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Research Article *Corresponding author Lipika Patnaik, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack [], , Tel: 917894516375; Hydrology and Phytoplankton Email: Submitted: 02 June 2016 Diversity of Dhamra Coastal Accepted: 07 July 2016 Published: 11 July 2016 Copyright Water, , East © 2016 Patnaik et al. Coast of India OPEN ACCESS 1 2 Keywords Saumya Dash , Rajesh Kumar Behera , Pradipta Kumar • Bay of Bengal Mohapatra2, R.K.Sarangi3, Dipti Raut1, Anupama Pati1, • Dhamra Biswapragyan Mohanty1, and Lipika Patnaik1* • Diversity • Nutrient 1 Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, India • Plankton 2Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, India 3Marine Ecosystem Division, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), India

Abstract The present study was carried out from July 2015 to March 2016 in the coastal waters of Dhamra, Bay of Bengal to assess the variability of physicochemical characteristic and plankton diversity. Different water quality parameters like SST, pH, transparency, dissolved oxygen, salinity, sulphate and nutrients like silicate, phosphate (orthophosphate and total phosphate), nitrite, and nitrate were analyzed during the study period. In addition to this special focus was given to plankton diversity and its relation with different hydrological parameters. Variation in water quality as well as in plankton diversity was observed during the study period. The SST value was maximum during the month of September i.e.30.39°C and minimum during March i.e. 26.88°C. Whereas, pH was maximum during July and minimum during March i.e. 8.19 and 7.52 respectively. The study reported highest transparency of water in November month i.e. 2.71meter and lowest in July i.e. 1.04meter. Dissolved oxygen was maximum in September and minimum in March i.e. 7.25mg/l and 3.49mg/l respectively. The study revealed that SST was directly proportional to Dissolved Oxygen. Similarly Salinity was maximum during summer month i.e. March (32.07ppt) indicating maximum evaporation in summer months and it was minimum during September (15.62ppt) and was found to inversely related with SST. The total phosphate concentration varied from (0.081- 0.153mg/l) and orthophosphate from (0.057-0.139mg/l). Silicate concentration was between (13.75-45.35µg/l) and sulphate concentration was found to vary between (269.37-558.98mg/l). Nitrate and nitrite are two important sources of nitrogen which varied from (5.52-77.79µM/l) and (1.56-5.58µM/l) respectively. A Total of 17 species of phytoplankton were identified from the sampling areas.

INTRODUCTION as it controls the mixing of water. Mixing of water makes nutrient available in various layers of the ocean and their availability Ocean is a vast and dynamic ecosystem, which is affected by for the pelagic organisms. In addition to this SST plays a key geophysical as well as anthropogenic factors. Marine primary role in regulating climate and its variability [4]. The present production and its seasonal variation has been the subject of study is based on the hydrology including various physical and extensive studies as it is the foundation of the food chain of the chemical parameters of Dhamra coastal water and its relation ocean, and plays an important role in the carbon dioxide cycle. with the plankton diversity. Some notable studies on marine This cycle in turn affects the climate change [1]. Factors regulating hydrology have been carried out by [5-11]. Some important marine production are of much interest especially to understand studies pertaining to nutrient variability of sea water has been the role of nutrients in determining the growth of phytoplankton. carried out by [2,3] and particularly on SST has been carried Phytoplanktons control the primary production phenomenon of the ocean [2]. The role of nutrients in the ocean is to support the out by [4,12]. Notable works on plankton have been studied by food chain [3] and its availability largely determines the diversity [13-23]. Work on hydrology and its relation with plankton has of phytoplankton. The physical parameters are of special interest been studied in depth with special emphasis on the role of SST,

Cite this article: Patnaik L, Dash S, Behera RK, Mohapatra PK, Sarangi RK, et al. (2016) Hydrology and Phytoplankton Diversity of Dhamra Coastal Water, Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India. Ann Mar Biol Res 3(1): 1010. Patnaik et al. (2016) Email:

Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access nitrogen and other nutrient on marine plankton. Some of the important work carried out includes [24-28]. The coastal water 600 needs special consideration as it provides high economic value 500 for the society. Estuarine and sea water receive both fresh and 400 marine water, which has a considerable impact on the diversity Sulphate in mg/l of planktons and physico-chemical parameters. Dhamra coastal 300 Silicate in µg/l region is popular for various industrial developments occurring 200 Nitrate in μmol/l important commercial and economic area of Odisha. No in- depth 100 in that region. It includes the port and the fishing harbour. It is an study has been carried out in this region pertaining to hydrology 0 July(2015) September(2015) November(2015) January(2016) March(2016) this gap for Dhamra region in relation to hydrology and plankton and plankton dynamics. Hence, an attempt has been made to fill diversity. Figure 3 March 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recorded Sulphate, Silicate and Nitrate from July 2015 to

analyzed over a period of nine months (July 2015 to March 2016). district of Odisha state. This area is popular for the port Sample collection was done bimonthly from the surface, 3 m and Dhamra is located at 20°46′59.1′′N and 86°57′55.6′′E in 6m depth, covering 11 substations from the shore to 10Km into form river Dhamra which mix with Bay of Bengal near the Dhamra the sea. In total 33 subsamples were collected from the coastal and the fishing harbour. River Brahmani and Baitarani unite to port. The wheeler group of islands is situated very close to the waters of Dhamra during each sampling. Sea surface temperature sampling area. The coastal water is affected by three seasons (SST) was measured using a digital thermometer. Niskin water i.e. summer (March-June) rainy (July-October) and winter sampler of 1.5 lit capacity was used for collecting water samples (November-February). The tidal cycle of this region is diurnal and and transferred into BOD bottles and liquid nitrogen containers it depends on the lunar cycle. Water samples were collected and litres of water through plankton scoop net of 10-50µ mesh size andfor storage.then preserved. Plankton Plankton samples from were surface collected water by was filtering collected 100 40 35 was immediately preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution and Air temperature 30 wasby using followed a 20 by lit the Tarson addition storage of 0.08ml container. Lugol’s After iodine filtration, to 10ml it in ◦C 25 SST in ◦C of the sample. After about 24hr of preservation the sample was 20 centrifuged at 1000rpm for 10minutes. The supernatant was pH 15 taken out without disturbing the pellet. Then the pellet was Transparency in 10 m collected in a watch glass for mounting. A drop of DPX mount 5 Salinity in ppt was taken on a clean and dry glass slide. Over the DPX one to 0 two drops of collected sample was placed and mounted with a DO in mg/l cover slip. Then the slide was labeled properly and left for drying. After 48hr of drying the slide was observed under a microscope

for identification of planktons. The water samples for dissolved Figure 1 transparency and pH were measured on the site and remaining from July 2015 to March 2016. parametersoxygen were were fixed analysed on the site in after laboratory. sampling. Salinity Parameters was measured like SST, Recorded Air temperature and hydrographical parameters by following the titrimetric method, using Silver nitrate as titrant. Dissolved Oxygen was analysed by following the Winkler’s

7 method. Zooplankton biomass was measured by following the

6 dry weight method and Nutrients like phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and sulphate were measured spectro photometrically by 5

4

3 Total phosphate in mg/l followingRESULTS the AND standard DISCUSSION methods [29].

2 Orthophosphate in mg/l Nitrite in μmol/l 1 from the sampling areas. High number of Coscinodiscus sp. 0 wereA observed Total of in 17 the species month of of phytoplanktonMarch 2016 when were salinity identified was highest. Phytoplankton like Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo- nitzschia , Ditylum sol, Ceratium furca, Ceratium trichoceros, Coscinodiscus sp., Biddulphia sp., Ceratium fusus, Dinophysis sp., Bacteriastrum sp., Protoperidium sp., Nitzschia sp., Figure 2 Asterionellopsis glacialis,Thalassiothrix sp., Chaetoceros sp., July 2015 to March 2016. Pleurosigma sp.,Rhizosolenia sp. were recorded throughout the Recorded Total phosphate, Orthophosphate and Nitrite from

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Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access study period. Bacteriastrum sp. is placed at rank 100 based on abundance in Dhamra waters (Table 1). Coscinodiscus sp. has Diversity of Phytoplankton in coastal waters of Dhamra (Surface been found to dominate coastal waters of Dhamra (Figure 4) water 0-10 km) due to availability of nutrients. Bay of Bengal particularly Odisha Skeletonema costatum coast is affected by minor and major cyclone every year and the Pseudo-nitzschia 2%2%2% 12% 4% Ditylum sol 6% phytoplankton distribution in the coastal waters. Nutrients enter 6% 3% Ceratium furca thecyclonic coastal disturbance, waters from seasonal fresh water, upwelling sewage might discharge be influencing and due to 2% 3% 6% mixing of fresh and marine water. The upper layer of water has Coscinodiscus sp. 5% 4% comparatively low concentration of nutrients to that of in depth Chaetoceros 8% Thalassiothrix sp. layers. Air temperature in and around the sampling stations was 16% 6% Ceratium trichoceros found to vary from 28°C to 32 °C (Figure 1). Average values of 13% hydrological parameters were plotted (Figure 1-3) which shows Ceratium fusus Biddulphia The standard error bars shows deviations in results from the significant seasonal variation in coastal water quality of Dhamra. Figure 4 Diversity of Phytoplankton species. 1; Table 2) and maximum SST was recorded during the month ofcentral Sep 2015. value. Salinity The SST was varied maximum from 26.88 in the °C month to 30.39.2 of March, °C (Figure 2016 favoured the growth of phytoplankton like Coscinodiscus sp. and Skeletonema(Table 2) with sp. variation between 15.62 – 32.07ppt. High salinity mg L . (Figure 1,Table 2) Silicate concentration was −1 highest −1 The DO level varied between 3.49 mg L – 7.25 µg/l (Figure 3,Table 2). Presence of high silicate indicates enhancedamongst allbiological nutrients activities with variation of phytoplanktons between 19.65with regard – 45.35 to silicate removal. More concentration of silicate indicates that coastal water of Dhamra is more abundant in diatom species. concentration in marine water is regulated by the fresh water The bars indicate standard error of a specific indice. Phosphate concentration of 0.153mg/l was recorded in the month of Sep, 2015inflow, with mixing minimum and phytoplankton being 0.082 mg/luptake. in Maximum the month phosphate of March 2016 (Figure 2,Table 2). Minimum and maximum Sulphate

(Figure 3,Table 2). Low concentration of phosphate supports phytoplanktonconcentration growth. was between Nitrate and 269.37 Nitrite ml/l concentration and 558.98mg/l varied Figure 5 Bray- Curtis similarity for sampling months.

Table 1 Rank Abundance July 15- March 16 Increase in phytoplankton population in March causes decrease : Rank Abundance of Phytoplanktons. from 5.52- 77.79 µM/l and 1.56 -5.5 µM/l (Figure 2,3 & Table 2). Coscinodiscus sp. 16.051 in nitrate concentration due to consumption. Sampling carried Chaetoceros sp. March -16 with regard to hydrographical indices (Figure 5). Skeletonema costatum 28.892 Hydrographicalout in July-15 show parameters close Bray-curtis are found to similarity similar in (0.87 the month %) to Ceratium trichoceros 40.931 of November-15 and January-16 (Figure 5). Phytoplankton abundance is dependent on availability and non availability of Thalassiothrix sp. 48.957 nutrients. Nitrate and Dissolved oxygen show strong positive Pseudo-nitzchia sp. 61.637 Ditylum sol sp. 67.897 High salinity favours growth of many phytoplankton species. correlation as reflected in Table (3) along with Salinity and pH. Ceratium fusussp. 73.515 Coscinodiscus sp. occupies the highest rank i.e. 16.051 on the basis of its abundance, whereas Ceratium furca 78.73283.146 BacteriastrumAmong all 17 phytoplankton sp. occupies the species lowest rank i.e.100 due to its Rhizosolenia sp. scanty distribution in water sample used for analysis (Table 1). Nitzschia sp. 86.758 CONCLUSION Biddulphia sp. 89.647 The present study attempted to assess the physico- Dinophysis sp. 92.295 chemical variations in the coastal water with understanding of Protoperidium sp. 94.623 phytoplankton diversity along the Dhamra coast. Dhamra coastal Asterionellopsis glacialis 96.709 Bacteriastrum sp. 98.475100 water is influenced by the discharge and influx coming from riverine ecosystem, fishing jetty activities and port operations. Ann Mar Biol Res 3(1): 1010 (2016) 3/5 Patnaik et al. (2016) Email:

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Table 2: Average of Hydrographical parameters from July 2015- March 2016.

Total Phos- Ortho Phos- Zooplankton SST Transparency Salinity DO Sulphate Silicate Nitrate Nitrite pH phate phate biomass mg/ (meter) m3) (°C) (ppt) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µg/l) (µM/l) (µM/l)

1.04 23.38 6.25 0.081 33.42 2.24 -5 Jul-15

29.87 8.19 0.057 372.92 77.79 6.67×10

1.63 15.62 0.153 1.56 -5 Sep-15 30.39 7.82 7.25 0.139 269.37 42.72 71.73 1.93×10

28.32 0.081 5.58 -5 Nov-15 7.91 2.71 22.71 4.99 0.147 489.79 19.65 17.54 1.48×10

1.36 0.103 51.41 2.08 -5 Jan-16 29.56 7.62 29.79 4.17 0.067 558.98 13.75 0.64×10

26.88 1.22 0.082 45.35 5.52 2.31 -5 Mar-16 7.52 32.07 3.49 0.057 390.02 1.22×10

Table 3: Correlation between Hydrographical parameters (Strong positive and negative correlation has been shown in italics). Trans- Total Zooplank- Ortho phos- Sul- SST pH par- Salinity DO phos- Silicate Nitrate Nitrite ton phate phate ency phate Biomass SST 1 pH 0.068 1 Transparency 0.224 1

Salinity 0.089 -0.461 -0.023 1 DO -0.067 0.613 0.045 -0.833 1 T. phosphate 0.0780.085 -0.46 1 O. phosphate 0.1870.205 0.3470.348 -0.554 0.3990.562 0.804 1 Sulphate 0.1290.015 -0.121 0.222 0.412 -0.404 0.012 1 Silicate -0.006 -0.035 0.051 -0.031 -0.1750.035 -0.122 1 Nitrate -0.024 -0.009 0.074-0.241 -0.543 0.705 -0.002 1 Nitrite 0.4720.035 -0.044 -0.036 -0.164 -0.0290.222 0.174 -0.2270.264 -0.1 -0.355 1 Zooplankton Bio- 0.5440.009 0.782 -0.244 -0.248 -0.137 0.503 0.555 1 mass -0.057 0.394 -0.097 -0.179 -0.079 2. and silicate and their role in enhancing and decreasing species Saravanakumar A, et al. Changes in nutrients ratio along the central Thangaradjou T, Sarangi RK, Shanthi R, Poornima D, Raja K, diversityThe results based observed on nutrient reflect utilization.significance Other of nutrients variables like like Nitrate SST and Dissolved Oxygen do not directly govern the distribution Bay of Bengal coast and its influence on chlorophyll distribution. J pattern of planktons during the study period in Dhamra coastal 3. Environ Biol. 2014; 35: 467-477. waters, East coast of India. Plankton like Rhizosolenia sp. regulates Bay of Bengal. The Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management in the Bay nitrogen from deep sea waters to euphotic region by participating Prommas R, Naimee P, Sukramongkol N. Distribution of nutrients in in vertical migration and contributes towards upwelling of 4. Deser C, Alexander MA, Xie SP, Phillips AS. Sea Surface Temperature nutrients. Physico-chemical parameters and nutrients do affect of Bengal. 2007; 33-44. the plankton diversity, species abundance and dominance in a 143. water body. Hence it is important to assess plankton diversity in Variability: Patterns and Mechanisms. Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2010; 2: 115- order to understand biogeochemical cycles of the water body. 5. REFERENCES waters,Satpathy East KK, coast Mohanty of India, AK, Sahuduring G, southSarkar west SK, Natesanto north V,east Venkatesan monsoon R, et al. Variations of physicochemical properties in Kalpakam coastal 1. Nutrients and Hydrography in the Norwegian Sea. INT J Environ SCI 6. transition period. Environ Monit Assess. 2010; 171: 411-424. Ibrahim A, Olsen A, Lauvset S, Rey F. Seasonal Variations of the Surface chemical Parameters of t Bose R, De A, Sen G, Mukherjee AD. Comparative Study of the Physico- TE. 2014; 5: 496-505. he Coastal Waters in Rivers Matla and Ann Mar Biol Res 3(1): 1010 (2016) 4/5 Patnaik et al. (2016) Email:

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Cite this article Patnaik L, Dash S, Behera RK, Mohapatra PK, Sarangi RK, et al. (2016) Hydrology and Phytoplankton Diversity of Dhamra Coastal Water, Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India. Ann Mar Biol Res 3(1): 1010.

Ann Mar Biol Res 3(1): 1010 (2016) 5/5