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Home , Ara (bird), Cuban macaw, Hispaniolan parakeet, Macaw, Puerto Rican parakeet

THE EXTINCT CUBAN AND HISPANIOLAN (, ), AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW , ARA CUBENSIS

D AVID K ENNETH W ETHERBEE

Reynolds Road Shelburne, MA 01370

A BSTRACT

The former existence of an extinct of , Ara tricolor Bechstein 1811 in addition to the extinct macaw of , Ara cubensis n. sp. is demonstrated through an analysis of the litera- ture. Ara tricolor was of the same superspecies as the extinct macaw of Cuba, Ara cubensis but had a white rather than an ochraceous, bare facial area and cere, and was somewhat smaller (6 to 8 mm.) in the size of the bill. Ara tricolor became extinct about 1820. As the name Ara tricolor Bechstein 1811 was founded upon an Hispaniolan specimen, a name is required for the : Ara cubensis n. sp. Further, I suggest that Ara gossei Rothschild 1905, of , is not a valid species but instead was probably a “tapire” artifact, a specimen altered in its coloration by an Amerindian technique.

uba and Hispaniola each had macaws, Antonio Gonzales of the Nicolaus Baudin C but neither species survived into the voyage to and Hispaniola (which 20th Century. The last example of the ma- voyage is analized by Wetherbee (1985)). caw of Cuba (Ara cubensis new species) Following are the historical landmarks in the was shot in 1864 (Bangs & Zappey 1905), discovery of, and the discrimination be- whereas the last observation of the macaw tween, the Hispaniolan and Cuban macaws: of Hispaniola (Ara tricolor Bechstein 1811) Hispaniolan macaws.-- was made in 1820 by Carl Ritter (1836). 1630.-- I agree with Juan L. de Armas There are 15 specimens of these . I be- (1888) and Greenway (1967) who indicated lieve all these specimens are from Cuba but that the psittacines mentioned by Bartolome will mention possible exceptions beyond. I de las Casas (1630) referred to Ara and not contend and will develop later that the type to Amazona. Greenway said, “Las Casas upon which Johann Bechstein [1811; ex says that there were three kinds of Francois Levaillant (1801-1805)] founded on the island [Hispaniola], a large, a smaller, Ara tricolor was a macaw of Hispaniola. The and a very small one, by which it may in- macaw of Cuba, therefore, is without a name. ferred that he meant the macaw, the Levaillant had seen, and perhaps later ac- (Amazona ventralis), and the small quired, a specimen of Ara in the Paris Mu- ( chloroptera). Probably he meant seum on which his illustration and descrip- the red macaw...” Casas (1630) stated, tion were based. I will attempt to show that “Los mayores se Ilamaban por los indios hi- that specimen was collected about 1798 by guacas, la silaba de en medio Iuenga, y estos difieren de los de otras islas en que tienen sobre el pico o la frente blanco, no verde ni colorado. Los de esta especie que hay en la Carib. J. Sci. 21(3-4): 169-175 (1985) 169 170 D. K. WETHERBEE

isla Cuba tienen sobre el pico o frente co- rum), Antillean euphonia (Euphonia musica), Iorado.” and Hispaniolan trogon (Temnotrogon ro- 1722.--Labat (1722), who was in Hispa- seigaster). The mystery is how the 39 poten- niola between 1693 and 1705 includes a tial surrogate types in the Rabid collection depiction of a psittacine (Book 4, Page 496) escaped notice (Wetherbee ms. a). perched atop a shed in Hispaniola that seems Buffon (1779) believed “ara rouge” and to be an Ara. Various versions of this illustra- “peit ara rouge” were varieties of the same tion depict an entirely different species of species. (Note: Clark (1905) makes an erro- . Pending further research into the va- neous reference to Brisson (1760) regarding lidity of the illustration, this evidence is not “petit ara rouge”, when he intended, in- accepted here. stead, Buffon (1779 ).) 1779.--Edme Daubenton in Buffon (1779) 1788.--Petrus G. Lindroth (Lonnberg illustrated (plate 12) a member of the 1929), in cataloging the bird collection of Macao-Group of macaws, “ara rouge”, prob- Adolf U. Grill, shows” No. 413. ably Ara macao, and plate 641, a smaller Aracanga, Le Petit Ara rouge”. This bird is member, “petit ara rouge” which was a now in the Stockholm museum. The prob- macaw “aux ”, usually, correctly be- able origin of the specimen is a complex mat- lieved to be Ara tricolor. Buffon wrote: ter which will be elucidated elsewhere En general, Ies aras etoient autrefois tres- (Wetherbee, ms. c). Whether it is Cuban or Hispaniolan remains to be determined. Alter- communs a Saint-Domingue. Je vois, par native hypotheses would make it either a une Iettre de M. de Ie chevalier Deshayes, Franz Maerter Haitian specimen, pirated by que depuis que Ies etablissemens francois Capt. N. Baudin from an Austrian expedition, ont ete pousses jusque sur Ie sommet des montagnes, ces oiseaux y sont moins fre- or an Olof Swartz specimen from either quens.” Buff on was a correspondent of or Cuba. If Haitian, it is probably the sole existing representative of Ara tricolor. Deshayes in Haiti, and Deshayes sent him paintings and much information about 1796.--The Baudin voyage and its implica- Haitian birds. There is no known source of tions. Andre-Pierre Ledru (1810) in his list of Haitian specimens (Chervain’s contributions “Puerto Rican” bird skins in the Paris Mu- of skins from Haiti to Rend-Antoine Re- seum taken by the Baudin voyage, included aumer, Abbe Aubry, and Dr. Antoine-Remi “Le petit ara rouge, Ara aracanga.” The de- Mathurin were already well worked over by terminations on that list were made by Fran- Brisson (1760) or of drawings, except po- cois M. Daudin, not by botanist Ledru, a dec- tentially de Rabie’s (1770-1785) ms.) at ade earlier. A footnote states that the Latin Cap “Haitian, I conclude that Buffon had a names, if not otherwise indicated as to painting of Deshayes’ or Rabie’s of this ma- author, came from Daudin (1799) and one of caw, copied by Daubenton. There are Rabie the species in the list, Loxia portoricensis, paintings of Hispaniolan Aratinga and Ama- which Daudin had already described (1800), zona, depicted from life, in the McGill Uni- still bore the designation “nouvelle espece”. versity Library, but none of Ara. As Cuvier I have recently shown (Wetherbee, mss. and Valenciennes (1828-1849) had seen a a&b) that Ledru’s list is a composite of speci- painting of a fish, “aigrette vivaneau” (Lach- mens taken in Puerto Rico and (covertly) in nolaimus maximus Walbaum 1792), “fait au Hispaniola by the Baudin voyage. Included Cap-Francois de Saint-Domingue” dated were several Hispaniolan endemic birds 1771, which must have been a Rabie paint- (Wetmore and Swales, 1931, notwithstand- ing (he produced many of fishes in that ing); for example, “Le tangara ou I’esclave, year), some of Rabie’s bird paintings must Tangara ” (= palmchat, Dulus do- have reached Paris at that time. minicus). I have recently examined secret re- It must not be coincidental that of the 55 ports (Wetherbee 1985) that prove the explo- birds represented in the Haitian portfolio of ration of Hispaniola by two naturalists of the Rabie in the McGill Library, none of the doz- Baudin voyage (Advenier and Hogard). Des- en common species that Buff on attributed to courtilz (1809) also gave an account of meet- Deshayes’ drawings appear. I believe that ing these two naturalists in Haiti in 1799, Deshayes pirated from Rabie the pictures along with a third, Capt. Baudin’s painter seen by Buffon and that “petit ara rouge” and zoologist, Antonio Gonzales. Further, was among them as well as the surrogate ty- the known collections of the Baudin voyage pes for the palm warbler (Dendroica palma- contain many endemic butterflies (e.g. Anar- EXTINCT MACAWS 171

tea Lytrea Godart 1819), endemic beetles the hands of dealer, Jules Verreaux, and was (e.g. Hogardia roussatra Lepeletier 1845) thought to have come from “Vera Cruz”, and endemic land-mollusks (e.g. Polydontes , obviously an error for “St. Croix”. obliterata Ferussac 1821). It is axiomatic that Puerto Rican and Hispa- The expedition which left France on 3 Oc- niolan endemics first described between tober 1796 on the Belle Angelique returned 1800-1820 were Baudin voyage specimens to France aboard the Triomphe on 7 June (however disguised). All Hispaniolan mate- 1798, after exploring the Virgin Islands, Tri- rials taken on that voyage, without excep- nidad, and Puerto Rico. The three natural- tion, were deliberately obfuscated in one ists, Advenier, Hogard and Gonzales were way or another by the staff at the Paris Mu- left behind to do further collecting and es- seum. This conspiracy was based on the es- pionage for the French government. Profes- pionage aspect of that leg of the voyage, sor Lamarck of the Paris Museum dates his together with Capt. Baudin’s well-founded receipt (Ledru 1810) of the invertebrate reputation as a pirate (Michaud 1811, Ord collection as 4 March 1799. Daudin describ- 1849). I posit, too, that some of this mate- ed the first new bird from the voyage in rial was stolen by Baudin from the Maerter 1800. voyage. Upon receipt of the 700 bird skins from During the first decade, there were scur- the expedition, Daudin was charged with rilous thefts and exchanges of Baudin voy- arranging them in the Paris Museum gallery. age specimens which were then given falsi- From this curatorial effort arose Daudin’s fied type-localities. The unusual were the “Tableau des Oiseaux”, edited by Lacepede, first to disappear. Audebert’s and Vieillot’s in Buffon’s Historic naturelle (1779) which (1802) published hummingbirds were not formed the authority for the Ledru (1810) even cited by Ledru (1810). A thorough re- list, Daudin (1803b), and Jean B. Audebert search of the type-specimens of Hispaniolan and Louis Vieillot (1802) had only begun to (and Cuban) endemic vertebrates, butter- describe the new species (six of them pub- flies, and snails reveals that the activity of lished) to which Daudin had affixed manu- Gonzales (disguised as that of Mauge on script names (erroneoulsy credited to Lace- Puerto Rico) was the only source of Hispa- pede by authors), when both he and Aude- niolan bird skins since the remote days of bert died (in 1800 and 1804, respectively). Chervain in the time of Brisson. Levaillant’s Capt. Baudin and his zoologist of the Puerto yellow-necked macaw, I conclude, is a speci- Rican voyage, Rene Mauge, never returned men of the Baudin voyage. from a subsequent voyage to Australia in 1801-1804). Cuba, unlike the other islands of the West Indies, had no proved bird collectors until The collection immediately suffered attri- 1822 when Eduard Poepping and Ramon de tion; some of the specimens were acquired la Sagra started their serious work there. I by Dufresnaye (an aide in the museum) and cannot point to any potentially reasonable by Massena, Duke of Rivoli (others can be collector of a macaw in Cuba that would be traced). Levaillant probably had the Ara from in the Paris Museum at the time Levaillant the gallery upon which he based “Lace- described the specimen upon which Bechs- pede’s” (= Daudin’s, = Gonzales’) Ara tri- tein (1811) founded Ara tricolor. The re- color. At the same time, Audebert’s and puted work of Jose Guio and Atanasio Eche- Vieillot’s 1803 green mango (Anthracotho varria, cited by Hernandez (1968) and Trellis rax viridis) and Puerto Rican emerald (Chlo- y Govin (1927), in Cuba, is very poorly docu- rostilbon maugaeus), as well as Daudin’s mented and would hardly concern Paris Mu- frog Rana maculata (probably Leptodactylus seum specimens. albilabris) disappeared from the gallery. Le- 1799.--Michel Descourtilz was sent by vaillant, himself, had an Hispaniolan trogon the French Academy (by Lacepede) to Haiti that could only have come from this collec- in 1799 in a disguised attemp to rescue Ad- tion, and Massena had the Hispaniolan Para- venier, Hogard, and Gonzales, or their colIec- keet (Psittacus [Aratinga] chloroptera) and tions, through Commissioner Roume in Santo (P. [A.] rnaugei). The Domingo. Descourtilz made a collection of Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus), which birds and a portfolio of paintings but these appears in Ledru’s (1810) list as from the were lost at the time of his captivity during Virgin Islands (in error, although the voyage the Haitian revolution. Commissioner Roume did go to St. Thomas and St. Croix), fell into was arrested and the three Baudin natural- 172 D. K. WETHERBEE

ists were probably murdered. Descourtilz seven years of intensive exploration in both (1809), vol. 3:201) wrote the following, the east and west of Hispaniola. Wetmore based on his four years experience in Hispa- mistook Descourtilz for an adventurous niola: “Parmi ceux de Saint-Domingue, on Nimrod, whereas actually this heroic person distingue l’Amazone a tete jaune, ou perro- was an official representative of the French quet du Bresil, tres-commun dans la partie Academy, was a discriminating naturalist, espagnole; l’Amazone (petit) a tete blanche, and brought the Baudin voyage to a brilliant qui habite Ies mornes de la partie francaise, conclusion with his wonderful books. Ledru et Ie Papegai a bandeau rouge.” (1810) put together a somewhat less than “Ces trois especes, quoique soumises a honest, perfunctory report of the voyage. de pareilles habitudes, n’ont point Ies memes 1801-1805.--Francois Levaillant’s “His- moeurs; at I’amazone a tete jaune, plus gros toire naturelle des perroquets” (1801- de corps, est plus lent dans ses manieres, et 1805) contained a representation (plate 5) plus silencieux que Ies deux autres, dont Ie of a yellow-necked macaw by artist Barra- babil est continuel. Ils habitent tous trois Ies Iand. The very adequate description does not montagues elevees de I’ile.” include a type-locality for the Paris Museum Just as Las Casas had made the distinc- specimen (which must have been Gonzales’), tion of size classes of his psittacines, Des- nor could it, for it was officially forbidden to courtilz made it clear that “L’Amazone a tete pronounce Las Casas’ “Dell’lsola Spagnuola”. jaune” which he saw in the mountains of Ci- “Nous avons adopte Ie nom d’Ara tricolor, bao Province, was the largest of the three sous Iequel Ie citoyen Lacepede a designe species, and the yellow coloration, size, and cette espece dans Ies galeries du Museum habits could only refer to the Hispaniolan d’histoire naturelle de Paris; mais peut-etre Ara. Wetmore and Swales (1931) were mis- seroit il plus exact de Iui donner un nom qui taken in calling the vernacular name of this Ie confondit moins avec l’Ara canga et l’Ara bird an error! If Commissioner Roume had not macao. Le nom d’Ara nuque-jaune I’isoleroit already sent a specimen of it to Baudin in de toutes Ies autre especes, et Iui con- Puerto Rico, he and Descourtilz must have viendroit d’autant miex qu’il est Ie seul de sent the Gonzales specimen (the type) to the tous des Aras connus qui ait Ie derriere du Paris Museum at this time, as this was Des- cou de cette couleur.” courtilz’ mission. Rothschild (1907) translated Levaillant’s Descourtilz’ vernacular nomenclature is description: “... the bill 18 lines. The latter is entirely excusable and defensible when we of a black colour and has the upper mandible consider that his best reference was Buffon less curved, and the sides of the lower man- who “lumped American parrots into birds dible more swollen than in the case of the with yellow, red, or white heads. Buffon other Ara species. The cheeks are naked and dwells on the general confusion in the use of white with three lines of red feathers.” Ara and Amazona. “Petit ara rouge” which Barraland’s figure shows a bird with ochra- Levaillant preferred to call the yellow-necked ceous on the head, not darker toward ara (the yellow also extends onto the head) the forehead, and the cere and bare skin are was considered to be a variety of “ara decidedly white. Subsequent authors and art- rouge” of . Descourtilz’ “l’Amazone a ists, working with Cuban material have been tete blanche is the Hispaniolan Parrot (Ama- influenced by this description of an Hispa- zona ventralis). “Papegai a bandeau rouge” niolan bird and have painted or described Cu- is the (Aratinga chlo- ban macaws with white faces or have hedged, roptera). Regarding the latter, at the time of in compromise, and made them whitish. As Descourtilz, one had to account for a “Perro- we shall see, neither Wagler (1835) nor quet a bandeau rouge de Saint Domingue”, Ridgway (1916) made any such compromise because the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona of the fact that Cuban macaws did not have vittata) had been so dubbed, while A. white faces. ventralis, the real Amazona of Hispaniola 1811.--Johann Bechstein gave Levail- had been erroneously designated “Perroquet Iant’s small, red, yellow-necked macaw the ventralis a ventre pourpre de la ”. binominal Ara tricolor, taken from We should place full confidence in the writ- Lacepede’s (actually Daudin’s) manuscript. ings of Descourtilz, for, in addition to his Bechstein’s plate was copied from Levail- own observations, he had the information Iant’s. Whereas Levaillant had not given a supplied by the other three naturalists -- provenience to the birds, Bechstein (1811) EXTINCT MACAWS 173

played it safe and called it of . represent a wild population of a yellow- 1816.--Louis Vieillot (1816) re-copied Le- necked macaw in Jamaica. In this connec- vaillant’s work. Vieillot began his career in tion, Lacepede (1788), Daudin (1803a) and ornithology while living in Haiti as a business Buffon (1779) dwell upon the practice of the person. He was ruined by the Haitian revolu- natives in South America painting the devel- tion and fled to the United States, then oping feathers of parrots with the body France, empty-handed, in the mid-1790’s. fluids of the poison-dart frog. Rana tintorio He was aware that a macaw was formerly (= Calamita tinctoria Schneider 1799), found in Haiti, but in error attributed it to which changed the colors to reds and Ara macoa after Boddaert (1783). His book yellows. As these birds were sold to traders, also contained a “petit ara rouge”, without I believe Robinson had such a specimen, a provenience. “tapire”. 1820.--Carl Ritter made valuable, pioneer 1856.--Charles de Souance (1856) listed collections of vertebrates in Haiti in 1820. a specimen of Ara tricolor in the collection of His list of birds (1836) contained “Psittacus Prince Massena d’Essling. As both Aratinga ochracephalus” which I interpret to mean chloroptera and A. maugei are also included the Hispaniolan macaw. He may have been in Souance’s list. Massena may have had the the last to see this species alive. Baudin voyage specimen of “petit ara rouge”; Cuban macaw.-- it may still exist. 1835.--Johann Wagler (1835) was the 1861.--Juan Gundlach had more personal first to describe what was apparently the experience with the Guacamayo (Cuban ma- macaw of Cuba. By this time, but not before caw) than any other ornithologist. The bird is 1820, there had been several bird collectors mentioned in several of his papers (1861, in Cuba: Edward Poepping in 1822-24, fol- 1871, 1874, 1876, 1895) but he says lowing Ritter; Prince Paul of Wurttemberg nothing that would be diagnostic of the Cu- in 1822-24 and 1829; Alexandre Ricord in ban representative of the yellow-necked ma- 1826; William MacLeay in 1827-1836; and caws. Gundlach collected several speci- the naturalists Ramon de la Sagra and Alcide mens. D’Orbigny in 1826. 1867.--Otto Finsch (1867) described a Wagler’s bird differed so much from that yellow-necked macaw from a living speci- of previous authors (who, I contend had ref- men in the Amsterdam Zoo. The naked face erence only to macaws of Hispaniola) that he in life was “gelblichfleischfarben” and was called Daubenton’s (1779) plate 641 “figu- therefore probably a Cuban macaw rather ra mala”; that of Levaillant, “description than the white-faced macaw of Hispaniola, opt., figura accur, excepta faciei pictura”. which had probably been extinct about a half He goes on to describe the bird: “Captis late- century. ra nuda, rugulosa, laete ochracea (emphasis, 1886.--Charles Cory (1886) describes the mine) ...Mus. Paris; specimen vivum nitidis- Cuban macaw as “probably” having “dull sium, mitissimum descripsi Monachii.” white” cheeks. Count Salvadori (1891) seems to have copied Cory’s words. The 1840.--Alcide D’Orbigny, who was in Cu- two specimens in the British Museum were ba briefly in 1826 was chosen by de la Sagra labeled South America. to write the volume on birds for his com- 1905.--Austin H. Clark (1905) thought prehensive series. This was a poor choice, that there had been a “closely related spe- but at least D’Orbigny (1840) included in his cies or ” of the Cuban macaw in compilation the first mention of the macaw Haiti, and this same year, Walter Rothschild occurring in Cuba. (1905) states, “This in my opinion must have 1847.--Philip H. Gosse and Richard Hill been a third species (first, A. tricolor, sec- (1847) mention in their “Birds of Jamaica” ond, A. gossei) but we have no definite that Anthony Robinson had seen a mounted description of it.” specimen, allegedly taken in Jamaica in 1765, of a small, red macaw. The specimen 1907.--Lord Rothschild (1907) mentions was lost. This bird had a yellow, not red, that a single specimen in the Paris Museum forehead and some yellow instead of blue in was one of M. E. Rosseau’s from Cuba, an the mainly red tail. Rothschild (1905) erect- 1842 managerie bird. (Levaillant’s type, of ed a new species Ara gossei upon the the Hispaniolan taxon, had probably been description, I agree with Lack (1976) that missing for a century.) this bird (of unknown size) probably did not 1916.--Robert Ridgway (1916) handled 174 D. K. WETHERBEE

three specimens, presumably all of the Cu- Remarks.--To call these two birds subspe- ban taxon. It is significant that this incompa- cies would have preserved the name tricolor rably expert ornithologist states: “naked for the macaw of Cuba, but as the nominate skin of face pale (probably pink or flesh color race would apply to the Hispaniolan bird, in life)”. Ridgway does not say white. there would have accrued no real advantage. 1931.--Alexander Wetmore and Bradshaw Further, it is consistent with my notions re- (1931) provided useful synonymies that garding populations in the West Indies to call supplement those of Ridgway (although they these two birds, on different islands, full missed much of importance such as Ale- species. The recent designation by authors xandre Ricord’s Haitian bird specimens in the (Ottenwalder ms; Snyder, Wiley, and Kepler Leydon Museum (Schlegel 1863). Wetmore ins., Olson ms.) of full species rank for Ara- was oblivious to the abundant clues tinga chloroptera of Hispaniola and A. available that Ledru’s list (1810) contained maugei (extinct) of Puerto Rico, supports Hispaniolan birds. He also failed to recognize this treatment. Descourtilz’ (1809), Ritter’s (1820), and The synonymy for Ara cubensis, new spe- Las Casas’ (1630) references to the Hispa- cies, is that given by Ridgway (1916) for Ara niolan macaw, allocating them to Amazona tricolor, sensu prior, except that a cleavage by default. must be made, setting Wagler (1835) as the The Cuban macaw can no longer be called first reference for Ara cubensis. Exceptions Ara tricolor as I restrict the type-locality of are Ritter (1836), who had waited 16 years Ara tricolor to Hispaniola. Since the Cuban to publish and possibly Souance (1856), macaw is now without a binominal, I desig- who may have had Levaillant’s type of Ara nated it as: tricolor, sensu novo. As authors after Wagler Ara cubensis new species probably had reference to composite sources, only works that treat original data can be Type.--Museum of Comparative Zoology No. judged to have integrity. I have not seen any 72,526, formerly in Lafresnaye collection, published figure for Ara cubensis that has no. 7, “in fine condition (a relaxed mount), not been influenced by descriptions of Ara but has one wing clipped, which suggests tricolor, sensu novo. A complete presenta- that it was a cage-bird secured in France.” tion of the literature is given by Wetherbee (Barbour 1943). “Cuba”. ms. c). Measurements.--Wing, 276 mm.; exposed The small amount of difference between culmen, 45 mm. the two macaws does not bode well for ex- Ridgway’s measurements (1916), in milli- pectations of finding on Puerto Rico the re- meters, were taken of three skins, of unde- mains of any macaw that evolved from His- termined sex, presumably of the Cuban spe- paniola, assuming a west to east route. cies: “Length, about 485-510; wing, 276- While there is good justification for as- 288 (283.3); tail, 290-305 (297.5); cul- suming that most Hispaniolan species were men, 43,5-45 (44.3); tarsus, 23-25 (24.3); derived from via Cuba, the outer anterior toe, 32.5-35.5 (33.17).” white face of Ara tricolor suggests that it Distribution.--The island of Cuba and Isle of had a closer affinity to Ara rnacao than did Pines. Extinct. Ara cubensis. The invasion route is, there- Diagnosis.--The small (500 mm.), red ma- fore, not clear. caw of Cuba, of the Macao-Group, closely resembling, and in the same superspecies as Ara tricolor, sensu novo of Hispaniola, but A CKNOWLEDGEMENT with culmen longer by 6 to 8 mm. and with Dr. James W. Wiley kindly made many edi- cere and bare-areas about the eye “rich torial suggestions on shortening my manu- ochraceous” (Wagler 1835). As the bill is script. longer, Ara cubensis may be a larger bird than Ara tricolor. Except for the above dif- ferences, Ridgway’s (1916, p. 79) description L ITERATURE C ITED of Ara tricolor, sensu prior suffices for Ara cubensis. ARMAS, J. I. DE. 1888. La zoologia de Colon y de los pri- Ara tricolor, of Hispaniola, has pure white meros exploradores de America. Habana. AUDEBERT, J. B. AND L. J. P. VIEILLOT. 1801. Oiseaux dores cere and bare facial skin, and a culmen length ou a reflets metalliques. 2 vols. Paris. of 38.1 mm. (= 18 lines, Levaillant (1801- BARBOUR, T. 1943. Cuban ornithology. Nuttall Ornith. 1805). Club. Cambridge, Massachusetts. EXTINCT MACAWS 175

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