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69 - 22,129 FRAZIER, Severne Allen, 1910- A HISTORY AND A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Education, physical University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan © r?,A7i f ? i 1 7 ' ALL RIGHTS RESERVED This dias*rt*tion has b« « a 6 9 -2 2 ,1 2 9 microfilmed exactly u received FRAZIER, Severn Allen, 1910- A HISTORY AND A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Education, physical University Microfilms. Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyri gh t by Severne Allen Frazier 1 C | 7 Q A HISTORY AND A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements ifor the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Severne Allen Frazier, B.S., A.M. * * * it * The Ohid State University 1969 Approved By Adviser Department of Physical Educatio ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wished to express his deepest and sincere appreciation to Dr. Bruce L. Bennett for his guidance, counseling, and helpful criticisms in the preparation of this study. Special words of thanks are also offered to Dr. Mand and Dr, Ersing for contributions as members of the examining committee, as well as readers for the study. To those athletic association officials, principals, and coaches who contributed much of their time toward making this study possible, I offer my sincere gratitude and appreciation. I would like to dedicate this study to my wife, Constance, and our three children: Severne Jr., Olivia, and Stephen. It was their confidence and devotion to the cause that inspired me to finish this phase of my education. ii VITA February 18, 1910 Born-Montgomery, Alabama 1933 B.S., Alabama State College, Montgomery, Alabama 1947 M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1933-1945 Teacher in Public Schools of Alabama 1946-1956 Instructor at Alabama State College, Montgomery, Alabama 1957-1959 Graduate Study at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 1960-1965 Associate Professor of Physical Education, Alabama State College, Montgomery, Alabama 1965-1969 Graduate Study at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Minor Field: Sociology iii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............ ii VITA....................................................iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................ 1 Statement of the P r o b l e m ....................... 3 Significance of the Problem..................... 4 Hypotheses ..... ........................... 5 Scope and Limitations of the S t u d y ............. 6 Definition of Terms............................. 7 Procedures of the Study......................... 9 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE............................ 15 CHAPTER III ATHLETICS IN NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS PRIOR TO 1947. .... 24 Athletics in the Local Districts ............... 29 Fund Raising Projects for Athletics............... 40 CHAPTER IV THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. 43 The Establishment of the Association...... 43 Membership Fees of the Association............... 48 Publication of Newsletters ........ ...... 51 CHAPTER V A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION.................................... 59 State Basketball Champion Established............. 67 Membership Fees of the Association............... 74 CHAPTER VI THE MERGER OF THE STATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONS .... 96 Procedural History of the C a s e ................... 97 The Montgomery County School Board and the Federal Court...................... 99 The Athletic Associations and the Federal Court............................................. 103 The Merger Plan................................... 124 Some Reactions Concerning the M e r g e r ............ 129 iv Page CHAPTER VII THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION .... 135 The Tournament Moved to Montgomery, Alabama. 147 The Aid of Business Establishments.............. 151 The Association is Dissolved.................... 152 The National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations.............................154 CHAPTER VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............................... 161 Conclusions....................................... 173 Some Significant Dates and Events Associated With This Study................................... 175 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE TO FORMER OFFICERS OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION .......... 179 APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRE TO PRINCIPALS AND COACHES OF SCHOOLS SPONSORING INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETICS PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION................................... 183 APPENDIX C QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION.......... 186 APPENDIX D CONSTITUTION OF THE ALABAMA INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION................................... 190 APPENDIX E CONSTITUTION OF THE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION........................................... 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................... 206 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Athletics has played a very important part in the growth and spread of education throughout the United States. One of the unique features of athletics is that it was first conceived of and introduced into the schools by students. Due to the widespread interest and' support given to athletics by students and other citizens of the various communities, its popularity increased at a tremendous pace. As athletics continued to flourish in the various schools, it became necessary for certain kinds of controls to be inaugurated in order to improve standards and to see that the program would be conducted on a wholesome basis. With this idea in mind, school administrators began to accept athletics as a vital part of the students1 school experience and organized state athletic associations to implement the athletic program. State athletic associations are classified into three types: (1) The voluntary, independent association, (2) The association affiliated with state departments of education, and (3) Those affiliated with certain state universities. Most of the associations are of the voluntary type. In the associations affiliated with state department of education the control resides with the department of education.^- 1 • : -... Edward F. Voltmer and Arthur A. Esslinger, The Organization and Administration of Physical Education (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, Inc., 1958), p. 220. 2 There are many varied functions of state .high school athletic associations. Some of the functions may be listed as follows: 1. Establishing standards of eligibility and the number of games to be played in each sport during any given season. 2. Conducting basketball tournaments and track meets. 3. Registering and certifying game officials. 4. Conducting coaching clinics. 5. Publishing bulletins, newsletters and handbooks. 6. Sponsoring "All Star Games," 7. Arbitrating disputes among its member schools. 8. Establishing rules of conduct for game officials. 9. Interpreting playing rules for various athletic contests. 10. Classifying schools in order to equalize competition. Most of the schools in the southern part of the United States operated on a segregated basis prior to the United States Supreme Court's Decision on School Desegregation in 1954. Many of the benefits that were afforded the white schools by state athletic associations were not available to the Negro schools. Not only were the athletic programs found in these Negro schools inferior, but the whole educational program afforded the Negro schools was generally below accepted standards. In order to combat these discriminatory practices, Negro principals, athletic directors, coaches and teachers organized their own local and state athletic associations. Even though the odds were against them they were determined to raise the standards of athletic 3 participation among the Negro boys and girls in their respective cities and states. The Alabama Interscholastic Athletic Association and the National High School Athletic Association were two of the most potent Negro athletic associations and are thus deemed worthy of this study. Alabama State College, Montgomery, Alabama; Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; Alabama A. & M. College, Normal, Alabama; and Tennessee State College, Nashville, Tennessee have contributed significantly toward the development of wholesome athletic participation among the predominately Negro high schools throughout the United States. This is especially true in those areas where dual systems of education were sanctioned by various state laws. Statement of the Problem State high school athletic associations have made significant contributions toward raising the standards of the athletic programs among various high schools throughout the United States. Many of the Negro schools in the South were struggling with athletic programs that were decidedly inferior to the athletic programs that were conducted in the predominately white schools. It is the purpose of this study to reveal some of the conditions and problems that these Negro schools were subjected to prior to the

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