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(An)Other Gender : a Cross-Cultural Analysis of War-Torn France and Great Britain in Which Simone De Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf Redefine "Woman"

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(An)Other Gender : a Cross-Cultural Analysis of War-Torn France and Great Britain in Which Simone De Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf Redefine University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2011 (An)other gender : a cross-cultural analysis of war-torn France and Great Britain in which Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf redefine "woman". Anna Stamp 1979- University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Stamp, Anna 1979-, "(An)other gender : a cross-cultural analysis of war-torn France and Great Britain in which Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf redefine "woman"." (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1371. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1371 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. (AN)OTHER GENDER: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF WAR-TORN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN IN WHICH SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND VIRGINIA WOOLF REDEFINE "WOMAN" By Anna Stamp B.A., University of Louisville, 2001 M.A., University of Louisville, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty ofthe College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky August 2011 (An)Other Gender: A Cross-Cultural analysis of war-torn France and Great Britain in which Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf redefine “Woman” By Anna Stamp B.A., University of Louisville, 2001 M.A., University of Louisville, 2003 A Dissertation Approved on July 25, 2011 by the following Dissertation Committee: Dissertation Director (Suzette Henke) Annette Allen Osborne P. Wiggins Nancy M. Theriot ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents Mary Anne and Richard W. Stamp, who have always believed I could do anything, to my husband Tanney M. Bradley Jr. who never doubted me for one single moment, and finally to the little person who may not be here yet, but who nonetheless became my ultimate motivation down the home stretch. III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Suzette Henke, for her guidance and inspiration throughout my PhD program and the dissertation process. Her tireless editing and suggestions made me a better writer. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Annette Allen and Dr. Osborne Wiggins for their support over the past several years, and Dr. Nancy Theriot for taking the time to read my work and lend her support to my efforts. Great thanks must go to my husband, Tanney, for his constant encouragement, even when I did not want it. I also give many thanks to my parents, Mary Anne and Richard, without whom I would not have made it through my my PhD program. IV ABSTRACT (AN)OTHER GENDER: A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF WAR-TORN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN IN WHICHH SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND VIRGINIA WOOLF REDEFINE "WOMAN" Anna Stamp July 25,2011 This dissertation is a cross-cultural analysis of France and Great Britain during both the First World War and World War II in which Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf redefined "woman." Utilizing New Historicism, the first chapter begins with a focus on the evolution of the two cultures from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century France and Great Britain and discusses the ways in which the women's movement was both perpetuated and hindered by the volatile political and cultural climates of these two countries. The second chapter discusses the traditional woman as she was viewed in both French and British culture as depicted in the works of Simone de Beauvoir and Virginia Woolf. Specifically, the images of the mother, wife, hostess, and socialite are viewed in order to develop the definition of what a traditional woman was during the first half of the Twentieth Century in Great Britain and France. The third chapter lays the theoretical and philosophical ground work for the argument of An(Other) gender. Existentialism and phenomenology allow for a philosophical validation of this idea. Chapter four utilizes examples from Woolfs fictional works, such as Mrs. Dalloway, and Beauvoir's The Second Sex in order to analyze the definition of the traditional woman. This chapter is not comparing genres but rather re-visiting Woolfs works through the lens of Beauvoir's The Second Sex as she clearly describes the traditional role of women as dictated by patriarchal v domination. Chapter five seeks to explore Woolf and Beauvoir's attempts at (re )defining (an)other gender. Louis Althusser's Ideological State Apparatus (lSA) is used to contemplate the place of "woman" at the time of Woolf and Beauvoir both in the home and as an emerging figure in society. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ .iv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Was the End worth the Means? Women take to the social battlefield ........ 7 Women of Great Britain: No man's Land=Woman's Land? ................................. 8 French Female Suffrage: "A task that requires the genius of Napoleon and the heart of Jesus"-George Sand .............................................................. 32 Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir ............................................... .46 Chapter Two: The Lady of the House in French and British Cultures ....................... 50 The Wife/Mother: The Family Woman ................................................. 53 The Keeper of the House: Cleaning All The Private Parts ........................... 63 Chapter Three: Viewing Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir through a philosophical lens .................................................................................................... 78 Woolf and Beauvoir's Existential and Phenomenological Roots ................... 80 Feminist Theory ............................................................................ 91 Chapter Four: Mrs. Dalloway is the Second Sex: Re-reading Woolfs Women through the lens of Beauvoir's The Second Sex ............................................................. .113 The Tradition of Social Life: "Remember my party tonight!" ..................... 116 An Unexpected Guest: Death at the Party ............................................ .126 The Young Girl: "She is awaiting Man" ............................................... 132 The Wife and Mother: You Can't Have One Without the Other!. ..................... .147 Vll Chapter Five: (An)Other Gender: "One is not born but rather becomes ..." ............. 158 Ideological State Apparatus: Can She Really Be Free? .................................... .161 (An)Other Gender: Orlando and A Third Sex ........................................ 172 References .......................................................................................... 188 Curriculum Vitae .................................................................................. 195 Vl11 INTRODUCTION During the first part of the Twentieth century, while the European continent was devastated by the atrocities of war, the inability to express realistically what it meant to be an authentic human subject in the world was a modem dilemma. Specifically, the social paradigms were shifting, and the definitions of roles, especially those pertaining to gender, were being revised so as to fit the emergence of the New Woman. However, this emergence did not come without problems. The New Woman in society created great social and political anxieties in a largely patriarchal culture, and at times, this gender struggle began to reflect the battles being fought at the front during the First World War as well as World War Two. A cross-cultural analysis and definition arose out of the state of things in a war-tom world. Traditional gender roles were no longer efficacious or workable. Thus a new definition had to evolve. Virginia WooIrs polemical works A Room of One 's Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938) question a woman's place in modem society. Woolf's fictional works such as Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To The Lighthouse (1927) which depict the traditional woman through Clarissa Dalloway and Mrs. Ramsay, and Orlando (1928) in which gender boundaries are destroyed as Orlando lives as both a man and a woman, give insight into how the New Woman was viewed as the gender question was being posed during the first part of the twentieth century. 1 Simone de Beauvoir too in The Second Sex (1949) was working to redefine Woman as she sought to make sense of this new world in which women were entering a public sphere still dominated by patriarchy. Both Woolf and Beauvoir also utilized their personal experiences in their autobiographical writings such as Woolfs Moments of Being and Beauvoir's Memoirs ofa Dutiful Daughter, and each woman reflected upon the question "What did it mean to be a woman?" The balance of power in society shifted as war and industry prompted women to assume nontraditional roles in society, reshaping the world into a viable place for women. With a social upheaval
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