The Concept of “Impure Birth” in 5Th Century Athens and Judea

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Concept of “Impure Birth” in 5Th Century Athens and Judea THE CONCEPT OF “IMPURE BIRTH” IN 5TH CENTURY ATHENS AND JUDEA Lisbeth S. Fried It is a great honor for me to participate in this tribute of appreciation to my friend and mentor Tikva Frymer-Kensky. Tikva was instrumental in directing scholars’ attention to the roles and concerns of women both in antiquity and in the present, and it is fitting therefore that I dedicate this study of the notion of “impure birth” in 5th-century Athens and Judah to her memory. The book of Ezra records that at the time of Ezra’s arrival in Jerusalem, the people of Israel were mingling the “holy seed” with that of the “peoples of the lands.” After these things were finished, the officials approached me and said, “The people of Israel, the priests, and the Levites have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands whose abominations are like those of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. They have taken some of their daughters as wives for themselves and for their sons. Thus they mixed the holy seed with the peoples of the lands, and the hand of the officials and magistrates was first in this rebelliousness” (Ezra 9:1–2). The antidote to the problem was mass divorce: Then Ezra the priest stood up and said to them, “You have rebelled and have caused foreign women to dwell with you, and so increased the guilt of Israel. Now make confession to YHWH the God of your fathers, and do his will; separate yourselves from the peoples of the land and from the foreign women.” Then all the assembly answered with a loud voice, “Yes; it is incumbent upon us to do according to your word.” (Ezra 10:10–12). 121 122 IN THE WAKE OF TIKVA FRYMER-KENSKY Many commentators have been uncomfortable with these texts. Williamson admits to finding this section “among the least attractive parts of Ezra–Nehemiah.”253 He and other commentators see ugly racial overtones.254 Mowinckel, for example, likens the attitude to Nazism. Janzen argued recently that foreign women were expelled because they were viewed as dangerous to the community, and that what resulted was a “witch-hunt,” a purification ritual.255 Yonina Dor finds the idea so reprehensible that she is driven to deny that the whole thing ever happened, it is pure fiction.256 Some commentators rationalize and explain that intermarrying with the “peoples of the lands” would imply adopting some of their religious practices.257 They argue that since the restored community was to be a religious one, it needed to establish strict criteria for membership in order for the distinctive elements of the Jewish faith to survive.258 The foreign women are emphasized because the mother teaches her beliefs to her offspring; those who grow up to follow Jewish practices are more likely to have had Jewish mothers.259 253 Hugh G. M. Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah, Word Biblical Commentary, 16 (Waco: Word Books, 1985), 159. 254 Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah, 130–32; Joseph Blenkinsopp, Ezra– Nehemiah: A Commentary, The Old Testament Library (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1988), 176; Sigmund Mowinckel, Die Ezrageschichte und das Gesetz Moses, Studien zu dem Buche Ezra–Nehemiah, III, Skrifter ut gitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-akademii Oslo II, Hist.-filos. Klasse ny serie, 7 (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1965), 34–35. 255 David Janzen, Witch-Hunts, Purity and Social Boundaries: The Expulsion of the Foreign Women in Ezra 9–10, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series, 350 (London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002). 256 Yonina Dor, Did They Really Divorce the Foreign Women? The Question of the Separation in the Days of the Second Temple (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2006) (Hebrew). 257 Jacob M. Myers, Ezra–Nehemiah, Anchor Bible, 14 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965), 77. 258 E.g., Peter R. Ackroyd, I & II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Torch Bible Commentaries (London: SCM, 1973), 253; Blenkinsopp, Ezra–Nehemiah: A Commentary, 176f.; F. Charles Fensham, The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, New International Commentary on the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 125; Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah, 160. 259 Fredrick Carlson Holmgren, Israel Alive Again: A Commentary on the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 73. CONCEPT OF “IMPURE BIRTH” 123 Daniel Smith-Christopher takes a different approach to the intermarriage crisis by referring to modern sociological data.260 Research shows that the majority of inter-racial marriages in 20th- century America, for example, consisted of professional and educated black men “marrying-up” to non-professional women of the white higher status culture.261 Studies of intercaste marriages in India also predominantly involved a professional male of a lower caste and a non-professional woman of a higher caste.262 Data also show that Jewish-Gentile intermarriages in Europe between 1876 and 1933 consisted predominantly of Jewish males and Gentile females.263 Smith-Christopher suggests that the intermarriages in 5th- and 4th- century Judah consisted primarily of these lower caste Judean men attempting to marry up by marrying higher status non-Judean women. Smith-Christopher ventures that the prohibitions against these types of intermarriages indicate a concern by the lower status group for its own identity. This concern arises especially when minority groups within a larger dominant culture find themselves uprooted and isolated and faced with a strong pressure to conform to alien standards of behavior. They then instinctively fall back on the kinship network to defend against threats of extinction. A fourth group of exegetes see the opprobrium attached to “mingling the holy seed” as an exegetical elaboration of the older idea of Israel as a “holy people,” an idea frequent in both the Deuteronomic and in the Holiness materials (e.g., Exod 19:6; Lev 20:26; Deut 14:2).264 In Ezra’s reference to the eight forbidden Canaanite nations (Ezra 9:1), Fishbane sees a clear allusion to Deut 7: 260 Daniel L. Smith-Christopher, A Biblical Theology of Exile, Overtures to Biblical Theology (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002), 137–62. 261 Ibid., 153. He bases his findings on the research he cites in 152 n. 34, 153 n. 37. 262 Ibid., 154. 263 Ibid. 264 Michael Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 114–29; Saul M. Olyan, Rites and Rank: Hierarchy in Biblical Representations of Cult (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 83; idem, “Purity Ideology in Ezra–Nehemiah as a Tool to Reconstitute the Community,” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period 35 (2004): 1–16; Christine Elizabeth Hayes, Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities: Intermarriage and Conversion from the Bible to the Talmud (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 19–59. 124 IN THE WAKE OF TIKVA FRYMER-KENSKY 1–6, where the prohibition against intermarriage is justified “because you are a holy people (M(a #$wOdqf).265 The addition of the Ammonites, Moabites, Egyptians and Amorites (probably to be read Edomites with 1 Esdras 8:66) is simply the addition of the four peoples prohibited from immediately entering the congregation of YHWH (Deut 23:3–8; cf. Neh 13:1–3). The antidote of divorce expels those who had entered the congregation of YHWH illegally. Since two of these peoples were forbidden even up to the tenth generation and the other two up to the third generation, it follows that their children are forbidden as well. It is the fear of defiling the land, and being expelled from it again, combined with their immersion in a sea of alien peoples, that leads the returnees not only to zealously follow Torah law but also to extend it to the new situation through exegesis.266 What this analysis misses, however, is that Ezra 9:1 should probably not be translated as most do: The people of Israel, the priests, and the Levites have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands with their abominations, from the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. This translation implies that only those eight nations are forbidden. Rather, it should most likely be translated: The people of Israel, the priests, and the Levites have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands whose abominations are like Mheyt'bo(jwOtk; the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. 265 Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation, 115–16. 266 In contrast, Jonathan Klawans, “Notions of Gentile Impurity in Ancient Judaism,” Association of Jewish Studies Review 20 (1995): 285–312; idem, Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 43–46, argues that the restoration community believed that the moral practices of the neighboring peoples defiles the land and that such defilement would lead to exile. Separating from the peoples of the land is a separation from such defiling practices. However, it cannot be fear of the practices which led to the mass divorce, or there would have been provision for conversion or for other demonstration of relinquishing foreign ways. As both Olyan and Hayes point out, an impermeable boundary is created independent of the behavior of the foreigner. CONCEPT OF “IMPURE BIRTH” 125 According to this reading, every foreigner is as the foreigner who is prohibited by Torah law, because every foreign people exhibits customs comparable in some way to the customs of the proscribed nations. The Philistine from Ashdod is as the Ammonite and Moabite (cf. Neh 13:23–25). Moreover, since the possibility of conversion does not exist in these texts, foreignness becomes a permanent, trans- generational attribute. In contrast to Torah literature, in Ezra- Nehemiah the foreign wife conveys foreignness to her offspring.
Recommended publications
  • Who Freed Athens? J
    Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources Edited by Eric W. Robinson Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd The Beginnings of the Athenian Democracv: Who Freed Athens? J Introduction Though the very earliest democracies lildy took shape elsewhere in Greece, Athens embraced it relatively early and would ultimately become the most famous and powerful democracy the ancient world ever hew. Democracy is usually thought to have taken hold among the Athenians with the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes, ca. 508/7 BC. The tyrant Peisistratus and later his sons had ruled Athens for decades before they were overthrown; Cleisthenes, rallying the people to his cause, made sweeping changes. These included the creation of a representative council (bode)chosen from among the citizens, new public organizations that more closely tied citizens throughout Attica to the Athenian state, and the populist ostracism law that enabled citizens to exile danger- ous or undesirable politicians by vote. Beginning with these measures, and for the next two centuries or so with only the briefest of interruptions, democracy held sway at Athens. Such is the most common interpretation. But there is, in fact, much room for disagree- ment about when and how democracy came to Athens. Ancient authors sometimes refer to Solon, a lawgiver and mediator of the early sixth century, as the founder of the Athenian constitution. It was also a popular belief among the Athenians that two famous “tyrant-slayers,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton, inaugurated Athenian freedom by assas- sinating one of the sons of Peisistratus a few years before Cleisthenes’ reforms - though ancient writers take pains to point out that only the military intervention of Sparta truly ended the tyranny.
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    • ,.....-,-, ..........-- .... r(, n f / 1i' \) I '1 Cl -~-;:, .,-" ( 11 ,,/ 1C ( je: r.,'T J ! 1 ')(1' 1;) r I' , /. ,,' t ,r (' ~" , TI )' T Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik TYCHE Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik Band 19 2004 HOL % HAU 5 E N Herausgegeben von: Gerhard Dobesch, Bemhard Palme, Peter Siewert und Ekkehard Weber Gemeinsam mit: Wolfgang Hameter und Hans Taeuber Unter Beteiligung von: Reinhold Bichler, Herbert Graßl, Sigrid Jalkotzy und Ingomar Weiler Redaktion: Franziska Beutler, Sandra Hodecek, Georg Rehrenböck und Patrick Sänger Zuschriften und Manuskripte erbeten an: Redaktion TYCHE, c/o Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Universität Wien, Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring 1, A-lOlO Wien. Beiträge in deutscher, englischer, französischer, italienischer und lateinischer Sprache werden angenommen. Bei der Redaktion einlangende wissenschaftliche Werke werden angezeigt. Auslieferung: Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Holzhausenplatz ], A-] 140 Wien maggoschitz@holzhausen .at Gedruckt auf holz- und säurefreiem Papier. Umschlag: IG U2 2127 (Ausschnitt) mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Epigraphischen Museums in Athen, Inv.-Nr. 8490, und P.Vindob.Barbara 8. © 2005 by Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Wien Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Intemet über http://clnb.dclb.de abrufbar Eigentümer und Verleger: Holzhausen Verlag GmbH, Holzhausenplatz ], A-1140 Wien Herausgeber: Gerhard Dobesch, Bernhard Palme, Peter Siewert und Ekkehard Weber, c/o Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Universität Wien, Dr. Kar! Lueger-Ring 1, A-lOIO Wien. e-mail: [email protected]@univie.ac.at Hersteller: Holzhausen Druck & Medien GmbH, Holzhausenplatz 1, A-1140 Wien Verlagsort: Wien.
    [Show full text]
  • Reshaping East Roman Diplomacy with Barbarians During the 5Th Century
    Chapter 1 From Hegemony to Negotiation: Reshaping East Roman Diplomacy with Barbarians during the 5th Century Audrey Becker Introduction During the first half of the 4th century ad, thanks to their military power, the Romans had been giving the barbarian tribes bordering the Danube and the Rhine no choice but to accept the conclusion of deditio after losing the war, leav- ing them in a very humiliating position.1 Yet, the military and political events of the second half of the 4th century ad, and even more of the 5th century ad, led the Romans to reconsider their relationship with the barbarian tribes.2 The characteristics of diplomatic relationship changed even before the defeat at Andrinople in 378, because the barbarian tribes, in the middle of the 4th cen- tury, gradually became able to restore the balance of power, leading the Eastern Roman Empire to reconsider its relations with its barbarian neighbours. This compelled the Byzantine Empire, from the end of the 4th century onward, to take into account barbarian leaders or kings who became, at that time, real dip- lomatic actors playing, of necessity, with formal rules of diplomatic protocol to 1 For instance, Constantinus with the Sarmatians in 323: Zosimus, Historia Nova 2.21.3, ed.Paschoud (Paris, 2000), p. 92; Julian in 358 with the Alemanni kings Suomarius and Hor- tarius: Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 17.10.3, ed. Sabbah (Paris, 1989), p. 64; Ammianus Marcellinus 17.10.9, p. 66; Constantius ii, in 358 as well, with the kings of the Sarmatians and Quadi: Ammianus Marcellinus 17.12.9–16, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MAIN RULES of TRIBUTE PAYMENT in MID 5Th CENTURY ATHENIAN ARCHE ACCORDING to CLEINIAS DECREE
    GRAECO-LATINA BRUNENSIA 20, 2015, 1 LUKÁŠ KUBALA (MASARYK UNIVERSITY, BRNO) THE MAIN RULES OF TRIBUTE PAYMENT IN MID 5th CENTURY ATHENIAN ARCHE ACCORDING TO CLEINIAS DECREE The main priority of my paper is to point out, through epigraphic sources and evidence from the 5th century Athens, one of the most characteristic features and objectives of Athenian “imperialism” during the last two decades of the period called Pentekontaetia (the period of fifty years – 479–431 B.C.). I will especially focus my attention on one of the most important epigraphic sources from this period – Cleinias decree (448/7, 425/4(?) B.C.). The impor- tance of this decree is significant, because it puts an exact view on the process of collection of the tribute (foros) in the mid-5th century Athenian arche. The financial regulations pre- scribed in the decree were valid for all members of the Athenian arche, and had a great im- pact on restriction of their autonomy at the expense of growth of Athenian dominance in the symmachy. The main objective I want to achieve in this paper, the importance of epigraphic material and evidence as one of the most important (and in some cases irreplaceable) sourc- es of information about the image of Athenian “imperialism” and Athenian relationship towards their subject-allies in the 5th century B.C. The reason why I choose particularly this decree as a representative type of epigraphic evidence, is to show how important the annual collection of the tribute was for the Athenians, and how the Athenians used the collection of the foros, as Isocrates mentions to “publicly humiliate” the allies and how they strengthened their hegemonic position in Delian symmachy transforming it into their own thalassocratic “empire” and allies into their “subjects”.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY and WAR: the CASE of ANCIENT ATHENS David M
    THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND WAR: THE CASE OF ANCIENT ATHENS David M. Pritchard (University of Queensland) Introduction This edited collection significantly advances our understanding of the two-way relationship of causation between democracy and war in world history. In particular it explores the almost entirely neglected question of the impact of the democracy of the classical Athenians on their waging of war. Today ancient Athens is not widely known for its intensification and transformation of war-making among the Greeks. It is famous instead for what is arguably the most fully developed democracy of pre- modern times and for its innovative culture, which helped lay the foundations for the arts, literature and sciences of the ancient and modern worlds. In 508/7 BC the Athenian dmos (‘people’) rose up against a leader who was once again aiming for tyranny, expelled him and the foreign troops backing his attempt, and arrested and executed his upper-class supporters (Ath. Pol. 20.1-21.2; Herodotus 5.65.5-74.1).1 They could no longer tolerate the internecine struggles of the elite and demanded an active role in the decision-making of the city. This was quickly realised by the reforms of Cleisthenes, which made the assembly and a new popular council of five- hundred members the final arbiters of public actions and laws.2 By the early 450s the people had consolidated their new dmokratia (‘democracy’) by making decisions on an increasing range of public affairs and by taking over entirely the administration of justice and the oversight of magistrates (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Children on Attic Vases Detail from a Similar Krater Metropolitan Mus., NY
    Children on Attic Vases Detail from a similar Krater Metropolitan Mus., NY Funeral for a Man Attic Krater c. 750 BCE Athens, Kerameikos Mus. Funeral for a Woman Amphora c. 750 B.C.E. Athens, Kerameikos Mus. 6th century Black Figure Children in myths Achilles pursues Troilos and Polyxena, children of Priam Neoptolemos (son of Achilles) kills Astyanax (son of Hector) during the fall of Troy. Priam (to the left of the altar) looks on. The birth of Athena from the head of Zeus was a popular black figure subject during the 6th cent. The death of Astyanax continues to appear on red figures vases of the 5th century. Red figure crater by the Altamura Painter ca 470-60 BCE Red figure vase by Hermonax ca 470-460 BCE Red figure painters frequently depicted the birth of Erichthonios, an early king of Attica. Hephaistos (left) sired the child upon Gaia (Earth) who hands the newborn to Athena (right) for safekeeping. On this cup by the Kodros Painter (440-430 BCE) Gaia hands Erichthonios to Athena. To the left stands the first king of Attica, Kekrops (with a serpent’s tail). To the right, Hephaistos, the child’s father, looks on. Detail of a vase by the Erichthonios Painter, ca 450-40 (left). A krater by the Nikias Painter ca 410 BCE (below) The birth of Erichthonios remained a popular subject throughout the 5th century. Danae and her son are set adrift in a box by her father Acrisius who feared an oracle that Perseus would one day kill him. As part of the increasing interest in children during the 5th century, the story of Danae and her son, Perseus (whose later heroic deeds Include the decapitation of Medusa) became popular.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 BC Exiles
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1971 Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality Peter Karavites Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Karavites, Peter, "Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality" (1971). Dissertations. Paper 1192. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1192 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1971 Peter. Karavites PROBLEMS IN ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY 510-480 B.C. EXILES A Case of Political Irrationality A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty o! the Department of History of Loyola University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy b;y Peter Karavites ?ROBLEt'.n IN ATP.EHIA:rT n:s::ocRACY 5'10-480 n.c. EXIL:ffi: A case in Politioal Irrationality Peter·KARAVIT~ Ph.D. Loyola UniVGl'Sity, Chicago, 1971 This thesis is m attempt to ev"aluate the attitude of the Athenian demos during the tormative years of the Cleisthenian democracy. The dissertation tries to trace the events of the period from the mpul­ sion of Hippian to the ~ttle of Sal.amis. Ma.tural.ly no strict chronological sequence can be foll.amtd.. The events are known to us only f'ragmen~. some additional archaeological Wormation has trickled dcmn to us 1n the last tro decad.all 11h1ch shed light on the edating historical data prO\Tided ma:1nly by Herodotus md Arletotle.
    [Show full text]
  • Greeks and Victorians: a Re-Examination of Engels' Theory of the Athenian Polis
    Greeks and Victorians: A Re-Examination of Engels' Theory of the Athenian Polis Richard B. Lee University of Toronto There is a paradox in Engels' well-known theory of L'analyse propose quelques observations de la dynamique state formation contained in The Origin of the Family interne des états primitifs et du rôle des relations de Private Property and the State. The state in Engels' view parenté et timoigne a la fin de la validité fondamentale represented a triumph of a small elite of non-producers de la vue d'Engels. over the vast majority, and a world-historical defeat for the common people. Yet the Athenian state, Engels' prime example, does not conform to the pattern: it becomes more "democratic" as the state evolves rather than less. The paper explores the way out of this . ~The origin of the state has been one of the three dilemma, through an examination of the rise of the key disjunctures that has characterized the evolu- Athenian polis in light of the recent theory of the Early tion of human society, the origin of agriculture and State put forward by Henri Claessen and Peter Skalnik. the rise of capitalism constituting the other two. On The analysis offers insight into the internal dynamic of the question of the origin of the state much ink has early states and the role of kinship, and in the final been spilt and a plethora of theories have sprung section argues for the essential validity of Engels' up. Because the actual origins of states often view. occurred before the full development of writing systems, the details were always hazy and often Il y a un paradoxe dans la thdorie célébre d'Engels legendary.
    [Show full text]
  • Red-Figured Pottery from Corinth Plate 64
    RED-FIGUREDPOTTERY FROM CORINTH SACRED SPRING AND ELSEWHERE (PLATES 63-74) THE PRESENT ARTICLE publishes the inventoried pieces of Attic red-figured pottery discovered during the excavations of the Sacred Spring. Four fragments, 49-52, belong to an unidentified fabric which does not appear to be Attic. The article also includes fragments from the Peribolos of Apollo and the Lechaion Road East, and ends with two miscellaneous sherds and an importantstemless cup. This is, in fact, the first of two articles which will cover most of the Attic red figure that has been found at Corinth since 1957.1The second article will deal with the pottery from the recent exca- vations in the central and southwesternarea of the Forum. Some 71 pieces, mainly fragments, are presented here: 52 (1-52) come from the Sacred Spring, 6 (53-58) from the Peribolos of Apollo, 10 (59-68) from excavations below Roman Shop V, east of the Lechaion Road, 3 (69-71) from various findspots. The catalogue is arrangedby shape and, within each shape, by date so far as possible. A. SACRED SPRING (Pls. 63-69) The early excavations in the Sacred Spring were published by B. H. Hill. The area was re-examined from 1968 to 1970 and again in 1972, during which eight architectural phases were distinguished, the earliest beginning in the later 8th century, the latest ending with the destruction of Corinth in 146 B.C.2 All the inventoried Attic red figure from the new excavations is listed in the following catalogue, but other fragments, of less significance, are kept in the relevant Corinth pottery lots.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Tyranny Cambridge University Press C
    THE ORIGIN OF TYRANNY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.G. 4 NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY I CALCUTTAV MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. MADRAS I TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TOKYO: MARUZEN-KABUSH1KI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ORIGIN OF TYRANNY BY P. N. URE, M.A. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, READING CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1922 be 86. Ul DINTED !N GREAT PREFACE views expressed in the following chapters were first published THEin the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1906 in a short paper which gave a few pages each to Samos and Athens and a few sentences each to Lydia, Miletus, Ephesus, Argos, Corinth, and Megara. The chapters on Argos, Corinth, and Rome are based on papers read to the Oxford Philological Society in 1913 and to the Bristol branch of the Classical Association in 1914. As regards the presentation of my material here, it has been my endeavour to make the argument intelligible to readers who are not classical scholars and archaeologists. The classics have ceased to be a water-tight compartment in the general scheme of study and research, and my subject forms a chapter in general economic history which might interest students of that subject who are not classical scholars. On the other hand classical studies have become so specialised and the literature in each department has multiplied so enormously that unless monographs can be made more or less complete in them- selves and capable of being read without referring to a large number of large and inaccessible books, it will become impossible for classical scholars to follow the work that is being done even in their own subject beyond the limits of their own particular branch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Differing Journeys Through Childhood in Ancient Athens and Sparta
    Growing up Greek: The differing journeys through childhood in ancient Athens and Sparta Elizabeth Ann Robertson Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr Samantha Masters March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work therein is my own, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2018 Elizabeth Ann Robertson Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Athens and Sparta were the two most prominent city-states during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, but their socio-political systems differed markedly. As a result of such radical differences it could be hypothesised that the childhoods and, in particular, the education and socialisation of children, would also differ. The aims of this thesis are: 1. to examine the extent and nature of the differences between the childhood experiences of each group of children from the two city-states, Athens and Sparta, in particular the type of education and socialisation system to which each was exposed; and 2. to discern to what extent and in what way the socio-political system of their respective state had an impact on their upbringing and their journey to adult citizen status.
    [Show full text]