DOCSLIB.ORG

Model Documentation for the Minicam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Model Documentation for the Minicam PNNL-14337 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Model Documentation for the MiniCAM AL Brenkert SH Kim AJ Smith HM Pitcher July 2003 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062; ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: [email protected] Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 ph: (800) 553-6847 fax: (703) 605-6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm This document was printed on recycled paper. (9/2003) PNNL-14337 Model Documentation for the MiniCAM AL Brenkert SH Kim AJ Smith HM Pitcher July 2003 Prepared for the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contracts AGRDW89939464-01 and AGRDW89939645-01 for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Acknowledgments We want to thank Elizabeth L. Malone for steadfast support. We want to thank Marshall Wise for his review. We want to thank the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Air Markets Division (Office of Atmospheric Programs) for making this documentation become reality. 3 Summary The MiniCAM, short for the Mini-Climate Assessment Model, is an integrated assessment model of moderate complexity focused on energy and agriculture sectors. The model produces emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and other radiatively important substances such as sulfur dioxide. Through incorporation of the simple climate model MAGICC, the consequences of these emissions for climate change and sea-level rise can be examined. The MiniCAM is designed to be fast and flexible. The MiniCAM is a long-term, partial-equilibrium model designed to examine long-term, large- scale changes in global and regional energy system where the characteristics of existing capital stocks are not the dominant factor in determining the dynamics of the energy system. Markets are defined for oil (conventional and unconventional), gas, coal, biomass, carbon, and agricultural products. The MiniCAM has no markets for labor and capital. It is specifically designed to address issues associated with global change, including (1) projecting baseline carbon dioxide emissions over time for a country or group of countries; (2) projecting various other radiatively important gases (e.g., methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, reactive gases); (3) evaluating the energy-system, emissions, and other consequences of various technological options; (4) evaluating some aspects of potential climate change, e.g., temperature change, sea-level rise; (5) providing a measure of the carbon price, in dollars per metric ton for an emissions target; and (6) providing a measure of the overall cost of meeting an emissions target. The MiniCAM model can be conceptualized as consisting of four modules (see Figure below). Human activities Land Use ERB AgLU Atmospheric Regional Composition, Climate Climate & Patterns Sea Level Rise SCENGEN MAGICC These modules can be described as simulating • energy supply and demand using an updated version of the Edmonds-Reilly-Barnes model (ERB) (Edmonds and Reilly 1985; Edmonds, Reilly, Gardner and Brenkert 1986; Edmonds, Wise, Pitcher, Wigley and MacCracken 1997); • agriculture and land-use using the Agriculture and Land Use model (AgLU) (Edmonds et al. 1996; Sands and Leimbach 2001; Gillingham et al. 2002; Sands and Edmonds 2002); • atmospheric composition and global-mean climate changes using the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC) (Hulme and Raper 1993; Wigley 1994a,b; Wigley and Raper 1987, 1992, 1993, 2001); and 4 • regional patterns of climate change using the Regional Climate Change Scenario Generator (SCENGEN) (Hulme, Jiang, and Wigley 1995). The MiniCAM projects economic activity, energy consumption, and emissions in 15-year time steps from 1990 through 2095. The MiniCAM has global coverage in the form of 14 distinct regions (United States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia & New Zealand, Former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa, Middle East, China [& Asian Reforming Economies], India, South Korea, Rest of South & East Asia). The MiniCAM has a strong focus on energy supply technologies. A wide range of technologies, fuels, and energy carriers can be used to supply end-use energy demands. Transformation losses are accounted for throughout the supply system. Technologies include electricity generation (from coal, oil, gas, biomass, hydro power, fuel cells, nuclear energy, wind energy, solar PV, solar-wind storage, and space solar PV), hydrogen production (from coal, oil, gas, biomass, and electrolysis), synthetic fuel production (synthetic liquids from coal, gas, and biomass; synthetic gas from coal, and biomass), geologic carbon sequestration from fossil fuels (during electricity generation, hydrogen production, and synthetic fuel production). Biomass supply includes “waste” biomass streams and commercial biomass produced regionally by the AgLU module. End-use fuels include those currently in widespread use (coal, oil, gas, biomass, electricity), and future options such as synthetic liquids, synthetic gases and hydrogen. Carbon sequestration is an option for all conversion technologies, particularly electric generation and hydrogen production. The MiniCAM contains a large set of parameters to simulate technical change over time. These parameters include the rate of change in efficiency of inputs to any particular production sector in the model (e.g., primary energy transformation to secondary energy; secondary energy transformation to tertiary energy). These rates of change in input efficiency can be varied at each 15-year time step. Production Sectors Energy primary energy fuel conversion secondary energy energy conversion Demand Sectors Transportation tertiary energy Buildings Agriculture Industry biomass Agricultural demand & supplies The conceptual framework of the ERB and AgLU modules is shown in the figure above. Each production process is represented by a fixed-coefficient (Leontief) production function requiring three parameters: fuel input, efficiency, and non-fuel costs. During the transformation processes 5 from raw fuel to refined fuels and to fuels to be consumed by end-users, fuels compete based on their prices. This competition is simulated by means of a share equation (the logit share equation) which is based on fuel prices and their elasticities. The price of each of the fuels is assumed to fall within a fuel-price range based on the cost of fuel and various costs like transportation costs, taxes, non-fuel costs, and structural factors. This variance of each fuel price is captured in an energy price exponent or elasticity coefficient. Through the logit methodology all fuels that compete can contribute in the generation of the supply of a secondary fuel or an energy service, with shares changing in a smooth manner as prices or policies change with time. The demand for energy is determined by regional population levels, levels of economic activity and the price of energy services. The demand by the end-use sectors for energy services is simulated as a demand for the least costly energy service fuel mode through a combination of the constant elasticity and logit share equations. The constant elasticity equation includes price elasticities and income elasticities. End-use energy services can be supplied by refined fossil-fuels, biomass (traditional and from dedicated biomass farms), electricity, hydrogen, and synthetic fuels. The three end-use sectors are buildings, industry, and transportation. Regional populations determine regional economic activity and end-use demands. Technological change impacts energy demand, while regional taxes and tariffs (and climate policies which influence the price of greenhouse gas emissions) determine regional energy prices, which affect, in turn, regional energy demands. Regional energy resources and prices determine regional energy supplies, which impact global supply and demand, which in turn affect world prices that feed back to the regional energy prices, which then impact regional supply and demands. Through this iterative process, global supply and demand of the primary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases
    POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS published: 04 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.638805 Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases Felix Schenuit 1,2*, Rebecca Colvin 3, Mathias Fridahl 4, Barry McMullin 5, Andy Reisinger 6, Daniel L. Sanchez 7, Stephen M. Smith 8, Asbjørn Torvanger 9, Anita Wreford 10 and Oliver Geden 2 1 Center for Sustainable Society Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2 German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), Berlin, Germany, 3 Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 4 Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, 5 Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, 6 Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand, 7 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, 8 Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, 9 Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway, 10 Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand Edited by: William C. Burns, Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, spurred by the 2018 IPCC Special American University, United States Report on Global Warming of 1.5◦C, net zero emission targets have emerged as a Reviewed by: new organizing principle of climate policy. In this context, climate policymakers and Phillip Williamson, University of East Anglia, stakeholders have been shifting their attention to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as United Kingdom an inevitable component of net zero targets. The importance of CDR would increase Charithea Charalambous, Heriot-Watt University, further if countries and other entities set net-negative emissions targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020
    Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020 Table of contents Table of contents 2 Executive summary 3 Key findings 3 Context 3 About this report 4 Key issues in setting SBTs 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Understand the business case for science-based targets 12 3. Science-based target setting methods 18 3.1 Available methods and their applicability to different sectors 18 3.2 Recommendations on choosing an SBT method 25 3.3 Pros and cons of different types of targets 25 4. Set a science-based target: key considerations for all emissions scopes 29 4.1 Cross-cutting considerations 29 5. Set a science-based target: scope 1 and 2 sources 33 5.1 General considerations 33 6. Set a science-based target: scope 3 sources 36 6.1 Conduct a scope 3 Inventory 37 6.2 Identify which scope 3 categories should be included in the target boundary 40 6.3 Determine whether to set a single target or multiple targets 42 6.4 Identify an appropriate type of target 44 7. Building internal support for science-based targets 47 7.1 Get all levels of the company on board 47 7.2 Address challenges and push-back 49 8. Communicating and tracking progress 51 8.1 Publicly communicating SBTs and performance progress 51 8.2 Recalculating targets 56 Key terms 57 List of abbreviations 59 References 60 Acknowledgments 63 About the partner organizations in the Science Based Targets initiative 64 Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 -2- Executive summary Key findings ● Companies can play their part in combating climate change by setting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets that are aligned with reduction pathways for limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C or well-below 2°C compared to pre-industrial temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Policy Brief: Cost-Effective Actions to Tackle Climate Change
    AUGUST 2009Policy Brief ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Cost-Effective Actions to Tackle Climate Change What is the Introduction economic rationale Governments around the world have reached consensus on the need to achieve for ambitious large cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades. They action against are working towards an international agreement on actions required to achieve climate change? these reductions at the Fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP15) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen at the How important is end of 2009. carbon pricing? Considering the costs and risks of inaction, taking action now, even in the What if not midst of a global economic crisis, makes good economic sense. Delaying all countries emission cuts would simply postpone the inevitable and undoubtedly require larger cuts at a later date, thus making it more costly than a more gradual participate? approach. In addition, there is an opportunity now to use the economic How will a stimulus packages that governments are putting in place to invest in global carbon innovative, clean technologies – which could both help stimulate the world’s struggling economies and also shift them onto a low-carbon growth path. market evolve? Given the magnitude of emission cuts required to stabilise GHG concentrations How do actions at an acceptable level, it is imperative that such action to mitigate climate compare across change is taken at the lowest cost. OECD analyses show that the cost of action countries? would be minimised if a cost-effective set of policy instruments, with a focus on carbon pricing, were applied as broadly as possible across all emission How can countries sources, including all countries, sectors, and greenhouse gases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eu Ets Emissions Reduction Target and Interactions with Energy and Climate Policies
    CHAPTER THE EU ETS EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGET AND INTERACTIONS WITH ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICIES Authors: Matthieu JALARD, Lara DAHAN and Emilie ALBEROLA (I4CE – Institute for Climate 1 1 Economics), Sylvain CAIL and Kimon KERAMIDAS (ENERDATA) KEY MESSAGES • Introduction to the proposal for a revised EU ETS directive based on the European Council agreement - The -43% of CO2 emissions reduction EU ETS target and the linear reduction factor reduced at 2.2% from 2021 onwards correspond to a net additional reduction of 556 MtCO2e of the cumulative emissions cap by 2030. In addition, the European Council enforced in a binding EU target of at least 40% GHG reduction compared to 1990, a binding EU target of at least 27% Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in final energy, and an indicative EU target of at least 27% energy efficiency improvement compared to 2007 baseline - both without any binding targets for individual Member States. • In the EU 2020 energy & climate package, renewable energy policies account for a large share of emissions reductions but do not contributed significantly to the increasing surplus, in contrast to the impact of energy efficiency policies and offsets which were not factored into the cap - The surplus undermined the EUA price incentive which seems to have played a weak role, giving however a strong incentive for the 1.2 billion tons of CO2 emission reductions outside the EU ETS through Kyoto credits (CDM-JI). Steering technology developments in storage and demand response, together with more market based renewable supports and a targeted power market design are likely to enhance the ability of the EU ETS to drive emissions cost effectively in the power sector.
    [Show full text]
  • DESIGNING and PREPARING INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (Indcs)
    DESIGNING AND PREPARING INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (INDCs) KELLY LEVIN, DAVID RICH, YAMIL BONDUKI, MICHAEL COMSTOCK, DENNIS TIRPAK, HEATHER MCGRAY, IAN NOBLE, KATHLEEN MOGELGAARD, AND DAVID WASKOW WRI.ORG | UNDP.ORG TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Foreword 3 Executive Summary 7 Introduction PART I: OVERVIEW OF INDC PREPARATION AND DESIGN 13 CHAPTER I Background on INDCs 17 CHAPTER 2 How can Parties organize a national process to prepare an INDC? 23 CHAPTER 3 What data and analysis can inform an INDC? 31 CHAPTER 4 What form can the INDC take? 37 CHAPTER 5 How can Parties communicate their INDC transparently? PART II: TECHNICAL GUIDANCE 45 CHAPTER 6 What options exist for the design of an INDC for mitigation? 75 CHAPTER 7 What options exist for the design of an INDC for adaptation? 87 CHAPTER 8 What means can Parties use to implement the INDC? 94 Annexes 105 Glossary 107 Acronyms 109 References 113 Endnotes 116 Acknowledgments FOREWORD The commitment of Parties to develop Intended While the Paris climate agreement might not Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) will address all actions necessary to prevent a climate form a key part of the climate agreement expected crisis, it must mark the turning point for how to be agreed in Paris in December 2015 at the 21st the global community commits to solutions and Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework concrete steps for global action. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). INDCs will be foundational for the Paris As the impacts of climate change mount, the climate agreement, demonstrating countries’ urgency to take collective action has never been intent to decarbonize their economies and invest greater.
    [Show full text]
  • Accounting for Mitigation Targets in Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement
    www.oecd.org/environment/cc/ccxg.htm www.iea.org Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2017(5) Accounting for mitigation targets in Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement Christina Hood (IEA) and Carly Soo (OECD) October 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 Unclassified English - Or. English 31 October 2017 ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Accounting for mitigation targets in Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein. Christina Hood (IEA) and Carly Soo (OECD) JT03421922 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 │ This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Copyright OECD/IEA, 2017 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be addressed to: Head of Publications Service, OECD/IEA 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France or 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. Unclassified COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 3 │ Foreword This document was prepared by the OECD and IEA Secretariats in response to a request from the Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG) on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Taxes Vs. Cap and Trade: a Critical Review
    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CARBON TAXES VS. CAP AND TRADE: A CRITICAL REVIEW Lawrence H. Goulder Andrew Schein Working Paper 19338 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19338 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2013 We are grateful to Terry Dinan, Dennis Ellerman, David Harrison, Ken Judd, Suzi Kerr, Charles McLure, Gib Metcalf, Richard Newell, Paul Schwartz, Robert Stavins, Jon Strand, and Michael Wara for helpful suggestions and to Anuradha Sivaram and Xiaoling Zhou for research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Lawrence H. Goulder and Andrew Schein. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Carbon Taxes vs. Cap and Trade: A Critical Review Lawrence H. Goulder and Andrew Schein NBER Working Paper No. 19338 August 2013 JEL No. H23,Q50,Q54 ABSTRACT We examine the relative attractions of a carbon tax, a “pure” cap-and-trade system, and a “hybrid” option (a cap-and-trade system with a price ceiling and/or price floor). We show that the various options are equivalent along more dimensions than often are recognized. In addition, we bring out important dimensions along which the approaches have very different impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing CO2 from Cars in the European Union: Emission Standards Or Emission Trading?1
    Reducing CO2 from Cars in the European Union: Emission Standards or Emission Trading?1 Sergey Paltsev2, Y.-H. Henry Chen, Valerie Karplus, Paul Kishimoto, John Reilly MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Andreas Loeschel University of Muenster and Centre for European Economic Research, Germany Kathrine von Graevenitz, Simon Koesler Centre for European Economic Research, Germany Abstract CO2 emissions mandates for new light-duty passenger vehicles have recently been adopted in the European Union (EU), which require steady reductions to 95 g CO2/km in 2021. Using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, we analyze the impact of the mandates on oil demand, CO2 emissions, and economic welfare, and compare the results to an emission trading scenario that achieves identical emissions reductions. We find that vehicle emission standards reduce CO2 emissions from transportation by about 50 MtCO2 and lower the oil expenditures by about €6 billion, but at a net added cost of €12 billion in 2020. Tightening CO2 standards further after 2021 would cost the EU economy an additional €24-63 billion in 2025 compared with an emission trading system achieving the same economy-wide CO2 reduction. We offer a discussion of the design features for incorporating transport into the emission trading system. 1 This paper is an extended version of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Report 281 2 Corresponding Author: [email protected] 1. Introduction European Union legislation sets mandatory CO2 emissions reduction targets for new cars (EC, 2009). The legislation is based on the EU strategy for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles that is at once aimed at fighting climate change, reducing the EU reliance on imported fuels, and improving air quality (EC, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Emissions Trading Worldwide
    Emissions Trading Worldwide International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2017 Emissions Trading Worldwide International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2017 Editorial Team Marissa Santikarn, Alexander Eden, Lina Li, Johannes Ackva, William Acworth, Martina Kehrer, Oliver Lübker, Julia Melnikova, Mariza Montes de Oca, Kateryna Stelmakh, Charlotte Unger, Kristian Wilkening and Constanze Haug. Cite as ICAP. (2017). Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2017. Berlin: ICAP. The ICAP Secretariat expresses its gratitude to policymakers from the ICAP membership and further collaborators from the emis- sions trading field, who provided insightful, written contributions and carefully reviewed the report: Marco Aurélio dos Santos Araujo (Brazil), Jean-Yves Benoit (Québec), Chen Zhibin (Sinocarbon), Mary Jane Coombs (California), Matthew Cowie (New Zealand), Lynda Danquah (Canada), Sean Donavan (Mexico), Johannes Enzmann (European Commission), Victor Escalona (Mexico), Jason Hollett (Nova Scotia), Huang Xiaochen (Sinocarbon), Cécile Goubet (France), Huang Dayue (Chonqging Low Carbon Consulting), Ai Kaibu (Japan), Sun-Yeong Kim (Republic of Korea), Marat Latypov (Russia), Stéphane Legros (Québec), Pongvipa Lohsomboon (Thailand), Vivian Vieira de Macedo (Brazil), Anaïs Maillet (France), Akiko Miura (Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Antje Mosler (Switzerland), Nicolas Muller (UNFCCC), Sachiko Nakamura (Tokyo Metropolitan Government), Il-Young Oh (Republic of Korea), Megan O’Toole (Vermont), Heather Pearson (Ontario), Saul Pereyra (Mexico), Qian Guoqiang (Sinocarbon), Huy Luong Quang (Vietnam), Kathleen Rich (Canada), Juan Pedro Searle (Chile), Gulmira Sergazina (Kazkahstan), William Space (Massachusetts), Sophie Wenger (Switzerland), Tony Usibelli (Washington State), Zeren Erik Yasar (Turkey), Alfred Alexandre Yameogo (Québec), Olga Yukhymchuk (Ukraine) The ICAP Secretariat is grateful to the German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) for funding this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
    International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Defining the principles, modalities, rules and guidelines for verification, reporting and accountability UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Defining the principles, modalities, rules and guidelines for verification, reporting and accountability Tom Tietenberg, Michael Grubb, Axel Michaelowa, Byron Swift and ZhongXiang Zhang Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a reference to the document number. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNCTAD secretariat. All references to dollars ($) are to United States dollars. UNCTAD/GDS/GFSB/Misc.6 Contents Page Overview ...................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Intended Nationally Determined Contributions: What Are the Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2030? Policy Paper
    Intended nationally determined contributions: what are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions in 2030? Rodney Boyd, Joe Cranston Turner and Bob Ward Policy paper October 2015 ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment 1 The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) was established in 2008 to advance public and private action on climate change through rigorous, innovative research. The Centre is hosted jointly by the University of Leeds and the London School of Economics and Political Science. It is funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. More information about the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy can be found at: http://www.cccep.ac.uk The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established in 2008 at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The Institute brings together international expertise on economics, as well as finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to establish a world-leading centre for policy-relevant research, teaching and training in climate change and the environment. It is funded by the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, which also funds the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London. More information about the Grantham Research Institute can be found at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/grantham/ The Authors Rodney Boyd is a Policy Analyst and Research Advisor to Nicholas Stern at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy at London School of Economics and Political Science.
    [Show full text]