Streaming War Won Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the News Searching for a Way for Streaming to Save the News (And for the News to Save Streaming)

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Streaming War Won or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the News Searching for a way for streaming to save the news (and for the news to save streaming)

April 2019

A Shorenstein Center Fellow’s Paper Author Edward F. O’Keefe, Shorenstein Cen- ter Entrepreneurship Fellow, Spring 2019

Research Assistant: Jonathan Yuan

Additional Research & Interviews: Andrew J. Zucker

Graphic Designer: Robert Carroll

The views expressed in Shorenstein Center Discussion Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Harvard Kennedy School or of Harvard University.

Discussion Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Such papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important issues and challenges in media, politics and public policy. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. Prologue

The streaming universe is on the precipice of dramatic and radical expan- sion – and news (yes, news!) is uniquely positioned for a renaissance.

“The local and national broadcast model is more dependent on ad revenue and therefore maximizing eyeballs. The cable network model is at least equally based on subscriber fees so it’s all about super serving your fans. “The Netflix model is to have something for everybody from big movies to things that are not easily found elsewhere,” Phil Kent, former chairman and CEO of Turner Broadcasting, said in an interview for this research.

“Netflix doesn’t do news now but there’s no reason they can’t. HBO never did news, but now they do with VICE and the John Oliver show. Showtime does it with ‘The Circus.’ I’m surprised they haven’t done it,” he added

The current appetite of streaming services like Netflix for news is ambivalent, according to Josh Tyrangiel, VICE’s senior vice president of news.

“Some days they see the value that news can bring…some of the business minded folks see the audience you can get interacting with your app or your service on a daily basis and are like, ‘Man, news is great; we should have news.’ And then they’re like, ‘Oh, they report in China. Oh, they anger People are not administrations. So they’re ambivalent,” Tyrangiel said in an interview for willing to pay for this paper. news, but they are willing to News is the killer app for audience retention and loyalty; the potential cost stay for news. is controversy.

That philosophy is being tested by TV 2 PLAY, a fifteen-year-old direct- to-consumer streaming service in Denmark. Although TV 2 PLAY cannot compete with Netflix on scale, it has found a point of differentiation to bring audiences back: news.

“When they watch news, they tend to stay longer for some reason than people who are only there for entertainment,” Anne Nordestgaard Dyrehauge, editorial manager of PLAY news, said in an interview for this paper. “It has basically turned out profitable actually to make news for streaming.”

“People are not willing to pay for news, but they are willing to stay for news,” she said.

Fortunately, there are emerging examples of people willing to pay directly for news. Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 2 The New York Times enters 2019 with over 4 million total subscribers.1 The Wall Street Journal reports a circulation of almost 2.5 million with over half that number – 1.5 million — as paid digital subscribers.2 And the Jeff Bezos-backed Washington Post has super-charged their subscription drive since 2014: 1.5 million subscribers exceeds 1993’s peak print circulation of 3 Every generation just under 1 million on weekdays and 1.1 million on Sundays. and every new medium — print, These, of course, are all print publications making the digital transition. radio, television, cable, and the Two-hundred thousand subscribers signed up for Apple News+ within 48 Internet — has hours of the splashy Apple event announcing Apple TV+ and Apple News+ found news in March 2019.4 essential to audience-building More than 300 magazines including The New Yorker, Airbnb, The Atlantic, and loyalty. Vanity Fair, People, and Vogue, and newspapers such as the aforementioned Wall Street Journal and Los Angeles Times, signed on as content providers to the $9.99 Apple News+ subscription service.5

The promise is revenue diversification; the fear is publishers cannot survive on smaller revenue splits and no direct relationship to consumers.

We know what news on the Internet looks like because of investment and experimentation at NowThis, Vox, BuzzFeed News, VICE News, HuffPost, ATTN:, and The Young Turks, among others.

A fundamental challenge — though not necessarily fatal — is that digital native revenue is in part dependent on other, fickle platforms (Google/You- Tube, Facebook/Instagram, Snap).

As digital natives such as Vox and BuzzFeed contemplate subscription, inspired by their print kin, each unique brand will have to contemplate not just content but the connections they can make with their consumers.6

Every generation and every new medium — print, radio, television, cable, and the Internet — has found news essential to audience-building and loyalty.

Newspapers filled consumer demand by printing morning, evening and special editions.

Radio disrupted print — but also borrowed from it. Radio newscasts pre- ceded “Little Orphan Annie,” a 15-minute live version of the popular news- Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 3 Streaming War Won / April 2019 with an honorary Academywith anhonorary Award in1937. For inbuilding themovieindustry, theircontribution TIMEwasbestowed awaiting ClarkGable. while munching and popcorn re-creations the riseofHitlerindramatic This paper posits that posits successfulThis paper companies ofthefuturewill needtoknow world. totheeffort gain and central keep audienceinanincreasingly distracted News —starting inprintandextending totheInternet—has always been much tothechagrin ofpredecessors like The New York Times. ed NewsFeed; anddigital webnatives like TheHuffington Post aggregated news; Google indexed worldeventsthrough Google News; Facebook creat The Internet’s firstpages home — AOL and Yahoo! —werefilledwith ubiquitous. televisionbymakingCable subsequentlydisruptedtraditional livenews paper comic strip.paper most-watched program infiveofthoseseasons. with thesoleexception “60Minutes” of the1996-1997season. wasthe#1 most-watched networkprograms everysingle 1977-2000 between season original “must-see TV.” Thenewsmagazine showranked inthetop10 “60 Minutes” —which hasrunning been —wasthe forover50seasons reports. ning, andSunday talk showsfeaturing newsmakers followed,asdidspecial the network’s evenmorevaluable primetimeentertainment.Morning, eve newscasts brought millions toABC,CBS, andNBC —agateway drugto Television mimicked andfilmuntilitinvented radio networknews. Nightly but essential andevolvedinform. they didstay (andcomeback) fornews. Thesubjectswerecontroversial, You might say theaudiencedidnotpay fornewsatthebox office—but “The MarchofTime.” more than werewatching 20million monthin9,000theaters Americansper motion pictures. At influence inAmerica, andnewspaper ofradio thepeak newsseries—precedednewlyinventedcompany ona radio TIMEbased In cinemas, “TheMarchofTime” bythe shortfilms—produced magazine 7

8 Citizens aboutatomic learned energy, cancer, and The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 9

- - 4 Streaming War Won / April 2019 battle for consum- Successful compa how to attract and retain subscribers will needto know because italways nies ofthefuture — andthatnews can helpwinthe ers andloyalty... has. Understanding Netflix + Streaming PART ONE:How WeGot Here: - their office.” that theyrun[our] inthestores brand andtheyjust about laughed usoutof to[Blockbuster]chutzpah topropose onlineand that weruntheirbrand start. had impressive revenues of$6billion.All Netflix had, itseemed,wasahead looked theoutlook Still, grim forDavidversusGoliath: Blockbuster in2004 with a Stanford blogafterwith aStanford fromthecompany.his departure las,” BarryMcCarthy, Netflix’s CFOfrom2000-2010recalled inaninterview [Hastings]Randolph andflying downto and[Netflixco-founder] MarcDal- “I remembered getting on aplane,Ithink sometimein2000,withReed Netflix.streaming company to-date: It starts withanunderstanding ofthemost disruptive andsuccessful likecould look inthefuture. ets, andwitness what newsonstreaming currentlylooks like andwhat it We willexamine thestreaming universe, identifyitsexisting andnewplan- forconsumersandloyalty...becausebattle italways has. —andthat andretainsubscribers newscanhelpwinthe how toattract Netflix had over4 million subscribers. the timeBlockbuster itsownDVD introduced subscriptionservicein2004, Instead ofbecoming Blockbuster.com , Netflixwentpublicin2002,andby Blockbuster. and had whenHastings only300,000subscribers made hispitchto bold itsfirst subscriptionservicein1999 Netflix, foundedin1997,introduced 2014. “We’d theironlineservice.” be buster.com,” Hastings confirmed to Ken Auletta foraNew Yorker profilein “We offeredtosellaforty-nine-per-cent stake andtake the name Block Netflix for$50 million. The near-miss isnowlegend: Blockbuster passed ontheopportunitytobuy 16

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11 “Reedhad the - 5 Streaming War Won / April 2019

interview. “Itwasaboutthreetimesmy budget!” OfficerNetflix Chief Content Sarandos recalled ina2014New Ted Yorker It started “We withStarz: agreed topaythirty million dollarsannually,” sion showsandmovies—forstreaming. studiosHollywood began licensing theircontentcatalogues —oldtelevi- the same year ofBlockbuster’sthe sameyear bankruptcy. dollar revenueandhit machine HBO, toldThe New York Times in2010– JeffBewkes, then-CEOofTime Warner,parent company ofthebillion “It’s alittlebitlike, istheAlbanian army going totake overtheworld?” Netflix asmuchofathreat. eventhough policy streaming legacy insurance mediadidnot reallysee Hulu launchedin2007withNBC andFox, adding ABCin2009–a killed us,” Hastings laterobserved. DVD [in2002], earlier subscriptionservice]twoyears theywouldhave In 2010,Blockbusterbankruptcy. filedfor “Ifthey had launched [their to twelvemillion.” New Yorker story records, from7.5 “Netflixsubscriptionsjumped million 2007,whenstreaming began,“Between andtheendof2009,” that same merely “rerunTV” In theirfirst of 2011,Netflixclaimedcoyly quarterlyreport that theywere eo, laterAmazon Prime Video. In 2011,Amazon launched what wasthenknownasAmazon Instant Vid- movies and24,000TVepisodes.” especially considering that it already has streaming rights toabout8,300 less itevergets —before anairing onTVisanunusual step forNetflix, original content—ataheftypriceformere26hoursofcontent,no ofthepolitical drama,”26 episodes continued.“Purchasing thereport nation forstreaming premium content,has committed $100million for “The company, which tomaintain asthetopdesti istrying its position - itsfirst— Netflix videoovertheInternet. streamed Jobs Steve thefirstIn 2007—thesameyear iPhoneatApple introduced David Fincher and Kevin Spacey’s ‘House of Cards.’ lywood Reporter blaredinMarchofthat Netflix sameyear: OutbidsHBO for 20 —atalmost precisely thesamemomentasThe Hol- The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 22

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6 Streaming War Won / April 2019 replacing TV. linear ” 2013 —Netflix states definitively boldfont:“internet in entertainment is In their2018long-term view—echoing thesentimentfirst observed in they wereintheprocess ofdisrupting. ing televisionmarket topredictthecollapseoflinear andstudio system original andacquiredcontent,wonEmmys andOscars, all while continu- thenext fiveyears, NetflixOver internationally, expanded spent billionson then-unorthodox strategy. overhowandwhentheywatchtheshow,”control explained ofthe Sarandos “In offering atonce,Netflixisgiving theentireseason viewerscomplete son —all —for immediatestreaming. 13episodes “House ofCards” premiered inFebruary 2013offering theentirefirstsea ment.” 2013 long-term viewthat TVexperience forreplace “thelinear isripe Flush fromthesuccess oftheirfirst original series, Netflixopinedintheir “Changes ofthis magnitude arerare,” continues. wasthe thereport “Radio The Albanian Army isonthemarch. done. No longer for replacement.” TV“ripe islinear believes thedeedis Netflix member acquisitionandretentionmay adverselyaffected.” be renew toourservice. Ifwedonotmaintain acompelling mix ofcontent,our manner. Within this context, weareselectiveabout thetitlesweaddand mixan overall ofcontentthat delights ourmembers inacost-efficient content, including original content. We arealso onprogramming focused increasingly onsecuring focused certainexclusive rights whenobtaining studio andoriginal content: “As weseektodifferentiateourservice,are But themost prescientobservation byNetflixin2013concernedthe mix of U.S. postal servicepriceincreases. nies —Qwikster forDVDs andNetflixfor streaming),possibility andthe of thatdebacle attemptedtosplitDVD andstreaming serviceintotwocompa the expected declineoftheirDVD business (learning thelesson ofa2011 their burgeoning business: thecost ofAmazon Web aka Services, thecloud, In theirannual that report sameyear, Netflixlisted riskfactorsto several 24

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- - - 7 Streaming War Won / April 2019 Universal. forthcoming streaming rivals Disney+,WarnerMedia, andComcast/NBC Amazingly,boasts Netflix a150 million global head-start subscriber over experience thecritical became differentiator. inJanuaryIn theirannual released report 2019,Fortnite replacedsleep, and ly identifying as“sleep.” their#1competitor FX, HBO, orAmazon,’” ReedHastings toldtheLA Summit in2017,famous- employeesatNetflixthink,“Sometimes ‘Oh my we’regod, competing with Blockbuster, for overadecade. financial co-dependents asoflatetowardtheforthcomingrespectful whohave unlike foes been, Netflix slay oneGoliath,butthe streaming market beenmore leader has WarnerMedia non-exclusive canclaw-back rights toFriends atacost. being oneoftheleading firmsoftheinternetentertainmentera.” ibility andubiquityoftheinternetaroundworld.We tocontinue hope about adecadeago, islikely verybigandenduring tobe also, giventheflex over thelast ofinternetentertainment,which 60years. began Thenewera advance overradio, andvery large firmsemerged tomeetconsumerdesires overinthe1950’stook and1960’s. videointhehomewasahuge Linear TV dominant untillinear 50years homeentertainmentmediafornearly all ofthe1990ssitcom—fornow. 10seasons vice isscheduledtolaunchinlate2019—$100million tokeep therights to paid In this case,Netflixreportedly WarnerMedia —whose ser streaming how muchtheypay.” 2018article.ber “Easy:You tellNetflixyou’re going totake itaway, andsee Peter reporter Recode TV for14years?” Kafka cheekily asked inaDecem- Take, forexample, Friends. “Howdoyouvalue asitcomthat hasn’t on been USC Annenberg. of ContentPartnership Management DavidBaronsaidinapresentationat is selling thesamepieceofcontentoverandagain,” HuluVP mediabusiness onafundamental“The traditional isbased conceptwhich up. contenttoNetflixwasjust fromlicensing togive earned library too good Much like Blockbuster andthein-store DVD business, money theeasy 28

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- - 8 Streaming War Won / April 2019 ney five years toproveitslong-termney fiveyears isworth near-term streaming strategy Analyst Michael Nathanson toldCNBC that Wall shouldgiveDis- Street is almost half thecost ofNetflix. monthdirect-to-consumer servicepremieringThe $7per inNovember 2019 as 10original filmsand25 original series. Pixar, Wars, Marvel,Star 20thCenturyFOX, National Geographic, aswell content including filmsandseriesfromDisney, library Disney+ willfeature them isveryexciting forus.” and Applein.They’re awesome companies. Just inthesameleagueas tobe the company’s Q12019earnings call inApril.“We’re thrilledtohave Disney “Great makes competition youbetter,” NetflixCEO ReedHastings saidon wood called it.”wood Disney+onApril11,2019—“D-Day, IgerBob introduced assomeinHolly- Nevertheless, isgunning thecompetition forNetflix. served dailyintheUnited States.” hours aday plushotels, bars, etc. foratotal of1billion hoursoftelevision sion screens, estimating thereare“120million homes x2TVs home x4 per declared,calculatingreport Netflixserves100 million hoursaday totelevi- “In theU.S., around10%oftelevisionscreentime,” weearn theannual signups spiked forthat time.” went downglobally forafewminutes inOctober [2018], ourviewing and “We with(andloseto) compete Fortnite morethan HBO. WhenYouTube improve ourexperience forourmembers.” choose. isnotDisney+,Amazon Ourfocus orothers, butonhowwecan toallcompared theotherscreentimeexperiences fromwhich consumers great experiences. Ourgrowth onhowgood ourexperience isbased is, forthosewith vying toentry forentertainmentconsumersandlowbarriers inthis“There arethousandsofcompetitors highly-fragmented market with SiliconValley inthefast-growing realmofonlinevideo.” neededto compete thefirepower mediacompany demonstrated traditional Barnes andJohn Koblin saidinThe New York Times. “For thefirst time,a “The momentamountedtoaturning inthestreaming point wars,” Brooks 37

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9 Streaming War Won / April 2019 new choices.” to offerconsumersan excellent, differentiated alternativebeoneoftheir to AdWeek: “This isnotazero-sum game streamers]. [between Ourmission is WarnerMedia underAT&T, wasmoreinclusiveinaconversation with Kevin Reilly, toGreenblatt who willreport inthenewlyreorganized compelling andwherethere’s away base.” tobuildthesubscriber tion ofassets, andIthink wecanputthemtogether inaway that’s really forus... tocarveoutaverygood consumerbase room We have ourcollec- “It’s getting acrowdedfield,” tobe Greenblatt added,“We think there’s peting services.” income afterabout $150million inoperating cutting offlicensing tocom- A March2019Bloomberg analysis estimated thecompany, “…will surrender losses. reach asmanyreach ontheplanetasyoucan.” people Britannica.cyclopaedia That’s agreat business whenyou’re model to trying doesn’t It’s have abrand. just aplaceyougo toget anything —it’s like En- acrossbow inaninterviewwith theNetflix NBC’sDylan Byers. “Netflix dia EntertainmentandDirect-to-Consumer, wasted notimeintaking ashot Greenblatt,content fromHBOandBob incoming chairman ofWarnerMe Similarly, WarnerMedia expects morethan tospend $1billiontoexpand now,” John Koblin ofThe New York Times explained. “Although thecompany isApple.content space “Apple didn’t needstars butitneedsthem before, Potentially themost into theoriginal seismic andunpredictable entrant since2013. appeared But that linewasremovedfromthenext year’s long-term view, andhas not andtheInternetTVopportunity.”on bytheNetflixcompetition best workandachieves their highest growth over the next decade,spurred 2013 willproveprescient:“Itwouldn’t surprising their be tousifHBOdoes Perhaps alinefromtheoriginal Hastings andNetflixlong-term viewof the aforementioned New York Times story. streaming divisiontoloseroughly $3.8billionthis andnext,” year observed “Add inlosses fromHuluandESPN+Mr. Nathanson expects Disney’s through 2023. MoffettNathanson, hepredictedDisney may loseupto$1.8billionannually 39 In a report entitled“Worth Inareport theWait” forhis eponymous mediafirm 45 40

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- 10 Streaming War Won / April 2019 disrupted, andthe with theinsurgent so-called ‘stream- has become the Netflix nowthe ing wars’ begin The disrupter incumbent. 2019. mand byFall andavailable totheir1.4billionusersinover100countries $2 billiononoriginal ad-free,on-de contentin2019,andAppleTV+willbe While Applehas pricing notreleased plans, thetechnologygiantwillspend era.” That soundsalotlike what Netflixdefinesasthe“internetentertainment documentaries.” most storytellers creative featuring exclusive original shows, moviesand AppleTV+inMarch2019as“thenewhomefortheworld’sble introduced dollarcompany thatThe trillion canstill fitonasmallall ofitsproduct ta its [Q4 2018]earnings showedflatprofitsand report falling revenue.” trillion, be Americanfirmto valuedabove $1 was thefirsttraded publicly package. something forgear fromMotorTrend heads —all for$5to$20amonthper with companion cooking classes, homeimprovement,golf, cycling, and phenomena “PlanetEarth” and“Blue Planet”, a“Peloton service offood” Discovery’s lanesincludeanatural history serviceanchoredbytheglobal on subscribers —putBlockbusteron subscribers outofbusiness. experiencethe right deals andbetter —andajump momentin2007.Better in 1999,pivoting tostreaming while preserving DVD revenueatprecisely overnightTheir 20-year successbegan wasnotsimple:Netflixsubscription withtheinsurgentbegin Netflix nowtheincumbent. ‘streamingThe disrupterhas thedisrupted,andso-called become wars’ cycling ofNetflix?…Why can’tbe the we natural history ofNetflix?” “Why can’t theNetflixof webe golf?” Zaslavasked. “Why can’tbe the we Right now, wehave somegreat lanes.” “They’re fightingbe thewidest overwhocan be thefastest. andwhocan Discovery CEODavidZaslavtoldtheWall Street Journal inMarch2019. ed moviepackagers arebigboats, andthey’re bangingother,” intoeach As Applegoes high-wattage, Discoveryplanstogo niche. “Thescript ity ofall: yourtime. Put simply, withNetflixforthemost Applewillcompete valuable- commod 47

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- 11 - In another savvy move, Netflix paid a then-outrageous sum to get their first original hit in 2011, and emboldened by its industry-altering whole-season debut in 2013, rapidly expanded across the globe.

Netflix faces its biggest challenge to-date as former content suppliers become rivals, tech giants invest in original content, niche services threaten to splinter audience, and the battle for attention intensifies.

They had only a 4 million subscriber and two-year advantage on Block- buster, a $6 billion dollar rival they vanquished. Now the advantage is 150 million subscribers and 20 years worth of data — against a disrupted media industry that seems willing to share only if there are enough spoils in the streaming universe for everyone. PART TWO: Four Steps to Streaming + a Guide to the Streaming Universe

“The world wants to consume content in a different way. In order to do that, you have to build a new planet — we’re going to try to build a new planet in a streaming service that can bring us into the future,” Bob Greenblatt told Dylan Byers in a conversation with the morning newsletter Byers Market.

The success of Netflix offers a four-step construction blueprint to anyone looking to build a new planet in the streaming video universe:

1) Create irresistible, compelling content (build it or buy it)

2) Deliver irresistible, compelling content in the world’s best experience (build it or buy it)

3) Build global subscription (through any technology but as often as possible, directly with the consumer)

4) Win consumer attention + loyalty

There are at least three major challenges:

1) Cost of entry (high quality content — licensed or original — is expensive!) Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 12 Streaming War Won / April 2019 experience must community, and never fail the delight, builddelight, Content and consumer.

fostering connections,” Anand wrote. Successactually waryofthat needtobe trap. comesfromcreatingand “Success comesnotfromfocusing onproducts, or‘content’ —companies Guide toDigital Change addresses inhis aptlynamed 2016book, TheContentTrap: AStrategist’s This isthekey Professor question HarvardBusiness Bharat School Anand than be destroyed by digitaltransformation? Let’s take amomenttoconsiderthis third challenge. How doyou thrive rather ognize andleverage connections.” can deliverinaunique way. And,two, don’t onlyoncontent;also focus rec- understanding yourcustomers, what theyreallycareaboutandwhat you advantage…always ofcompetitive theroot be One,there’s nosubstitute for Again, Anand: “Success comesfrombeing different,notsimilar. That will the consumer. The contentand What thatformediacompanies that does mean primarily content? produce planets orlooking fortheirplaceinanever-expanding universe: ofmediacompanies eitherbuildingThis identifiesfivetypes new research So, who are the contentplayers joining the fray? play yourowngame. The message planetinthestreaming toeach videouniverse isclear: 3) You can’t Netflixbycopying Netflix beat to theU.S. only) than oneserviceandtheaudienceisdirectglobal, notrestricted least atfirst; ontheupside,consumerswilllikely tomore subscribe andstreamingwas easy margins willpresumably thinner be —at 2) Disruptiontoexisting revenueissubstantial (content licensing 1) Media Megalodons Megalodons 1) Media • AT&T /WarnerMedia • • experience must delight, buildcommunity, andneverfail CBS Apple . The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 51

• Comcast / NBCUniversal • Discovery Communications • Disney • Viacom

2) Streaming Native • Amazon Prime Video • Cheddar • Hulu • Netflix • Quibi • YouTube TV

3) Digital Native • ATTN: • Axios • BuzzFeed • NowThis • VICE • Vox • YouTube

4) Social Platform • Facebook • Instagram • Snap • Twitter

5) Legacy Print • The New York Times • Washington Post Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

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The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 16 PART THREE: Streaming News: What Does it Look Like (and What Could it Look Like?)

News appears in one of three forms in this early stage of the streaming video universe:

1) LIVE or LIVE + PROGRAMMING Examples Include... • ABC News Live • BuzzFeed AM2DM • CBSN • Cheddar • CNNgo • FOX Nation • NBC News Now • NowThis Morning • TicToc • Washington Post Live

2) DOCU-SERIES Examples Include... • BuzzFeed’s Follow This on Netflix • VICE News Tonight on HBO • Vox’s Explained on Netflix • The Weekly from The New York Times on FX + Hulu

3) SHORT-FORM ORIGINAL Examples Include... • ATTN: • Quibi • TV 2 PLAY • YouTube (e.g. The Young Turks) Live or Live+ Programming

ABC News and CBS News — the two legacy networks without a cable news channel — have largely made up for the absence by creating 24/7 news-focused streaming services.

ABC News Live is distributed as the preferred news partner on The Roku Channel, and via the ABC News app, ABCNews.com, owned affiliate sites Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 17 Streaming War Won / April 2019 that brings people “News isthething Digital &MSNBC - NickAscheim, back regularly” SVP NBCNews March 2019. well,” President NoahOppenheim, ofNBC News, announcedatSXSWin the topofeveryhour, andwhenbreaking newsmandates, we’ll go upliveas going tolaunchwitheight hoursofprogramming, including at liveupdates the tactforforthcoming NBC NewsNowisslightly different.“We are At NBCUniversal —which includescable networks MSNBC andCNBC — subscription, adfreeservices—boast acombined 8million subscribers. the top(OTT) services. CBSAll Access andShowtimeAnytime —which are andavailableCBSN isad-supported forfreeondesktop, mobile andover interview forthis report. utive VicePresident Manager andGeneral ofCBSNewsDigital, saidinan that knowledge toeffectively thebusiness,”expand Christy Tanner, Exec- andtheeditorialthe techinfrastructure staff, and we’vebeen abletouse “We foundthere’s ahuge audienceformorelocal news… We alreadyhave suchasCBSNNewYork.streams CBSN also onlocal news—andhas focuses expanded toincludeaffiliate CBS NewsandCBSNarecloselysynced,yetnotidentical inprogramming. the directionof—CBSNews. CBSN, works which ofCBSInteractive, isapart closelywith—butnotat ABC World NewsTonight Woodruff. anchorBob “RogueTrip,”will produce andformer featuring ABCNewscorrespondent ming. Thenewsdivision’s Productions, developmentarm,LincolnSquare todocumentary,service isopen newsmagazine, program- anddocu-series Though Disney+has noplanstoincludeABCNewsLive,thestreaming Watch. and apps, theABCentertainmentapp, Hulu,andoccasionally onFacebook about plans for the 20+ person streamingabout plansforthe20+person service. Vice President ofNBC NewsDigital andMSNBC, saidinaninterview “News isthething that brings regularly,” back people Nick Ascheim, Senior tofollow.with otherdistribution partners owned sitesandmobile apps, appsonAppleTV, andOTT Roku andFireTV andmade ad-supported availableThe freeservicewillbe through theNBC 54

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18 Streaming War Won / April 2019 34. million unique ofwhich viewersamonth,90percent areundertheage of Tuned”duce “Stay exclusively Tuned” fortheplatform.“Stay 25-35 reaches They invested $500million inSnap during theirMarch 2017IPO, andpro NBC NewsNow, andexternal investments inBuzzFeed, Vox andSnap. Comcast/NBCUniversal has itsdigital spread chips: internal suchas bets form,” EricaFink, Executive Producer ofNBC NewsNow, added. “It can’t feellike TV. linear Everything must feeloriginalplat toanOTT for us.” FOX Nation, extension said inaninterviewforthis “This report. isabrand Finley, Executive VicePresident ofDevelopmentforFOX of Newsandhead “FOX Nation isa verydifferentthing than theFOX NewsChannel,” John News shows. auspices ofFOX after notincludeany theDisneyacquisition—does Fox FOX Nation —launchedinNovember 2018andremains underthe direct-to-consumer. While CNN remains tiedtoauthentication,rival FOX Newsisgoing that’s inevitable.” theWarnerMediauser interface?” boss asked, andthenanswered,“Ithink ofcontentintoone types amerging andlivelinear can be ofon-demand and howcustomers areconsuming content,that intimethere atsomepoint “Now doIthink that it’s entirelypossible givenwheretechnologyisgoing, that Ithink willmake sense.” workthat somedocumentary you’lldoes ultimately seebuiltinalibrary “No, atthis it’s point not[inthestreaming package],” Stankey said.“CNN lishment Summit heldinOctober 2018. CNN andstreaming byAndrewRoss SorkinattheVanity Fair NewEstab John Stankey, CEOofWarnerMedia, wasmoredefinitive whenasked about that serviceastheirlaunchnears. NBC NewsNow, butthat finalized decisionwillbe running bytheteam The Comcast/NBCUniversal direct-to-consumer servicewilllikely include News Peter Hamby, aformerCNN reporter. programs suchas“Good LuckAmerica,” which ishosted bySnap’s of Head The program ispresentedin Snapchat Discoveralongside othernews 55

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- - - 19 Streaming War Won / April 2019 FOX Nationserves with adedicated the superfan by strengthening community of a connection consumers. flix forconservatives.” tered authenticity. Itis, astheLos Angeles Times saidinMarch2019,“Net The FOX Nation formulacombines short,punchy relevancewithraw, unfil- sees asthe“inevitable” fortheconsumer. path FOX Nation isgoing now Watch. it’s So aninteresting hybrid thetwo,” between Finley explained. ing that morewithFacebook component compares LiveorFacebook thatdocumentaries aNetflix would have, butwe also have this- live stream “FOX Nation has all theVOD intermsof components (video-on-demand) merchandise, access toliveevents, experiences. andin-person tal videos, original programs, andmembership perks suchasdiscountson platformisasupplementfeaturing 7-20minute digi- The onlineandOTT by strengthening aconnectionwithdedicatedcommunity ofconsumers. —FOXadmonition toavoidthe contenttrap Nation fan servesthesuper Similar toZaslav’s planatDiscovery—and observing Bharat Anand’s Tomi andishervoice.” Angeles Times. “We giveherguidancebut99%ofstuff originates from passionate, tobe people that right wouldbe onbrand,” Finley toldtheLos whohas this“She issomebody innate knack toget talking, people toget is nowexclusive toFOX Nation. News’ digital streaming service.” Lahren drewmillions onYouTube butshe exampleThere isnobetter than Tomi Lahren, the“marquee host onFox Washington Post —andfoldedintoAmazon Prime. personally abilliondollars—3xthepriceBezos paid forthe for nearly channels,service withover27,000partner wasacquiredbyAmazon in2014 zon, andintegrating Post videointoTwitch.Twitch,alivegame streaming Arc, hiring morejournalists, cross promoting WaPo subscriptiononAma Investments includeasupercharged contentmanagement system called improved thefabled newspaper’s byjolting prospects itintothedigital age. JeffBezos purchased theWashington Post in2013,andhas dramatically mentioning. Outside themediamegalodon planets, therearefourliveeffortsworth 57 58

where competitor WarnerMedia, wherecompetitor ofCNN, parent The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / - - 20 Streaming War Won / April 2019 people want to have consumer wants to “There’s little to no when they want it.” subscribe to news is somethingthat evidence thatthe a-la-carte. News - JonSteinberg Founder &CEO Cheddar and Xfinity. Tube TV, Hulu,DirecTVNow, Vue, PlayStation Roku, Charter Spectrum Cheddar isavailable onnoless than 25platforms—including Sling, You- and CEOJon inaninterviewforthis proudlyproclaimed paper. Steinberg Perhaps isCheddar. evenbolder “We’re apost-cable network,” founder viaWashingtontheir ownproperties Post Live. Since theacquisition,WaPo has shifted livevideostoTwitch, YouTube, and steady success experimenting withlivenews. Twitter lost NFL adealtolivestream games toAmazon, buthas seen “a bigexamination of[Twitter].” latest meme,” Vanegas-Gesuale added,identifying AM2DM asessentially, isoryoudon’tknow what aratio knowhowtofindouttheoriginof “Twitter has itsownlanguage andifyou’ve onit,youdon’t neverbeen launchingweek ofpilotsbefore AM2DM, thehour-long dailynewsshow. hours oflive,continuousstreaming onTwitterforthe2016 election,anda AM2DM isanevolutionofsuccessful experimentation. BuzzFeed didseven how theyconnectedandshare newsonTwitter.” consumption habits onTwitter, talk otheronTwitter, howpeople toeach gramming, saidinaninterviewforthis “wasreallyexamining research, “What weweredoing,” CindyVanegas-Gesuale, BuzzFeed ofPro Head AM2DM, isaprimeexample. intheagenewsroom ofTwitter, morning andtheirTwitter based show, Meanwhile BuzzFeed, Steinberg’s formershop, isthequintessential that allowsbution strategy ustotake advantage ofthat,” hesaid. Our play hereistoadaptthat realityandhave acost structure anddistri- a-la-carte. Newsissomething that wanttohave people whentheywantit… “There’s littletonoevidencethat tonews theconsumerwantstosubscribe Business, andCNN Business tothecable arebeholden revenuemodel. entrepreneur, andhis aimisdirect:Cheddarexists CNBC, because Fox Steinberg, theformerPresident ofBuzzFeed, has theconfidence ofan images.” worried about page views… Thereisnobusiness had tobe inarticlesand eighteen hoursaday I’m oflivecontent.Ourwebsiteisnotourfocus; not “No newmediacompany what does wedo,” explained. Steinberg “We do 59

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- 21 Streaming War Won / April 2019 Indeed, thefirst non-user videoon generated News Facebook Feed wasa in video.” “We’ve grown alongside Facebook inandinvested asthey’vereally leaned Stephanopoulos, presidentofNowThis saidinaninterview forthis paper. short-form videocontentnatively distributed onsocial platforms,” Athan “NowThis grew andgrew itsbrand thecompany aroundtheconceptof in itsfirst sincelaunch.” year “with 2.5million average dailyviewsand1.5million average dailyviewers According toBloomberg, TicToc boasts almost 500,000Twitterfollowers and trusted authorityofthe Bloomberg brand,” added. Belser an opportunity toinitiate anewsetofconsumers, andleverage theverified to Bloomberg ofTicToc. atthecreation “Thebest way tothink ofTicToc is andTheVergenow theGMofRecode atVox Media,whowasaconsultant and immediacyofTwitter,”folio coupledwiththespeed Belser, saidSteven “The premise ofTicToc within theBloomberg ofbrand isanewtype port news networkstreaming liveonTwitter.” TicToc byBloomberg as“thefirst by@tictoc isdescribed 24-hour global means we need to be in the spaces and places people areconsuming andplacespeople inthespaces news.” weneedtobe means forthenextis tobuildthenewsbrand generationofnewsconsumers. That expand TicToc Twitterandintoapodcast andnewsletter. beyond “The goal Ellen Cowgill,GMofTicToc toldDigiday in2018,describing effortsto “The first beeninclose, year has exclusive withTwitter,”partnership Jean ers,” saidNancy Han,executive ofNowThis producer Morning. screen social video, which has universally sincebecome adoptedbypublish- pioneeredtext-on“NowThis onthesocial platformsandtruly wasborn - are visiblethroughout theshow. right intothenewsofday. Itssignature text-on-screen, graphics, andstyle sometimes thereisanopening sequence,while atothertimesthehosts dive NowThis Morning runsabout 20minutes, isfluid: andtheproduction this isthefounding report editorinchief ofNowThis). digital native mobile social video shop, NowThis. (Disclaimer:theauthorof entertainment age. NowThis Morning ofthe launchedin2018,aproduct Like itsrival, Facebook isalso making newsinvestments intheinternet The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 61

- 22 62

NowThis experiment, and NowThis was given first-look at 10-second video on Instagram, a forerunner for IGTV.

The form of news evolves, suitable to the platform and catered to the consumer within their chosen environment of consumption.

“We’re the largest news publisher on Facebook,” Stephanopoulos said, ex- plaining why Facebook returns to NowThis to iterate on social news.

Docu-Series Some of the most innovative and creative content in streaming is happening in docu-series.

Netflix does not like the word ‘news,’ but the company has made significant investment in content heavily influenced by news including traditional documentary, unscripted and scripted comedy.

Netflix does not like Here is the Netflix Long-Term View, 2013: the word ‘news,’ but We are not a generic “video” company that streams all types of video such as news, user-gen- the company has erated, sports, music video, or reality. We are movies and TV shows. made significant investment in content And here is the Netflix Long-Term View, 2019: heavily influenced by We are not a generic “video” company that streams all types of video such as news, user-gen- news including tra- erated, sports, porn, music videos, gaming, and reality. We are a movie and TV series entertain- ditional documen- ment network. tary, unscripted and scripted comedy. Only two content categories have been added to the no-go list: porn and gaming.

And it’s notable Netflix has evolved their self-definition from “movies and TV shows” to “a movie and TV series entertainment network,” signifying no desire or mandate to tackle the challenge of news head-on.

“Netflix is not bound by traditional definitions of genre,” observed Gene Kimmelman, a consumer protection advocate and specialist in competition and antitrust, in an interview for this paper.

Kimmelman explained that by explicitly avoiding the word ‘news,’ the cultural and legal expectations for Netflix and other streamers are different.

Fortunately, as radio proved in the evolution from print, and TIME proved with “The March of Time” on film: news that evolves in form from disrup- Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 23 Streaming War Won / April 2019 of original reporting They can always fall tivity. They are not ers showssuchas out from thefield. contributing aton back joke on‘that “Patriot Act” to be striving for objec “news adjacent,”... Tyrangiel consid- “They are“They not misfired.’” -

introducing two documentaries: “one twodocumentaries: introducing called ‘Toxic Labor’ aboutworkplace WinfreyOprah closedtheAppleTV+announcement inMarch2019by Again, theformofnewscontinuestoevolve. They canalways fall on‘that back joke misfired.’” ity. atonoforiginal Theyarenotcontributing reporting outfromthefield. stressing inaninterviewforthis paper, “Theyarenotstriving forobjectiv considersshows suchas“PatriotTyrangiel Act” “news adjacent,” tobe aftertry themurderofWashington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi. fromthatSaudi Arabia coun- criticalIndeed, Netflixremovedanepisode of bring moreriskalong withit—andthat’s not foreveryone.” content, eventhough it’s oftenconsumedwithoutdiscernment. We just ment toturnoffthepipe. It’s oneofthe many ways newsisnotlike other that’s ahuge problem fortheIndiangovernment andfortheIndiangovern- election, youcovertheBJP inIndia). political party (acontroversial Well, ing anewsshow, we’d have tocovertheIndianelection. To covertheIndian into India,” Josh saidinaninterviewforthis Tyrangiel paper. “Ifwe’re do “Netflix isa massive international company, andthey made ahuge push munities (asMinhaj predicteditwould). ontheIndianelectionsdrewpublicrebukeAn episode fromIndiancom- student loans, drugpricing, andcensorship inChina. most urgent newsissues: immigration, oil,affirmative action,civilrights, Minhaj —like OliveronHBO—has tackled someofthethorniest and seems there is some loose peg tothenews, peg seems thereissomeloose ifany atall,” thePost observed. one story which episode, lasts per alittlemorethan 20minutes, andit camera jumps, wraparound andinsertedgraphics. jumps,camera wraparound comedy,”called it“news-driven noting thereisnodesk, nosuit,frequent A Washington Post analysis of“Patriot Act,” Minhaj’s show, genre-defying Hasan Minhaj istoNetflixwhat BillMaher and John OliveraretoHBO. entertainment andstreaming age. ever-present catch-all ‘storytelling’ forreinvention areripe intheinternet Docu-series, documentary, historical docu-drama, fiction,andeventhe tion canhave andwideaudience. aprofoundimpact The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 64 “Minhaj tackles just - - 24 65

Streaming War Won / April 2019 another namewill perhaps newsby Just as arose by smells as sweet, inform as much. any othername trying totaketrying andputtheminthecontext ourTVproducts ofawebsite. conducted forthis “We research. think aboutTVthesameway… We’re not website,” Chad ofVox Mumm,head Entertainment,said inaninterview “We make differentprogramming for YouTube than wewouldforour ing age. Digital natives suchasVox andBuzzFeed aregetting inontheact. who areexperimenting- withformsofnews-inspiredcontent inthestream And it’s notjust the likes ofMinhaj andNanjiani, andthe Obamas Oprah in streaming. This projectisnot‘news’ — butperhaps itisthenatural evolutionofnews grant coming outinAmerica, andanentirelysilentepisode. thefamily motelafterSyrian immiran a- parents weredeported, his gay whosecretly boy ona12-year-old The scriptedserieswillincludeafeature New York Times. orto Office, fight against conservativevoices,” wroteMichaelShearofThe the platformtowage apubliccampaign against his successor intheOval “The formerpresidenthas toldassociates that notintend touse hedoes Ground Productions. going producing televisionseriesandfilmsthrough Hollywood, Higher In afirst ofits deal,aformerpresidentandfirstkind multiyear ladyare Apple has butNetflix Oprah, has theObamas. sign all connectedthrough Apple!” “And tomovetogether onebillionplusstrong intoafutureofourownde we foundit,” Jobs toldthecrowdatSteve Oprah inCupertino. Theater mon good. To this leave worldmoreenlightened, kinder than andbetter ourselves ashuman beings. To joininthemission andvisionforourcom- “My deepest isthat hope weall humans get thefullest tobecome versionof harassment, series[focused] andasecond multipart onmental health.” real stories ofimmigrants,” Nanjiani toldtheWGFestival inApril2019. will bring “LittleAmerica” toAppleTV+.“It’s on ananthologyseriesbased At Apple,Emily V. GordonandKumail Nanjiani, ofThe co-writers , BigSick name willinform asmuch. Just asarosebyany othername smellsassweet,perhaps newsbyanother ed series, unscriptedseries, docu-series, documentaries, andfeatures.” 67 A release byNetflixandtheObamas emphasized Arelease “script The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 66

- - 25 We want to put them in the context of the place where you go to watch the best TV in the world.”

Mumm’s viewpoint might help explain why Explained by Vox has been renewed by Netflix.

“When we started developing what became Explained, we had already been doing a lot of explanatory journalism in short form,” said Mumm, giving one vivid example. “We had seen some of our explainers do extremely well… We have the Syrian War explainers that were seen about 110 million times across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. It was unbelievable, and they are “I think that they about six minutes long.” wouldn’t even call it a news show on Mumm and the team at Vox considered how to translate the success of Netflix. It’s really explainers on the web to a Netflix pitch — without replicating its previous like pop documen- formula for success. “How do you make a news show that is evergreen, and tary. But we do it in a way that’s backed how do you make a news show that’s designed to be binged?” Mumm asked by an entire news- his team. room and our editorial really drives Explained has three key elements, it is 1) evergreen, 2) bingeable, and 3) the kind of depth explanatory. “I think that they wouldn’t even call it a news show on Net- that makes those flix. It’s really like pop documentary. But we do it in a way that’s backed by episodes good” an entire newsroom and our editorial really drives the kind of depth that - Chad Mumm, makes those episodes good,” Mumm said. Vox Entertainment BuzzFeed’s Follow This is another example of pioneering journalism on Net- flix. “It had to be something that could live online and feel newsy enough but not to the point that it would seem like it only had a limited shelf life,” the aforementioned Head of Programming at BuzzFeed Cindy Vanegas-Ge- suale, told the author.

“[Netflix] really wanted to tap into that BuzzFeed audience and what makes BuzzFeed interesting. So what seems to resonate most with them was our stories about the Internet.”

After two months of development, BuzzFeed piloted an episode on ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response). “That for [Netflix] spoke to what BuzzFeed is, what BuzzFeed News’ reporting is all about, which is finding these communities or these trends or cultural moments that are happening on the Internet and bringing them to life and showing people who might not be as attuned online that these things are happening. And so that was the sweet spot for them, and they wanted a lot more of that,” Vanegas-Ge-

Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming suale said.

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 26 Streaming War Won / April 2019 nobody elsereports erybody’s swarming provide context on on, andweshould VICE NewsTonight “We should report the stuffthatev -Josh Tyrangiel, and distorting” on things that - has resisted dailycontent. 2019 Bloomberg —has report neverhad anallergy tonews, buthistorically HBO put the entire episode onYouTube.HBO puttheentireepisode The story sparked anational dia compared toover60millioncompared U.S. forNetflix, subscribers HBO —which has anestimated subscribers 8million direct,online-only bingeable —though curiositythan morecultural explanatory. involved rotating hosts instead ofvoiceover. Theywereevergreen, certainly author’s vantage thetopicswereInternet-friendly point, andtheseries not renewed.Vanegas-Gesuale From onthereason. didnotspeculate this ing servicecommissioned forExplained fromVox —buttheserieswas ofFollowNetflix ordered20episodes This—thesamenumber- the stream host BrianStelter. ofReliable Sources, was a“breakoutmoment,” inthewordsofCNN seniorand mediareporter Their coverage oftheUnite theRight inCharlottesville: rally Race and Terror added. provide context onthestuff that everybody’s swarming anddistorting,” he “We onthings shouldreport on,andweshould that elsereports nobody Tonight effort,saidinaninterviewforthis research. ferentiate withisstory selection,” Josh theVICENews wholeads Tyrangiel, And what wedecidedwasthemost thing important youcanpossibly dif well informed. It’s completelymisinformed. timetobe also awonderful hour news. We have newsontheweb. It’s extremely timetobe awonderful illegal trafficking, war, race. needsmorenews. and “Nobody We have24- News. VICENews Tonight cinema barred, véritéofdrugs, isano-holds sex, butwithVICE partner And theydidsonotwithaninternal corporate Sex inthe City,Game of Thrones) —toexperiment indailynews. Oliver), mini-series (Band of Brothers andPacific), andscripted(The news commentary(Real Time withBillMaher and Last Week Tonight withJohn (George Carlin,EddieMurphy), comedywithacause(ComicRelief), biting the Zen Diariesof Garry Shandling), satire(Not Necessarily the News), comedy pioneer ofground-breaking (From documentaries the Earth tothe Moon to 1972 making ahalf forHBO— itnearly 44years centuryold.Ittook Wait. Let’s stop foramoment:that’s right, HBOwasfoundedinNovember the fabled pay network’s history. 50-year near VICE News Tonight premiered in2016andwasthefirst dailynewsshowin The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 70

69 according toa

Sopranos, - - 27 Streaming War Won / April 2019 the leaders ofthose believe inthevalue to besuccessful on streaming services, In order for news services needto of news. February 2019. in TV,” MarkThompson, CEOofThe New York Times saidataconference in ownedbyDisney.60 percent “We’re going atwhetherwecanextend tolook available ondemand from FX —nowownedbyDisneyandHulu committed toatleast 30episodes. After telecast,be thelinear will episodes Did youfollowthat? Debuting June 2019inaprimeSunday slot,FX has moving insecondwindowtoHulu. now turnedintoweekly videofirst airing onthecable network FX andthen It stems byalegacy fromadailyaudiopodcast produced printorganization tures ofthefuture. —andperhapsasigndistribution strategy ofstreaming universe dealstruc- The Weekly withthemost isthedocu-series originstory intriguing and The Daily,fromThe New York Times. The Weekly —aweekly videoversionoftheincrediblysuccessful podcast, Also eagerly among anticipated streaming-war watchersisthelaunchof VICENewsnoted thesupport Tonight has receivedfromAT&T leadership. hisPlepler departed roleaschairman andCEOofHBOin2019,Tyrangiel investment aheadoftheWarnerMedia streaming servicelaunch.Although HBO isundernewownership andpreparing foramassive infusion of services, inthevalue ofthoseservicesneedtobelieve ofnews. theleaders In theviewofthis author, successful inorderfornewstobe onstreaming resources, withenergy.” withtime,support, ing uphisthat toback belief Americaneedsgreat original newsshowswith said ofthefamedmediamogul.“Richard isnotjust avisionary…he iswill- noVICENews“There wouldbe Tonight withoutRichard Plepler,” Tyrangiel atthehighestrequires support levelsofmanagement. VICE News Tonight has objectively been successful, butstaying ontheair you aredoing itoutofobligation, stop.” tion, access don’t tonewways tounderstand theworld.So box; tickoffa if they arelooking forisnewsthat providesthemnewstories, newinforma “No audiencewantscomprehensivenewsanymore,” said.“What Tyrangiel andwashonoredwithaPeabodylogue onrace, Award. 72

The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / - 28 Streaming War Won / April 2019 Thompson continued. will get intoaregistered, logged-on relationship andsubscriber withus,” someone whoreally wantsto consumealotofourcontentultimately The goal ofThe New York Times: subscribers. “We areprettyinsistent that net’s most placeforshort-form popular video. more than adecadeafter itsfatefulacquisitionbyGoogle in2006,theInter YouTube is, ofcourse,theworld’s biggest platformforvideo, andalittle a moneyloser, but aretentionwinforYouTube andGoogle. was that industry insiderssuspect pricing several strategy was adeliberate The serviceonYouTube monthwhich month — upfrom$40per is$50per and family entertainment. 60 channels verysimilar to theHulupackage —networks, cable, live sports, YouTube has staked outsimilar ground: also providing liveaccess toover ence totheirownstreaming services. stakesell their30percent contentandcable access orwithdraw inprefer stake,to selltheir10percent Comcast/NBCUniversal andcouldpropel to ofHulu,amajorityDisney owns60percent stake that enticedWarnerMedia is oneplacefromwhich acustomer canget many televisionstations. In plainEnglish, anMVPDormultichannel videoprogramming distributer with Hulu. tive whorequested anonymity duetotheconfidential nature ofnegotiations “Hulu seesthemselvesmoreasanMVPD,” saidonesenior televisionexecu- ESPN. CNNi, HLN, MSNBC, CNBC, FOX NewsChannel, FOX Business, and ABCNewsLive,CBSN,streams andCheddarbutalso cable netsCNN, similar toYouTube TV—tonotonlyaccess theaforementioned livenews month—apricepoint Since October 2018,consumerscanpay $44.99per got thenewsyouneedtostay informed.” MaddowShow, Smith 360°toShepard Reporting toTheRachel per we’ve An advertisementforHulu’s liveTVserviceboasts: “From AndersonCoo the most receptiveplanetsinthestreaming universe toliveanddailynews. Hulu andYouTube TV, although arguably inadifferent game, been have 73

The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / - - 29 - Streaming War Won / April 2019 Short Form Video the popularity ofTYTonline withprogressivethe popularity networks inreallife. are ongoing effortstobuildmembership, events, newslettersandleverage Their programming isavailable onHulu,Roku, andPlutoTV —andthere media. traditional large YouTube audienceandcross thecredibilityRubiconin theeyesof lenge addollarsfromanimpressively diversifyrevenuebeyond istwo-fold: cess ontheworld’s largest videoplatform tosuccess elsewhere. Thechal- Like many hit YouTube channels, The Young Turks seeks suc- totranslate current affairs showswithin itsnetwork. hours everyweekday andhas awiderange politicalnewsand ofpopular over 4million YouTube subscribers, itsflagship livestreams show three talk showin2002andmovedtoYouTubeSirius Satellite in2006.TYThas The Young Turks, aself-described progressive newsnetwork, began asa covering oftheInternetpopulation. 95percent service isavailable in80languages, withlocal versionsin91countries, More than ofYouTube 70percent videosareonamobile device,andthe largely user-generated short form? long-formpetitive inless whenyouaretheundisputedleader expensive, why inexpensive,It isahighly compete intenselycom- retreat: strategic (Go ahead,youknowwanttowatch: 23, 2005,has almost 65million views. YouTube —the18-second“MeatZoo” videoeveruploaded —onApril drawal from “the battlefield before it from“thebattlefield gets evenmorecrowded.”drawal QXAC9IVRw Bloomberg inMarch2019, reported “YouTube has canceledplansforhigh-end andcomedies,” dramas lion inthestreaming videouniverse! daybillion hoursoftelevisionconsumedeach —abillionisthenewmil- For recall comparison, that Netflixestimatespercent ofthe 10 they stream month, andeveryday consumeover1billionhoursofvideo. subscribers company estimates over1.9billionuserslog-in totheplatformeach YouTube acquiredbyGoogle isabehemoth: for$1.6billionin2006,the ) The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 74 amoveEngadget asawith- described https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jN- 76 And,just forfun,thefirst 75

30 Streaming War Won / April 2019 said. ‘We arenotshortform,wethis newformofquickbites,’ Katzenberg of short-form content.“Iftheyare,‘We arenot TV, we’re HBO’, thenweare, To stand fromYouTube apart andotherplayers, theHBO Quibiaimstobe device everyday. onamobileslice oftheupwardsfivehoursaverageperson spends Quibi —Katzenberg’s yet-launched streaming company —aimstotake a ty Fair NewEstablishment Summit inOctober 2018. morning withatelevisionset[inyourpocket],” Katzenberg saidattheVani- senses anopportunity inshort-form video. “You yourhouseevery leave some ofDisney’s biggest hits inthe‘90sand‘K’ inDreamWorks SKG, Jeffrey Katzenberg, alegend inentertainmentasthe executive who green-lit of CBSThisMorning, willtake charge ofnews. lifestyle, health andwellness, andRyanKadro, formerlyexecutive producer Brooks,up content,Becky formerlyofCBS, willhandle fashion, beauty, ofThe andChief Officer Hollywood Creative co-president Reporter , willhead bi willlaunchinApril2020andincludenews. Janice Min,formerly Whitman andKatzenberg announcedatSXSW inMarch2019that Qui - studio inHollywood. couplehasodd linedup$1billioninfunding fromAlibaba andeverymajor didate —MegWhitman isleading thecompany asCEO. Thecorporate Former California eBay andHPCEO—one-time gubernatorial can- which: thepotential forQuibionthegameThe mediamogulmodels planofHBO

the budget ofablockbuster film) caliber talent (e.g., ofBand 10episodes of Brothers in2002was 4) made big, inhigh-quality bets bold contentandequally high on CBS) Sopranos onHBOlooks muchdifferentthan if The Sopranos aired 3) worked andPractices (thus freefromnetworkStandards The 30 or60minutes, andfreetodomany ‘season’) per orfewepisodes 2) changed theformandformat (nolonger ofnarrative to beholden 1) eliminated commercials 79

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Streaming War Won / April 2019 stage andhave itbe - Jeffrey Katzenberg, come back to this the era ofQuibi.” now, wewant to “Five years from Quibi podcast fromVariety in2018. ers,” ofATTN:, Business” co-founder MatthewSegal, saidonthe“Strictly minute content.Iseethat asahuge growth forourselves, area forconsum- content. We thepremium, wanttobe best inthebusiness atmaking 5-10 content that is10minutes orless. “We theHBOofmid-form wanttobe Quibi has fromATTN: competition for space intheintensely competitive News may helpthat predictioncometrue. bold era ofQuibi,”era Katzenberg toldtheSXSWcrowd. “Five fromnow, years to this wewanttocomeback stage andhavethe itbe platforms that have done“areally amazing job.” “pretty spectacular,” citing YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, andSnapchat as tial competitors. Hehas frequentlycalled theeco-system ofmobile video Katzenberg has wisetobuildupQuibiwhile been nottalking- downpoten is to“make information [as] convenient made asSpotify musicconvenient.” asarticulatedbyKatzenberg fromtheBBC.Theidea, news report atSXSW, hosted,Quibi willfeature short-form newsprogramming andadailyglobal aren’t willing topayfor news, buttheyarewilling tostay fornews.” It’s the At theoutsetofthis paper, repeating: therewasaquote that “people bears ing itfromTwitterandFacebook andintoInstagram,” said. Segal celebs, morepublicfigures, areputting theirtimeand energy. They’re shift millennials around.It’s certainlythemost sticky, it’s certainlywheremore “Instagram isbecoming thefastest growing newmediaplatformwith and arebullishonInstagram TV(IGTV). platform distribution ofNowThis. Theyhave fourFacebook Watch shows, ATTN: shares, in some ways, theexplanatory lensofVox withthesocial cover today?’ Andit’s oftenoutofyourcontrol,” hesaid. ally wake upinthemorning andyousay, ‘Oh my what God, amIgoing to news, innature. while loveit,isreactive Iloveit,alotofpeople You gener “We’re ourselvesasanewscompany verycarefulnottodelineate because cast session. not inthenewsbusiness,” asserted Segal plainly, again fromthe2018pod- es entertainmentwithtopical issues toexplain theworldaroundus.” “We’re ATTN: self-describes as“entertainment that informs” orvideothat “bridg The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 81

32 - - - Streaming War Won / April 2019 region Disney+ will ment inthesame streaming experi - premiere —iskey to retention and News —inthis loyalty. miere —iskey toretentionandloyalty. News —inthis streaming experiment inthesameregionDisney+willpre ers,” said. Dyrehauge we canget towatchmorenewstheytendstay people longer…as custom- as short-form videosinthe6-8minute range. “Itwasalso afinding that if TV 2PLAY has publishedover50“mini-docs,” which this authorclassifies to keep.” andthat’s forsomereason who preferourmini-docs wewant somepeople they tested theconcept,andfoundtotheirsurprise,“It’s younger women After initial resistance oforiginal totheidea newsinthe service, streaming editor ofPLAY. it makes themchurnless,” saidAnneNordestgaard managing Dyrehauge, — that has this investigated. paper Theresult?News“engages and people, gramming —live,shortform,mid-form, long-form, original, andcurated It isunique inthat itcombines ofpro everytype elementsofpractically TV 2PLAY requiressubscriptionandisonlyavailable ontheInternet. lation about thesize ofOhio which has almost 12million people. plans tolaunchfirst intheNetherlands but it’s certainlyagood test market. Consider, forexample, that Disney+ It’s —thegovernment comparison aidebroadcasters does — notaperfect expensive cable packages that arequickly becoming obsolete. discretionary subscriptions). has strong Thecountry reliable Internetand is generally wellofffinancially (inthesense that many citizens can afford tent history, anddocumentary, indrama particularly andthepopulation ofDenmarkThe population isjust about6million. Theyhave arichcon- ways, isamicrocosm forwhat next couldbe intheU.S. theoperation book, Netflix,Amazon, Quibi,HBO,Because, insignificant andDisney? Why amomentconsidering spend TV2PLAY alongside YouTube, Face- of—TV2PLAYbly neverheard inDenmark. youhave proba guiding principleofanentertainmentandnewsoperation The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 82 - withapopu —asimilar country - - 33 - Streaming War Won / April 2019 CONCLUSION: ThePast isPrologue This isfromaNew York Times Arledge, profileofRoone presidentofABC price they hadto pay for access to thepublicairwaves, hasbecome bigbusiness indeed. Almost overnight, television news, which networkexecutives used to consider a loss leader, the whosawthevalueAnd itrequiredaleader ofnews. vantage. short-term sacrificeofitsmost valued contentinpursuitoflong-term ad- the business followedexperimentation model —sometimesevenatthe It wasmost likely business but bad theentertainment slateclean, towipe connection withadedicatedcommunity. from oneanother, toattainandretainaudience,buildnotjust contentbuta Television wasnolonger initsinfancy; thenetworks neededtodifferentiate whole country saw. for NBCNews, hiswisheshadtheir effect onwhattheotherchainsdidand,inturn, cial showsoneplace oranother. ThepointwasthatMr. Kintnernotonly wasmakingdecisions By contrast, therival networksofCBS andABCwavered onfinalpoliciesandinserted commer NBC, onOctober 24,1965. This isaNew York Times profileofRobert Edmunds Kintner, presidentof ment schedule andthatwould bethat. Presbyterian president ofNBCdecided thatthenetworkwould wipeclean itsregular entertain- of Pope Paul VI.Weeks before touchdown atKennedy thePontiff’s International the Airport, The mostrecent illustration oftheindustrywide ramifications ofhisindependence wasthevisit ence, eventually tomorerevenuerichentertainmentprogramming. The business followedexperimentation model —andnewsbrought audi- had fromprintandnowtelevisionwaslearning borrowed fromradio. Radio til hesays, “Solong untiltomorrow,” doeshelook upasifto recognize thetelevision viewers. attention to listeners andnotthelookers. Attimeshisface ishalfhiddenby thepage.Notun- from full-face to profile view. Hishead isdownandhis eyes onthescriptdevoting complete Accompanied by hisannouncer, Mr. Thomasisseen reading thescriptascamera alternates dios” fromFebruary 25,1940. This istheledeofaNew York Times- articleentitled“NewsAroundtheStu ed to telecasting, Mr. Thomas’s program wasselected for theinitialtest. the actofbroadcasting. Inaneffort to determine whichbroadcast programs intoto are adapt Wednesday, Thursday andFriday evenings at6:45 o’clock. Thetelevision audience sees himin Lowell Thomas isbeingseen andheard ontheairwhenheradios hiscommentaries on 86

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Streaming War Won / April 2019 streaming era, thebusinessstreaming isinconflict era, model with experimentation. thebusiness followedexperimentation;ous era, model inthe Internetand News isstill thekiller app; thechallenge isthe economics. Ineveryprevi- interesting people thathave alot to tell. AndIthinkthat should beallembraced. that ranges from diginative publishers, like Vox orBuzzfeed orVICE…an ecosystem ofsuper A new generation ofjournalistsandpublishers isfortunately risinginthedigital world and Axel Springer, thelargest inApril2019. publisher inEurope, This isMarkZuckerberg inconversation withMathias Dpfner, CEOof people whohave ademandto wantmore news. day lives. There’s alot ofnews content inthere, because it’s soimportant. Butthere’s alot of primarily, people come to theservice to connect withfriends,to getupdates onpeople’s day to use ourservices andwantto getmore news content can You dothat. know, anews feed, One ofthethingsI’ve been thinkingaboutatFacebook ishowto make itsothatpeople who and share. There ismoreinformation than ever, andless trustinwhatwatch, weread, needsnewsmost. precisely thetimedemocracy als, asexplored inTheEndofBig byNiccoMele—has fragmented newsat frominstitutions ofpower toindividu- connectivity—thetransfer Radical ed NewsFeed. Yahoo! andAOL.com. Google indexed andFacebook newsinsearch, creat The Internetfollowed,andyetagain newsdominated thehomescreensof cable— tensofmillions world. inafractured works millions andglobal butnot—saveforsports candraw newsevents follow foranother16years. Cable was—andisbigbusiness. net Linear air —a$100million live newsexperiment. MSNBC andFox Newsdidnot The success oflivenewsbeget InJune thecable era. 1980,CNN wentonthe certain capacity, theprofits can bestaggering.” television executive “Sellingnews islike putsit, sellingairlineseats. Once you getabove a tion-comedy spinoffs —andattracting audiences nearly aslarge asJohnny Carson’s…as one early evening. Late-night updates and“special reports” are multiplying faster thansitua the crowded Presidential primaries—can nolonger besatisfied in22or 23 minutes duringthe now theinvasion ofAfghanistan —aswelltheirconcern aboutcandidates andissues in The enormousinterest Americans have taken inforeign affairs since therevolution inIran and News andSports, onFeb. 24,1980. 89

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- 35 - - Streaming War Won / April 2019 lowed experimenta business modelfol economics. Inevery the business model tion; intheInternet and streaming era, is inconflict with experimentation. previous era, the News isstillthe challenge isthe killer app;the - - Yet newsis still adirtywordinthestreaming universe. more young viewersonSnap than any otherplatform. NowThis isthebiggest videonewssourceonFacebook, andNBC reaches PLAY has foundaniche, andFOX Nation serving issuper theircommunity. toaconversationhas thedoor opened about quality newssources. TV2 Act finding newways toconvey newstothe inPatriotstreaming generation Vox isexperimenting onNetflixwithExplained , andHasanMinhaj is encouraging ways, itisalready happening. thecontent,thentsunaminection beyond isnews. idea And, insome andretainaudience,tobuildcommunity andacon- If thegoal istoattract ignore.” for this “You report. have topitchthemaTSUNAMI that idea theycan’t it,”already heard oftheNetflix saidChrisBrancato,hit Narcos creator , “No matter howoriginal youthink is, youridea executives have probably ing pitchmeetings. cies, The Origins,andThe Vampire Diaries,forthis describing- report, stream eyes tous,’” saidJulie Plec, theexecutive ofserieslike producer The Lega- areconstantly saying,“Streamers ‘We needcontentthat willbring NEW by livesports, according totheirannual survey. cal andnational choices) followed werethetwotop-ranked choicesoverall” network, cable, andstreaming servicestheymost value: “newsprograms(lo Vilandrie &Company asked consumerstoidentifytheprogramming on Indeed, itisnottimetogiveup; itistimetoinvent andexperiment. Altman 2017.” over $200million inrevenue frombusiness linesthat didn’t evenexist in BuzzFeed saidina2019SXSWkeynote. “In2018and2019,wewillgenerate platforms tosustain ourinvestment incontent,” Jonah Peretti, CEOof ation —buthaven’t donesoyet.“We still aren’t making enough fromthe andsocial havetoreinvent thepower newsforthenextStreaming gener like Vox, BuzzFeed, totinker orVICEbeing given20-40years andlearn. Kintner, Arledge. andRoone It’s hard toimagine natives theInternetera of LowellThomas,The scripthas fromtheera flipped RobertEdmunds the Internetisterrible,butwecan’t giveupyet.” . BuzzFeed has foundsuccess onTwitterwithAM2DM, andFacebook 91 Peretti continued,“Iknowit’s toquitsocialmediaorsay popular The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / 93 92

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Media megalodons have largely disconnected their news divisions from plans to build their forthcoming planets, and streaming natives experiment with news but seem hesitant to go all-in on what could be a low-cost differentiator.

Anyone with capital Social platforms have a complicated relationship status with news — yet and content can despite difficulties, some of the most innovative and forward-thinking video join the streaming is created for them. video universe battle — but only In order to understand the streaming universe, this paper began by arguing those who can one must first understand the market leader: Netflix. capture attention and loyalty will win Netflix offers a blueprint for building a successful planet in the ever -ex the war. panding streaming video universe. It starts with irresistible, compelling content delivered in the world’s best experience in pursuit of global subscribers.

The cost of entry — and disruption to existing revenue — is high. And you can’t beat Netflix by copying Netflix. Every new planet must differentiate. Each brand must understand its customers and connect with them beyond content.

Anyone with capital and content can join the streaming video universe battle — but only those who can capture attention and loyalty will win the war.

News has proven — in every medium throughout time — to be a successful hook to attract and retain audience. And at the moment, the market leader is not all-in on news.

To the investor, the (re)inventor, the news disruptor — whether legacy or digital native — go the spoils. Streaming War Won / April 2019 / April 2019 Won War Streaming

The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy / 37 Streaming War Won / April 2019 . phan_Annie_p/ra005.htm 16 Endnotes 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 rker.com/magazine/2014/02/03/outside-the-box-2. 22, 2010,https://www.fastcompany.com/1690654/blockbuster-bankruptcy-decade-decline . passed-up-chance-to-buy-netflix-for-50-million-2015-7 $50 Million,” Business Insider, July 17,2015,https://www.businessinsider.com/blockbuster-ceo 9, 2010,https://www.cnet.com/news/blockbuster-laughed-at-netflix-partnership-offer/. cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-milestones/. nies/1937. article/343404%7C0/75th-Anniversary-of-The-March-of-Time.html. . entirely-on-youtube/ lab.org/2019/02/vox-com-tries-a-membership-program-with-a-twist-its-focused-on-video-and- cused onVideoandEntirelyYouTube,” Nieman Lab, February 6,2019,https://www.nieman- great-for-magazine-lovers-but-its-not-the-future-of-news-11554037200. News,” TheWall Journal, Street March31,2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-news-is- in-first-week.html. Hours,” Techspot, n.d., https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/03/apple-news-subscribers-reach-200000- Washington Post, February 11,2019 sands).” dia/new-york-times-earnings-digital-subscriptions.html. 2018,” THeNewYork Times, February 6,2019,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/business/me

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“Long-Term View, Netflix.” Rina “NetflixCEOReedHastings: Raphael, SleepIsOur Competition,” Fast Company, Kafka. Peter Kafka,behindStory Netflix’s “The $100Million ‘Friends’Deal,” Decem- Recode, “Media, Economics M{2E},” &Entrepreneurship USCAnnenberg, March16,2019, Frank Palotta, “Netflix Added RecordNumber ofSubscribers, But Warns of Tougher “Long-Term View, Netflix.” “Long-Term View, Netflix.” “Form 10-K/A: Netflix,Inc.,”Security andExchange States United Commission, January “Long-Term View, Netflix,” Netflix,March16,2019,https://www.netflixinvestor.com/ Michael O’Connor, “NetflixLaunching EntireRunofDavid Fincher’s ‘HouseofCards’ Bond. Paul “NetflixOutbidsHBOforDavid Bond, Fincherand Kevin Spacey’s ‘Houseof “2011 QuarterlyEarnings,” Netflix,April25,2011,https://www.netflixinvestor.com/fi- Tim Arango, “TimeWarner ViewsNetflixasa Star,”Fading TheNew York Times, De Auletta, “Outside theBox.” Ashley “Ten Rodriguez, Years Ago, VideoandChangedStreaming NetflixLaunched The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / . . . https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live - 39 - - - - Streaming War Won / April 2019 for-4th-quarter ble, January 17,2019,https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/netflix-reports-lower-earnings - 45 44 43 42 49 48 47 46 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 ing-service-doesnt-need-to-beat-netflix-or-disney/. Disney,” Adweek, February 11,2019,https://www.adweek.com/tv-video/atts-upcoming-stream- nbcnews.com/view/5bce14339c625f44575795199myxt.5kh/7bcafb1e ney-find-streaming-is-expensive https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-10/netflix-competitors-such-as-dis- ry-11554114601. cles/discovery-aims-to-be-the-netflix-of-nonfiction-streaming-from-food-to-natural-histo Food toNatural History,” TheWall Journal, Street April1,2019,https://www.wsj.com/arti- . apple-content-hollywood.html York Times, March 18, 2019,sec. Business, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/17/business/media/ moffettnathanson.com/research.aspx CNBC, April12,2019,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULm70gqEffk&app=desktop ness/media/disney-plus-streaming.html. Fanfare,”wood TheNewYork Times, April11,2019,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/busi- Ahead.” hbo/ uary 18,2019,https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/18/netflix-thinks-fortnite-is-a-bigger-threat-than-

. Jason Lynch, “AT&T’s Doesn’t Upcoming Netflix’or Service ‘NeedtoBeat Streaming “Byers Market: March5,2019.” “Byers Market: March5,2019,” ByersMarket: March5,2019,https://link. Gerry Smith, “ItTakes DeepPockets toFight Netflix,” Bloomberg, March10,2019, “Byers Market: March 5,2019.” Streaming, theNetflixofNonfiction Benjamin Mullin,“DiscoveryAimstoBe From Kafka. John Koblin, “Apple’s BigSpending PlantoChallenge Netflix Takes Shape,” TheNew IsUnveiledBarnes andKoblin, Service Fanfare.” toHollywood “DisneyPlusStreaming “Disney: Worth theWait,” MoffettNathanson n.d., Research, sec. 4/12/19,https://www. “Investors NeedaFive-Year toJudge Timespan Disney’s Analyst,” Service: Streaming Barnes andKoblin. Brooks BarnesandJohn IsUnveiled Koblin, Service toHolly- “DisneyPlusStreaming Palotta, “Netflix Added RecordNumber ofSubscribers, But Warns of Tougher Times Jon Lafayette, LowerEarnings “NetflixReports for4thQuarter,” Broadcasting andCa Perez, “NetflixThinksSarah ‘Fortnite’ Isa Bigger than Threat HBO,” Tech Crunch, Jan- . . . The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / . . - 40 - Streaming War Won / April 2019 goal-two-years-early.html. ly,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/14/cbs-reaches-its-8-million-streaming-subscribers- . slate-supper-club-deal-1203185782/ Club,”ducer Supper Variety, April10,2019,https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/disney-non-fiction - 65 64 63 62 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 day, n.d., https://digiday.com/media/bloombergs-tictoc-starting-build-brand-beyond-twitter/. shows/?utm_term=.ea55fabe2cdb tertainment/2018/10/29/how-hasan-minhajs-new-netflix-series-is-different-other-comedy- Shows,” TheWashington Post, October29,2018,https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-en- castStudio, October18,2018,https://www.newscaststudio.com/2018/10/18/nowthis-morning/. Deals intheFuture,” Fortune, April6,2017,http://fortune.com/2017/04/06/twitter-nfl-deal/. . the-top-pay-tv-service-in-the-united-states-8d3555f032b1 United States,” Medium,n.d., https://news.cheddar.com/3-years-later-cheddar-is-on-every-over la-fi-ct-tomi-lahren-fox-nation-20190329-story.html. from Itself,” LosAngeles Times, March29,2019,https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/ ing-service-compete-with-netflix 2018, https://video.vanityfair.com/watch/the-new-establishment-summit-will-at-t-s-new-stream- day, January 18,2019. news-service-in-early-may and Cable, March10,2019,https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/nbc-to-launch-streaming 13, 2017,https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/287737. 61

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41 - - - - Streaming War Won / April 2019 tainment.” umentary/index.html. age,” CNN., https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/vice-news-tonight-charlottesville-date-doc- 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 berg-streaming-video.html. New York Times, August 7,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/07/business/media/katzen- jeffrey-katzenberg-meg-whitman-go-long-on-short-form-entertainment-1203085867/. Form Entertainment,” Variety, December 11,2018,https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/listen- January 29,2019,https://foundationinc.co/lab/youtube-statistics-b2b-marketers/. tube-canceling-big-budget-originals/. Content (Update),” Engadget, March25,2019,https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/25/you- bows-out-of-hollywood-arms-race-with-netflix-and-amazon. Bloomberg, March24,2019,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-24/youtube talks-new-fx-hulu-doc-series-weekly-1190415. Reporter,Hollywood February 25,2019,https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ny-times-ceo at-t-is-dragging-hbo-s-streaming-strategy-out-of-the-dark-ages Bloomberg Businessweek, March7,2019,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-03-07/ Ahead.” ca-wgfestival-2019-1203178705/. April 2,2019,https://variety.com/2019/tv/events/emilv-v-gordon-kumail-nanjiani-little-ameri- netflix-show.html. New York Times, May 21,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/us/politics/barack-obama

Andrew Wallenstein, “Listen: How Joe BidenHelpsATTN: the‘HBOof AimtoBe Wallenstein, “Listen: Jeffrey Katzenberg, MegWhitmanGoLong onShort-Form Enter John Koblin, “Jeffrey KatzenbergRaises $1BillionforShort-Form Video Venture,” The Wallenstein. Andrew Wallenstein, “Listen: Jeffrey Katzenberg, MegWhitman GoLong on Short- “37 MindBlowing YouTube Statistics For B2BMarketers In2019,” Foundation Inc., Shah, “YouTubeSaqib It’llKeep CancelsTwoOriginals butSays Making Premium Lucas Shaw, “YouTube With ArmsRace NetflixandAmazon,” OutofHollywood Bows Vlessing. Etan Vlessing, “N.Y. TimesCEOTalks ‘TheWeekly,’” NewFX, Series HuluDoc The Brian Stelter, “‘ViceNewsTonight’ HasBreakout MomentwithCharlottesville Cover Felix Gillette,“AT&T IsDragging HBO’s OutoftheDarkAges,” Strategy Streaming Palotta, “Netflix Added RecordNumber ofSubscribers, But Warns of Tougher Times “Emily V. GordonandKumail Nanjiani Talk ‘LittleAmerica’ atWGFestival,” Variety, Michael Shear, “Coming toNetflix:TheObamasSign Dealto Shows,”Produce The Koblin, “Apple’s BigSpendingPlantoChallenge Netflix Takes Shape.” The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / . - - - 42 - - Streaming War Won / April 2019 the-netherlands/ 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 News, 82 . biden-hbo-1202963896/ Mid-Form,’” Variety, October 2,2018,https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/attn-matthew-segal- ings-rise-in-run-to-super-bowl-but-is-it-must-have-programming-for-all-viewers/. Viewers?” n.d., sec. Altman Vilandrie&Company, https://www.altvil.com/our-ideas/nfl-tv-rat . scale-yes-to-platforms-still/ Nieman Lab, March8,2019,https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/03/buzzfeeds-jonah-peretti-yes-to https://www.facebook.com/4/posts/10107028379388161. GovLoop, May 10,2013. 24, 1980. October 24,1965.

https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2019/03/07/report-disney-may-test-disney-in- Robert Briel, “Report: DisneyMayRobert Briel,“Report: Test Disney+intheNetherlands,” TV Broadband “NFL butIsIt‘Must-Have’ TVRatingsBowl, RiseinRuntoSuper Programming forAll Owen. “BuzzFeed’s HazardLaura Owen, Jonah Peretti: Yes Yes toScale, toPlatforms—Still,” Mark Zuckerberg, “MarkZuckerberg Facebook Post -4/1/19”(Facebook, April1,2019), Emily Jarvis, ConnectivityIsChanging “HowRadical theWay Government Operates,” Smith. Desmond Smith, “TheWide World Arledge,” ofRoone TheNewYork Times, February Gould. Jack Gould,“RobertEdmondsKintner:TheManFrom NBC,” TheNewYork Times, “News AroundtheStudios.” “News AroundtheStudios,” TheNewYork Times, February 25,1940. . The Shorenstein Center onMedia,Politics and PublicPolicy / - 43 -