Character Codes
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Base64 Character Encoding and Decoding Modeling
Base64 Character Encoding and Decoding Modeling Isnar Sumartono1, Andysah Putera Utama Siahaan2, Arpan3 Faculty of Computer Science,Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Km. 4,5 Sei Sikambing, 20122, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Abstract: Security is crucial to maintaining the confidentiality of the information. Secure information is the information should not be known to the unreliable person, especially information concerning the state and the government. This information is often transmitted using a public network. If the data is not secured in advance, would be easily intercepted and the contents of the information known by the people who stole it. The method used to secure data is to use a cryptographic system by changing plaintext into ciphertext. Base64 algorithm is one of the encryption processes that is ideal for use in data transmission. Ciphertext obtained is the arrangement of the characters that have been tabulated. These tables have been designed to facilitate the delivery of data during transmission. By applying this algorithm, errors would be avoided, and security would also be ensured. Keywords: Base64, Security, Cryptography, Encoding I. INTRODUCTION Security and confidentiality is one important aspect of an information system [9][10]. The information sent is expected to be well received only by those who have the right. Information will be useless if at the time of transmission intercepted or hijacked by an unauthorized person [7]. The public network is one that is prone to be intercepted or hijacked [1][2]. From time to time the data transmission technology has developed so rapidly. Security is necessary for an organization or company as to maintain the integrity of the data and information on the company. -
Unicode and Code Page Support
Natural for Mainframes Unicode and Code Page Support Version 4.2.6 for Mainframes October 2009 This document applies to Natural Version 4.2.6 for Mainframes and to all subsequent releases. Specifications contained herein are subject to change and these changes will be reported in subsequent release notes or new editions. Copyright © Software AG 1979-2009. All rights reserved. The name Software AG, webMethods and all Software AG product names are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Software AG and/or Software AG USA, Inc. Other company and product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners. Table of Contents 1 Unicode and Code Page Support .................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 About Code Pages and Unicode ................................................................................ 4 About Unicode and Code Page Support in Natural .................................................. 5 ICU on Mainframe Platforms ..................................................................................... 6 3 Unicode and Code Page Support in the Natural Programming Language .................... 7 Natural Data Format U for Unicode-Based Data ....................................................... 8 Statements .................................................................................................................. 9 Logical -
SAS 9.3 UTF-8 Encoding Support and Related Issue Troubleshooting
SAS 9.3 UTF-8 Encoding Support and Related Issue Troubleshooting Jason (Jianduan) Liang SAS certified: Platform Administrator, Advanced Programmer for SAS 9 Agenda Introduction UTF-8 and other encodings SAS options for encoding and configuration Other Considerations for UTF-8 data Encoding issues troubleshooting techniques (tips) Introduction What is UTF-8? . A character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters Why UTF-8? . Dominant encoding of the www (86.5%) SAS system options for encoding . Encoding – instructs SAS how to read, process and store data . Locale - instructs SAS how to present or display currency, date and time, set timezone values UTF-8 and other Encodings ASSCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) . 7-bit . 128 - character set . Examples (code point-char-hex): 32-Space-20; 63-?-3F; 64-@-40; 65-A-41 UTF-8 and other Encodings ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) for Western European languages Windows-1252 (Latin-1) for Western European languages . 8-bit (1 byte, 256 character set) . Identical to asscii for the first 128 chars . Extended ascii chars examples: . 155-£-A3; 161- ©-A9 . SAS option encoding value: wlatin1 (latin1) UTF-8 and other Encodings UTF-8 and other Encodings Problems . Only covers English and Western Europe languages, ISO-8859-2, …15 . Multiple encoding is required to support national languages . Same character encoded differently, same code point represents different chars Unicode . Unicode – assign a unique code/number to every possible character of all languages . Examples of unicode points: o U+0020 – Space U+0041 – A o U+00A9 - © U+C3BF - ÿ UTF-8 and other Encodings UTF-8 . -
Final-Del-Lab-Manual-2018-19
LAB MANUAL DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY Subject Code: 210246 2018 - 19 INDEX Batch : - Page Date of Date of Signature of Sr.No Title No Conduction Submission Staff GROUP - A Realize Full Adder and Subtractor using 1 a) Basic Gates and b) Universal Gates Design and implement Code converters-Binary to Gray and BCD to 2 Excess-3 Design of n-bit Carry Save Adder (CSA) and Carry Propagation Adder (CPA). Design and Realization of BCD 3 Adder using 4-bit Binary Adder (IC 7483). Realization of Boolean Expression for suitable combination logic using MUX 4 74151 / DMUX 74154 Verify the truth table of one bit and two bit comparators using logic gates and 5 comparator IC Design & Implement Parity Generator 6 using EX-OR. GROUP - B Flip Flop Conversion: Design and 7 Realization Design of Ripple Counter using suitable 8 Flip Flops a. Realization of 3 bit Up/Down Counter using MS JK Flip Flop / D-FF 9 b. Realization of Mod -N counter using ( 7490 and 74193 ) Design and Realization of Ring Counter 10 and Johnson Ring counter Design and implement Sequence 11 generator using JK flip-flop INDEX Batch : - Design and implement pseudo random 12 sequence generator. Design and implement Sequence 13 detector using JK flip-flop Design of ASM chart using MUX 14 controller Method. GROUP - C Design and Implementation of 15 Combinational Logic using PLAs. Design and simulation of - Full adder , 16 Flip flop, MUX using VHDL (Any 2) Use different modeling styles. Design & simulate asynchronous 3- bit 17 counter using VHDL. Design and Implementation of 18 Combinational Logic using PALs GROUP - D Study of Shift Registers ( SISO,SIPO, 19 PISO,PIPO ) Study of TTL Logic Family: Feature, 20 Characteristics and Comparison with CMOS Family Study of Microcontroller 8051 : 21 Features, Architecture and Programming Model ` Digital Electronics Lab (Pattern 2015) GROUP - A Digital Electronics Lab (Pattern 2015) Assignment: 1 Title: Adder and Subtractor Objective: 1. -
JS Character Encodings
JS � Character Encodings Anna Henningsen · @addaleax · she/her 1 It’s good to be back! 2 ??? https://travis-ci.org/node-ffi-napi/get-symbol-from-current-process-h/jobs/641550176 3 So … what’s a character encoding? People are good with text, computers are good with numbers Text List of characters “Encoding” List of bytes List of integers 4 So … what’s a character encoding? People are good with text, computers are good with numbers Hello [‘H’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’] 68 65 6c 6c 6f [72, 101, 108, 108, 111] 5 So … what’s a character encoding? People are good with text, computers are good with numbers 你好! [‘你’,’好’] ??? ??? 6 ASCII 0 0x00 <NUL> … … … 65 0x41 A 66 0x42 B 67 0x43 C … … … 97 0x61 a 98 0x62 b … … … 127 0x7F <DEL> 7 ASCII ● 7-bit ● Covers most English-language use cases ● … and that’s pretty much it 8 ISO-8859-*, Windows code pages ● Idea: Usually, transmission has 8 bit per byte available, so create ASCII-extending charsets for more languages ISO-8859-1 (Western) ISO-8859-5 (Cyrillic) Windows-1251 (Cyrillic) (aka Latin-1) … … … … 0xD0 Ð а Р 0xD1 Ñ б С 0xD2 Ò в Т … … … … 9 GBK ● Idea: Also extend ASCII, but use 2-byte for Chinese characters … … 0x41 A 0x42 B … … 0xC4 0xE3 你 0xC4 0xE4 匿 … … 10 https://xkcd.com/927/ 11 Unicode: Multiple encodings! 4d c3 bc 6c 6c (UTF-8) U+004D M “Müll” U+00FC ü 4d 00 fc 00 6c 00 6c 00 (UTF-16LE) U+006C l U+006C l 00 4d 00 fc 00 6c 00 6c (UTF-16BE) 12 Unicode ● New idea: Don’t create a gazillion charsets, and drop 1-byte/2-byte restriction ● Shared character set for multiple encodings: U+XXXX with 4 hex digits, e.g. -
A New Approach to the Snake-In-The-Box Problem
462 ECAI 2012 Luc De Raedt et al. (Eds.) © 2012 The Author(s). This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-098-7-462 A New Approach to the Snake-In-The-Box Problem David Kinny1 Abstract. The “Snake-In-The-Box” problem, first described more Research on the SIB problem initially focused on applications in than 50 years ago, is a hard combinatorial search problem whose coding [14]. Coils are spread-k circuit codes for k =2, in which solutions have many practical applications. Until recently, techniques n-words k or more positions apart in the code differ in at least k based on Evolutionary Computation have been considered the state- bit positions [12]. (The well-known Gray codes are spread-1 circuit of-the-art for solving this deterministic maximization problem, and codes.) Longest snakes and coils provide the maximum number of held most significant records. This paper reviews the problem and code words for a given word size (i.e., hypercube dimension). prior solution techniques, then presents a new technique, based on A related application is in encoding schemes for analogue-to- Monte-Carlo Tree Search, which finds significantly better solutions digital converters including shaft (rotation) encoders. Longest SIB than prior techniques, is considerably faster, and requires no tuning. codes provide greatest resolution, and single bit errors are either recognised as such or map to an adjacent codeword causing an off- 1 INTRODUCTION by-one error. -
San José, October 2, 2000 Feel Free to Distribute This Text
San José, October 2, 2000 Feel free to distribute this text (version 1.2) including the author’s email address ([email protected]) and to contact him for corrections and additions. Please do not take this text as a literal translation, but as a help to understand the standard GB 18030-2000. Insertions in brackets [] are used throughout the text to indicate corresponding sections of the published Chinese standard. Thanks to Markus Scherer (IBM) and Ken Lunde (Adobe Systems) for initial critical reviews of the text. SUMMARY, EXPLANATIONS, AND REMARKS: CHINESE NATIONAL STANDARD GB 18030-2000: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – CHINESE IDEOGRAMS CODED CHARACTER SET FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE – EXTENSION FOR THE BASIC SET (信息技术-信息交换用汉字编码字符集 Xinxi Jishu – Xinxi Jiaohuan Yong Hanzi Bianma Zifuji – Jibenji De Kuochong) March 17, 2000, was the publishing date of the Chinese national standard (国家标准 guojia biaozhun) GB 18030-2000 (hereafter: GBK2K). This standard tries to resolve issues resulting from the advent of Unicode, version 3.0. More specific, it attempts the combination of Uni- code's extended character repertoire, namely the Unihan Extension A, with the character cov- erage of earlier Chinese national standards. HISTORY The People’s Republic of China had already expressed her fundamental consent to support the combined efforts of the ISO/IEC and the Unicode Consortium through publishing a Chinese National Standard that was code- and character-compatible with ISO 10646-1/ Unicode 2.1. This standard was named GB 13000.1. Whenever the ISO and the Unicode Consortium changed or revised their “common” standard, GB 13000.1 adopted these changes subsequently. In order to remain compatible with GB 2312, however, which at the time of publishing Unicode/GB 13000.1 was an already existing national standard widely used to represent the Chinese “simplified” characters, the “specification” GBK was created. -
NOTE on GRAY CODES for PERMUTATION LISTS Seymour
PUBLICATIONS DE L’INSTITUT MATHEMATIQUE´ Nouvelle s´erie,tome 78(92) (2005), 87–92 NOTE ON GRAY CODES FOR PERMUTATION LISTS Seymour Lipschutz, Jie Gao, and Dianjun Wang Communicated by Slobodan Simi´c Abstract. Robert Sedgewick [5] lists various Gray codes for the permutations in Sn including the classical algorithm by Johnson and Trotter. Here we give an algorithm which constructs many families of Gray codes for Sn, which closely follows the construction of the Binary Reflexive Gray Code for the n-cube Qn. 1. Introduction There are (n!)! ways to list the n! permutations in Sn. Some such permutation lists have been generated by a computer, and some such permutation lists are Gray codes (where successive permutations differ by a transposition). One such famous Gray code for Sn is by Johnson [4] and Trotter [6]. In fact, each new permutation in the Johnson–Trotter (JT ) list for Sn is obtained from the preceding permutation by an adjacent transposition. Sedgewick [5] gave a survey of various Gray codes for Sn in 1977. Subsequently, Conway, Sloane and Wilks [1] gave a new Gray code CSW for Sn in 1989 while proving the existence of Gray codes for the reflection groups. Recently, Gao and Wang [2] gave simple algorithms, each with an efficient implementation, for two new permutation lists GW1 and GW2 for Sn, where the second such list is a Gray code for Sn. The four lists, JT , CSW , GW1 and GW2, for n = 4, are pictured in Figure 1. This paper gives an algorithm for constructing many families of Gray codes for Sn which uses an idea from the construction of the Binary Reflected Gray Code (BRGC) of the n-cube Qn. -
Other Binary Codes (3A)
Other Binary Codes (3A) Young Won Lim 1/3/14 Copyright (c) 2011-2013 Young W. Lim. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Please send corrections (or suggestions) to [email protected]. This document was produced by using OpenOffice and Octave. Young Won Lim 1/3/14 Coding A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type. In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated. Decoding is the reverse process, converting these code symbols back into information understandable by a receiver. Young Won Lim Other Binary Codes (4A) 3 1/3/14 Character Coding ASCII code BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) definitions for 128 characters: Number characters (0-9) 33 non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) 95 printable charactersi Young Won Lim Other Binary Codes (4A) 4 1/3/14 Representation of Numbers Fixed Point Number representation ● 2's complement +1234 ● 1's complement 0 -582978 coding ● sign-magnitude Floating Point Number representation +23.84380 ● IEEE 754 -1.388E+08 -
Plain Text & Character Encoding
Journal of eScience Librarianship Volume 10 Issue 3 Data Curation in Practice Article 12 2021-08-11 Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators Seth Erickson Pennsylvania State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib Part of the Scholarly Communication Commons, and the Scholarly Publishing Commons Repository Citation Erickson S. Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators. Journal of eScience Librarianship 2021;10(3): e1211. https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2021.1211. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/vol10/iss3/12 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of eScience Librarianship by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISSN 2161-3974 JeSLIB 2021; 10(3): e1211 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2021.1211 Full-Length Paper Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators Seth Erickson The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Abstract Plain text data consists of a sequence of encoded characters or “code points” from a given standard such as the Unicode Standard. Some of the most common file formats for digital data used in eScience (CSV, XML, and JSON, for example) are built atop plain text standards. Plain text representations of digital data are often preferred because plain text formats are relatively stable, and they facilitate reuse and interoperability. -
JFP Reference Manual 5 : Standards, Environments, and Macros
JFP Reference Manual 5 : Standards, Environments, and Macros Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 817–0648–10 December 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. -
Loopless Gray Code Enumeration and the Tower of Bucharest
Loopless Gray Code Enumeration and the Tower of Bucharest Felix Herter1 and Günter Rote1 1 Institut für Informatik, Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 9, 14195 Berlin, Germany [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We give new algorithms for generating all n-tuples over an alphabet of m letters, changing only one letter at a time (Gray codes). These algorithms are based on the connection with variations of the Towers of Hanoi game. Our algorithms are loopless, in the sense that the next change can be determined in a constant number of steps, and they can be implemented in hardware. We also give another family of loopless algorithms that is based on the idea of working ahead and saving the work in a buffer. 1998 ACM Subject Classification F.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems Keywords and phrases Tower of Hanoi, Gray code, enumeration, loopless generation Contents 1 Introduction: the binary reflected Gray code and the Towers of Hanoi 2 1.1 The Gray code . .2 1.2 Loopless algorithms . .2 1.3 The Tower of Hanoi . .3 1.4 Connections between the Towers of Hanoi and Gray codes . .4 1.5 Loopless Tower of Hanoi and binary Gray code . .4 1.6 Overview . .4 2 Ternary Gray codes and the Towers of Bucharest 5 3 Gray codes with general radixes 7 4 Generating the m-ary Gray code with odd m 7 5 Generating the m-ary Gray code with even m 9 arXiv:1604.06707v1 [cs.DM] 22 Apr 2016 6 The Towers of Bucharest++ 9 7 Simulation 11 8 Working ahead 11 8.1 An alternative STEP procedure .