DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 366 323 IR 016 524
AUTHOR Baker, Christopher; And Others TITLE Telacommunications Handbook: Connecting to Newton. INSTITUTION Argonne National Lab., Ill. SPONS AGENCY Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE [92] CONTRACT W-31-109-Eng-38 NOTE 30p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) Reports Descriptive (141)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Computer Software; *Electronic Mail; Elementary Secondary Education; Information Dissemination; Information Networks; *Online Systems; *Science Education; Scientists; Teachers; User Needs (Information) IDENTIFIERS *Argonne National Laboratory IL; Department of Energy; Internet; *Newton Bulletin Board System; Screen Format
ABSTRACT This handbook was written by the Argonne National Laboratory for use with their electronic bulletin board system (BBS) called Newton. Newton is an educational BBS for use by teachers, students, and parents. Topics rangt from discussions of science fair topics to online question and answer sessions with scientists. Future capabilities will include some Internet services. Newton has two dial-in phone lines and is connected to the Department of Energy's Energy Science Network (CESNet). This manual is for the first-time user, but some advanced features are explored. Sections examine equipment, setup, getting to Newton, registration and login, and Newton's features. A number of personal preference options for screen and file handling arc available. Appendices present:(1) hardware and software purchasing advice; (2) a map of Newton;(3) other educational BBS's and services; and (4) basic modem commands. Seven figures illustrate Newton screens. A glossary is attached. (SLD)
*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Telecommunications Handbook U.S. DEFANTNENT OF EDUCATION Once 01 Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 This documenl has Doan reproducedas received from the person or otganitstron originating it 0 ',Amor changes have boon mad* to .rtiptove reproductroo oustrty
Points of view°, OCrinrOhe sta(f/din this clocu fluent do not noCessarily representofficial OE RI posihon or pohcy
Connecting to Newton
-arch art, "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS v MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY c1/4°5 0 Mark J. Masek
&wage 6 COutanotte Ttjero TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERIC)." K3-
Division of Educational Programs 3 I Telecommunications Handbook
Dear Reader,
This handbook was written for use with Argonne's electronic bulletinboard system (BBS) called "Newton." Newton is an educational bbs for use by teachers,students, and parents. Topics on Newton range from discussions onscience fair topics to online question and answer sessions with scientists. Future capabilities will include the extension of some ofInternet's services. (Internet is collection of thousands of computers connected together worldwidewith features like e-mail, Use Net news, telnet, and file transfa protocol - ftp). The purpose of Newton is to break the boundary of local classroomand to connect teachers and students worldwide. Even though Newton is located at ArgonneNational Laboratory in Illinois, it has two dial-in phone lines and is also connected to the Departmentof Energy's (DOE) Energy Science Network (ESNet). Since ESNet is part of the Internet system, access toNewton can be obtained worldwide. This "people network" or "global classroom"is available to anyone with a computer, telephone line, and a modem or a computerand/or account on a computer located any- where on Internet. In order to make connecting to Newton as easy as possible, thismanual was written to help assist the first time user. For those experienced users, advanced features are alsoexplored. Since this is an educational venture, please feel free to copy any portion thismanual and/or distribute to others. We are always looking for more members to the Newton family and encourage you totell a friend or colleague.
Christopher Baker Newton's System Operator (sysop)
Disclaimer
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of theUnited States Gov- ernment. Neither the United States Government nor any agencythereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately ownedrights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, orfavoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agencythereof.
Work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.
1 The submitted manuscripthasbeen authored by a contractor of the U. S. Government under contractNo. W-31-109-ENG-38. Accordingly, the U. S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U. S. Government purposes.
=13331 Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 3 Telecommunications Handbook
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Page i Mission Statement for Newton Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Equipment Page 4 Setup Page 5 Getting to Newton Page 7 First Call (Registration and Login) Page 8 Newton's Features Page 11 AppendixA. Hardware / Software Purchasing Page 16 AppendixB. Map of Newton Page 20 AppendixC. Other Educational BBS'S and Services Page 22 Appendix D. Basic Hayes Commands Page 23 Glossary Page 24
This manual is distributed by
Division of Educational Programs Christopher Baker Building 223 Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Ave. Argonne, Il. 60439
Authors Christopher Baker Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL
Thomas Buller Cottage Grove Middle School Ford Heights, IL
Lou Harnisch Argonne National Lthoratory Argonne, IL
Ed.& Gail Pieper Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL
Written April 1992 (version 1.3)
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 4 Telecommunications Handbook 2
MISSION STATEMENT OF ARGONNE'S EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD - NEWTON
Objectives:
The objective of Argonne's electronic bulletin board system (BBS), called Newton, is to create an electronic network that will link scientists, teachers, and students with the rich and diversified resources of Argonne National Laboratory. The link to Argonnewill include resources such as scientists, research programs, and educational programs (workshops, conferences, and instructional laboratory facilities). The BBS will be a forum for sharing knowledge, new ideas, and teaching materials, particularly spin-off materials developed through educational experiences at Argonne. Through the BBS, students will be able to interact with fellow students throughout the nation. The BBS will help build a teacher support group that will work with established teacher-alliance net- works (e.g., NSTA, ISTA, ACT, FREDNET, and NES) and worldwide research networks (e.g., Usenet News, Internet, and KidsNet).
Primary Users:
1. Teachers (college/university, high school, K-8), 2. Students (college/university, high school, K-8), 3. Scientists from the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories, 4. Scientists from industry, 5. Personnel of Argonne's Division of Educational Programs (DEP), and 6. Argonne Community of Teachers (ACT) newsletter staff.
Materials:
- Telecommunications users handbook - Telecommunications introductory workshops
Services:
Discussions on Other Services - Teacher Networks Ask a Scientist a Question - Teaching Topics Internet Services - Argonne Program Information - E-mail (local and worldwide Internet) Cray Supercomputer Program - On-Line Chatting - Science Fairs On-Line Meetings ACT File Exchange - ACT Newsletter - Calendar of Events - Hobbies Resources (i.e., Lesson Plans, Outreach / Professional Experiments, Overheads, etc.) Growth Opportunities
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs Telecommunications Handbook 3
INTRODUCTION
"See you on-line" is a phrase you hear more often these days as teachers part after workshops and institutes. "On-line" refers to telecommunications, the fastest-growing educational technology in the 1990s. With a computer and a modem, the physical boundaries of the classroom, school, and dis- trict disappear.
For you, the science teacher, telecommunications gives a new meaning to networking. The com- puter will allow you to communicate with colleagues across the nation and around theworld. By using a computer bulletin board system (BBS), you can explore new teaching ideas, focus on spe- cific interest areas, exchange lesson plans, download science software, search databases, exchange e- mail, take classes, and actively participate in distant interactive learning.
Telecommunications also opens up the electronic world to your students. They will be able to gather data from electronic libraries 24 hours a day, exchange e-mail with fellow students, ask scientists questions, become part of a nationwide team doing science research projects, and even get expert help with homework!
Almost all of these opportunities are (or will soon be) offered by Argonne's educational BBS, Newton. Newton is a great place to get started with on-line telecommunications.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 6 Telecommunicatiens Handbook 4
EQUIPMENT
What will be needed to login to Argonne's Newton? To telecommunicate, you will need aphone line modem, communications software, and computer.
First, a phone line. A standard phone line is required, preferably a single line becausemodem signals don't always find their way through multiphone networks (e.g., phones withswitchboards).
Second, a modem, Hayes compatible, at least 300-1200 baud and preferably 2400 baud.The mo- dem is the piece of equipment that enables the computer to send data overthe phone line. The modem transforms digital computer data to analog data that our current phonelines carry. At the other end the receiving modem changes the analog signals back to digital for the host computer. The process is called MOdulation and DEModulation, thus MODEM. This piece of equipmentis relatively inexpensive; prices can range from $20 to $200. A cable to connect the modem to the computer may also be required.
Third, the communications software program to control the hardware and telecommunications process will be required. The communications software may comebundled with the modem, or it can be purchased separately. The software is machinespecific (that is, purchased to run on a par- ticular type of computer) but will provide universal translation to other computers. If it must be purchased separately, costs range from $1 to $100.
Fourth, the most important part, a computer. The type of computer is not vital to the process be- cause the data exchange can occur between any two computers.This is because data is stored on computers in the form of a series of bits. The modem and emulation (orcommunication) software act together to form a universal translator. By emulating a particularterminal type (ASCII, DEC VT100, etc.), the local computer will know how to interpret and understand the host's (remote or other computer) method of sending and receiving these bits.
If help is needvd with the modem selection or telecom configuration, contact the district computer specialist (refer to the section "Setup" or to Appendix A, "Hardware/Software Purchase," in this handbook).
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 7 Telecommunications Handbook 5
SETUP
After purchasing a modem, cable, and software (for help see Appendix A, "Hardware / Software Purchasing"), you need to configure the system. For specific help, refer to the manuals that come with your computer, modem, and software, or contact a local specialist.
The major steps in setting the system are (1) configuring the modem, (2) installing/connecting the modem to the computer and phone, (3) installing the software, and (4) configuring the software for the modem settings.
Configuring the Modem
Internal: Internal modems usually have some jumpers that must be set. These jumpers tell the modem how to communicate with the computer. Usually, only the communication (COM) port selection and interrupt (or IRQ) need checking. These settings must not conflict with other devices in the computer. Refer to appropriate manuals for the settings of other devices. Be sure to record all settings for future reference and setting up the modem software.
External: Many older external modems have dip (small toggle) switches that set the way a modem operates. Newer modems use software controls rather than switches. If the modem has dip switches, they will usually be located on the bottom of the modem or behind the front plastic plate. To remove the plate, press in on the sides of the plastic front and pull out. Some standards settings are (command/dip switch/Hayes software command):Auto-Answer/off/none, Send Result Codes/on/ CIO, Command mode Echo to terminal/on/E1, Result Codes in English/on/V1, Extended Result Codes 'with Dial Tone & Busy/on/X4, DCD (data carrier detect) Active During Connect/on/&C1, and MR (data terminal ready) disconnects modem/on/&D2. For hardware settings, set the dip switches accordingly. For newer modems, the settings will be placed in software's "Setup/Initializa- tion String" (i.e., ATQ0E1V1X4&Cl&D2). Some software packages may require different settings, but these are the most common. For more information on Hayes commands, see Appendix D, "Basic Hayes Commands."
Connecting the Modem to the Computer and Phone
Internal: When installing an internal component, make sure to ground yourself and the component before proceeding. Specifically, keep the three-wire power cord connected to the computer and plugged into the wall's three-prong receptacle. Then, when installing the part, make sure to touch the frame of the computer while installing the part. Also, never touch any connections or compo- nents on the card. And, ALWAYS hold the component by its edges. In some computers (usually Apples) the software will need to know into which slot the modern was installed, so write this down.
External: Using the correct cable, connect the appropriate end to the modem (make sure it is off). Then, with both the modem and computer off, connect the other end to the computer. Note which
Argonne National Laboratory Division ot Educational Programs Telepommunications Handbook 6 }MIL ,...MINIMIIMIENNOW .11111111
serial port it is connected to, because the software will need to know this setting. On an IBM the port is usually COM1 but could be COM2 if there are two serial connectors.
Eliot: Some modems have two phone connectors (RJ1 1). One is for the line coming from the wall (Line), and the other allows for a phone to be plugged into the modem (Phone). On some modems, which cord is connected to which connector does not matter, while on other modems it does. Check the manual to ensure the proper connection.
Installing the Software
Many software packages have automatic software installation to hard drives. Some also automati- cally configure the modem for the particular modem being used. If your package has automatic configuration, refer to the next section before proceeding.
Configuring the Software for the Modem Settings
The software must be able to communicate with the modem. In order to do this, the software must know how the modem was connected to the computer. Therefore, the software must know to which corn port or slot (on some Apples) the modem is connected. This is usually setin a modem c_onfigu- ration screen or while installing the software.
The next step is to set the modem initialization string (sometimes called tile setup string). This is a series of Hayes AT commands. If the modem being used is external and does not have dip switches, the commands for modem configuration re put here. If there are no special conditions, the set-up program will usually take care of this. There are some user-configurable items that can bemodified here, for example, the volume of the modem's speaker. 'See Appendix D, "Basic Hayes Com- mands," for more information.)
Each time a call is placed, there are parameters that are specific for the site being called. These parameters are called the protocol and include baud rate, number of data bits, parity, and number of stop bits. These will be given by a site along with the telephone number, for example, 708-252- 8241 at 2400:8N1 (2400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, with I stop bit). For information on each parameter, see the Glossary.
Other configurable parameters include the telephone number to be dialed, default file transfer protocol, and terminal emulation type. The software will usually have an auto-dial sequence for each site that is called. This sequence will usually contain all these site-specific parameters, so when the connection is established, the communication is correct and no other configuration is required.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 9 Telecommunications Handbook 7
GETTING TO NEWTON
How to Access Newton
Newton can be accessed in two different ways (network or dial-up) in two different modes (text or graphics). The difference betwecm the different modes are as follows:
Text Mode; This method is available through any standard communication package (e.g., Kermit - free/public domain, ProComm+, Sitcom, RedRider - MAC, VersaTerm Pro - MAC) using a straight text connection. Ali featuresexcept the more than two users on-line chatting (called "meetings")-- available through the graphics mode (below) are accessible with this method. The only difference is that everything is done using straight black-and-white text. To use text mode, login as "cocotext".
QraphicamisklThis method is one of the main advantages of the Argonne BBS. The BBS (New- ton) has an access program (communication package) designed to run on an IBM PC (Mac version, scheduled for release in late 1992). Using this access program, a user can dial the modem, connect, and login to the BBS. Once the systems connect, all the functions of BBS are performed graphi- cally. Color menus, full-screen bit-mapped pictures, and many other features are available. The access program will also work with a mouse. The BBS host and remote access program act as a client-server model, sharing tasks. (NOTE: The access program can be distributed freely at no charge and is available for downloading from Newton under the group file exchange area.) To use graphics mode (using the access program), login as "coconet". How to Get to Newton
Getting to Newton is also flexible. Connecting is currently achieved either through two dial-up phone lines or via Internet,
Dial-tlz Dial-up access is via one of two telephone numbers (PRIMARY LINE: 708-252-8241, 300-19200 baud:N81 and SECONDARY LINE: 708-252-8191, 300-19200 baud:N81).
Network: The second way to access the system is via a network. Newton is connected to Argonne's wide-area network (WAN) which is connected to Internet (a collection of many WANs, including ESNet, Bitnet, and NSFnet). Any person on Internet can access the BBS using TCP/1P's remote login capability (called telnet). A public-domain version is available for both Mac and IBM com- puters from the National Center for Supercomputer Applications via anonymous FTP. Running this software from a networked workstation, a user can remotely login to Newton using the text (login as "cocotext") mode. The address for the BBS is "newton.dep.anl.gov" or "130.202.92.50".
NOTE: Network access with graphics mode (login as "coconet") is currently possible only if you are using the access program to dial into an Internet node (terminal server, another Internet machine, etc.) and then telneting to Newton. A network version of the access program that uses TCP/IP and runs under Microsoft Windows on the IBM is scheduled for release in early 1993.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educationa! Programs l Telecommunications Handbook 8 111111111M
FIRST CALL (LOGIN)
Assuming that you have the necessary hardware and software, have everything connected, and have read through your communications software manual, you're ready to connect with Newton, Argonne's BBS. Start your software, set your baud rate to 1200 or 2400 and software to 8/N/1 (that is, 8-data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit), and enter the Argonne BBS telephone number (708-252-8241). If the phone line you are using }us call waiting, it can severely interfere with your connection. Most areas that have call waiting have the ability to turn it off for a single call or temporary basis.Cm- tact the operator to find the exact code in your area. The code (i.e., *70) is entered before dialing the number to be called. Using the example code, if you had call waiting and live in the 708 area code, you would dial *70, 252-8241. (NOTE: Include the comma if your software is dialing the phone; it causes the modem to pause for two seconds.)
Now dial the number. When your computer connects with Argonne's BBS, you might hear a se;:es of high-pitched sounds on your speaker. It's Ok; the comput- ers are just "handshaking" to determine the speed at which to talk. To enter tha BBS A) wl COCONET Prog 'coconet' B) else 'cocotext NOTE: In the following text, several conventions are used: login: cocotext 1) Quotes are used to surround text that should be typed. For example, type "hello" means to Figure 1 actually type the characters h e 11 o. 2) The return or enter key is represented by
While the computers arc exchanging signals, your software might alert you by printing the message "carrier detect" or "connected." You Welcome To should now have a blank screen with the cursor the (blinking) in the upper left-hand corner. Hit the
Argonne National Laboratory
NEWTON In lower case, typein the word "cocotext"; then (An Fa'ucational Electronic Bulietin Board System) press
1. Specify your sIgnon name 2. Disconnect from system now
Argon% National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 11 9 Telecommunications Handbook
Type "new", and then press
Type "c", and then press
1) Plain ASCII text users and to ensurethat users are account- 2) DEC VT-100 emulation able for their actions. Many systemswill
> 1 immediately deny access if it is not entered fully and completely. NOTE: At any prompt you can press ESC to cancelregistration. When you create your password, remem- FIRST name> John MIDDLE name > Smith ber it is case sensitive and that it canbe LAST name > Dos any combination ofletters and numbers, JOB TITLE > Teacher COMPANY Your School Name upper and lower case.The computer will STREET > Mall Address print "*" for each character. This isfor CITY > City of School ZIP/POSTALCODE > Zip for School security reasons; it will happen eachtime DAYTIME/WORK PHONE NUMBER > School Phone you enter your password.The "*" instead EVENING/HOME PHONE NUMBER > School/Home of the letters you type prevents someone Now create a password. Remember, passwords arecase-sensitive. else in the room from "stealing" your Passwords may have up to 15 chars. password. The program will ask you to enter your new passwordtwice, just to Typo again: verify it.It is possible to change your password at a later date, and it is highly recommended that you do so periodically.
Figure 4 =1.11111, Argonne National. Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 12 Telecommunications Handbook 10
To create a signon name (Figure 5), you might wish to use a nickname or Pick a name to use as your signon name. It can be up to 20 characters long, "handle" that is meaningful to you. and consist of anything you like. This will be the name you'll use to sign on each time you connect. (All characters will be converted to lower-case.) Some people use the first letter of their first name with their last name amy signoa nam (e.g., jdoe). Please wait while your user records are created...
Write your password and username (signon) somewhere. Remember: it Your signon name on this system is: 'my signon name' Please note how it is spelled. is case sensitive, so write it exactly. Each time you sign on to this system, Newton will process your registration you'll need to use this exact spelling. and make sure there are no username Press RETURN to continue. conflicts. If there are any username Figure 5 conflicts, you will be asked to enter a different username. If everything is OK, you will see a "welcome" screen (Figuce 6). WELCOME! Argonne National Laboratory BBS At this point, you are a registered Newton user. Each time you connect in the future, you need only to login as [[ Welcome! Choose an option: ]j "cocotext" (Figure 1), indicate that you wish to specify 1. Proceed to sign on as 'my signon name' your signon name (Figure 2), and enter your signon 2. Sign on as someone else 3. Disconnect from system now
You will be greeted with [I Main Menu ]] Argonne National Laboratory BBS the opening screen or main menu screen (Figure 7). The main areas of the board are as follows: A) '1) System"2) Directory of Users' - Lists all users of the BBS, The message at the top of B) '1) System"3) Ust Users' - Lists all users currently on line, the screen changes from C) '2) Personal"7) Mail' - Send/Receive mail to/from other users, D) '3) Group"1) File Exchange' - General upload/download file area, time to time, but the menus E) '3) Group"3) Discussion' - This is the same as '4) Features' but at the bottom are the main with many more options. This is the major focus of the board. menu choices. THE ONLY WAY THIS BOARD WILL WORK IS FOR YOU TO LEAVE INFORMATION! Upload files, LEAVE memos in the GROUP DISCUSSIONS, and SEND PERSONAL MAIL to other users! SHARE YOUR KNOWLEDGE WITH OTHERS: that is what this is about, it is not a one-way street! This BBS is dedicated for educational use.It is open to all teachers and students of any age. Foul or X-Rated material will not be tolerated. Any abuse of this will result in the dismissal from this BBS.
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTAN(.E Is copying or pirating commercial software permitted.
1) System 2) Personal 3) Group 4) Teaching Topics 5) Sign Off > Figure 7
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 13 Tplecommunications Handbook 11
NEWTON'S FEATURES Main Menu
1) System 2) Personal 3) Group 4) TeachingTopics 5) signoff System
1) System 1. About this BBS.... This is a statement describing the bulletin board, its operators, and its purpose.
1) System 2. Directory of Users 1. See list of 130 users (all users) This lists all of the users of the BBS. It lists their names and login names.
1) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 1. Search for a particular signon name This will search for a particular user's information. The search is done by giving the signon name.
1) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 2. Search by a user's real lastwame This will search for a particular user':, informatiol. The search is done by giving the real name.
1) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 3. Edit your own information 1. Specify what other users can see This allows each user to set what information other users can see about his account (done by "1) System" "2. Directory of Users" "2. See an indvidual users info"). All information (address, phone numbers, etc.) except name and signon are NOT visible by default unless changed here.
1) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 3. Edit your own information 2. Update addresslphone info This allows a user to change his or her user information (company, address, phone, etc.).
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 14 Telecommunications Handbook 12
I) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 3. Edit your own information 3. Seeledit biographical info This function is currently not used. 1) System 2. Directory of Users 2. See an individual user's info 3. Edit your own information 4. Read about UserBase... This message explains about the information contained in the "1) System" "2. Directory of Users" section of the BBS. I) System 3. List of Users This is the signon names of all the users who are currently on-line. Personal 2) Personal I. Preferences 1. Set lines per 'page' for textfiles (now 24) This sets the number of possible text lines the screen can handle. The number should be set to 24 unless a special situation exists. 2) Personal 1. Preferences 2. Set terminal type (now 'VT-100') This sets the terminal type that is being emulated by the local computer's software. The choices are ASCII and VT100. ASCII is straight text, while VT100 will allow for highlight- ing and bold characters. Use ASCII to start and VT100 when you become more advanced. 2) Personal 1. Preferences 3. Set chat status to busylavailable (now AVAILABLE) If set to available, other on-line users are allowed to page you to chat. If set to busy, other on-line users are not allowed to page you to chat.
2) Personal 2. Password This option is used to change your password.
2) Personal 3. Information This is used to get information on your account. The information includes (1) how many times you have logged on, (2) total hours on the BBS, and (3) upload/download ratios.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 15 Telecommunications Handbook 13
2) Personal 4. Chat This allows any two users who are on-line simultaneously to have a one-on-one private conversation. When you choose this option, you are asked the account with whom you would like to chat. The person must be currently on-line. To find out who is currently on- line, use "1) System", "3. List of Users." The person must also have his status set to "avail- able." To change your status, use "2) Personal", "1. Preferences", "3. Set chat status."
2) Personal 5. Log This feature lists all files and mail sent to and from your account.
2) Personal 6. Files 1. Manage your own files 1 PrivateFiles only I can access This is a private file area where all files are accessible only by your account. Through this option, you can upload files to your private area.
2) Personal 6. Files 1. Manage your own files 2 Public Files others may access 2. See another user's Public files This feature allows you to look at other user's public file area.
2) Personal 6. Files 1. Manage your own files 2 Public Files others may access 3. Set File Exchange sort method 1. Sort by file name 2. Sort by file description 3. Sort by file size 4. Sort by file date This sets the method by which your public files will be sorted.
2) Personal 6. Files 1. Manage your own files 2 Public Files others may access 4. Send a file to a user
This option allows you to send to another user a file that is currently in your public area. It is also the way to upload a file to your or any other user's public area.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 16 Telecommunications Handbook 14
2) Personal 7. Mail I. See list of correspondents This option will list all incoming mail and any old mail that you have saved from previous sessions. It will allow you to view, respond, and delete old messages.
2) Personal 7. Mail 2. Compose a new message to someone This option is used to create a new piece of mail to be sent to another user.
Group
3) Group 1. File Exchange 1. See list of File Exchange Areas 1 ACTnewsletter File area for ACT newsletter 2 Coconet Coconet Programs - Access Program for Dos, etc. 3 Graphics Graphics Files and NES Program Files 4 Utilities Communication Programs for Modems The group file exchange area is the location of files that are available to all users that have permission for that area. For example, any user may log on and download files from the Utilities section. Other users might not have permission to enter the ACTnewsletter section. Uploading files to many of these areas is also possible. You should, when uploading files, be descriptive in naming and describing the files that are put here.
3) Group 1. File Exchange 2. Set File Exchange sort method 1. Sort by file name 2. Sort by file description 3. Sort by file size 4. Sort by file date This sets the method by which you wish to view the files in the group file-exchange areas.
3) Group I. File Exchange 3. Read about the File Exchange (Message) This is a message that describes the group file-exchange area and tells how to upload files.
3) Group 2. Meetings 1. See list of Meeting Places (Available only with the access program) This option is available only to those users who are using the coconet access program. It is similar to "2) Personal", "4. Chat", except that it occurs between multiple (not just two) users.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 17 Telecommunications Handbook 15 INI111
3) Group 2. Meetings 2. Read about Meetings (Message) This message describes the topics to be discussed in each !meting place. Meetings are limited to the topics described here.
3) Group 3. Discussions 1. See list of ALL Discussions (SAME AS [MAIN MENU] - 4) TEACHING TOPICS) This displays all the discussions that your account has access to and all the notes in the discussions.
3) Group 3. Discussions 2. See list of ACTIVE Discussions Specify Starting Date from which to Scan This displays all the discussions that your account has access to and puts a star (*) next to each topic that has a note with a date on or after the date specified. This option is used to scan for the most recent notes in a topic.
3) Group 3. Discussions 3. Set note list sorting order 1. Ascending (Oldest first) 2. Descending (Newest first) This option sets the method by which the notes in a topic will be displayed.
TeachingTopics I. Argonne Comm. of Teach. 2. Ask A Scientist 3. Junior High Teachers 4. Teachers 5. Argonne Program Info. 6. Hobbies 7. System Info. 8. ACT News Letter 9. Cray Supercomp. Prog. 10. Introduce Yourself
These are the same as "3) Group", "3. Discussions", "1. Display all active discussions." As the BBS grows, these topics will change.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs S Telecommunications Handbook 16 01,01 Appendix A. Hardware/Software Purchasing
Background
When purchasing a modem, you should consider two major items: (1) hardware and (2) software. The hardware is composed of the modem and the interface (usually a port on the back of the com- puter and a cable). The software consists of a communications package that has file transfer proto- cols and terminal emulations.
In order for modems to work or "talk" with each other over phone lines, standards must exist not only between each modem, but between the modem and the phone service. There are two major standards. The first is Microcom Network Protocol (MNP) standards. These standards are devel- oped by the Microcom Corpo:ation and licensed to manufacturers. The second is International Consultative Committee on Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT), who set the V.xx standards, where the xx is the number of the standard (the letters "bis" can also follow the numbers, which is French for revision.).
The standards for the modulation of the signal over the phone lines and how the moderns interpret the signals are listed below. All modems must conform to one of these standards.
1) Bell 103/113Standard for 300 bits per second (bps) full-duplex transmission. 2) Bell 212 - Standard for 1,200 bps full-duplex transmission. 3) Ill - Standard for up to 300 bps full-duplex transmission. Also used in Group 3 fax transmission. 4) V.22 - Standard for 600-1200 bps half-duplex transmission. 5) V.22bis - Standard for 1200-2400 bps full-duplex transmission with backward compatibility for V.22. 6) V.32 - Standard for 4800-9600 bps full-duplex transmission. 7) V.32bis - Extension of V.32 to include 7,200, 12,000, and 14,400 bps.
Hardware
The major considerations in hardware are as follows:
I. Hayes Compatibility. A modem is connected to the computer via the interface (cable and serial port), and then the modem is connected to the phone line. To dial the phone, answer the phone, and set up the modem, the computer must be able to talk to the modem instead of passing those charac- ters over the phone. In order to do this, special character commands are sent. When the modem detects these commands, it interprets them and does the corresponding function. These commands can vary from one modem manufacturer to another. But with time, a standard has evolved called the Hayes Standard AT Command Set or the Hayes AT set. In order to be sure that a modem will work with all the common software and hardware available, the modem should have Hayes compat- ibility.
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2. Baud. Baud is a an outdated term but is commonly used to refer the rate at which data is sent over the phone. The true meaning is the number of signal level changes persecond. Initially, this was strictly on or off, so bits per second and baud were used interchangeability.In newer modems, there can be multiple signal levels, so a new term, symbols per second, is used. For example, if a V.22bis modem transmits only 300 symbols per second but there are 4 different signal levels, it has a transmission rate of 2,400 bits per second (bps). Since baudis commonly used to represent the rate (in this case bps), baud will be used in the following text to represent the rateof transmission.
The current possible rates are 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and 19200, with the most common being 1200, 2400, and 9600 baud. Almost all modems are backwards compatible. That means that a 2400-baud modem can operate at 1200 baud.The problem with baud is that when two computers connect, the fastest speed that can be used is the fastest speed of the slowest modem.For example, if a 2400-baud modem calls a 1200-baud modem, the fastest speed they can use is 1200 baud. Therefore, it is not reasonable to buy a 19200-baud modem (and pay a high price) if everyone to be called has a 2400-baud modern. Currently, 2400-baud modems are the most popular, with 9600- baud modems growing in popularity.
3. Error Control. There are two types of error control: software and hardware. Software can turn the hardware error control on and off, and software error control must be turned off if hardware error control is used. Hardware error control can be used anytime while on-line, where software error control is used only during file transfer.
In order for any error control to work, both sides must use the same standard. In software, the standard is selected when you choose the type of transfer protocol (e.g., xmodern). In hardware error control, the two modems must support the standard. Therefore, if the local site has anMNP4 modem, the other site must support MNP4 in order for it to be used. When modems connect, this compatibility is determined at the "handshake." Below are the different standards and their compat- ibility.
MNP2. MNP3, MNP4 - These are proprietary protocols licensed to other manufacturers by Microcom. Each one is a different level of error checking, with MNP4 being the most recent.
V.42 - This is an international standard and is compatible with MNP2, MNP3, and MNP4.
4. Compression Protocols. Compression protocols are used to speed the transfer of data between computers by compressing the data. These protocols work in ways similar to disk file compression programs and actually use some of the same algorithms. Since these compression protocols do the same thing as file compression protocols, they do not speed transmission of files that have already been compressed. Actually, it takes longer to transmit a compressed file using a compression protocol modern. When transmitting compressed files, you should turn off the compression proto- col.
The types of file affect the actual level of compression, but high-end throughput improvements can approach four times. Therefore, in some instances, certain files transmitted by a 9600-baud V.42bis compression modem can approach an effective rate of 38,400 bps. A more realistic number of
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 20 Telecommunications Handbook 18
19,200 bps will probably be seen.
The current standards are as follows:
MNP5 Another proprietary Microcom standard that is licensed to manufacturers.
V.42bis An international compression protocol that has higher compression rates thanMNP5, and therefore faster speeds.
NOTE: If a modem has MNP5 compression, it has MNP4 error control. If a modem hasV.42bis, it has V.42.
5. Internal/External. Some types of computer (almost all IBM andcompatibles, Apple IIGS, etc.) have what are called expansion slots. This means that additions to the computer can bemade on the inside. If the computer has an expansion slot, a modem is probably made to fit in it.It should be noted that other than visible lights on the outside of external modems, the operation andfunction of internal and external moderns are essentially the same. In fact, most manufacturers offer the exact same modern in internal and external models when possible.
Internal modems have the advantage that they are out of sight, not taking up desk space, and have no power and interface cable (other than a phone cable). Sincethey take their power from the com- puter, they don't require a power supply as external modems nor dothey require a case; thus, they are usually cheaper, sometimes as much as 30% cheaper.But, internal moderns must be installed inside the computer. If you are unfamiliar with or hesitant about this process, an external modem should be purchased.
External modems are nice because they can be moved from one computer to another, have external/ visible lights to show the status (convenient when setting up the modem), and do not require open- ing the computer to install. They are usually more expensive and require the purchase of a cable.
6. Interface. Modems send and received data serially. This means that one bit is sent, followed by another bit, etc. This process is in contrast to a parallel connection, which sends a set number of bits simultaneously. Therefore, modems connect to your computer via a serial port. Internal modems achieve connection to this port automatically and are set up with software and settings on the mo- dem during installation. No interface cable or external port is needed. When you purchase an external modem, the correct interface cable and a free external port are required. If you do not have a free port, contact your local computer deal for additional parts.
The type of external port connector on the computer varies from computer to computer. An IBM connector is not the same as an Apple connector. But the connection on the modem is usually a 25- pin Sub D female connector. This is a D-shaped connector that has 25 female pin sockets (13 on top and 12 on bottom). Some modems are made for a specific computer type (e.g., a Macintosh SE) and have a cable included. If the modem does not have a cable for the computer included, one must be purchased. If you are unsure of the correct connector, bring the computer manuals with when purchasing the modem or contact a local specialist.
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Seftware
Software is not as complicated as hardware. Usually modems will come packaged with software to use on the computer. This software is usually adequate, but somesubtle capabilities might not be offered. In this case or when software is not offered with a modem, purchasing of a separate com- mercial or shareware software package may be required.
1. Hardware Compatibility. Always make sure your software is compatible with the special features of your modem. Some examples are as follows:
1) klayes AT Command Set - Any package bought should have this capability, but check to be sure. 2) ma5....ansLY.,42121.aluiwn...- If your modem has one or both of these capabilities, the software must support it (turn it on and off). 3) AtLv other special features of your particular modem.
2. Transfer Protocols. Transfer protocols are the most important consideration of software. There are many different ways to transfer files. Files cannot be transmitted overthe modem the same way that typed characters are. This is because most file contain binary information (a series of on/off bits). Characters are also represented by a series of binary bits, but they are then translated into characters. If a binary file was transmitted, and then translated and saved to a text file, the data would be incorrect. Therefore, the modem must be told that the next set of bits to be sent is special.
This type of transfer is handled by transfer protocols. Many different types have evolved over time. Different protocols are better for files of particular types and size. But some basic protocols are used universally:
ASCII - This is the most basic transfer protocol and works only with text files. KERMIT - This is the most basic transfer protocol that works on both binary and text files. XMODEM There are a few different versions of xmodem available. The standard and most common is XMODEM CRC with 256 byte blocks. It works best with smaller files. YMODEM - This is a little more advanced and is growing in popularity. It has many differ- ent versions, with the most common being YMODEM BATCH with 1-kilobyte blocks. It works best with larger files.
3. Terminal Emulation. When two computers connect, except for times during file transfer, the only activity being done is the exchange of characters. The computing power and storage devices locally (disks, etc.) are not used or known by the remote computer. Therefore, each computer must understand (standardize) the way that the keys on the keyboard will work and how the monitor will display that data (for example, how a bold character h is displayed and how a carriage return is sent). This process is achieved by terminal emulation.
There are a number of different terminals to emulate. The most common are ANSI, VT100, and VT52. Make sure the package being purchased will emulate ANSI and VT100.
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Appendix B. Map of Newton ff Main Menuil
Message that changes!
1) System 2) Personal 3) Group 4) Teaching Topics 5) Sign Off >
System Menu: 1. About this BBS....(Message)
2. Directory of Users I 1. See list of 130 users (all users) 2. See an individual user's info --I 1. Search for a particular signon name 2. Search by a user's real last name 3. Edit your own information ----I 1. Specify what other users can see 2. Update address/phone info 3. See/edit biographical info 4. Read about UserBase...(Message)
3. List of Users (Message - ONLY THE USERS CURRENTLY ON-LINE) Personal Menu: 1. Preferences 1. Set lines per 'page' for textfiles (now 24) 2. Set terminal type (now 'VT-100') 3. Set chat status to busy/available (now AVAILABLE) 2. Password (Change Password) 3. Information r,about your account) 4. Chat (taik one on one with another user who is on-line) 5. Log (list of all files and mail sent and received by your account) 6. Files 1. Manage your own files 1 Private Files only I can access (up/download) 2 Public Files others may access (up/download) 2. See another user's Public files 3. Set File Exchange sort method-I 1. Sort by file name 2. Sort by file description 3. Sort by file size 4. Sort by file date 4. Send a file to a user
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 23 Telecommunications Handbook 21
7. Mail I. See list of correspondents 2. Compose a new message to someone
Group Menu: I. File Exchange I. See list of File Exchange Areas-I
1 ACTnewsletter 2 Coconet 3 Graphics 4 Utilities 2. Set File Exchange sort method-I 1. Sort by file name 2. Sort by file description 3. Sort by file size 4. Sort by file date
3. Read about the File Exchange (Message) 2. Meetings 1. See list of Meeting Places (Only available with the access program) 2. Read about Meetings (Message) 3. Discussions 1. See list of ALL Discussions (SAME AS [MAIN MENU] - 4) TEACHING TOPICS) 2. See list of ACTIVE Discussions-I Specify Starting Date from which to Scan (Scans Topics for those that have notes posted on or after the specified date.) 3. Set note list sorting order 1. Ascending (Oldest first) 2. Descending (Newest first)
Teaching Topics; 1. Argonne Comm. of Teach. 2. Ask A Scientist 3. Junior High Teachers 4. Teachers Same as 'Group"Discussions"See list of All Discussions' 5, Argonne Program Info. 6. Hobbies 7. System Info. 8. ACT News Letter 9. Cray Supercomp. Prog. 10. Introduce Yourself
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 24 22 Telecommunications Handbook 111111111SiLM Appendix C. Other EducationalBBS's and Services 2179 Hannah Lane American Online Fees Unknown Tucker, GA 30084 8619 Westwood Center Dr. 404-9:39-4596 (Voice) Vienna, VA 22182 FrEd Mail Annual Fee 800-827-6364 (Voice) PO Box 243 Monthly/Connect Fees Bonita, CA 91902 619-475-4852 (Voice) Nat. Geographic Kids Net. 17th and M Streets, NW AT&T Learning Network Free Washington, DC 20036 AT&T 800-638-4077 (Voice) PO Box 6391 GEnie Flat Fees Parsippany, NJ 07054 GE Information Services 800-367-7225 ext. 4158 PO Box 6403 Prodigy Single Fee Rockville, MD 20850 301-340-4000 (Voice) 445 Hamilton Ave. White Plains, NY 10601 Chicago Free-Net Signup/Connect Fees 914-993-8800 (Voice) Chicago, IL Monthly Fees Contact: Paul Bernstein Global Lab -LabNet 312-951-8451 Terc Free 2067 Massachusetts Ave. TechNet Cambridge, MA 02140 New York Institute of Tech. Classmate Instruction Prog. 617-547-0430 (Voice) Central Islip Campus Building 66, Room 205 Dialog Information Services Signup/Connect/Monthly Fees Central Islip, NY 11722 3460 Hillview Ave 800-462-9041 (Voice) PO Box 10010 GTE Education Services Inc. Annual/Connect Fees Palo Alto, CA 94304 GTE Place, West Airfield Dr. 800-3-DIALOG (Voice) PO Bcvc 619810 Special Fees DFW Airport, TX 75261 The Well 800-927-3000 (Voice) 27 Gate Five Road, Suite 65G Sausalito, CA 94965 CompuServe Fees Vary 415-332-4335 (Voice) PO Box 20212 Columbus, OH 43220 Iris Inc. Monthly/Connect Fees 800-848-8199 (Voice) PO Box 29424 Monthly Fees Richmond, VA 23229 Unison Education Network 800-277-0414 (Voice) Unison Telecom Service Delphi Annual/Connect Fees 4030 Mt. Carmel-Tobasso Rd. Cincinnati, OH 45255 1030 Massachusetts Ave. Cambrilge, MA 02138 Learning Link Signup/Monthly/Corinect Fees 800-544-4005 (Voice) Learning Link Consortium Monthly/Connect Fees 1790 Broadway, 16th Floor XPress XChange New York, NY 10019 XPress Information Services Dow Jones News/Retrieval 212-708-3056 (Voice) Regency Plaza One Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Fees Vary 4643 S. Ulster St., Suite 340 PO Box 300 Denver, CO 80237 Princeton, NJ 08543 News Access 303-721-1062 (Voice) 609-452-1511 (Voice) Teachable Tech Fees Unknown
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Appendix D. Basic Hayes Commands
The modem is an interface between the computer and the phone system. Themodem must be configured to be able to "talk" correctly between the two devices. It canbe thought of a translator between two diffetent languages. In order to make modems asstandardized as possible with all communication software (the part of the computer that controls the modem),the Hayes command set is adopted by most modem manufacturers. A Hayescommand starts at the first character of a line and usually (except for A/) starts with AT (this tells the modem"ATtention" or "wake up").
These command are placed in either set-up/initialization strings ordial strings by the communication software. They can also be typed directly to a modem that is indirect-connect mode. In direct- connect mode, type AT
NOTE: Below, n is the parameter value required for the desiredeffect.
CMDFUNCTION PARAMETER
+++ Default escape code AT Attention code A/ Repeat previous command Does not require AT before or
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 26 Telecommunications Handbook 24 210MIN GLOSSARY analog: Signal that varies over time. Telephones currently send and receive analog signals.
ASCII Me: Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Same as text file. It is the standard for representing each alphanumeric character on a computer.
ACT: Acronym for Argonne Community of Teachers. This is a network of science teachers whose purpose is to interact with other teachers to exchange ideas and teaching materials and to provide support/activities for professional growth.
ASCII protocol: A format for sending text files via telecommunications that does not check for errors in data transmission. auto-dial: A feature of communications software that allows a phone number to be dialed automatically by the computer. auto-login: A feature of communications software that logs on to the remote computer automatically. This is usually done in a script file that is written for the procedure. baud rate: The speed at which two computers send and receive information over com- munications lines. binary: Referring to the base number 2 system. A protocol for file transfer usually referring to program file not text (ASCII) file. bit: An on or off signal in a digital computer. All data is stored as a series of on or off bits in a digital computer. buffer: A section of computer memory where data can be temporarily stored. In telecommunications software it is commonly called a capture buffer. bulletin board: A BBS (Bulletin Board System). It is an on-line system that can be used simply to exchange messages or can be a complex interactive data exchange. byte: A series of 8 bits. In telecommunications, data is sent as a series of bytes via the modem. The byte can have 8 data bits with no parity (8N1), 7 data bits with even parity (7E1), or 7 data bits with odd parity (701). capture: Receive a text file to your computer. Files may be captured to your buffer, disk, desk top, RAM, printer, screen, and several combinations of the above. Software will determine the types of capture available to the user.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 27 Telecommunications Handbook 25 capture buffer: Same as buffer. carrier: A signal of continuous frequency that is supplied by the phone company. The frequency is then modulated by a modem to transmit data. carrier detect: An indicator built into most modems (a pin or wire on the interface) that tells the computer that the modem is receiving transmitted data from the host (remote) site.
Christensen: A standard data transmission protocol that is used by most systems for file transfer. Usually referred to as Xmodem. configuration: Setup for your computer, modem, anu software to work together. Software will configure the modem interface, slots/ports, speed, buffer, disk locations, and many other parameters.
Connect: Actual connection to the remote computer.
CR: Carriage Return.
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check, a check performed on a block of data to determine whether an error has occurred in transmission. data bits: In communications software, a method used to send your bytes (or characters in a text file). Most host systems use 8 data bits with 1 stop bit. Some sites use 7 bits with 1 stop bit. Configuration is software selectable. delay: A parameter that sets the time intervals between each block of data sent in a file transfer (upload/download). demodulation: A change from analog to digital data.
DOE: Acronym for the United States Department of Energy. DOE funds Argonne National Laboratory and other national research laboratories. download (receive): Receive information from the host computer in file form. The information is sent to some peripheral other than the monitor, usually a disk. echo: Part of a transmitted signal that returns to the sending location. Characters typed to host are echoed back to computer screen along with host message. In communications software, echo can be set to on/off, host/local, or full/half duplex. The usual setting is off. emulation: The ability of software to imitate another computer, peripheral, or operating system.
Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 28 Telecommunications Handbook 26 illIMMININOMS exit: Leave the software program or some aspect of the program. hang-up: Telecommunications command to hang up the phone, usually software con- trolled. host (remote): The computer receiving the telecommunications call (or in other words, the computer answering the phone when modems are used). interface: A shared boundary between two devices. For example, where the CPU connects to the modem or modem cable.
Internet: A group of speciality computer networks (e.g., ESNet, BITNet, NSFNet, etc.) connected to form a worldwide computer network. Computers on these networks are able to share e-mail and files and even have the capability to login to a local machine and remotely login to a different remote machine.
line feeds: Software-driven carriage return. Some hosts do not send line feeds after a carriage return, and this software option supplies carriage returns. If set incorrectly, there will be blank lines between lines, or all the characters will appear on one line.
log on or logon: Entering necessary information to gain access to the host (remote) computer. Usually includes a user name or number and a password.
Modem: MOdulator-DEModulator. This device must be hooked between the com- puter and the phone lines. At the local end of the connection, the modem will convert digital computer data to analog data for Jransmission over the phone lines. At the other end of the connection (remote), it will convert the data back from analog to digital.
modulation: Changing from digital to analog data.
on-line: Telecommunications term for being directly connected to a host (remote) computer.
parity: A bit sent with each byte of data. It is calculated by the local computer and used by the remote computer to determine whether errors occurred in trans- mission. Most sites do not require any parity setting (in 8N1 the N stands for No Parity). Check site requirements, if required; the setting is software selectable (i.e., 7E1,even or 701,odd).
prompt: A symbol or message appearing on the screen asking the user to enter info!, mation or take action.
protocol: The set of rules governing the communication between the local and remote computers. Can refer to connection information (e.g., 8N1) or data transfer method (e.g., ymodem). It is software selectable. Argonne National Laboratory Division of Educational Programs 29 Telecommunications Handbook 27 receive: The ability to receive (or download) text or binary files from the host (re- mote) computer to your (local) computer. redial: Option in telecommunications software that allows for the redial of a phone number when busy signal is detected. send: The ability to send (or upload) text or binary files from your (local) computer to host (remote) computer. settings: Modifications to the telecommunications protocol settings. They include echo, line feed, speed, parity, and transfer protocol. slot: The number of the expansion slot that a peripheral is installed in. speed: The rate at which data is sent from the local to the remote computer, and vice versa. This is measured in baud when using modems. squeeze: Packing of files, making them smaller, for files transfer. The file would then have to be unpacked (unsqueezed) to be read or used. sysop: System operator, the person who operates the BBS. telecommunications: Exchange of data between 2 separate computers, usually over regular tele- phone lines. Other forms include cellular, satellite transmission, overseas wires, and networks.
text file: Data file composed of alphanumeric characters coded in ASCII format. Files in ASCII text can be read by other computers and programs, where binary files are computer and program dependent.
transfer: Movement of data from one machine to another. This is usually done through an upload or download.
upload: Transfer of a file or program from your (local) computer to the host (remote) computer.
xmodem: A protocol used to transfer files. This is one of the first formats used, and there are many different settings. Newton uses the standard that is 256-byte blocks with CRC checking (xmodem-CRC).
ymodem: A protocol used to transfer files. This protocol is faster than xmodem for larger files. There are many different types of ymodem. Newton uses the standard for ymodem-batch that allows for multiple files to be transferred at once and has 1-kilobyte blocks.
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