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September 2, 2014 u vol. 111 u no. 35 u 12569–12954 Cover image: Pictured are representations of the orbits and relative physical sizes of 1,475 extrasolar planet candidates discovered by NASA’s Kepler mission since 2009, including an excerpt of the 589 systems with two or more transiting planet candidates. More than half of the planet candidates shown have been statistically confirmed as true planets. The Exoplanets Special Feature, appearing in this issue, presents recent findings regarding the diversity of exoplanet sizes, compositions, and orbital distances, as well as the conditions likely to support life on exoplanets and potential methods for remotely detecting evidence of biological activity. See the Introduction to the Special Feature by Adam S. Burrows and Geoffrey W. Marcy on pages 12599–12600. Image courtesy of Daniel Fabrycky (University of Chicago, Chicago). From the Cover 12599 Comparative exoplanetology 12722 Refilling drug delivery depots 12799 Biofilm fragmentation in stream networks 12877 Oscillation of bacterial chromosomes Contents SCIENCE AND CULTURE—How science intersects with culture 12571 Science and Culture: Representing Feynman Robert Frederick THIS WEEK IN PNAS 12569 In This Issue QNAS LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) 12572 QnAs with Patricia Kuhl Prashant Nair E3581 Errors in the Brown et al. critical reanalysis See Inaugural Article on page 11238 in issue 31 of Steven W. Cole and Barbara L. Fredrickson volume 111 E3582 No evidence for sample contamination or diet offset for pre-Columbian chicken dates from El Arenal Nancy Beavan RETROSPECTIVE E3583 No evidence against Polynesian dispersal of chickens to pre-Columbian South America 12574 Walter Jakob Gehring: A master of developmental Alice A. Storey and Elizabeth A. Matisoo-Smith biology E3584 Statistical flaws undermine pre-Columbian Markus Affolter and Kurt Wüthrich chicken debate David Bryant E3585 Reply to Beavan, Bryant, and Storey and Matisoo-Smith: COMMENTARIES Ancestral Polynesian “D” haplotypes reflect authentic Pacific chicken lineages Vicki A. Thomson, Ophélie Lebrasseur, Jeremy J. 12576 Reconsidering the phylogenetic utility of miRNA Austin, Terry L. Hunt, David A. Burney, Tim Denham, in animals Nicolas J. Rawlence, Jamie R. Wood, Jaime Gongora, Casey W. Dunn Linus Girdland Flink, Anna Linderholm, Keith Dobney, See companion article on page E3659 Greger Larson, and Alan Cooper 12578 PIP5K1α inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer Justin M. Drake and Jiaoti Huang Free online through the PNAS open access option. See companion article on page E3689 PNAS u September 2, 2014 u vol. 111 u no. 35 u iii–viii Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 12580 Switching modes of chromosome dynamics in the 12628 Requirements and limits for life in the context bacterial cell cycle of exoplanets Barbara E. Funnell Christopher P. McKay See companion article on page 12877 12641 Remote life-detection criteria, habitable zone boundaries, and the frequency of Earth-like planets around M and late K stars James F. Kasting, Ravikumar Kopparapu, Ramses M. PNAS PLUS Ramirez, and Chester E. Harman 12655 Occurrence and core-envelope structure of 1–4× 12582 Significance Statements Earth-size planets around Sun-like stars Brief statements written by the authors about the significance of Geoffrey W. Marcy, Lauren M. Weiss, Erik A. their papers. Petigura, Howard Isaacson, Andrew W. Howard, and Lars A. Buchhave 12661 First light of the Gemini Planet Imager PERSPECTIVE Bruce Macintosh, James R. Graham, Patrick Ingraham, Quinn Konopacky, Christian Marois, Marshall Perrin, Lisa Poyneer, Brian Bauman, Travis Barman, Adam S. 12585 Natural selection drives the evolution of ant Burrows, Andrew Cardwell, Jeffrey Chilcote, Robert J. life cycles De Rosa, Daren Dillon, Rene Doyon, Jennifer Dunn, Edward O. Wilson and Martin A. Nowak Darren Erikson, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Donald Gavel, Stephen Goodsell, Markus Hartung, Pascale Hibon, Paul Kalas, James Larkin, Jerome Maire, Franck Marchis, Mark S. Marley, James McBride, Max INAUGURAL ARTICLE Millar-Blanchaer, Katie Morzinski, Andrew Norton, B. R. Oppenheimer, David Palmer, Jennifer Patience, Laurent Pueyo, Fredrik Rantakyro, Naru Sadakuni, 12591 Genetic and pharmacological reactivation of the Leslie Saddlemyer, Dmitry Savransky, Andrew Serio, mammalian inactive X chromosome Remi Soummer, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Inseok Song, Sanchita Bhatnagar, Xiaochun Zhu, Jianhong Ou, Sandrine Thomas, J. Kent Wallace, Sloane Wiktorowicz, Ling Lin, Lynn Chamberlain, Lihua J. Zhu, and Schuyler Wolff Narendra Wajapeyee, and Michael R. Green PHYSICAL SCIENCES EXOPLANETS SPECIAL FEATURE APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES INTRODUCTION E3587 Efficient biomass pretreatment using ionic liquids 12599 Exoplanets derived from lignin and hemicellulose Adam S. Burrows and Geoffrey W. Marcy Aaron M. Socha, Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi, Jian Shi, Sivakumar Pattathil, Dorian Whyte, Maxime Bergeron, Anthe George, Kim Tran, Vitalie Stavila, Sivasankari PERSPECTIVES Venkatachalam, Michael G. Hahn, Blake A. Simmons, 12601 Spectra as windows into exoplanet atmospheres and Seema Singh Adam S. Burrows E3624 Direct measurement of the dielectric polarization 12634 The future of spectroscopic life detection on properties of DNA exoplanets Ana Cuervo, Pablo D. Dans, José L. Carrascosa, Sara Seager Modesto Orozco, Gabriel Gomila, and Laura Fumagalli 12647 Exploring exoplanet populations with NASA’s 12667 Gyrification from constrained cortical expansion Kepler Mission Tuomas Tallinen, Jun Young Chung, John S. Biggins, Natalie M. Batalha and L. Mahadevan 12673 Electrostatics-driven shape transitions in soft shells Vikram Jadhao, Creighton K. Thomas, RESEARCH ARTICLES and Monica Olvera de la Cruz 12610 Secular chaos and its application to Mercury, hot Jupiters, and the organization of planetary 12679 Plasmonic nanoparticle scattering for color holograms systems Yunuen Montelongo, Jaime Oscar Tenorio-Pearl, Calum Yoram Lithwick and Yanqin Wu Williams, Shuang Zhang, William Ireland Milne, and Timothy David Wilkinson 12616 Architectures of planetary systems and implications for their formation ASTRONOMY Eric B. Ford 12610 Secular chaos and its application to Mercury, 12622 Structure of exoplanets hot Jupiters, and the organization of planetary David S. Spiegel, Jonathan J. Fortney, systems and Christophe Sotin Yoram Lithwick and Yanqin Wu iv u www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 12616 Architectures of planetary systems and implications ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES for their formation 12693 Submesoscale dispersion in the vicinity of the Eric B. Ford Deepwater Horizon spill 12622 Structure of exoplanets Andrew C. Poje, Tamay M. Özgökmen, Bruce L. David S. Spiegel, Jonathan J. Fortney, Lipphardt, Jr., Brian K. Haus, Edward H. Ryan, and Christophe Sotin Angelique C. Haza, Gregg A. Jacobs, A. J. H. M. Reniers, Maria Josefina Olascoaga, Guillaume Novelli, 12628 Requirements and limits for life in the context Annalisa Griffa, Francisco J. Beron-Vera, Shuyi S. of exoplanets Chen, Emanuel Coelho, Patrick J. Hogan, Albert D. Christopher P. McKay Kirwan, Jr., Helga S. Huntley, and Arthur J. Mariano 12641 Remote life-detection criteria, habitable zone 12728 Immunolocalization of skeletal matrix proteins in tissue boundaries, and the frequency of Earth-like and mineral of the coral Stylophora pistillata planets around M and late K stars Tali Mass, Jeana L. Drake, Esther C. Peters, Wenge Jiang, James F. Kasting, Ravikumar Kopparapu, Ramses M. and Paul G. Falkowski Ramirez, and Chester E. Harman 12661 First light of the Gemini Planet Imager PHYSICS Bruce Macintosh, James R. Graham, Patrick Ingraham, 12699 Reconstruction of scalar and vectorial components Quinn Konopacky, Christian Marois, Marshall Perrin, in X-ray dark-field tomography Lisa Poyneer, Brian Bauman, Travis Barman, Adam S. Florian L. Bayer, Shiyang Hu, Andreas Maier, Burrows, Andrew Cardwell, Jeffrey Chilcote, Robert J. Thomas Weber, Gisela Anton, Thilo Michel, De Rosa, Daren Dillon, Rene Doyon, Jennifer Dunn, and Christian P. Riess Darren Erikson, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Donald Gavel, Stephen Goodsell, Markus Hartung, Pascale Hibon, 12764 A wave-mechanical model of incoherent quasielastic Paul Kalas, James Larkin, Jerome Maire, Franck scattering in complex systems Marchis, Mark S. Marley, James McBride, Max Hans Frauenfelder, Paul W. Fenimore, and Robert D. Young Millar-Blanchaer, Katie Morzinski, Andrew Norton, B. R. Oppenheimer, David Palmer, Jennifer Patience, Laurent Pueyo, Fredrik Rantakyro, Naru Sadakuni, Leslie Saddlemyer, Dmitry Savransky, Andrew Serio, SOCIAL SCIENCES Remi Soummer, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Inseok Song, Sandrine Thomas, J. Kent Wallace, Sloane Wiktorowicz, ANTHROPOLOGY and Schuyler Wolff E3596 Adaptive, convergent origins of the pygmy phenotype in African rainforest hunter-gatherers CHEMISTRY George H. Perry, Matthieu Foll, Jean-Christophe Grenier, 12684 Label-free probe of HIV-1 TAT peptide binding to Etienne Patin, Yohann Nédélec, Alain Pacis, Maxime mimetic membranes Barakatt, Simon Gravel, Xiang Zhou, Sam L. Nsobya, Yi Rao, Sheldon J. J. Kwok, Julien Lombardi, Nicholas J. Laurent Excoffier, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Nathaniel J. Turro, and Kenneth B. Eisenthal Dominy, and Luis B. Barreiro 12758 Experimental basis for a new allosteric model for multisubunit proteins PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Cristiano Viappiani, Stefania Abbruzzetti, Luca Ronda, E3726 The human dynamic clamp as a paradigm for Stefano Bettati, Eric. R. Henry, Andrea Mozzarelli, social interaction and William A. Eaton