CRP Acoustic Monitoring Study Outline

Sound Source Verification

Prepared by: JASCO Applied Sciences (Australia) Pty Ltd. Brisbane Technology Park PO Box 4037 Eight Mile Plains, Qld 4113 Australia Tel: +61 7 3147 8286 Fax: +61 7 3147 8001 http://www.jasco.com

Submitted to: Ray Wood Chatham Rock Phosphate Ltd. PO Box 231, Takaka 7142, New Zealand

18 October 2014 CRP Acoustic Monitoring Study Outline 18 October 2014

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Proposal Contact Information...... 1 1.2. Background and Project Description ...... 1 1.3. Project Experience ...... 1

2. TECHNICAL AND SCOPE PROPOSAL ...... 2 2.1. Background ...... 2 2.2. Program Design Considerations ...... 2 2.3. Recording Instrumentation and ...... 3 2.3.1. Recording Instruments and Configuration ...... 3 2.3.2. Recording Depths and Locations ...... 4 2.3.3. Mooring Design Considerations ...... 4 2.3.4. Proposed Mooring Designs ...... 6 2.3.5. Sample Rates and Recorded Bandwidth ...... 8 2.3.6. Sound Source Characterisation Data Collection ...... 9 2.4. Data Analysis and Presentation ...... 9 2.4.1. Sound Source Characterization Data Analysis ...... 9 2.5. Sound Speed Profile Measurements ...... 11 3. HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT ...... 12 3.1.1. HSE Program and Management System ...... 12

4. MANAGEMENT ...... 14 4.1. Project Team ...... 14 4.1.1. Project Manager/Field Lead –Craig McPherson ...... 14 4.1.2. Primary Investigator – Bruce Martin...... 14 4.1.3. Project Scientist - HSE Manager – Eric Lumsden ...... 14 4.1.4. Project Scientist - Field Team / Lead Analyst – Jeff MacDonnell ...... 15 4.1.5. Scientific Review – David Zeddies ...... 15 4.1.6. Quality Assurance – Bruce Stuart ...... 15 4.2. Project Organisation Chart ...... 16 5. QUALITY AND MONITORING ...... 16 5.1. Goals ...... 16 5.2. Software Quality ...... 16 5.3. Hardware Quality ...... 17 5.4. Managing Project Quality Assurance ...... 17 5.5. Quality Organisation ...... 17 5.5.1. JASCO Project Director and CEO Scott Carr: ...... 17 5.5.2. JASCO Project QA ...... 17 5.5.3. Project Manager / Primary Investigator...... 18 5.5.4. Scientific Review ...... 18 5.5.5. Project Team ...... 18

6. DELIVERABLES ...... 18

7. ASSUMPTIONS ...... 18

APPENDIX A. REFERENCE PROJECTS...... A-1

APPENDIX B. AMAR CAPABILITY ...... B-3

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1. Introduction

JASCO Applied Sciences Australia Pty Ltd (JASCO) is pleased to provide this technical proposal to Chatham Rock Phosphate (CRP) for the verification of underwater noise fields associated with the dredging operations the Chatham Rise. The Sound Source Verification (SSV) recording program primarily aims to provide calibrated noise level measurements of the dredging operation at three recording locations.

1.1. Proposal Contact Information

For additional information or questions regarding this proposal or JASCO Applied Sciences, please contact: Craig McPherson Australian Operations Manager, Acoustics Mobile: +61 438 128 179 [email protected]

1.2. Background and Project Description

Underwater noise has been identified as a potential environmental disturbance from the CRP dredging operations. CRP previously commissioned JASCO to conduct underwater sound modelling: McPherson, C., J. Wladichuk, and A. Schlesinger. 2014. Chatham Rock Phosphate Underwater Acoustic Modelling. JASCO Document 00874, Version 1.0. Technical report by JASCO Applied Sciences for Chatham Rock Phosphate. CRP is seeking to verify the underwater noise footprint of the dredge operations in order to understand the extent of any potential impact and manage the risk accordingly. Under this proposal, JASCO offers to provide: 1.) Equipment preparations: perform engineering design and configuration of oceanographic moorings and acoustic recorders, and deliver the equipment to a support vessel operating out of Christchurch, 2.) experienced field personnel for two field trips: deployment and retrieval of the SSV moorings, and 3.) scientific data analysis and reporting work to calculate and document the metrics required to characterise the operational noise footprint from the operation.

1.3. Project Experience

JASCO has conducted extensive recording programs globally, our experience includes: 1. Shell Greenland Acoustic Monitoring Program: JASCO deployed vertical arrays of hydrophones at 3 locations near Baffin Bay during Shell’s 3-D seismic survey in 2012. This data has been analyzed and reported on to Shell and subsequently to the regulatory authorities. Five recorders were deployed for Shell in Baffin Bay during the 2013 shallow-hazards survey, while two recorders were deployed overwinter from Oct 2013 – Sept 2014. The results from the 5 summer 2013 recorders have been analyzed and provided to Shell, while the overwinter data is being analyzed now. 2. The Chukchi Sea Environmental Studies Program: JASCO has deployed between 24-44 recorders in the Chukchi Sea every year since 2007, and 5-16 overwinter recorders over the same time frame.

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3. Chukchi and Beaufort Sea SSV’s: JASCO has conducted over 10 SSV programs in water depths from 5 to 2000 m for Shell, Statoil, BP, ConocoPhillips, GXT, Chevron, Devon and TGS in Canada, the United States, Europe, the Caribbean and Asia. Our experience with calibrated SSVs is unparalleled and our systems and data analysis software are highly-developed and refined. 4. JASCO’s AMAR acoustic recorders are the most extensively deployed and tested calibrated system of the type required for SSC/V projects. These systems are intended for scientific-grade measurements in rugged environments. Their use of high-density solid-state recording media provides reliable operation through a wide temperature range and withstanding impact accelerations that would damage hard-drive media.

2. Technical and Scope Proposal

2.1. Background

The primary goal of the recording program is to provide calibrated, empirical acoustic data for validation analysis of acoustic models and mitigation zones. The project affords an opportunity to measure acoustic propagation characteristics during operations for the purpose of comparing and validating predictions made by acoustic models. The data can be used for optimising the geoacoustic parameters used for future acoustic modelling of operations on the Chatham Rise. A separately proposed ambient characterisation program allows the CRP operations to be placed in context of the current acoustic soundscape. Without proper characterisation of the current soundscape, the operation could potentially appear to be an unequal contributor to the current soundscape. Information about the current soundscape will be used to update the modelling results and accurately predict the ensonification range of sources associated with the CRP operations. The recording configurations and program design have been developed to minimise field work costs at the remote location of the Chatham Rise, while maximising usable data collected. JASCO has extensive experience in conducting large scale, open ocean acoustic recording programs ranging from the Arctic to subtropical locations. JASCO understands the hazards and technical challenges associated with working in severe environments. JASCO’s professionally engineered, robust mooring designs and in-house acoustic recording instruments have been tested and proven to withstand extreme conditions over extended time periods. Our equipment constitutes a reliable, non- experimental approach for industrial applications such as the proposed acoustic monitoring of deepwater dredging.

2.2. Program Design Considerations

Characterisation of linked distributed sound sources, such as a dredge under dynamic positioning (DP) on the surface and subsea pumps on the seafloor with a riser pipe joining them in 400 m of water is complex, and require a number of considerations: 1. Safety The offshore marine environment is highly weather dependant, and operational safety restrictions around proximity of simultaneous operations exist. Generally these safety restrictions also include exclusion zones around dynamic operations, such as an offshore dredge under DP. These restrictions exist for good reasons, such as to prevent collisions and entanglement, and it is assumed by JASCO that up to a 500 m exclusion zone could exist around the dredge while operational, and that this zone would extend from the surface to the seafloor. All vessels close to the dredge would also need to maintain steerage control at all times, this item is expanded upon in point 3 below. 2. Distorted near field measurement

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Due to the distribution of the sound sources that will be simultaneously operational, a separation of 400 m, any measurement that occurs within one multiple of the water depth (400 m) would most likely not be an accurate representation of the sound field as a whole, as the measurement could well reflect either a localised high/low in the sound field. 3. Isolation from conflicting sources In order to characterise only the item of interest, it is important to remove any close range sources that may compromise the measurements, such as an additional vessel that is not part of the typical operations, and is only present to conduct the measurements. If it was desired to conduct measurements from a mobile platform, such as a vessel, the vessel would be required to shut down all engines, including main power plant and auxiliaries, as otherwise it would significantly comprise the measurements. As it would be unsafe to do this either close to the dredge or in typical offshore NZ oceanic conditions, measurements of the dredge from a separate vessel are not recommended. Standalone moorings are the only recommended measurement methodology to ensure valid data. 4. Limited number of measurement locations Offshore measurement programs are expensive and logistically challenging, with a restricted number of measurement locations generally possible, therefore careful design is required to maximise the benefits of the program. Measurement programs are therefore typically designed to either record data that can be used as input to or validation of modelling studies. As a modelling study has been conducted, with inputs based upon current best knowledge, the purpose of the verification study is to validate the received levels from the modelling. The validated model can then be used to accurately predict at specified ranges. 5. Movement of acoustic moorings The moorings will be designed with sufficient weight so that they do not move in any current possible at the site (based upon exceedance of the 100-year current), high currents could cause the moorings to experience horizontal displacement (watch circle radius). Modelling will be required to determine the possible watch circle radius, angle of layover and forces present on the mooring. 100-year currents can sometimes cause extreme layover, therefore any moorings placed close to the dredge must have their performance modelled, and a safety factor included in the design. It is recommended at this stage of design that the mooring closest to the dredge, the 600 m mooring, be of a length no greater than half the water depth, limiting the worst case layover approach to the dredge to be no greater than ~450m at exceedance of the 100-year current value. 6. Ability of autonomous systems Autonomous systems have different operational abilities than systems operated from platforms with unlimited space, power and computing power. Therefore systems which are potential considerations when conducting measurements from a vessel, such as during towed array measurements, are not possible when monitoring autonomously. JASCO’s AMAR is one of the most advanced autonomous recorders available (Sousa-Lima et al. 2013).

2.3. Recording Instrumentation and hydrophones

2.3.1. Recording Instruments and Configuration JASCO proposes to employ their Autonomous Multi-channel Acoustic Recorder (AMAR) for this program. The AMAR is a highly sensitive recording instrument with a very low spectral noise floor of 23 dB re 1 Pa2/Hz, capable of recording simultaneously on several channels either continuously or on a number of duty or session cycles. The AMAR-G3 uses calibrated reference hydrophones and provides high precision (24-bit) acoustic sampling to obtain high-fidelity underwater sound recordings over a very large dynamic range, from less than 70 dB re 1 Pa to over 215 dB re 1 Pa with high- quality hydrophones. The AMAR supports sample rates of 4000, 8000, 16 000, 24 000, 32 000, 40 000, 64 000, 80 000, and 128 000 samples per second (sps) at 24 bit resolution on up to 8 simultaneously sampled channels, and 250, 375 and 680 ksps at 16 bit resolution on the single megasample channel.

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Figure 1. AMAR G3 with cage (no hydrophone is attached in this photo).

The primary recording aim is to capture the entire operation noise (from the dredge maintaining station, riser pipes and subsea pumps), principally between 140 to 160 dB rms SPL (re 1µPa). JASCO plans to configure the AMARs with a single high sensitivity hydrophone to allow for accurate measurement of the relevant range of signal levels. We configure the recording instruments depending upon the source and source levels under investigation.

2.3.2. Recording Depths and Locations Measurements should be made at species relevant depths to provide fidelity in the assessment of depth dependent propagation, however safety factors, frequency propagation, and the sound speed profile all need to be considered. It is proposed to deploy three simultaneously recording moorings at approximately 600 m, 1100 m and 29,000 m from the closest dredge transect line. Depth sensors within the mooring arrays will allow the vertical displacement of the AMARs during the measurement program to be understood. Localisation of the acoustic releases after deployment will allow for an exact location of the mooring after deployment to be determined. Further information is provided in the mooring design section below.

2.3.3. Mooring Design Considerations Particularly robust, well-engineered moorings are required for open water deployment due to environmental and deployment/retrieval loading. Additionally, moorings need to be as silent as possible to prevent contamination of the recorded data with mooring noise. A final consideration is redundancy or retrieval method in order to provide greater confidence in retrieval of the instruments and the data they carry. Two examples of JASCO mooring are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

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Figure 3 – Example of a JASCO deep water AMAR mooring with tandem release pack

Figure 4 – JASCO mooring preparations on deck (left) and surface streaming of a top float (right).

JASCO’s marine engineering team designs, models and tests all moorings to optimize performance. The proposed mooring design incorporates a streamlined top float assembly on which the satellite and RF beacons are mounted. The fairing that encloses the floatation in this top assembly reduces current drag and limits the degree of excursion of the hydrophones from their target depths. A bottom float is included in the moorings to provide independent lift for the heavy tandem acoustic release package. JASCO use a tandem release as it offers retrieval redundancy as both releases function independently of the other. The proposed EDGETEC® tandem release package has been used operationally by JASCO in several similar recording programs and has proved to be both robust and reliable. In the unlikely event that fishing operations or other events cause the mooring to break free from the anchors and surface, the top float of the mooring includes a GPS beacon that will notify JASCO of this event and the current location of the mooring. The surface float will also include a visual and radio- frequency beacon to assist in locating the equipment when it is retrieved.

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In addition to the standard AMAR product variations discussed in this section and outlined in the following section, JASCO has been developing AMARs enclosed in Benthos glass spheres, which are an affordable solution for operating in deep water, are light and hydrodynamic. A number of these glass sphere AMARs are currently undergoing test deployments in the Gulf of Mexico, and if proven will be discussed as options for the CRP deployments.

2.3.4. Proposed Mooring Designs JASCO proposes one mooring designs to acquire the required SSV data at the closest and furthest ranges (Figure 2) and another possible mooring types at ~1km from the closest dredge path (Figure 3). The final mooring design will be determined based upon performance modelling and further assessment of the acoustic performance. While it is understood that a hydrophone array was suggested by the Expert Panel to sample at multiple depths simultaneously, and that the minimum recorded bandwidth should be 100 kHz. The AMAR can only provide a 100 kHz recorded bandwidth on the single-channel 16-bit A/D converter. Therefore we must deploy one recorder at each depth of water to be monitored. The mooring proposed in Figure 3 shows a three-recorder vertical array with AMARs at 150, 250, and 350 meters from the seabed. Stream-lined floats are located above and below each recorder to minimize movement of the array and eliminate cable strum. The mooring can be altered to add an AMAR at 50 m above the seabed if desired.

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Figure 2. Proposed single depth mooring design.

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Figure 3. Potential multiple depth mooring design.

2.3.5. Sample Rates and Recorded Bandwidth The AMARs will sample continuously at 250 ksps (kilo-samples per second), returning a recorded bandwidth of ~8 Hz to 120 000 Hz. This will exceed the desired minimum recorded bandwidth desired by the NZ EPA. The hydrophone and AMAR combination will correctly record from a peak SPL of 165 dB re 1 µPa down to ~81 dB re 1 µPa. The spectral noise floor at the 250 ksps sample rate is approximately 30 dB re 1 µPa²/Hz. This is expected to be sufficient for the CRP SSC. However, if there is a desire for a lower broadband noise floor or spectral noise floor, the AMARs can sample at 128 ksps on their 24-bit channels and provide a broadband noise floor or 63 dB re 1 µPa and a spectral noise floor of 16 dB re 1 µPa²/Hz.

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The proposed configuration will allow the AMARs to be deployed just prior to the planned commencement of dredging operations, and they will have enough memory and battery capacity to last 2-4 weeks, the final duration will depend upon the finalised recording configuration. This will capture at least 3 passes of the dredge. The long recording duration simplifies scheduling of deployments, since it affords extra time to initiate the operations after the recorders are all deployed. That is often helpful at the start of operations when logistical and weather issues can delay work programs.

2.3.6. Sound Source Characterisation Data Collection

The primary aim of the program is to quantify the sounds emitted by the dredge operations. The previous modeling effort predicted that the isopleth ranges for 150, 140, and 120 dB re 1 µPa rms SPL were ~600, 3000, and 29000 meters. However the desire to characterise high frequency components, which are limited to close to the dredge, and to understand the stratification of sound within the water column close to the dredge alters the recommended deployment locations. Therefore, we propose to deploy the recorders at ranges of 600, ~1100, and 29000 meters from the closest dredge transect to surround these important isopleth ranges (Figure 4). If the dredge is to conduct up to 3 transect passes past the SSV AMARs, each 250-500m further away from the AMARs to the last, measurements will be collected at different ranges.

Dredging line 10 km

A: at least 1000 m before end Design: of line, 600m off line. Approx 150dB • 3 AMAR moorings (filled circles), • Forward direction 0 to 10 km • Broadside direction .5-29 km C: 1000 m off line. • Aft endfire direction 0 to 1+ km Approx 146 dB.

D: 29000 m off line. Approx 120 dB.

Figure 4: Tentative proposed measurement plan and spacing of AMAR systems.

2.4. Data Analysis and Presentation

2.4.1. Sound Source Characterization Data Analysis

JASCO will apply our standard SSV data analysis to the collected data. We will calculate and plot the Peak sound pressure level (SPLpk), 90% root-mean-square (rms) SPLrms90, and sound exposure level (SEL) for each minute of the dredging activities, and plot them versus slant (e.g. Figure 5). These results will be back-propagated and interpolated to determine the effective source level and spreading loss for the array and environment, to compute ranges to effects thresholds for Peak SPL, rms SPL or SEL (e.g. Figure 5). Typical spectrograms, e.g. Figure 6 and Figure 7, will be provided to show the spectral behaviour of the dredging.

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Figure 5. Peak SPL, rms SPL, and SEL versus slant range for a sound source. The solid lines are the best fits of the empirical function to the rms SPLs; the dashed lines are the best-fit lines shifted up to exceed 90% of the rms SPLs (i.e., the 90th percentile fit).

Figure 6. Four day spectrogram and band-level plot showing how construction activities contributed to a soundscape.

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Figure 7. High time and frequency resolution spectrogram of a construction source.

Table 1. Example comparison of modeled dredge fully operational sound levels (McPherson et al 2014, Table 7) to measured sound levels (L5 of 1-minute rms SPLs). Level (dB re 1 µPa) Distance (km) – Modeled Distance (km) measured 110 114 89 120 29 20 130 8 6 140 3 2.4 150 0.6 0.45 158 0.2 0.15 160 0.2 0.12 170 0.06 0.004 180 0.02 N/A

2.5. Sound Speed Profile Measurements

JASCO will conduct CTD casts at each AMAR mooring location at a minimum of twice, once upon deployment and retrieval of the mooring.

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3. Health, Safety, and Environment

3.1.1. HSE Program and Management System

JASCO’s Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Program aspires to consistently apply HSE standards company-wide. As an organization, we strive to achieve this goal by meeting the highest standard, from legislation or industry, applicable to our work. We are committed to our staff’s safety and the safety of companies and their staff who work alongside us. We recognize the responsibility for Health and Safety is shared, and thus encourage our staff and everyone working with us to be actively involved in managing one another’s safety. It is because of our staff’s proactive efforts that JASCO has an excellent safety record (see Table 1). JASCO’s safety record reflects the focus JASCO places on the health and safety of its personnel and its environmental stewardship. JASCO has had no reported lost work time incidents in its operating history (1982–2013).

Table 2. JASCO’s safety statistics for internally recorded incidents. All numbers are annual totals and include office and field related incidents/near misses. These numbers do not include reportable incidents by regulatory standards. Categories 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Person hours* 95,1456 91,214.75 77,723.95 80,884.95 74,557.75 57,491.5 42,880.5 31,665 Recorded accidents/incidents First aid cases 1 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 Medical treatment cases 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Lost work time due to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 accidents/incidents Environmental incidents 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 (ex. spills) Near misses 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 * Note: Total person hours are approximate for the year.

JASCO’s HSE Program, a portion of which is shown in Figure 8, is formalized in documents and managed with a standard framework HSE Management System that allows us to plan, implement, evaluate, and improve our occupational health and safety program (i.e. Plan, Do, Check, Act).

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Figure 8. Sample image of JASCO’s HSE portal, where staff can view non-confidential information.

The HSE Program includes a number of unique employment-specific procedures, supporting templates, and guidelines that support our policies. JASCO’s HSE Manual outlines program and review requirements.

This list summarises the primary policies contained within JASCO’s HSE Program:  Health and Safety  Drug and Alcohol  Environment  HSE Responsibilities  Mandatory Medical Certification and Training  HSE Audit  Accident, Incident, and Near Miss Reporting and Investigation

JASCO continually learns from, and adjusts our program based on, our experiences with client HSE programs as well as from lessons we’ve learned from specific projects. Our program, built from industry practices and legislated program requirements, continues to grow and become more comprehensive each year. Our HSE Management System fosters growth and fine-tunes our Program through an annual audit. Our environmental focus is to limit our footprint wherever possible, including using passive scientific practices, leaving nothing behind in the environment, and reducing, reusing, or recycling where possible. JASCO’s Sustainability Program, currently being formalized, will address such items as community involvement and positive effects as we refine our activities. Our approach to health and safety and environmental management on all projects is intended to complement both the client’s and JASCO’s programs such that the effectiveness of each program is maximized. We welcome client feedback. Upon request, we would be happy to provide clients with specific program components for further inspection.

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4. Management

4.1. Project Team

JASCO has a large team of professional acousticians, biologists and other specialists available to support this project. Capsule résumés of the key scientific staff are included below. JASCO reserves the right to substitute equally qualified resources in the same roles. The core JASCO staff proposed for this effort have worked on many similar projects. The Field Lead, Jeff MacDonnell has extensive experience performing the fieldwork and analysis of SSVs in arctic waters, including work on both of Shell’s 2012 and 2013 programs.

4.1.1. Project Manager/Field Lead –Craig McPherson Craig McPherson is JASCO’s designated Project Manager for the CRP Dredge Acoustic Monitoring. He is the Lead and Operations Manager of JASCO Australia, reporting directly to the company directors. Since joining JASCO in 2009 Craig has been involved in roles ranging from field lead to principal analyst and author, in the course of numerous of projects in Australia and abroad. Craig has developed an extensive field project experience at JASCO, including short- and long- term deployment and recovery of acoustic equipment and real time acoustic monitoring both from shore and at sea. His data analysis experience includes processing and interpretation of data acquired during fieldwork, with rapid-delivery reporting on these analyses, as well as more detailed post field season analyses and reporting. His most recent role as Underwater Acoustics Lead for Australia has seen him managing Australian projects, assuming higher level participation in JASCO’s global activities, and representing JASCO in business development activities and at scientific conferences where he has presented results of current studies. Craig has successfully managed a number of significant modelling and field projects over the last 2 years.

4.1.2. Primary Investigator – Bruce Martin Backup – PI: David Hannay Bruce is JASCO’s designated Primary Investigator for the CRP Acoustic Monitoring. Bruce is the JASCO Halifax Applied Sciences Manager, reporting directly to the CEO, Scott Carr. Since joining JASCO in 2007 Bruce has been involved with the dozens of projects in the domains of acoustic data analysis and advanced hardware and software systems development. These systems perform data acquisition and data processing for the detection, localization and classification of both industrial and biological sounds, including vocalizations. The results of his work have contributed to numerous publications and conference papers. Bruce has worked as an acoustic sensor systems engineer since graduating from Canada’s Royal Military College in 1990. He completed the Naval Combat Systems Engineering program in 1993 and joined the Naval group at the Defence Research and Development Center (Atlantic) where he worked on new acoustic projector and sensor technologies. He completed a master’s degree in physics at Dalhousie University in 1995 and joined MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates in 1996. There he spent two years developing acoustic detection systems, and two more as the project engineer for the development of a SOSUS processing system. In 2000 he joined General Dynamics Canada and worked on a variety of advanced distributed active-passive sensor processing systems for Defence Research and Development Canada.

4.1.3. Project Scientist - HSE Manager – Eric Lumsden Eric joined JASCO in 2008 as a Senior Acoustic Analyst, following more than two years of training East and West coast fleets in Halifax as the Senior Passive / Procedures Instructor and Torpedo Detection and Tracking Officer. In 2010 Eric completed the Safety Officer Certification, Occupational Health and Educational Services and acts as the Health and Safety Manager for our East Coast Operations. He is functional in French, having completed a year-long French course at CFB Shearwater, Nova Scotia.

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Eric joined the Canadian Navy in 1987, and during his career with Maritime Fleet Atlantic, he was employed in a number of positions including Naval Acoustic Operator, Tactical Acoustic Sensor Operator, Sonar Control Supervisor and Underwater Warfare Director. During this time he sailed on a multitude of HMC Ships and served in several shore based training positions. Eric possesses particular strengths in passive acoustics and range prediction software, having completed two senior analyst courses at the Acoustic Data Analysis Centre (Atlantic). While as ADAC (A) he maintained the ocean environment database and passive signal generation platform. His extensive work with the Canadian Navy’s CANTASS Mission Simulator and Naval Combat Operations Trainers has led to an enhanced acuity for signal processing, active/passive signal generation and sound propagation.

4.1.4. Project Scientist - Field Team / Lead Analyst – Jeff MacDonnell Jeff joined JASCO in 2006 as a junior project scientist, and completed his Master of Science in Acoustics at Salford University in late 2009. Jeff has performed numerous field programs and data analysis projects for JASCO, including the Chukchi Sea Environmental Studies Program, Sakhalin Island data analysis, and 2012 Shell Greenland Seismic Survey Acoustic Monitoring. Jeff will be the primary data analyst for the project.

4.1.5. Scientific Review – David Zeddies Backup – Roberto Racca David is a senior scientist who joined JASCO Applied Sciences in 2011. His academic and professional work includes methods of acoustic measurement and assessment of risk to marine life due to anthropogenic sounds. He has published refereed articles in the fields of auditory neurophysiology, sound source localization by fish, and the impacts of intense sounds on fish hearing. David is involved with field operations for ocean acoustic measurements, acoustic modeling, and environmental assessment reporting.

4.1.6. Quality Assurance – Bruce Stuart Backup – Trent Johnson Bruce joined JASCO in September of 2012 as Quality Assurance Manager. His role is to develop and maintain the JASCO Quality Management System, provide Quality Training to personnel and monitor processes and metrics to ensure Quality Objectives are continually met. Bruce graduated from Camosun College in 1996 with a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Technology; however, his focus since then has always been manufacturing. His career has included positions as Manufacturing Coordinator at Focal Technologies, Production Manager in the Fabrication Shop at Nautel Limited, Manufacturing Engineer at Seimac Limited, and Mil-Aero Electronics in 2009 as Quality/Program Manager where he developed and implemented an AS9100 Rev B Quality Management System and later transitioned the system to Rev C while managing Programs that comprised 40% of the revenue stream. His primary role on the Greenland project will be verification that all equipment was properly designed and tested prior to deployment.

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4.2. Project Organisation Chart

Project Manager/ Field Lead Craig McPherson

Senior Scientific Technical Editor PI Review Karen Hiltz Bruce Martin David Zeddies

Reporting/Lead HSE Manager Analyst Eric Lumsden Jeff MacDonnell

Figure 9. Project Organisation Chart

5. Quality and Monitoring

The following provides a brief description for the JASCO quality assurance program and quality management system applicable to all project activities carried out by JASCO Applied Sciences. 5.1. Goals The specific goals of the JASCO QA program are:  To ensure the project demonstrates conformance to the JASCO’s QA Policy.

 To verify quality requirements (both internal and any external requirements) are implemented and effective in the execution of the project.

 To guide and educate project team members regarding quality system policies, procedures, and required standards, and to work with the project teams to ensure the delivery of quality services.

5.2. Software Quality While software is not a direct deliverable for Underwater Noise Assessment Projects, it is a critical component of the acoustic recorders to be employed for sound monitoring and the processing of the data recorded by those acoustic recorders. JASCO manages and provides the software for both of these processes. The engineering process for developing software within JASCO is documented in internal JASCO Software Development Plans for each internal software program. The JASCO QA is responsible to assure that:  Tools used to test, analyse and compile software are evaluated, and approved by the JASCO Software Manager, prior to use.  Software requirements analysis is carried out during the design activities whereby identified software requirements are fully allocated through to the various subsystems and individual software CIs.  Requirements, design and integration (build and test) reviews are performed by team members.  Software integration testing is performed in accordance with approved integration plans and procedures, prior to system acceptance testing.  Acceptance Tests are witnessed.  All non-conformances are tracked to closure.

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QA review activities within the software quality program include:  Evaluating Software Methodologies, Standards and Procedures used.  Auditing of the software engineering process conducted, including configuration management.  Assuring development design and code reviews are performed and corresponding artefacts are generated.  Reviewing of acceptance test plans and procedures.  Monitoring of system integration and verification/validation tests. 5.3. Hardware Quality JASCO Applied Sciences uses AMARs for underwater noise assessment projects. The processes and procedures for the assembly and preparation for deployment of these recorders are documented in internal JASCO Plans and Procedures. The JASCO project QA is responsible to assure that:  Tools used to test and assemble hardware components are approved by the JASCO Hardware Manager, prior to use.  The correct software version has been loaded on and its correct operation has verified for the recorders.  The assembly and shipping of the recorders has been completed in accordance with the approved processes.  The calibration of system gain for the recorders has been completed and recorded in accordance with the approved processes.

JASCO Project QA must provide a Certificate of Compliance for each recorder used on the project. 5.4. Managing Project Quality Assurance The quality system is comprised of a quality management process that will be applied during the planning and execution of the project. The JASCO Project Quality Assurance representative defines, directs and controls this process, which includes:  planning and documenting project-specific quality programs and QA activities;  assigning, controlling, directing and reviewing resources allocated to the performance of quality verification activities;  assessing the results of quality practices and procedures to ensure quality objectives are met (re-planning or re-allocating resources, as appropriate); and  facilitating management insight and direction into the quality system through periodic reviews and reports. 5.5. Quality Organisation The JASCO Underwater Noise Assessment Quality Organisation consists of the following key members.

5.5.1. JASCO Project Director and CEO Scott Carr:

As CEO for JASCO, Mr. Carr is responsible for ensuring that a project Quality organization is created and fully supported by JASCO management for all projects.

5.5.2. JASCO Project QA

The JASCO Project QA is directly responsible to the Project Director / CEO for all quality matters. He maintains a reporting responsibility to the Project Manager for reporting the status of quality audits and quality control checks. His responsibilities are:  Manage (plan, implement, and monitor) all elements of project’s quality program and coordinate all associated project QA activities;

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 Monitor quality through inspections, reviews, test surveillance and audits;  Determine adequacy of procedures, inspections, tests, process controls and certifications, and to assess compliance to approved project plans;  Ensure closed-loop corrective action systems exist and are effective;  Report to the Project Manager and the CEO on the status of the Project quality program; and  Ensure that Quality Data (i.e., quality records) are collected and retained.

5.5.3. Project Manager / Primary Investigator

The Project Manager / Primary Investigator are responsible to the Project Director / CEO for the overall quality of the scientific and technical aspects of the project.

5.5.4. Scientific Review

The scientific reviewer is responsible for performing an independent review of the project’s reports to ensure that they are scientifically accurate and well written. Their comments are part of the internal project review cycle. The scientific reviewer must alert the Project Director / CEO if the project approach or results are not reliable.

5.5.5. Project Team

The project team’s responsibilities are:  Performance of activities in accordance with procedures, plans and standards;  Support audits and other project QA activities by providing adequate access in order to evaluate compliance to requirements; and  Ensure timely and adequate closure of all corrective actions.

6. Deliverables

The primary deliverables of this study will include: 1. Description of the planned recording scheme for inclusion to NZ EPA to provide:  Recording configurations,  Mooring deployment positions and hydrophone depths,  Mooring deployment timeline,  CTD cast plans, and  Outline of analysis metrics;. 2. Rental of 3 autonomous acoustic seafloor moorings, associated mooring hardware, and data storage media; 3. Shipping of all equipment from JASCO’s offices in Halifax and Brisbane to and from Christchurch; 4. Travel costs to mobilize/demobilise personnel to/from Christchurch. 5. Post-field report to provide a full analysis of all data from the measurements. All report deliverables will be provided to the client in electronic format unless otherwise requested.

7. Assumptions

 CRP will provide a suitable vessel with a crane of adequate lift capacity and reach, JASCO will have input into the vessel selection criteria.

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 JASCO has proposed single stand-alone recorders on each mooring for this effort, however can re-evaluate the mooring in discussions with CRP after project award.  Deployment of the instrumentation requires relatively benign weather conditions, typically found in summer. Adverse weather may lead to delays in deployment and retrieval of the equipment.  A suitable workspace ashore is made available to JASCO to prepare moorings and calibrate instruments prior to embarkation on the deployment vessel.  A suitable workspace onboard the support vessel is made available to JASCO to work with equipment during the process of each deployment and retrieval and in between equipment servicing.  JASCO has assumed estimated pricing for shipping and flights, however without a finalised timeline, these are liable to change after award, in which case a change order would be submitted.  JASCO will assume CRP will provide logistical assistance at the mobilisation port, that will ensure that shipped equipment will be able to be received, stored and deployed onto the vessel at the time of mobilisation.  It will be sufficient to conduct SSV measurements once  CRP would be responsible for the collection and delivery of supporting datasets (vessel positions, operational details etc.) to JASCO.

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Appendix A. Reference Projects

Sample projects have been selected for their relevance to this project:

Project Ambient Underwater Sound Monitoring in the Browse Basin Year 2012–2014 Client ConocoPhillips Australia, through SKM (Jacobs) JASCO has recently completed a 12 month baseline study in the Browse Basin in order to quantify the ambient noise and provide baseline data. The analysis for this work involved the computation of ambient noise statistics (variability), the creation of monthly and deployment long spectrograms, shipping detections and band-level plots, the identification of contributors to ambient noise (natural physical, biological and anthropogenic), plus a marine fauna Description presence absence examination. As part of the field program, JASCO deployed two AMARs in deep water (500 and 800 m), which were retrieved and serviced twice, before the final retrieval, which occurred 16 months after the first deployment. This was part of the APPEA award winning ConocoPhillips Browse Basin program.

Project Long term monitoring for ConocoPhillips in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas Year 2008–Ongoing into 2014 Client ConocoPhillips Alaska Inc., with Shell and Statoil. JASCO implements the world leading acoustic monitoring program within the Chukchi Sea Environmental Studies Program. The program has several phases, including dedicated monitoring of seismic exploration survey programs and vessel activities. The main focus of the project however is a baseline field monitoring program over a wide area of the Chukchi Sea. JASCO has deployed between 24 and 46 recorders between late July and mid-October in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The 2011 and 2012 deployments consisted of 31 recorders, and the 2013 program will consist of 45. Overwinter deployments of autonomous recorders have been made each winter, with 5 systems deployed in 2007-2008, 7 systems in 2008-2009, 8 systems in 2009-2010, 8 systems in 2010-2011, 14 systems in 2011-2012 and 15 systems in 2012-2013. Very large acoustic datasets have been collected each year. In summer 2009 & 2010 we Description collected over 13 Terabytes of acoustic data each year. To process these data we have set up a high speed parallel processing computer system. A sophisticated software analysis package has been developed to detect sound events such as marine mammal calls, vessel noise and seismic noise. A further classification system has been developed to carry out automated identification of sound source and the specific calling species of a marine mammal call. The system computes statistics regarding ambient noise levels and spectra, and presents these statistics in several graphical formats. The annual reports for this program average over 220 pages. A special issue of the Continental Shelf Research journal detailing the research for the entire program can be downloaded from here: Marine mammal acoustic detections in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, September 2007–July 2011. The reports from 2009 to 2012 can be downloaded from here: Chukchi Sea Environmental Studies Program.

Sound Source Verification Of Shell’s 2013 Chukchi Sea Shallow Hazards Survey Project Program Year 2013 Client Shell Exploration and Production Company Performed fieldwork for SSV measurements of Shallow Hazards Program sources, involving deployment of calibrated acoustic recorders and analysis of field data. Description Prepared a field report to satisfy Shell’s 120-hour SSV reporting requirements under its program IHA Prepared a report to include as a chapter of Shell’s 90-day reporting requirement under its

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program IHA.

Project Shell Greenland Acoustic Monitoring 2013 Year 2013 Client Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Provision of acoustic monitoring services off the west coast of Greenland during shallow coring operations in August and September 2013, as well as marine mammal migration monitoring overwinter 2013-2014. Description Shell would also like to study the presence and absence of marine mammals in the project area, and in particular determine the migratory timing of different species. To meet the various project objectives five AMARs were deployed during the summer of 2013, and 2 deployed for the over-winter period of October 2013–August 2014.

Project Falkland Islands Baseline Monitoring Year 2013-2014 Client Rockhopper Exploration / Premier Oil Provision of acoustic monitoring services off the Falkland Islands in 450m of water. Five moorings were deployed for a twelve month period, with a six-month service trip. This extensive program was designed to characterise ambient noise level variability through all four seasons plus gather spectral and intensity information on the various anthropogenic Description contributions to the overall background noise. The project gathered 9 TB of acoustic recordings. The program also was assessed marine mammal diversity and temporal variability in presence throughout the year.

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Appendix B. AMAR Capability

AMAR: Autonomous Multichannel Acoustic Recorder. Manufacturer: JASCO Applied Sciences. Country of Origin: Canada. Hydrophone Country of Origin: Canada. Sample Rates: The AMAR supports sample rates of 4000, 8000, 16 000, 24 000, 32 000, 40 000, 64 000, 80 000, and 128 000 samples per second (sps) at 24 bit resolution, and 250, 375 and 680 ksps at 16 bit resolution. Analogue Gain: The AMAR provides analogue gains of 0 to 42 dB in 6 dB steps. Analogue-to-Digital Converter: The AMAR uses a Texas Instruments ADS1274 24-bit sigma delta analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter. This A/D has a built-in anti-aliasing filter which rolls off as shown in Figure 10. The AMAR implements a single-pole low-pass anti-aliasing filter with corner frequency at 64 kHz to remove high-frequency artefacts from the sigma-delta oversampling clock. The useable frequency range is about 0.49 × sample rate, or 10–62 720 Hz for a sample rate of 128 000 sps.

Figure 10. ADS1274 Anti-Aliasing Filter (http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ads1274.pdf).

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AC Coupling: The AMAR is configured for AC coupling of the hydrophone, which results in high-pass filtering of the input signal. The relative attenuation is shown in Figure 11, where the −3 dB point is at 16 Hz, with a 25 dB roll-off at 1 Hz.

Figure 11. AC-Coupled frequency response of the AMAR.

Hydrophone: GeoSpectrum M8 hydrophones are provided with the AMAR. The M8 ceramic has a nominal sensitivity of −191 dBV/ 1 μPa, and a 26 dB gain for a total response of −165 dBV/μPa. The response curve for the M8 is shown in Figure 12. Note that the hydrophone response is down 6 dB at 12 Hz, and 30 dB at 1 Hz. The equivalent electronic noise floor of the hydrophone preamp is approximately 26 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz.

Figure 12. Frequency response of the M8 hydrophone with 26 dB gain preamp.

Low Frequency Performance: Low-frequency roll-off of the AC-coupling and the hydrophone is calibrated and accounted for during analysis. The usable low-frequency limit is 10 Hz or lower. Noise Floor and Dynamic Range: The noise floor of the AMAR at 128 000 sps is shown in Figure 13. The noise floor has a nominal level of −147 dB re 1 V/Hz at 10 kHz and a narrow peak at −112 dB re 1 V/Hz centred at 1218 Hz. Applying the response of the M8 hydrophone, the spectral noise floor is approximately 20 dB re 1µPa2 /Hz at 10 kHz and 52 dB re 1 µPa2 /Hz at 1218 Hz at sample rate 128 000 sps (sea state 1 noise at 1 kHz is ~50 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz). The dynamic range is 104 dB. The maximum signal that can be accurately measured with zero gain applied and the M8E hydrophone is approximately 171 dB re 1 µPa. The minimum broadband signal is 67 dB re 1 µPa

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Figure 13. AMAR noise floor at a sample rate of 128 000 sps.

Data Storage: Data are stored in the AMAR in a custom memory format on solid-state, non-volatile, flash RAM. Up to 1.792 TB of memory can be installed on each AMAR. The data are striped across the memory to ensure recovery in the event of defects or errors in the memory hardware. Data Download and Parsing: Data are downloaded from the AMAR via FTP. The resulting files are then parsed into .wav format with JASCO provided custom software. Calibration: AMAR calibrations are performed during mobilisation with pistonphone calibrator precision noise sources at 250 Hz. The AMARs are also calibrated in the field before and after each deployment to verify system operation. Time Synchronisation: The AMAR has a high-resolution real-time clock. However, for best results when localising sources with multiple AMARs, an external noise event should be used to periodically time-align the recorder clocks. Continuous line shooting (no shutdowns) makes time alignment difficult. If continuous shooting is planned then we suggest adding brief (single shot is sufficient) breaks at least once per line so we can use that as a reference. Environmental Specifications: The AMAR is rated for operations in water temperatures from −1 to 50 C. The standard PVC housing is rated to 250 m depth. The AMAR proposed for the CRP study is an aluminium housing is rated to 2500 m depth.

Sousa-Lima, R.S., T.F. Norris, J.N. Oswald, and D.P. Fernandes5. 2013. A Review and Inventory of Fixed Autonomous Recorders for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Mammals. Aquatic Mammals 39(1):23-53.

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