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Who Freed Athens? J
Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources Edited by Eric W. Robinson Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd The Beginnings of the Athenian Democracv: Who Freed Athens? J Introduction Though the very earliest democracies lildy took shape elsewhere in Greece, Athens embraced it relatively early and would ultimately become the most famous and powerful democracy the ancient world ever hew. Democracy is usually thought to have taken hold among the Athenians with the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes, ca. 508/7 BC. The tyrant Peisistratus and later his sons had ruled Athens for decades before they were overthrown; Cleisthenes, rallying the people to his cause, made sweeping changes. These included the creation of a representative council (bode)chosen from among the citizens, new public organizations that more closely tied citizens throughout Attica to the Athenian state, and the populist ostracism law that enabled citizens to exile danger- ous or undesirable politicians by vote. Beginning with these measures, and for the next two centuries or so with only the briefest of interruptions, democracy held sway at Athens. Such is the most common interpretation. But there is, in fact, much room for disagree- ment about when and how democracy came to Athens. Ancient authors sometimes refer to Solon, a lawgiver and mediator of the early sixth century, as the founder of the Athenian constitution. It was also a popular belief among the Athenians that two famous “tyrant-slayers,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton, inaugurated Athenian freedom by assas- sinating one of the sons of Peisistratus a few years before Cleisthenes’ reforms - though ancient writers take pains to point out that only the military intervention of Sparta truly ended the tyranny. -
Hadrian and the Greek East
HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way. -
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• ,.....-,-, ..........-- .... r(, n f / 1i' \) I '1 Cl -~-;:, .,-" ( 11 ,,/ 1C ( je: r.,'T J ! 1 ')(1' 1;) r I' , /. ,,' t ,r (' ~" , TI )' T Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik TYCHE Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik Band 19 2004 HOL % HAU 5 E N Herausgegeben von: Gerhard Dobesch, Bemhard Palme, Peter Siewert und Ekkehard Weber Gemeinsam mit: Wolfgang Hameter und Hans Taeuber Unter Beteiligung von: Reinhold Bichler, Herbert Graßl, Sigrid Jalkotzy und Ingomar Weiler Redaktion: Franziska Beutler, Sandra Hodecek, Georg Rehrenböck und Patrick Sänger Zuschriften und Manuskripte erbeten an: Redaktion TYCHE, c/o Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Universität Wien, Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring 1, A-lOlO Wien. Beiträge in deutscher, englischer, französischer, italienischer und lateinischer Sprache werden angenommen. Bei der Redaktion einlangende wissenschaftliche Werke werden angezeigt. Auslieferung: Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Holzhausenplatz ], A-] 140 Wien maggoschitz@holzhausen .at Gedruckt auf holz- und säurefreiem Papier. Umschlag: IG U2 2127 (Ausschnitt) mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Epigraphischen Museums in Athen, Inv.-Nr. 8490, und P.Vindob.Barbara 8. © 2005 by Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Wien Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Intemet über http://clnb.dclb.de abrufbar Eigentümer und Verleger: Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Holzhausenplatz ], A-1140 Wien Herausgeber: Gerhard Dobesch, Bernhard Palme, Peter Siewert und Ekkehard Weber, c/o Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Universität Wien, Dr. Kar! Lueger-Ring 1, A-lOIO Wien. e-mail: [email protected]@univie.ac.at Hersteller: Holzhausen Druck & Medien GmbH, Holzhausenplatz 1, A-1140 Wien Verlagsort: Wien. -
Italia / Italy
XIII IAAF World Championships Daegu (KOR) - 27 agosto-4 settembre Italia / Italy I componenti della staffetta 4x100 azzurra medaglia d’argento agli Europei 2010 di Barcellona The Italian 4x100 team, silver medallist at the 2010 European Championships of Brarelona La Delegazione The Delegation FIDAL La Delegazione / The Delegation Federazione Italiana Alberto Morini Capo Delegazione / Head of the Delegation di Atletica Leggera Franco Angelotti Consigliere Addetto / Council Member Italian Athletics Federation Francesco Uguagliati Direttore Tecnico / Technical Director Via Flaminia Nuova, 830 00191 Roma, Italia Vittorio Visini Assistente D.T. / Assistant to TD www.fidal.it Rita Bottiglieri Team Manager Francesco Cuccotti Team Manager Presidente /President Marco Sicari Addetto Stampa / Press Officer Franco Arese Pierluigi Fiorella Medico / Doctor Giuseppe Fischetto Medico / Doctor Consiglieri Antonio Abbruzzese Fisioterapista / Physio Council Members Maria M. Marello Fisioterapista / Physio Alberto Morini (Vice Presidente Vicario / Senior Vice President ) Filippo Di Mulo Tecnico / Coach Adriano Rossi (Vice Presidente / Giuseppe Mannella Tecnico / Coach Vice President ) Roberto Pericoli Tecnico / Coach Stefano Andreatta Fabio Pilori Tecnico / Coach Franco Angelotti Roberto Piscitelli Tecnico / Coach Marcello Bindi Nicola Silvaggi Tecnico / Coach Giovanni Caruso Angelo Zamperin Tecnico / Coach Alessandro Castelli Augusto D’agostino Michele Basile Tecnico Personale / Personal Coach Francesco De Feo Riccardo Ceccarini Tecnico Personale / Personal -
THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY and WAR: the CASE of ANCIENT ATHENS David M
THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND WAR: THE CASE OF ANCIENT ATHENS David M. Pritchard (University of Queensland) Introduction This edited collection significantly advances our understanding of the two-way relationship of causation between democracy and war in world history. In particular it explores the almost entirely neglected question of the impact of the democracy of the classical Athenians on their waging of war. Today ancient Athens is not widely known for its intensification and transformation of war-making among the Greeks. It is famous instead for what is arguably the most fully developed democracy of pre- modern times and for its innovative culture, which helped lay the foundations for the arts, literature and sciences of the ancient and modern worlds. In 508/7 BC the Athenian dmos (‘people’) rose up against a leader who was once again aiming for tyranny, expelled him and the foreign troops backing his attempt, and arrested and executed his upper-class supporters (Ath. Pol. 20.1-21.2; Herodotus 5.65.5-74.1).1 They could no longer tolerate the internecine struggles of the elite and demanded an active role in the decision-making of the city. This was quickly realised by the reforms of Cleisthenes, which made the assembly and a new popular council of five- hundred members the final arbiters of public actions and laws.2 By the early 450s the people had consolidated their new dmokratia (‘democracy’) by making decisions on an increasing range of public affairs and by taking over entirely the administration of justice and the oversight of magistrates (e.g. -
Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 BC Exiles
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1971 Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality Peter Karavites Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Karavites, Peter, "Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality" (1971). Dissertations. Paper 1192. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1192 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1971 Peter. Karavites PROBLEMS IN ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY 510-480 B.C. EXILES A Case of Political Irrationality A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty o! the Department of History of Loyola University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy b;y Peter Karavites ?ROBLEt'.n IN ATP.EHIA:rT n:s::ocRACY 5'10-480 n.c. EXIL:ffi: A case in Politioal Irrationality Peter·KARAVIT~ Ph.D. Loyola UniVGl'Sity, Chicago, 1971 This thesis is m attempt to ev"aluate the attitude of the Athenian demos during the tormative years of the Cleisthenian democracy. The dissertation tries to trace the events of the period from the mpul sion of Hippian to the ~ttle of Sal.amis. Ma.tural.ly no strict chronological sequence can be foll.amtd.. The events are known to us only f'ragmen~. some additional archaeological Wormation has trickled dcmn to us 1n the last tro decad.all 11h1ch shed light on the edating historical data prO\Tided ma:1nly by Herodotus md Arletotle. -
The Olympic Games in Antiquity the Olympic
THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN ANTIQUITY THE OLYMPIC GAMES INTRODUCTION THE ATHLETE SPORTS ON THE Origins of the modern Olympic Identification of the athlete by PROGRAMME Games, in Olympia, Greece his nakedness, a sign of balance The Olympic programme (Peloponnese), 8th century BC. and harmony as a reference IN ANTIQUITY Gymnasium and palaestra: the Sites of the Panhellenic Games: Foot races, combat sports, education of the body and the mind Olympia, Delphi, Isthmus pentathlon and horse races. of Corinth and Nemea Hygiene and body care. Cheating and fines. History and Mythology: Criteria for participation Music and singing: a particularity explanations of the birth in the Games of the Pythian Games at Delphi. of the Games Exclusion of women Application of the sacred truce: Selection and training peace between cities On the way to Olympia Overview of Olympia, the most Athletes’ and judges’ oath. 6 8 important Panhellenic Games site Other sport competitions in Greece. Winners’ reWARDS THE END OF THE GAMES Prizes awarded at the Panhellenic Over 1,000 years of existence Games Success of the Games Wreaths, ribbons and palm fronds Bringing forward the spirit and the The personification of Victory: values of the Olympic competitions Nike, the winged goddess Period of decline Privileges of the winner upon Abolition of the Games in 393 AD returning home Destruction of Olympia This is a PDF interactive file. The headings of each page contain hyperlinks, Glory and honour which allow to move from chapter to chapter Rediscovery of the site in the Prizes received at local contests 19th century. Superiority of a victory at the Click on this icon to download the image. -
WMRA 2012 Newsletter LR.Indd
WORLD MOUNTAIN RUNNING ASSOCIATION NEWSLETTER 2012 Issue No 17 - May 2012 Max KING (122) (USA) Senior Men World Champion 2011 Kasie ENMAN (197) (USA) Senior Women World Champion 2011 Adem KARAGOZ (274) (TUR) Junior Men World Champion 2011 Lea EINFALT (333) (SLO) Junior Women World Champion 2011 WORLD MOUNTAIN RUNNING ASSOCIATION Message from the WMRA President – Bruno Gozzelino What is the future for mountain running and the WMRA? another very important difference from many of the other running activities I Mountain Running is now well established as a worldwide sport and branch of have mentioned. traditional athletics and it is continually growing in popularity among athletes Mountain running tries to attract young athletes as one of its main goals but all around the world. also understands that the Masters is an important movement and WMRA is It is now clear that mountain running is recognised as a modern and precious very well linked with WMA. part of athletics which Finally – and this is helps improve the very, very important athletes’ performances too - WMRA races in all endurance races. try to encourage However, “mountain the participation of running is mountain athletes who are running” and it should also able to run in not be confused with cross country, in the trail running, sky marathon, in 10km running, snowshoe races or steeplechase running, skyscrapers races. ascent or other similar Mountain running is activities with different recognized as a true names. It is important test of endurance, to distinguish ability, skills and wise mountain running from preparation and to these other activities. many athletes it is Trail is an attractive considered to be the and important best practice to excel movement that will in all types of distance probably become races. -
Athletic Competitions
Athletic Competitions The ancient Olympics originally had only one event, the stadion, a footrace that took roughly 30 seconds to complete. Over time, more events were added, transforming the games into a multi-day spectacle of athleticism. Some events, such as footraces, discus-throwing, and wrestling continue into the modern Olympics. Others, like the pankration and hoplite races, belong firmly to the ancient games. Events such as wrestling didn’t divide competitors into weight categories, but had separate competitions for boys and men. Equestrian Competitions Horse races, be it a single rider, a two-horse team, or a four-horse chariot, took place in the Hippodrome, an apsidal track located slightly south of the stadium. Horse races were the only opportunity women had for participating in the games: they were allowed to train horses to race at the Olympics, provided that they themselves weren’t the driver. Red-Figure Volute Krater Depicting the Sack of Troy, Greek, Apulian, ca. 340-330 BCE, Ceramic, 1999.011.006A, Atlanta, Michael C. Carlos Museum Tethrippon Introduced in 680 BCE, the tethrippon was a four-horse chariot race over a distance of 43,200 feet. Keles The keles was a single-horse race with only one lap around the hippodrome, a distance of 3,600 feet. It was introduced much later than the tethrippon, in 648 BCE. Sunoris An even later addition to the games, the sunoris was added to the program in 408 BCE. It was a two-horse chariot race that took eight laps around the hippodrome, totaling 28,800 feet. Apene The apene was a mule-cart race introduced in 500 BCE, but it was removed from the games Intaglio with Cupid Driving a Two-Horse Chariot, Roman, 2nd century CE, Red Jasper, 2008.031.321, Atlanta, Michael C. -
Kalokagathia: the Citizen Ideal in Classical Greek Sculpture
Kalokagathia: The Citizen Ideal in Classical Greek Sculpture York H. Gunther and Sumetanee Bagna- Dulyachinda Introduction Nothing useless can be truly beautiful. — William Morris Through the Archaic (c. 750-508BCE) and into the Classical period (c. 508-323BCE), the Ancient Greeks created sculptures of human beings that became increasingly realistic. 1 The height of this realism came with ‘Kritian Boy’ (480BCE) and the magnificent ‘Charioteer of Delphi’ (c. 470BCE), sculptures that represent human beings in lifelike detail, proportion and style. The representation of muscles, flesh, joints and bone and the use of contrapposto in ‘Kritian Boy’ presents us with a youth frozen in time yet alive; while the meticulous attention to the minutiae of the face and feet as well as the free flowing tunic of the ‘Charioteer of Delphi’ presents us with a competitor focused while in motion. But within a generation, realism was abandoned for an idealism. Sculptors suddenly (seemingly) set out to depict the details and proportions of the human body with mathematical precision and deliberate exaggeration. Polykleitos’ ‘Spear Bearer’ (c. 450BCE) and the recently discovered ‘Riace Bronzes’ (c. York H. Gunther is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Program Director of the Humanities at Mahidol University International College, Thailand. Sumetanee ‘Marco’ Bagna-Dulyachinda is a recent graduate of Mahidol University International College, Thailand. 1 In identifying the end of the Archaic period and the beginning of the Classical period with the date 508BCE rather 480BCE as many historians do, we are emphasizing Cleisthenes’ democratic reforms (that followed Peististratus’ economic and social reforms), which emboldened the Athenians to, among other things, support the Ionian Greeks at the start of the Greco-Persian War. -
2893 Artwork OK.Indd
WORLD MOUNTAIN RUNNING ASSOCIATION NEWSLETTER 2017 Issue 22 • April 2017 Sarah Kistner (GER) Joel Ayeko (UGA) Junior Women Junior Men World Champion 2016 World Champion 2016 Andrea Mayr (AUT) Joseph Gray (USA) Senior Women Senior Men World Champion 2016 World Champion 2016 ALB AnD AUS AUT BEL BLR BUL CAn COL CRO CZE DEn FRA GBR GER HUn IRL ISR ITA KEn JPn LIE MEX MKD MLT MOn nED nOR nZL POL POR ROU RUS SLO SMR SRB SUI SVK SWE TUR UGA USA UKR Message from Bruno GOZZELINO – WMRA President 2017 will be an important year of my life. WMRA always worked respecting all the values of the sport, fighting I am 61 years old (born 7 October 1955) and hard against doping for example! more than two thirds of my life was dedicated to Also legal aspects were implemented: now WMRA has a legal Bruno Gozzelino the sport and to the athletics and more than half headquarters in Monte Carlo and this aspect is very important too, of my life was dedicated to mountain running. with a WMRA Constitution approved not only by WMRA but also by In fact, I started to organise mountain Monegasque State. races in 1984 and following in Susa Valley, WMRA is not a rich Association analysing with Atletica Susa and its President, financial economic aspect but – thanking Adriano Aschieris, who passed away on all the people who work for WMRA – we February 2017. are able to do a lot of activities: in any In 1980 I organised a Seminary in case WMRA in not in deficit, but have Bardonecchia (Turin) about mountain some money at disposal for the future! running with the presence of the – at this But I never forgot that Mountain Running time - IAAF President, Primo Nebiolo. -
Olympic Games. 2
The Olympic Games Objectives 1. To identify the importance of the Olympic Games. 2. To identify some important events at the Olympic Games. THE ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES The ancient Olympic games were held at Olympia in Greece. The games were held as a religious festival in honor of the god Zeus. • The Ancient Plains of Olympia. THE ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES EVENTS • Pentathlon - Discus, Javelin, Jump, Running, Wrestling • Pankration – Mix Martial Arts • Boxing • Wrestling • Equestrian events - Chariot racing, Riding • Running How long did the Ancient Olympic Games last for? • 776 B.C. till 393 A.D. Ancient Olympics Events • Pentathlon – Discus, Javelin, Jump, Running,Wrestling • Pankration • Boxing • Wrestling • Equestrian events – Chariot racing – Riding • Running Pentathlon • Became an event in 708 B.C. • Consisted of: discus throw, javelin, jumping, running and wrestling • Running contests were: • The stade race (200m) • The diaulos (two stades – 400m), • Dolichos (ranging between 7 and 24 stades) Long Jump • Athletes used stone or lead weights (halteres) to increase the distance of a jump. The weights are held until the end of their flight, and then jettisoned backwards. Discus Throw . • Early discus was made of stone. • Later discus were made of iron, lead or bronze • The technique is similar to today’s freestyle discus throw Wrestling • Highly valued as a form of military exercise without weapons. • It was ended when a contestant admitted defeat. Boxing •Boxers wrapped straps (himantes) around their hands to strengthen and steady their fingers and wrists. • Initially, these straps were soft. Use of hard leather straps are used, often causing disfigurement to their opponent’s face.