DOCSLIB.ORG

Althusser As Reader of Gramsci

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Althusser As Reader of Gramsci Vittorio Morfino Althusser as Reader of Gramsci Abstract: The article reconstructs the and developments of Althusserian theory as on complex relation between Althusser and Gramsci. a negative image: from For Marx to Reading Considering both published and unpublished Capital, from ‘Ideology and Ideological State writings, the article argues that this relation is Apparatuses’ to the texts on the crisis of Marx- profoundly ambivalent: on the one hand, Gramsci ism, Althusser never ceases to define his own is considered the sole precursor in the Marxist position in relation to Gramsci. However, if we tradition who tried to think the superstructure, consider the posthumously published texts and and particularly politics; on the other hand, he documents held in the IMEC Archive, we receive is the paradigm of a conception of temporality an even stronger impression. From the early and politics from which Althusser wants to take 1960s onward, we find a large number of extracts distance. and notes (drawn from the Notes on Machiavelli, Gramsci’s Selected Writings, Historical Mate- Keywords: Gramsci, Historical time, rialism and the Philosophy of Benedetto Croce, Ideology, Hegemony, Force. and the critical edition of the Quaderni), a pro- jected article for Rinascita, the final chapter on Resumen: Este artículo reconstruye la hegemony in Marx in His Limits, and finally a compleja relación entre Gramsci y Althusser. text with the title What is to Be Done?, which is Considerando tanto trabajos publicados como entirely dedicated to Gramsci. inéditos, este artículo argumenta que esta With respect to this layered confrontation, relación es profundamente ambivalente: por un it is helpful to establish some schematic points: lado, Gramsci es considerado el precursor único First, Althusser’s encounter with Gramsci en la tradición marxista que trató de pensar la in the summer of 1961 also carries an encounter superestructura, y particularmente la política; with Machiavelli, which makes it such that the por otro, es el paradigma de la concepción de two authors are constantly thought in one another, temporalidad y política de las cuales Althusser the one through the other. quiere distanciarse. Second, there is a strong ambivalence in Althusser’s judgment towards Gramsci. On the Palabras clave: Gramsci, Tiempo histórico, one hand, he is considered the sole precursor in Ideología, Hegemonía, Poder. the Marxist tradition who tried to think the super- structure, and particularly politics. On the other hand, Gramsci is the paradigm of a conception Among the authors whom Althusser con- of temporality and politics from which to take fronts while working out his theory, Gramsci is distance. probably the most constantly present. From the Third, in terms of taking distance, two tem- beginning of the 1960s through the 1970s, his ref- porally distinct phases must be highlighted. Start- erences to Gramsci, either recognitions of debt or ing with a critique of the misrecognition of the distances taken, allow us to identify the contours specificity of the status of science in general and Rev. Filosofía Univ. Costa Rica, LVIII (152), 15-27, Setiembre-Diciembre 2019 / ISSN: 0034-8252 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Costa Rica 16 VITTORIO MORFINO the science of history in particular, typified by very important theme, in G. and in itself. the second half of the 1960s, Althusser passes, That any new progress of productive forces through the end of the 1970s, to a critique of the and the mode of production supposes new concept of hegemony in which class domination attitudes towards labor, and, through these would be lost. new technical attitudes, a whole upheaval of the existing mode of life. [...] The essen- tial idea of G. is that to create these new 1. The Encounter with Gramsci habits of life, this new way of life ordered according to new content of the division of labor, it is necessary to make violence Althusser’s encounter with Gramsci took to nature– i.e., the old disciplines become place at the beginning of the 1960s. In a letter ‘nature and correspond to the old mode of to Franca Madonia dated 28 November 1961, production–, this violence, this training, are Althusser refers to a letter from the previous inevitable –all of human history is consid- summer that he sent to Bertinoro (Althusser, ered from this point of view as a training 1998b, 122). This earlier letter bears witness to for animality, if it can never be heard of... several pages of extracts and typewritten notes Incredible violence most often. Which sup- preserved in a dossier ‘Gramsci sur Machiavel poses, this violence, a coercion character- (renvoi au texte italien).’ Here Althusser carefully ized, and organized [...] (24) notes the essential features of Gramsci’s reading of Machiavelli, probably in view of the course he will dedicate to the latter thinker in 1962 2. From ‘Contradiction and (Althusser 2006a, 193-254). However, along the Overdetermination’ to way, his attention is also drawn to other themes. ‘The Object of Capital’ For example, a passage of Gramsci’s on ideol- ogy that he translates (p. 294 Does not conceive Althusser’s first approach to Gramsci is fol- ideology as something artificial and mechanical lowed by two public, antithetical positions, the (like a coat on the skin), conceives of it as ‘skin first in the essay ‘Contradiction and Overdetermi- that is produced organically’ by the entire animal nation,’ published in La Pensée in December 1962 organism’) (ALT2. A31-05.06, 20.); or a page (and then in 1965 in For Marx) and the second, (128) on the educative function of the state in famously, in ‘The Object of Capital’ in 1965. relation to the masses, carried out positively by In ‘Contradiction and Overdetermination,’ the school and repressively by the courts, but Althusser argues that Marxist philosophy is nei- also, ‘a multitude of other initiatives aim to this ther the object of an inversion [renversement] end, other so-called private activities, which form nor the object of an extraction. Instead, Marxist the basis of the political and cultural hegemony philosophy is a matter of thinking ‘the trans- 1 of the dominant classes,’ (14 ) which Althusser formation of its [TN: the Hegelian dialectic] comments on as follows: structures’ (Althusser, 2005, 55). In this frame- work, revolution cannot be thought through the Important idea of Gramsci: that the state category of simple contradiction; it is the product is not reducible to the state apparatus, but includes all kinds of other forms of pressure of an accumulation of partially heterogenous etc. that the state is political society + civil contradictions, ‘which do not all have the same society = armored hegemony of coercion (p. origin, the same sense, nor the same level or point 132)/// G. against the identification of state of application, but which nevertheless ‘merge’ and government. /// (p. 16) into a ruptural unity’ (2005, 62, trans. mod.). The concept of overdetermination allows the Russian Finally, he takes note of some of Gramsci’s revolution to be thought not as the exception to reflections in a section on ‘Animality and Indus- the rule of simple contradiction, but precisely as trialism’ on pages 326–329 and comments: the rule of the rule. Rev. Filosofía Univ. Costa Rica, LVIII (152), 15-27, Setiembre-Diciembre 2019 / ISSN: 0034-8252 ALTHUSSER AS READER OF GRAMSCI 17 The basic notion [is] that the Capital-Labour a remarkable example of a theoretical solu- contradiction is never simple, but always tion in outline to the problems of the specified by historically concrete forms and interpenetration of the economic and the circumstances in which it is exercised. It is political. Unfortunately, at least as far as specified by the forms of the superstructure France is concerned, who has taken up [...]; specified by the internal and external and followed through Gramsci’s theoretical historical situation which determines it on effort? (2005, 77, fn. 29) the one hand as a function of the national past [...] and on the other as functions of the Thus in 1962, Althusser considers Gramsci existing world context. (2005, 68-69) the only Marxist author who has opened the path on which he is attempting to advance; in Althusser’s reference to Gramsci here is particular, the concept of hegemony makes it still implicit, expressed in the need to establish possible to rigorously think (Althusser uses the the concept of overdetermined contradiction in strong expression ‘theoretical solution in outline a Marxist conception of history that is not the [esquisse de solution théorique]’) the relation of simple inversion [renversement] of the Hege- the economic and the political without forcing it lian conception, but its radical transformation. into the essence-phenomenon relation. In 1965, at The concepts of mode of production and social the height of the seminar on Capital, things will class in fact change the concepts of civil society already have greatly changed, probably as a result and state, as well as their relation. Rather than of a deeper knowledge of Italian Marxism. a ‘tacit identity (phenomenon-essence-truth- The announcement of this change is located op...) of the economic and the political,’ it is in two series of excerpts which are likely dat- a ‘relation between the determinant instances able to when Althusser was preparing for the in the structure-superstructure complex which seminar. The first series considers some extracts constitutes the essence of any social formation’ from Gramsci’s Selected Works, which Althusser (2005, 74). titles ‘selected morsels [morceaux choisis] (17) Althusser uses Gramsci to intervene with sq’ (ALT2.A57-01.03).2 It is made up of a few regard to the theory of the specific efficacy of the extracts from pages 17-45, which take as their elements of the superstructure and their essence: object the Gramscian concept of philosophy as a unitary and coherent conception of the world in Like the map of Africa before the great explorations, this theory remains a realm its relation to religion, common sense, intellectu- sketched in outline, with its great mountain als, the masses, ideology, and politics.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hegemony, Coercion, and Their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: a Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain
    University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Volume 33 2000 Hegemony, Coercion, and their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: A Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain Ratna Kapur Centre for Feminist Legal Research Tayyab Mahmud Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Ratna Kapur & Tayyab Mahmud, Hegemony, Coercion, and their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: A Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain, 33 U. MICH. J. L. REFORM 411 (2000). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol33/iss3/9 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUMMER 2000] Hegemony, Coercion SPRING 2000] Hegemony, Coercion 411 HEGEMONY, COERCION, AND THEIR TEETH-GRITTING HARMONY: A COMMENTARY ON POWER, CULTURE, AND SEXUALITY IN FRANCO'S SPAIN Ratna Kapur* Tayyab Mahmud** Professor Gema P~rez-Sdinchez's article, Franco's Spain, Queer Na- tion?' focuses on the last years of Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship and the early years of the young Spanish democracy, roughly from the late 1960's to the early 1980's.' The centerpiece of her article looks at how, through law, Franco's regime sought to define and contain what it considered dangerous social behavior, particularly homosexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Althusser and Ideological Criticism of the Arts
    Swarthmore College Works Philosophy Faculty Works Philosophy 1993 Althusser And Ideological Criticism Of The Arts Richard Thomas Eldridge Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-philosophy Part of the Philosophy Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Richard Thomas Eldridge. (1993). "Althusser And Ideological Criticism Of The Arts". Explanation And Value In The Literary And Visual Arts. 190-214. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511659492.010 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-philosophy/255 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Althusser and ideological criticism of the arts RICHARD ELDRIDGE Louis Althusser's 1970 essay "Ideology and ideological state appar- atuses"1 is arguably the most influential and important document in contemporary critical practice and its theory. In one way this is puzzling, for the essay contains almost nothing that can be recog- nized as an argument. It does not put forward a causal theory of the rise and fall of forms of social life. It offers no deductions, and it contains only a few sketchily described examples of ideologies. The essay is instead filled with oracular pronouncements, couched in a terminology partly invented and partly cobbled together from the Marxist tradition and from Lacan. Yet there it is. Althusser's work receives more extended discussion — thirty-five consecutive pages, plus numerous occasional references — in Fredric Jameson's 1981 The Political Unconscious,2 perhaps the most important American text in so-called New Historicist criticism, than any of the literary works Jameson considers except Conrad's Lord Jim.
    [Show full text]
  • Machiavelli After Althusser
    420 Bargu Chapter 22 Machiavelli after Althusser Banu Bargu At the end of Machiavelli and Us, Louis Althusser salutes Machiavelli as ‘the greatest materialist philosopher in history’.1 Machiavelli, he posits, is the ‘equal of Spinoza, who declared him “acutissimus”, most acute’.2 But he quickly adds: ‘Spinoza considered him acutissimus in politics. He would appear not to have suspected that Machiavelli was also most incisive in materialist philosophy’.3 Formulated thus, what appears as an assertion of the parity of importance of both figures turns out to affirm Machiavelli’s indisputable, though unrecog- nised place in the history of philosophy. In positing Machiavelli on par with Spinoza, Althusser redefines him as a materialist philosopher. Further, by evok- ing the inadequacy of Spinoza’s appreciation of Machiavelli (limited, as it was, only to politics), Althusser also insinuates that Machiavelli is not only ‘most incisive in materialist philosophy’, but, in effect, the ‘most incisive’ materialist philosopher, whose importance went unsuspected or unrecognised or, at least, not fully recognised, by the greatest minds that came after him. This is a claim not to be taken lightly, if only because the same Althusser, rejecting the charge of structuralism, confesses to being ‘guilty of an equally powerful and compromising passion’ – that of being Spinozist.4 Explaining this passion, Althusser clarifies: ‘we made a detour via Spinoza in order to im- prove our understanding of Marx’s philosophy. To be precise: since Marx’s ma- terialism forced
    [Show full text]
  • Theory, Totality, Critique: the Limits of the Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity
    Studies in 20th Century Literature Volume 16 Issue 1 Special Issue on Contemporary Spanish Article 11 Poetry: 1939-1990 1-1-1992 Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity Philip Goldstein University of Delaware Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/sttcl Part of the German Literature Commons, and the Modern Literature Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Goldstein, Philip (1992) "Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity," Studies in 20th Century Literature: Vol. 16: Iss. 1, Article 11. https://doi.org/ 10.4148/2334-4415.1297 This Review Essay is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studies in 20th Century Literature by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity Abstract Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity by Douglas Kellner. Keywords Frankfurt School, WWII, Critical Theory Marxism and Modernity, Post-modernism, society, theory, socio- historical perspective, Marxism, Marxist rhetoric, communism, communistic parties, totalization, totalizing approach This review essay is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: https://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol16/iss1/11 Goldstein: Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Cr Review Essay Theory, Totality, Critique: The Limits of the Frankfurt School Philip Goldstein University of Delaware Douglas Kellner, Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Reproduction of Capitalism
    LOUIS AL THUSSER was born in Algeria in 1918 and died in France in 1990. He taught philosophy for many years at the Ecole N ormale Superieure in Paris and was a leading intellectual in the French Communist Party. His books include For Marx; Reading Capital (with Etienne Balibar); On Ideolo,u; Politics and History: ,\1ontcsquieu, Rousseau, A1arx; 1\1acl1iavelli and Us; and The Specture efHegel. On the Reproduction of Capitalislll Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses LOUIS ALTHUSSER PREFACE BY ETIENNE BALIBAR INTRODUCTION BY JACQUES BIDET TRANSLATED BY G. M. GOSHGARIAN VERSO London • New York This Engfoh-lJ11gu.1ge edition published by Verso 21114 TL1nsLition £: G. M. Goshgarian 2()14 First published as Sur la reprod1w1011 ,:G:. Presses Universitaires de France 1995 Preface£: Etienne l:lalibar 21114 Introduction£: Jacques Bidet 21114 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses' first appeared in Louis Althusser. Lc11i11 <111d P!tilosoplt)' a11d Otltcr Essays. tram. Ben Brewster. London. New Lett Books. 1971. The translation has been modified. 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,' translation 1;; Ben Brewster 1971. 1994, 2U14 All rights reserved The moral rights of the authors have been asserted 135791118642 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1 F OEG US: 211Jay Street, Suite 111111, Brooklyn, NY 112111 W\V\V. versobooks.con1 Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78168-164-11 (PBK) ISl:lN-13: 978-1-78168-165-7 (HBK) e!SBN-13: 978-1-78168-215-9 (US) eISBN-13: 978-1-78168-524-2 (UK) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • The Frankfurt School's Neo-Marxian Critiques Of
    The Frankfurt School’s Neo-Marxian Critiques of Capitalism and Consumer Culture Dustin Garlitz University of South Florida November 2005 1 In this study, I move to make the point that the critical theorists of the Frankfurt School, in their reinterpretation and extension of social philosopher Karl Marx, were responsible for the entry of two "key-terms" in the realm of cultural theory: "The Culture Industry” and “Aura”. The term “The Culture Industry” first appeared in the West-Coast collaboration of Institute members Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno titled Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944). The romantic notion of “Aura” first appeared in an essay by affiliate-member Walter Benjamin titled “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (1936). Although the critical writings of the Frankfurt School are incredibly diverse and span the range of multiple traditional disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, I want to examine the social commentary of the Institute for Social Research from an interdisciplinary perspective, spanning cultural sociology to continental philosophy to psychoanalytic thought. This examination will place special emphasis on the Institute's legacy to the interdisciplinary field of contemporary cultural studies. I would like to pay a great deal of interest on the Institute’s critiques of ideology, specifically capitalism and political economy. "The Culture Industry" and "Aura" are important terms to consider in such a study1 because they are the very cultural consequences of unrestrained, stringent American capitalism: it is the capitalist marketplace which festishizes "aura" and standardizes art. Since a capitalist line of inquiry will be taken, it only makes sense to examine the Frankfurt School’s writings on consumer culture as well (consumer culture being derivative of the dominant ideology that we call "capitalism").
    [Show full text]
  • Intersectionality, Inclusion, and the Extension of Cultural Hierarchies on Emma Watson’S Feminist Book Club, ‘Our Shared Shelf’
    . Volume 16, Issue 1 May 2019 Is ‘Everyone welcome’?: Intersectionality, inclusion, and the extension of cultural hierarchies on Emma Watson’s feminist book club, ‘Our shared shelf’ Melanie Ramdarshan Bold, University College London, UK Abstract: Emma Watson started Our Shared Shelf (OSS), a feminist book club, on Goodreads in 2016. Through her work on gender-equality, Watson has accumulated enough cultural capital to be viewed as a legitimate tastemaker in selecting books for a feminist audience, and fits into what Rehberg Sedo describes as the trusted other (Rehberg Sedo, 2004). However, this article argues that Watson creates cultural hierarchies, and extends her feminist brand, through her book choices and the way that she interacts with the OSS community. Despite attempts to diversify the bi-monthly book choices, there has been a preference towards English-language books written by cisgendered, middle-class, able-bodied, heterosexual, white women. Therefore, the list did not represent the international and intersectional nature of OSS: something several readers voice concern about. Additionally, this article examines how the readers’ relationship to their celebrity tastemaker reinforces hierarchies. Engaging in social media can be a performative act: users can construct an identity whilst engaging with social issues. However, there is a danger that a dominant narrative can influence identities and interpretations. Consequently, OSS replicates and upholds patterns of dominance and exclusion and is not an egalitarian space, despite
    [Show full text]
  • Gramscian Constellations. Hegemony and the Realisation of New Ways of Production and Living
    GRAMSCIAN CONSTELLATIONS. HEGEMONY AND THE REALISATION OF NEW WAYS OF PRODUCTION AND LIVING Mario Candeias 1. A FRAGMENTED WHOLE – THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS Antonio Gramsci was arrested in 1926 upon instigation by the fascist regime in Italy. During the process before the Special Court for State Security, the procurator declared: “We must prevent this brain from functioning for the next 20 years!” In fact, Gramsci never regained his liberty. At the end of 1934, he is of course released on probation; the reason, however, is his already bad state of health. He spends the final period of his life in hospital and dies in 1937 from a brain haemorrhage. Nevertheless the procurator’s goal was not reached. Gramsci’s extremely productive brain was not prevented from functioning by prison. On 10 years of jail, it rather generates 1000s of pages in notes – the Prison Notebooks. Irony of history: without incarceration, Gramsci would probably have remained what he was before, an eminent political personality, publicist in the most diverse organs of the rising workers’ movements, such as the Grido del Popolo (Call of the People), Avanti or L’Ordino Nuovo (New Order), moreover, co-founder and, from 1925 up to his arrest, chairman of the Communist party of Italy. A more or less historical personality, just like his friend and later CPI chairman Palmiro Togliatti, Enrico Berlinguer, or Bebel, Liebknecht, Thorez, Marchais or Carrillo and many others. The enforced separation of theory from practice, however, led precisely to the working-out of a theoretical political work that could unfold historical effectiveness far beyond the historical moment, whose originality inspires ever again, whose approaches are extremely useful for the comprehension of current conditions - that literally begs for interventionist action and practice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Bogdanov's Vision of Proletarian Culture
    The Cultural Hegemony of the Proletariat: The Origins of Bogdanov’s Vision of Proletarian Culture Jutta Scherrer Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales Paris The great debates of the early twenties on Proletkul’t (proietarskaia kul’tura) as an autonomous mass organization and on proletarian culture as a ’pure’ product of workers in the most advanced sectors of industry, debates in which Lenin intervened with all the authority of the one res- ponsible for the ’construction of socialism’, are relatively well known. Both Soviet literature and western historiography have made important con- .tributions to this subject in recent years. Much less is known however about the historical origins of the concept and, let it be said, about the vision of a proletarian culture. The first organization of Proletkul’t saw the light of day on the eve of the October Revolution; but the underlying idea of what in a few years was to become a mass movement, with as many members as the Communist Party in 1920-1921, traced its origins to the previous century. It was in the eighties of the nineteenth century, well before the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP), that some young members of the intelligentsia made their debut as militant socialists by teaching the basic tenets of Marxism in workers’ study circles. They thus anticipated by a few years Lenin’s dictum that ’political class consciousness can be brought to the workers only from the outside’, that is to say, by the ’revolutionary vanguard’, the intelligentsia. In fact they were to embrace with enthusiasm the text in which he expounded, in 1902, the fundamentals of Bolshevism: What is to be Done? These were the group formed around Aleksandr’ Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (1873-1928) and Anatolii Vasil’evich Lunacharskii (1875-1933), to be joined by the economists V.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Agrégation De Philosophie on Twentieth- Century French Philosophy
    Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie on Twentieth- Century French Philosophy AL A N D . S C HRI ft much attention has been paid to developments in French philosophy over the past half century, and it has been frequently noted that the recent history of French philosophy differs significantly from its counterparts in England, Germany, and the United States. While many reasons for these differences have been suggested, in what follows I would like to suggest that there is an important and unique French institution—one with no equivalent in the English-speaking or German academic systems—that has had a significant impact on developments in French philosophy throughout the twentieth century. This institution is the Agrégation de Philosophie, and its effects are virtually unknown among philosophers outside France. Even within France—while knowledge of and experience with the agréga- tion is part of the intellectual formation and career of virtually every academic educated in France, including every philosopher teaching in a university and the majority of philosophers teaching the classe de philosophie in French lycées—French philosophers themselves seem relatively unaware and uninterested in the history of the agrégation and the effects that this history has had on philosophical practices in France. What I hope to do in the following pages is explain how the agréga- tion de philosophie works, and suggest that its impact on the education of French philosophy students and the teaching corps in both the university and lycée helps explain a number of developments in French philosophy over the past century. I will also explain why the French philosophical tradition differs from its American counterpart in some very significant ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Marxism, Black Liberation, and Black Working-Class Organic Intellectuals
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING-CLASS ORGANIC INTELLECTUALS IN THE CANADIAN BLACK LEFT TRADITION: HISTORICAL ROOTS AND CONTEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS, FUTURE DIRECTIONS by Christopher Harris A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto © Copyright by Chris Harris 2011 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORKING-CLASS ORGANIC INTELLECTUALS IN THE CANADIAN BLACK LEFT TRADITION: HISTORICAL ROOTS AND CONTEMPORARY EXPRESSIONS, FUTURE DIRECTIONS “Doctor” of Education (2011) Christopher Harris Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education University of Toronto Abstract This thesis explores the revolutionary adult education learning dimensions in a Canadian Black anti-racist organization, which continues to be under-represented in the Canadian Adult Education literature on social movement learning. This case study draws on detailed reflection based on my own personal experience as a leader and member of the Black Action Defense Committee (BADC). The analysis demonstrates the limitations to the application of the Gramscian approach to radical adult education in the non-profit sector, I will refer to as the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (NPIC) drawing on recent research by INCITE Women of Colour! (2007). This study fills important gaps in the new fields of studies on the NPIC and its role in the cooptation of dissent, by offering the first Canadian study of a radical Black anti-racist organization currently experiencing this. This study fills an important gap in the social movement and adult education literature related to the legacy of Canadian Black Communism specifically on the Canadian left.
    [Show full text]
  • Intersectionality in Anglophone Television Series and Cinema
    Intersectionality in Anglophone Television Series and Cinema Intersectionality in Anglophone Television Series and Cinema Edited by Kévin Drif and Georges-Claude Guilbert Intersectionality in Anglophone Television Series and Cinema Edited by Kévin Drif and Georges-Claude Guilbert This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Kévin Drif, Georges-Claude Guilbert and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-5983-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-5983-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................... vii Foreword ................................................................................................. viii Kévin Drif & Georges-Claude Guilbert Chapter One ................................................................................................ 1 Intersectionality Is the New Black Anne Crémieux Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 13 Deux récits des lendemains de premiere guerre mondiale – approche intersectionnelle de Peaky Blinders et Downton
    [Show full text]