you to free technical support, product updates and upgrades for the duration of the support term. It also helps Intel recognize you as a valued customer in the support forum. NOTE: If your distributor provides technical support for this product, please contact them for support rather than Intel. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 What’s New 3 3 System Requirements 3 4 Where to Find the Release 5 5 Installation Notes 5 6 Known Issues 7 7 Attributions 13 8 Legal Information 13 1 Introduction Intel® Inspector helps developers identify and resolve memory and threading correctness issues in their C, C++ and Fortran applications on Windows* and Linux*. Additionally, on Windows platforms, the tool allows the analysis of the unmanaged portion of mixed managed and unmanaged programs and identifies threading correctness issues in managed .NET C# applications. Intel Inspector is a dynamic error checking tool for developing multithreaded applications on Windows or Linux operating systems. Intel Inspector maximizes code quality and reliability by quickly detecting memory, threading, and source code security errors during the development cycle. You can also use the Intel Inspector to visualize and manage Static Analysis results created by Intel® compilers in various suite products.
    [Show full text]
  • Demarinis Kent Williams-King Di Jin Rodrigo Fonseca Vasileios P
    sysfilter: Automated System Call Filtering for Commodity Software Nicholas DeMarinis Kent Williams-King Di Jin Rodrigo Fonseca Vasileios P. Kemerlis Department of Computer Science Brown University Abstract This constant stream of additional functionality integrated Modern OSes provide a rich set of services to applications, into modern applications, i.e., feature creep, not only has primarily accessible via the system call API, to support the dire effects in terms of security and protection [1, 71], but ever growing functionality of contemporary software. How- also necessitates a rich set of OS services: applications need ever, despite the fact that applications require access to part of to interact with the OS kernel—and, primarily, they do so the system call API (to function properly), OS kernels allow via the system call (syscall) API [52]—in order to perform full and unrestricted use of the entire system call set. This not useful tasks, such as acquiring or releasing memory, spawning only violates the principle of least privilege, but also enables and terminating additional processes and execution threads, attackers to utilize extra OS services, after seizing control communicating with other programs on the same or remote of vulnerable applications, or escalate privileges further via hosts, interacting with the filesystem, and performing I/O and exploiting vulnerabilities in less-stressed kernel interfaces. process introspection. To tackle this problem, we present sysfilter: a binary Indicatively, at the time of writing, the Linux
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6: the Linker
    6. The Linker 6-1 Chapter 6: The Linker References: • Brian W. Kernighan / Dennis M. Ritchie: The C Programming Language, 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, 1988. • Samuel P. Harbison / Guy L. Steele Jr.: C — A Reference Manual, 4th Ed. Prentice-Hall, 1995. • Online Documentation of Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (Standard Edition): MSDN Library: Visual Studio 6.0 release. • Horst Wettstein: Assemblierer und Binder (in German). Carl Hanser Verlag, 1979. • Peter Rechenberg, Gustav Pomberger (Eds.): Informatik-Handbuch (in German). Carl Hanser Verlag, 1997. Kapitel 12: Systemsoftware (H. M¨ossenb¨ock). Stefan Brass: Computer Science III Universit¨atGiessen, 2001 6. The Linker 6-2 Overview ' $ 1. Introduction (Overview) & % 2. Object Files, Libraries, and the Linker 3. Make 4. Dynamic Linking Stefan Brass: Computer Science III Universit¨atGiessen, 2001 6. The Linker 6-3 Introduction (1) • Often, a program consists of several modules which are separately compiled. Reasons are: The program is large. Even with fast computers, editing and compiling a single file with a million lines leads to unnecessary delays. The program is developed by several people. Different programmers cannot easily edit the same file at the same time. (There is software for collaborative work that permits that, but it is still a research topic.) A large program is easier to understand if it is divided into natural units. E.g. each module defines one data type with its operations. Stefan Brass: Computer Science III Universit¨atGiessen, 2001 6. The Linker 6-4 Introduction (2) • Reasons for splitting a program into several source files (continued): The same module might be used in different pro- grams (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Custom Applications on MMA9550L/MMA9551L By: Fengyi Li Applications Engineer
    Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: AN4129 Application Note Rev. 0, 01/2012 Building Custom Applications on MMA9550L/MMA9551L by: Fengyi Li Applications Engineer 1Introduction Contents 1 Introduction . 1 The Freescale MMA955xL Xtrinsic family of devices 2 Architecture . 2 are high-precision, intelligent accelerometers built on the 2.1 Top-level diagram . 2 2.2 Memory space. 3 Freescale ColdFire version 1 core. 3 Tools to build custom projects . 6 3.1 MMA955xL template . 6 The MMA955xL family’s microcontroller core enables 3.2 Sensor Toolbox kit. 29 the development of custom applications in the built-in 3.3 MMA955xL reference manuals . 33 4 Template contents . 34 FLASH memory. Programming and debugging tasks are 4.1 Custom applications on the Freescale platform . 34 supported by Freescale’s CodeWarrior Development 4.2 Define RAM memory for custom applications . 36 Studio for Microcontrollers (Eclipse based IDE). 4.3 Set the custom application run rate. 38 4.4 Access accelerometer data . 39 4.5 Gesture functions . 40 The MMA9550L/MMA9551L firmware platform is 4.6 Stream data to FIFO . 43 specifically designed to ease custom application 4.7 Stream events to FIFO . 46 integration. Building custom applications on the built-in 5 Summary . 48 firmware platform provides an organized and more code-efficient sensing system to monitor development tasks, which reduces the application development cycle. This document introduces the code architecture required for creating a custom application, the instructions for binding it with the Freescale firmware platform, and the available tools that support the custom application development on the MMA955xL family of devices. © 2012 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • GNU GCC Compiler
    C-Refresher: Session 01 GNU GCC Compiler Arif Butt Summer 2017 I am Thankful to my student Muhammad Zubair [email protected] for preparation of these slides in accordance with my video lectures at http://www.arifbutt.me/category/c-behind-the-curtain/ Today’s Agenda • Brief Concept of GNU gcc Compiler • Compilation Cycle of C-Programs • Contents of Object File • Multi-File Programs • Linking Process • Libraries Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT) 2 Compiler Compiler is a program that transforms the source code of a high level language into underlying machine code. Underlying machine can be x86 sparse, Linux, Motorola. Types of Compilers: gcc, clang, turbo C-compiler, visual C++… Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT) 3 GNU GCC Compiler • GNU is an integrated distribution of compilers for C, C++, OBJC, OBJC++, JAVA, FORTRAN • gcc can be used for cross compile Cross Compile: • Cross compile means to generate machine code for the platform other than the one in which it is running • gcc uses tools like autoConf, automake and lib to generate codes for some other architecture Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT) 4 Compilation Process Four stages of compilation: •Preprocessor •Compiler •Assembler •Linker Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT) 5 Compilation Process(cont...) hello.c gcc –E hello.c 1>hello.i Preprocessor hello.i 1. Preprocessor • Interpret Preprocessor Compiler directives • Include header files • Remove comments • Expand headers Assembler Linker Muhammad Arif Butt (PUCIT) 6 Compilation Process(cont...) hello.c 2. Compiler • Check for syntax errors Preprocessor • If no syntax error, the expanded code is converted to hello.i assembly code which is understood by the underlying Compiler gcc –S hello.i processor, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • An-572 Application Note
    AN-572 a APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way • P.O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106 • 781/329-4700 • World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com Overlay Linking on the ADSP-219x By David Starr OVERVIEW the linker. Having a number of memories to deal with This applications note is for software designers starting makes the DSP linker somewhat more complex than an ADSP-219x overlay design. Using this note and the linkers for Princeton architecture machines. information in the Linker and Utilities Manual for ADSP- In addition, each DSP project must fit into a different 21xx Family DSPs the following may be done: memory arrangement. Different DSP boards have differ- Divide a program into overlays. ent amounts of memory, located at different addresses. Write LDF files for simple and overlay links. The ADSP-219x family supports an external memory Write an overlay manager. interface, allowing rather large amounts of memory, but at a penalty in speed. Internal memory is ten times faster HARVARD VS. PRINCETON ARCHITECTURE AND THE than external memory, so it may be desirable to keep LINKER large amounts of program code in external memory Early in the history of computing, the modern design of swap parts of it to internal memory for speed in execu- one memory to hold both data and program instructions tion. Such a program is said to run in “overlays.” acquired the name “Princeton.” Such a machine is flex- For code reuse and portability, a program should not ible because programs with lots of code and little data require modification to run in different machines or in work, as well as programs with little code and lots of different locations in memory.
    [Show full text]