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Home , Boorowa, Cyclone Justin, Nunnock River, Tanami Desert

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Note: Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. abrasion surface, marine 59–60 surge-dominated 23, 25, 37–40 southeast 57–68 wave-dominated 37–40 evolution 66–68 Bega area, erosion rate measurement 227–229, 232 Acacia aneura 99, 100, 101 Belfry Cave, Timor Caves 298 Adaminaby Fault 255 Bellenden Ker granite 8 Adaminaby Group 272, 273, 274–275, 276–278 bettong 103 Al, cosmogenic nuclide dating 130, 226–227, 249 Bettongia lesueur 103 Albany, Princess Royal Harbour, sheltered beaches 25,27 Bevendale Basalt 272, 273, 274, 276, 278 Alice Springs, NT Billa Kalina Basin 125, 251, 252 rain events 94–95 biota rainless intervals 94, 96 and climate change 89 storm events 92 drylands 88–89, 98–108 andesite, weathering 168 human impact on 88 Animal Creek glaciation 168–169 impact on runoff 97–104 Anmatyerre Clay 129 Birdsville, sand drift 145, 147 Antarctic ice sheets 123, 125, 127 Blanchetown Clay 129 Anticline Cave 302 Bobadil glaciation 168–169 anticlines, fault propagation 255 Boco glaciation 168–169 ants 103, 104 Boorowa basalt 271 Aphaenogaster barbigula 103 Borenore Caves 292 archaeology bornhardts, Yilgarn Craton 309, 310 artefacts 74–76, 78–79, 80 Br, speleothems, Tasmania 177, 181 and geosciences 71–72, 78–81 Brachina Silts 212–215 Holocene 73–74 breakaways, Yilgarn Craton 309, 314, 317 living floors 74–75, 78 Bremer Fault 254 Southern Forests Archaeological Project 75 Broken Bay, continental shelf 59, 61, 62 see also geoarchaeology Brown Mountain, soil-mantled slope erosion rates arid zone see drylands 227–229, 232, 234, 238, 239 aridity Brunhes–Matuyama palaeomagnetic boundary 129, 167 chronology 128–131, 132 Buchan Caves 294 evolution 123–128, 159 Bulgobac Glaciation 167, 168–169 landforms 128–132 Bulloo overflow 159 age variation 134–135 Bungonia Caves 293, 294, 295, 301 climatic threshold 133–134 Bungonia Gorge 292, 295 onset 132–135 Burra Fault 254, 256 Arnhem escarpment, Tin Camp Creek, soil-mantled Butzer, K.W., Environment and Archaeology (1971) 72 slope erosion rate measurement 229–230, 231, 232–233, 234, 236, 238–239 CaCO3, Murray Canyons Group sediments 46, 50 artefacts, archaeological 74–76, 78–79, 80 Cadell Fault 255, 258 Arunta Block 153, 155 Cadoux Fault 255 Ash Reef Fault 257, 259 Ashburton–Davenport Ranges 153 climate 8 Ashford Cave 298 sand beach ridge plains 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 Atherton plateau 8 deposition mechanisms 17–18, 20–21 Australian–Antarctic Discordance 244, 249 modelling 18–19 , incision rates 249–250 Justin (1997) 20 Cairns Bay, Holocene sand 10, 13 Barkly Dunefield 142, 144, 156 Calingiri Fault 255 influence of climate 147 Cambrai Fault 254 Barron River 9, 10, 13, 14 canyons 43, 44 basalt Murray Canyons Group 43–52 Quaternary, Atherton plateau 8 carbon, Murray Canyons Group sediments 46, 48 Tertiary, catchment 270–272, 273, carbon isotope variation, speleothems, Tasmania 177–180 274–283 Carpentaria Basin 151, 155 Bass Canyon 45, 51 Cassia 98 Be, cosmogenic nuclide dating 130, 226–227, 237, 249, Casuarina Point 13, 14 259, 260 Cathedral Cave 295, 301, 303, 304 beach profiles, low-energy beaches 24, 25, 26, 27–28, caves 30–40, 39 age 299, 301 beaches anticline 300, 302 fetch-restricted 23, 24 blades 298, 303 low energy, sandy, SW Australia 23–40 breakdown 294, 295, 303–304 322 INDEX caves (Continued) Cockburn Sound clay sediments 295–296 Garden Island, sheltered beaches 24 cupolas 295, 297, 298, 300 low-energy beaches 24, 25,26–40 eastern Australia 289–305 beach profiles 27–28, 30–40 1830–1952 research 290–292 water-level ranging 28–30 1952–1984 research 292–293 waves 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36–37 1979–1995 research 293–294 winds 28, 31, 33 1996–2008 research 294–296 Colong Cave 300, 301 1999–2008 paradigm change 299–305 Como Beach characteristics 301 fetch-restricted beaches 24, 25, 26–40, 40 comparison with other cave systems 304 beach profiles 27–28, 30–40 modification processes 301, 303–304 sediment size 36 origin 300 water-level ranging 28–30 relationship to surface geomorphology 304 waves 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36–37 work of Joseph Newell Jennings 292–293 winds 28, 29, 31, 33 filling and re-excavation 303 compression, tectonic 245–246 fluvial 291–292, 294, 299, 300 continental margin hall and narrows 295, 296, 300, 301 eastern Australia 58–59 hypogene 295, 296, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304 marine abrasion 60 water source 304 continental shelf integration 301, 303 asymmetry 247–248 mapping 295, 297 NE 11 meteoric 299, 300 SE Australia 57, 58, 59,60–64 meteoric invasion 301 evolution 66–68 multiphase, multiprocess 300 marine abrasion surface 63–64 nothephreatic 293 outer sediment wedge 65, 66,67 paragenesis 301, 303 Cooleman Plain karst 292 partitions 295 coolibah see Eucalyptus coolabah per ascensum 294, 295, 299 cosmogenic nuclide see dating per descensum 294, 299 Cowley Beach renovation 303 sand beach ridge plains 9, 11, 13–14, 15, 16 Tasmania 173–174, 180 deposition mechanisms 17–18, 20–21 thermal 294, 295, 299 modelling 18–19 vertical 300 tropical (2006) 17–18, 20 see also speleothems, Tasmania crabholes 101 caymanite 301, 302 Creek Cave, Wombeyan Caves 302 Cenozoic Crocker Dunefield 144 climate 121–123 Cuddie Springs, archaeological site 74,77 development of aridity 123–131 cupolas, caves 295, 297, 298 indicators 123–124 cyanobacteria, soil crusts 102 glaciation, Tasmania 165–172 cyclone pumping 12 Central Plateau, Tasmania, glaciation 170–171 cyclones, tropical Chamouni Advance 171 Justin (1997) 20 channels Larry (2006) 17–18, 20 bedrock NE Queensland DS long profile analysis 268–270 sand transport 7–8, 12–13, 16 Upper Lachlan River 274 beach ridge plain formation 16–21 influence of lithology on evolution 267–283 palaeo-drainage, SE Australian continental shelf 63 Darling Riverine Plain 151, 155 stream flow, drylands 104–108 mapping 143 charcoal Darwin glass 76 archaeological record 78 dating palaeoenvironment, Flinders Silt 195 cosmogenic nuclide Chillagoe karst 290 dunefields 130–134 Circumpolar Current 121, 122 erosion rates 226–227, 230–232, 235–236, Clarendon Fault 254 236–239 clay, caves 295–296, 301 ice advance 169–171 cliffs, SE Australia 57, 58, 65, 66–67 neotectonism 259, 260 climate luminescence 14 Cenozoic 121–123 dunefields 128, 130, 132, 134, 142 development of aridity 123–131 Flinders Silts 195, 196–207, 208–209 indicators 123–124 oxygen isotope 312–313 Quaternary, Tasmania 172 speleothems, Tasmania 177–180 climate change Yilgarn Craton 313–318, 315–316 and erosion rate 226–227, 239 palaeomagnetic 128–129 and landscape evolution 108–113 Yilgarn Craton 312 influence of biota 89 radiocarbon 13, 16, 128 Late Quaternary vegetation, Tasmania 174–176 Flinders Silts 194–195 INDEX 323

hearth chronology 80 network 148, 149, 150, 156 Pleistocene glaciation 167, 171 orientation 129, 146–147, 148, 158 Davenport Ranges, deformation 251, 253 parabolic 148, 149, 150, 157, 158 deformation preservation 149 tectonic 245–246 types 148, 149, 150 intermediate-wavelength 250–253 duricrust, Yilgarn Craton 309 long-wavelength 247–250 dust, aeolian, chronology 129, 131, 132–133 short-wavelength 253–260 dust storms 145, 147 denudational isostatic rebound 268, 270–271, 281, 283 dykes, caves 295 sand 129–131 Early Eocene Climatic Optimum 122 see also dunefields Earth, structure 246 stony earthquakes 253, 254, 255, 260 activation threshold 134 geomorphology 258–260 dating 131 echidna 103 detritus, removal of, marine abrasion surfaces 67–68 ecohydrology, soil properties, drylands 95–97, 103 Devil’s Coach House, Jenolan Caves 301, 303 Eden Fault 254 Dip Cave, Wee Jasper 296 Ediacara Fault 254 Divide Basalt 273 El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation Dodson, J., Naı¨ve Lands (1992) 72 climate variability 145–146 drainage systems, influence of climate change 159 and dryland streams 107 drought Holocene, impact on human society 77 drylands 88 influence of drylands 87, 88 dunefields 146 and water-level variation 30 Drum Cave 291 Eocene, climate 121–122, 125, 126 drylands 87–114 equifinality 109 biota 88–89, 98–108 Equilibrium Line Altitude, Tasmanian glaciers 172 climate change and landscapes 109–113 erosion 225–239 drainage patterns 88 and archaeology 79 erosion 104 drylands 104 evapotranspiration 90, 112 glacial, Tasmania 173–174 fauna 88, 102–103, 111 marine, polycyclic 57, 60, 65, 66,67 human settlement 76–77 rates, cosmogenic nuclide measurement 226–227, hydroclimate 89–97 235–236 overland flow 103, 104 Avon River 249–250 rainfall 87, 88, 89, 90–91 climate change 226–227, 239 event structure 92 rocky slopes 226, 230–232, 237–239 spatial variability 92–95 soil-mantled slopes 226, 227–230, 232–236 runoff, role of biota 97–104 escarpments, and dunefields 153 soil crusts 102, 111 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 88, 106, 107 soil properties and ecohydrology 95–97 Eucalyptus coolabah 88, 107 role of vegetation 98–102 Eucla Basin 125, 127, 156 stream channel processes 104–108 shoreline elevation variation 248–249 role of trees 104–108 evapotranspiration, drylands 90, 112 streamflow 91 extinction, megafaunal, and human settlement 77 topography 90 Eyre Dunefield 144 vegetation 88, 91, 98–102, 112 mosaics 99–101, 112 fans, alluvial, NE Queensland 8, 13 DS analysis, long profile 268–270 faulting 251–252, 253–259 Upper Lachlan River 274 as source of hypogene water 304 du Couedic Canyon 43, 45 fauna, drylands, impact on soils 88, 102–103, 111 sedimentation 48–49, 50 ferricrete 156, 168 slides 51 Yilgarn Craton 309 Dumbleyung Fault 255 fire, role of humans 77–78, 87, 88, 101 dunefields Flinders Fault 257 activation threshold 134 Flinders Ranges 186, 187 age variation 134 compressional tectonism 245 chronology 129–131 deformation 258 evolution 157–159 intermediate-wavelength 250–251, 252, 253 extension 157 loess record 218–220 formation and distribution 141–160 rocky slope erosion rate measurement 230–231, role of climate 142, 145–149, 159 232, 235, 237, 238–239 role of substrate lithology 155–156 Flinders seismic zone 253, 257, 258 role of topography 149, 150–155 Flinders Silts longitudinal 148, 149, 150, 156 chronostratigraphy 186–187, 188–193, 194, 218–220 formation 157 Brachina Silts 212–215 mapping 141, 142–143, 144, 145, 151, 152, 154 Hookina Silts 209–212 mounds 148, 149, 150, 156 luminescence dating 195, 196–207, 208–209 324 INDEX

Flinders Silts (Continued) Great Victoria radiocarbon dating 194–195 dunefield 142, 143, 144, 150, 156 Wilkawillina Silts 215–218 influence of climate 147 Flogged Horse Cave 298 influence of topography 151–153, 155 flooding, and human settlement 79–80 Green Hill volcano 8 floodplains, clay 159 ground shaking, coseismic 259–260 Flying Fish Point, sand beach ridge plain 9,11 groundwater, recharge 91 Flying Fortress Cave 301 gum, red see Eucalyptus camaldulensis folding, role of intraplate stress 252–253 guyots 60 Fowlers Creek, streamflow 91, 105, 106 Fowlers Gap Hamilton Basin 125, 127 runoff 95, 97 Hamilton Moraine 169–170 storm events 79–80, 90, 92 hearth chronology 80 60, 67, 68, 128 Hogans-Fossil Cave 301 Frogs Hollow, soil-mantled slope erosion rates 227–229, Holocene 232, 234, 238, 239 dryland vegetation 112 Frome Basin, intermediate-wavelength deformation human–environment interaction 73–74, 77, 78 250–251, 252, 253 sand beach ridges, NE Queensland 13–14, 15 sea-level change, NE Queensland 8 Gaden Cave 294 Hookina Silts 209–212 Gambier uplift 250, 252 hornfels, Upper Lachlan River 273, 274, 275, 277–278, 282 Gantheaume Canyon 43, 45 Hortonian overland flow 97, 103 Garden Island, sheltered beaches 24,26 human–environment interaction 72–81 Gascoyne Dunefield 144 biota 88 influence of climate 145, 147 chronology 76, 78, 80 influence of topography 155 Hunter River, continental shelf 61 Gawler Fault 254, 256 Hyden Fault 255 GCOM2D model 17, 18 hydroclimate, drylands 89–97 Genghis Khan Cave, Mole Creek 303, 304 hydroisostasy 8 geoarchaeology 71–81 human–environment interaction 72–81 Indo-Australian Plate 243, 244 see also archaeology stress field 244–246 geoid, variation 246, 249 inselbergs, Yilgarn Craton 310 gibber 101, 131, 134 Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation 146, 147 141, 144 inundation, marine, and sand beach ridge formation Giles, WA 16–21 rain events 94–95 rainless intervals 94, 96 Jaramillo event 159 glaciation Jennings, Joseph Newell (1916–1984) 3–5 Bulgobac 167, 168–169 on caves and karst 292–293 Linda 166–167, 168 Jenolan Caves 291–292, 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, Moore 169 302, 303, 304 Tasmania Jinmium, archaeological site 74,76 climate 172 Justin, tropical cyclone (1997) 20 Early Pleistocene 165–167, 168 and karst processes 172–174, 180 Kangaroo Island 44, 124, 131 Late Pleistocene 170–171 Kanmantoo Fold Belt 290 Middle Pleistocene 167–170, 168 Kantappa Fault 254 glaciokarsts, Tasmania 172–174, 180 kaolinite, weathering, Yilgarn Craton 309, 311–318 Glen Helen, rocky slope erosion rate measurement 229, Karren field 291 231–232, 233, 235, 237, 238 karst Gnanga, sheltered beach 24 eastern Australian caves 289, 290, 292, 293–294, goanna 103 299–301 GOLEM landscape model 89 and glaciation, Tasmania 172–174, 180 Gondwana, Jurassic rifting 121 work of Joseph Newell Jennings 292–293 granite see also palaeokarst geomorphology, Yilgarn Craton 309, 311 Kiewa Fault 255 NE Queensland 8, 13 Kings Canyon, rocky slope erosion rate measurement 231, Upper Lachlan River 274, 275, 276, 278, 282 232, 235, 237–238 granodiorite, erosion rates 238 knick-point retreat 67, 258, 269–270 Great Artesian Basin, lithology 156 Upper Lachlan River system 274–277, 281–283 11 Kosciusko Uplift event 257, 293 waves 12 Kybean Caves 290 8 Lacepede Shelf 44 dunefield 143, 144, 150, 156 biogenic carbonate production 50 influence of climate 145, 147 Lachlan River 270–271 influence of topography 151–153, 155 Upper 271–279 INDEX 325

incision 271, 272–283 Lort River Fault 255 influence of lithology, numerical simulation 279–283 luminescence see dating long profile DS analysis 274–279 Lynch’s Crater, archaeological site 74, 76, 78 left-bank tributaries 276–277, 278 right-bank tributaries 274–276, 277–279 Macalister Range 8 Lachlan–Thompson Fold Belt, caves 289, 290, 300, 304 MacDonnell Ranges 153 Lake Amadeus 124, 129, 133, 134 rocky slope erosion rate measurement 229, 231–232, Lake Baraba, archaeological site 74,78 237, 239 Lake Buchanan, climate 124, 128, 133 Mackintosh rockshelter 74,75 Lake Bungunnia 129, 134–135, 157, 158, 253 macropods 88 Lake Edgar Fault 255, 256 Main Cave, Timor Caves 293, 300 Lake Eyre 124, 129, 133 Malbon–Thompson coastal range 8 dunefields 142, 144 mallee 98 intermediate-wavelength deformation 253 Mallee Dunefield 143, 144, 150, 151, 158 Lake Eyre Basin 90, 125, 126, 127 formation 157 intermediate-wavelength deformation 251 influence of climate 145, 147, 159 Lake Frome 124, 133 mantle processes 246 Lake Gairdner 124, 133 Marakoopa Cave, Mole Creek 303, 304 Lake George Marryat Creek Fault 257 archaeological site 74, 76, 78 marsupials 88, 103 climate 124, 128 Matilda Bay, Perth, fetch-restricted beach 24, 25, 26 Lake George Fault 255, 257 Meckering Fault 255, 256, 257 Lake Gregory 133, 134 Medieval Climatic Anomaly 80 Lake Kanyapella 258 megafauna Lake Lefroy 124, 129, 134–135 drylands 88, 103 Lake Lewis 124, 129, 133 extinction 77 Lake Okarito Pakihi, Late Quaternary, pollen Melaleuca glomerate 107 record 176, 180 meltwater, Tasmania 173–174 Lake Selina, Late Quaternary, pollen record 174–175, Menzies Line 310, 311 176, 180 metasediments, Middle Palaeozoic, NE Queensland 8 Lake Surprise, palaeoenvironment 74 Mg, speleothems, Tasmania 177 Lake Torrens 124, 133, 187, 218, 230 Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum 122 Lake Tyrrell 124, 129, 133 Milendella Fault 254, 256, 258 Lake Woods 124, 128, 133 Miocene, climate 122–123, 126–127 lakes Miocene Climatic Optimum 122, 123, 127 age variation 134–135 Mission Beach classification and hydrological threshold 133–134 sand beach ridge plains 9,11 dry 133–134 tropical cyclone Larry (2006) 18 dryland 88 Mole Creek Caves 296, 300, 303, 304 ephemeral 133 Mole Creek karst 292 permanent 133 Moore Glaciation 169 see also playa lakes Moparabah Cave 298 landscape evolution, and climate change, influence of moraines, Tasmania 166–168, 169–170, 171, 174 biota 89 Morgan Fault 254, 259 Lannigan’s Cave 295, 302 mosaics, vegetation 99–101, 112 Lapstone Structural Complex 257 Mt Etna 124, 128 Larry, tropical cyclone (2006) 17–18, 20 Mt Lofty Ranges, deformation 258–259 Last Glacial Maximum Mt Margaret Fault 254 Flinders Silts, chronostratigraphy 186–187, 219–220 Mt Narryer Fault 255 human settlement 75, 76 Mt Sonder, rocky slope erosion rate measurement 229, Tasmania 166, 169, 170–171, 174, 180 231–232, 233, 235, 237–239 Late Oligocene Warming Event 122 mulga 99, 100, 101 laterite 156 Mulgrave Corridor 8 Levi Fault 254 Mulgrave River 9, 10, 13 lichen, soil crusts 102 Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J., Aboriginal Man and Linda Glaciation 166–167, 168 Environment in Australia (1971) 72 lithology, and bedrock river evolution Mundi Mundi Fault 254 Upper Lachlan River 267–283 Murninnie Fault 256 numerical simulation 279–283 Murray Basin 125, 127 litter, plant, and soil hydraulic properties 98 subsidence 252 Little Climatic Optimum 77, 80 Murray Canyons Group 43–52, 44 Little Ice Age 77 sediments 44, 45–52 living floors 74–75, 78 biogenic 50–51 loess, central South Australia 185–220 bioturbation rates 47, 48–49 see also dust, aeolian; Flinders Silt present-day 48–50 long profile analysis 268–270 sediment accumulation rates 46–48 Upper Lachlan River 274–276, 281 sediment focusing 47–48, 51–52, 51 Lord Howe Rise 58, 60 sediment slides 51–52 326 INDEX

Murray River 43, 44,50 Equilibrium Line Altitudes, Tasmania 172 coseismic diversion 258–259 Late, glaciation, Tasmania 170–171 Musgrave Block, dunefields 153, 155 Middle, glaciation, Tasmania 167–170, 168 My Cave, Mole Creek 296 sand beach ridges, NE Queensland 13–14 Pliocene, climate 122, 123, 127 Nahal Arava, rain events and flooding 96 Point Walter, Perth, fetch-restricted beach 24 Nahal Eshtemoa, streamflow 105 pollen Silts 186, 209, 218 in archaeological record 78 Narrabeen Beach, continental shelf 59, 63, 64 Late Quaternary, Tasmania 174–176, 180 Desert, climate change and landscape 110 Pool of Cerberus Cave 297 neotectonism 159 Port Douglas, sand beach ridge plains 9,10 New England Fold Belt, caves 289, 290, 304 Port Hacking, continental shelf 59,61 Port Stephens, continental shelf 59, 61, 63 archaeological record 74, 80 Princess Royal Harbour, Albany 25,27 continental shelf 59,60–64 fetch-restricted beaches dryland rainfall 92, 93 beach profiles 27–28, 30–40 marine abrasion surface 57–68 water-level ranging 28–30 New Zealand, glacial record 179–180 waves 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36–37 Newcastle, continental shelf 59,61 winds 28, 31, 33 Newell Beach, sand beach ridge plains 10 Punchbowl Cave, Wee Jasper 293, 303 Ngaltinga Clay 131 Norah Head, continental shelf 61, 62 quartzite, erosion rates 237 Nothofagus cunninghamii 175, 176 Quaternary 156 archaeology 72–81 limestone 126, 127 basalt, Atherton plateau 8 palaeo-shoreline features 248, 249 human-environment interaction 72–81 Nunamira rockshelter 74,75 sedimentary record, palaeoclimate 111 Nundooka, Fowlers Gap sediments, NE Queensland 8, 10, 13 artefacts 80 Tasmania palaeofloods 79–80 environmental change, speleothems 176–181 Nunnock River, soil-mantled slope erosion rates 227–229, glaciation 165–181 232, 233–234, 238 climate 172 pollen record 174–176, 180 Ochre Cove Formation 131 Queensland, NE Oligocene, climate 122, 125, 126 bathymetry 11 Oonadatta, SA climate 8 rain events 94–95 continental shelf 11 rainless intervals 94, 96 sediments 11–12 Otway Ranges, faulting 255, 257, 258 wave energy 12–13, 16, 17 oxygen isotope analysis environment 8–13 speleothems, Tasmania 177–180; see also dating geology 8 sand beach ridges 7–21 Padthway uplift 250, 252, 253 winds 12–13, 16 Palaeocene, climate 121, 122, 124–125, 126 palaeoenvironment, and archaeology 72 Ra, Murray Canyons Group sediments 46 palaeokarst 293–294, 300, 301 Rabbit Skull Cave 302 see also karst radiocarbon see dating palaeomagnetism see dating rainfall palaeosols 130 drylands 87, 88, 89, 90–91 Palaeozoic, Middle, metasediments, NE Queensland 8, 13 event structure 92 Para Fault 254 spatial variability 92–95 paragenesis, caves 301, 303 dunefields 145, 146 Paralana Fault 254 rebound, isostatic, denudational 268, 270–271, 281 parna see dust, aeolian regolith, Yilgarn Craton 311–313 partitions, caves 295 oxygen isotope dating 313–318 Pb, Murray Canyons Group sediments 44, 46–47, Revenge Formation 129 48, 49 ridges see sand beach ridges Phyllocladus aspleniifolius 175, 176 River Cave, Jenolan Caves 291, 301 Block, dunefields 155 River Lethe, Jenolan Caves 302 planation, marine 60, 65–67 rivers, bedrock, post-orogenic 268–283 plants see vegetation rock slopes, erosion 226, 230–232, 237–239 platforms, rock, polycyclic 58,65 rockshelters, Tasmania 75–76 playa lakes Rosedale Fault 257 chronology 128–129 Roysalt Formation 129 hydrological threshold 133–134 runoff Pleistocene drylands 95–96, 103–104, 110, 112 climate 127–128, 132, 172 role of biota 97–104 Early, glaciation, Tasmania 165–167, 168 dunefields 149 INDEX 327

Russell Heads, sand beach ridge plain 9,10–11 speleothems, Tasmania 173, 174 Russell-Mulgrave Shear Zone 8 environmental change record 176–181 spinifex 98, 143, 145 sand Sprigg Canyon 43, 45, 46, 48, 49 deserts 129–131 sedimentation 48, 49, 50 dunefields Sr, speleothems, Tasmania 177, 178, 181 activation threshold 134 stalagmites, Tasmania 177–180 age variation 134 Stony Desert, Sturt’s 142, 151, 157 chronology 129–131 storm surges formation and distribution 141–160 and sand beach ridge formation 8, 16–18 mapping 141, 142–143 modelling 17, 18–19 origin and transport 157 storms, drylands 92 transport strandplain, Otway Range 255 cyclones, NE Queensland 7–8, 16 strath terrace formation 109–110 marine abrasion surfaces 67–68 stream damming, coseismic 258 sand beach ridges stream gradients 249, 253, 258 NE Queensland 7–21, 9 stream incision 269–283 chronology 14–16 influence of lithology, numerical simulation 279–283 origin 16–18 streamflow, drylands 91 sand drift 145–146, 147, 148 channel processes 104–108 sandstone, erosion rates 237–238, 239 stress, intraplate 244–246 scotia 291, 292 sea-floor spreading, Tasman Sea 58–59, 65 dunefields 143, 144, 151 sea-level dating 141, 142 Holocene, NE Queensland 8 formation 158, 159 post-Eocene, New South Wales 65 influence of climate 145, 147 sediments Stud Creek, archaeological site 74,80 aeolian, chronology 129–131, 132–133 Sub-tropical High Pressure System 123 Murray Canyons Group, focusing 47–48, 51–52, 51 subsidence palaeomagnetic dating 128–129 East Australian continental margin 58–59 SE Australian continental shelf 63 North Australian continental margin 249, 252 detritus removal 67–68 surge, low-energy beaches 29–30 outer sediment wedge 65, 66,67 Swan River Estuary, Como Beach, fetch-restricted see also metasediments; sand beach 24, 25,27 seismicity SWAN shallow water wave model 17 geomorphological implications 258–260 coast 58 profiles, Sydney coast sediments 61, 62, 63 continental shelf 59,60–64 zones 253, 255–258 marine abrasion surface 59,63–68 Shark Bay, sheltered beach 24 Sydney-Bowen Basin 290 Shoalhaven Fault 255 Szemlo¨-Hegyi Cave 294 shoaling 23, 30 shoreline elevation, variation 248–249, 253 Tachyglossus aculeatus 103 Signature Cave, Wee Jasper 298 Tanami Desert 144 silcrete 156 Tasman Fold Belt 289 silt see Flinders Silts Tasman Sea aeolian sediments 131, 135 dunefields 143, 144, 150, 151 sea-floor spreading 58–59, 65 dating 124, 131, 134, 141 Tasmania formation 157 Quaternary 165–181 influence of climate 145, 147 climate change, pollen records 174–176, 180 Sinai Silts 186 environmental change, speleothems 176–181 snowline, Quaternary, Tasmania 172 glaciation Snug, soil-mantled slope erosion rates 227, 228, 232, 238 climate 172 Soda Mountains, USA, climate change and landscape 112 Early Pleistocene 165–167, 168 soil properties, drylands Equilibrium Line Altitude 172 biological crusts 102, 111 Late Pleistocene 170–171 ecohydrology 95–97 Middle Pleistocene 167–170, 168 effects of vegetation 98–99 glaciokarst 172–174, 180 soil-mantled sites, erosion 226, 227–230, 232–236 rockshelters 74,75–76 sonar, sidescan, SE Australian continental shelf 61–63, 64 Tasmanic Caves 289–305 South Australia Tawonga Fault 255 dryland rainfall 92, 93 teatree 107 loess 185–220 tectonism see also Flinders Silt and geomorphology 243–260 southern Australian volcanic field 250, 252 NE Queensland 8 Southern Forests Archaeological Project 75 termites 103, 104 speleogenesis 295, 299 Texas Caves 293 speleogenesis, hypogene 295, 298, 299, 303 Th, Murray Canyons Group sediments 44, 46, 48–49, 50 328 INDEX

Thermocline Cave 296 low-energy beaches 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36–37 tides NE Queensland, continental shelf 12–13 range, low-energy beaches 26, 28–30 weathering and sand beach ridge formation 17–18 change of regime 131 Tilmouth Beds 129 glacial 166–168 Timor Caves 293, 298, 300 karst, Tasmania 172–174 Tin Camp Creek, soil-mantled slope erosion rate Yilgarn Craton 309, 311–318 measurement 229–234, 236, 238, 239 oxygen isotope dating 313–318 Tinaroo granite 8 Wee Jasper Caves 293, 296, 298, 303 topography, dynamic 246, 249 karst 292, 293 Torrens Basin, intermediate-wavelength deformation Wellington Caves 290, 292, 295 250–251, 252, 253 transpression 246 dryland rainfall 92, 93 trees, in dryland stream processes 104–108 low-energy sandy beaches 23–40 Triodia 98, 143, 145 , archaeological sites 74 Tully Heads, sand beach ridge plains 9,11 Westland ice advance 180 Tyler Pass, soil-mantled slope erosion rate measurement 229, Wheeo Basalt 272, 273 230, 233, 235, 238, 239 Wilkatana Fault 254, 256, 257–258 Tyrrell Beds 129 Wilkawillina Silts 215–218 Willandra Lakes, archaeological sites 73, 74 Uluru Clay 129 Willunga Fault 254 uplift Wiluna, storm events 92 dynamic topographic, SW Australia 249–250, 252, 253 winds isostatic, Lachlan River 270–271, 281 dunefield formation 129, 134, 145–146, 158 southern Australian volcanic field 250, 252 and formation of beach ridge plains 16–18, 20 uranium low-energy beaches 28, 29 Murray Canyons Group sediments 46, 48, 50 NE Queensland 12–13, 20 speleothems, Tasmania 177, 178 Winmatti Beds 129 Wiso Dunefield 144, 145, 156 valleys, incised 65 influence of climate 147 Vancouver Peninsula, fetch-restricted beach 24, 25 Wombeyan Caves 290, 300, 301, 302 Varanus gouldii 103 Wonga Beach, sand beach ridge plains 9–10 vegetation Woomera, SA drylands 88, 91 rain events 94–95 mosaics 99–101, 112 rainless intervals 94, 96 role of plant litter 98–99 Wyanbene Cave 294 and soil hydraulic properties 98–99, 112 Batholith 273, 274–275, 276, 278 trees, and stream channel flow 104–108 human management 78 Yessabah Limestone, caves 304 Late Quaternary climate change, Tasmania 174–176 Yilgarn Craton 310 volcanism, basaltic 58–59, 252, 270–283 dunefields 153, 155, 156 granite geomorphology 309, 311 Waratah Fault 255, 257 weathering 309–318 water, hypogene 304 history 311–313 water-level ranging, low-energy beaches 28–29 oxygen isotope dating 313–318 waves zircons 156 attenuation 23, 36–37 Yule Point, sand beach ridge plains 10 and formation of beach ridge plains 8, 16–18, 20–21 modelling 18–19 zircons, dunefields 156