Publishing and the Industrial Dynamics of Biblio-Cultural Identity in Catalan and Scottish Literary Fields
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PUBLISHING AND THE INDUSTRIAL DYNAMICS OF BIBLIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY IN CATALAN AND SCOTTISH LITERARY FIELDS Daniel Boswell A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Edinburgh Napier University for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (July 2014) 1 Abstract This thesis provides a comparative analysis of the way contemporary processes of global change have affected the development of the publishing industry in nations which can be labelled small. It is centred on the cases of Scotland and Catalonia, nations with comparable political and demographic similarities in size and composition but also disparities in terms of their linguistic distribution and governmental organisation. The analysis interprets the sectors as a whole, looking specifically at the publication of texts in trade, academic and specialist markets. The research includes an overall qualitative analysis which synthesises a quantitative approach by adapting the interpretive perspective of social network analysis to undertake a survey of each sector in its entirety. This is supplemented with in- depth, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders that represent the poles of the sector in microcosm, as identified through the survey data. A model is developed as an analytical framework, which provides a theoretical contribution to the subject area and underpins the structure of the research. The study identifies the relationship between processes of change at the level of global enterprise and markets and the development and sustainability of materials published at the level of the local, and analyses how this inter-relation contributes to national identity development whilst considering the extent to which these processes affect the dynamics of this industrial activity in the cases of Catalonia and Scotland. Wider conclusions about other comparable small nations are drawn by interpreting the similarities and differences in these two nations. Particular factors for consideration include the linguistic status and socio-political situation of each location. The study also incorporates a diachronic perspective by underpinning the research with a contextual analysis of the historical development of the publishing industry in each nation from the seventeenth century to the present day. This research aids understanding of the position small-national cultures occupy in an increasingly globalised market and is designed to provide the basis for examination into the subject area from other comparable nations by focusing in on particular cultural variables as suggested in the conclusion. 2 Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Alistair McCleery, Dr David Finkelstein, Dr Linda Gunn, Dr Padmini Ray Murray and Dr Anne Schwan. The research also received financial support from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, for which I am very grateful, and institutional support from Edinburgh Napier University. This thesis would also not have been possible without the help and support of my family, friends and colleagues. In particular I would like to thank Eva Kestner and Chris Taylor for their technical support and my colleagues Stephanie Craighill, Dr Melanie Ramdarshan-Bold and Kate Simpson for their time, discussion and thought. I also owe many thanks to the professionals and specialists involved in publishing activities in Scotland and Catalonia who took time to contribute to this research. Their involvement has proven indispensable to the direction of this thesis and is greatly appreciated. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgement ................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ................................................................................. 4 List of Tables and Figures ................................................................. 11 Chapter 1 – Introduction .................................................................... 12 1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Rationales ..................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Research Questions ..................................................................................... 16 1.6 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 18 Globalisation ...................................................................................................... 18 Nationalism ........................................................................................................ 18 Nation ................................................................................................................ 19 Small Nation ...................................................................................................... 19 Region ............................................................................................................... 19 Digitisation ......................................................................................................... 20 Culture / Biblio-culture ....................................................................................... 20 Cultural/Creative Industry .................................................................................. 21 International vs. Transnational vs. National vs. Local ........................................ 21 Field and Network and Cluster .......................................................................... 22 Commodification of Culture ............................................................................... 23 4 1.7 Structure of Thesis ....................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2 – Literature Review ........................................................... 26 2.1 Nationalism and Publishing ......................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Nationalism: Publishing and the birth of Nations ...................................... 26 2.1.2 Distinguishing forms of nationalism .......................................................... 28 2.1.3 Nationalism and Modernity ....................................................................... 30 2.2 Small Nations ................................................................................................ 33 2.2.1 Small Nations: A different kind of Nationalism .......................................... 33 2.2.2 The Right to Self-determination ................................................................ 35 2.2.3 Class and Nationalism: Social Politics ...................................................... 37 2.3 Globalisation and Nationalism .................................................................... 39 2.3.1 Three Globalising Trends that affect our Understanding of Nationalism... 39 2.3.2 Idealism and Different Levels of Globality ................................................ 40 2.3.3 The Challenge to Nations and Rise of Global Culture .............................. 41 2.3.4 Nationalism vs. Globalisation ................................................................... 43 2.4 The Digital Age.............................................................................................. 46 2.4.1 Digitisation: Global and National Perspectives ......................................... 46 2.4.2 The Internet, Digital Devices and the fears of the Cultural Industries ....... 48 2.4.3 Digital Global Inequality ............................................................................ 51 2.4.4 The Internet, Commercialisation and Accessibility ................................... 52 2.5 Catalan Nationalism ..................................................................................... 54 2.5.1 Post-Franco Reorganisation ..................................................................... 54 2.5.2 Establishing European Identity ................................................................. 55 2.5.3 Cultural Commodification and Production of Culture ............................... 56 2.5.4 Language: Solidarity or Solitude ............................................................... 58 5 2.5.5 Bilingualism and the Issue of Immigration ................................................ 60 2.5.6 A Different Kind of Nationalism ................................................................. 61 2.6 Scottish Nationalism .................................................................................... 62 2.6.1 Practical Nationalism ................................................................................ 62 2.6.2 Caledonian Antisyzygy ............................................................................. 65 2.6.3 Production of Culture ................................................................................ 66 2.6.4 Europe ...................................................................................................... 67 2.6.5 A way of pronouncing English .................................................................. 68 2.7 Catalan Publishing ......................................................................................