(ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 68, No. 3 * Spring, 1985

^^^fe^KKjjs THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN RICHARD A. ERNEY, Director Officers WILLIAM C. KIDD, President WILSON B. I'HIEDE, Treasurer NEWELL G. MEYER, First Vice-President RICHARD A. ERNEY, Secretart MRS. L. PRENTICE EAGER, JR., Second Vice-President

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIEIV OF WISCONSIN is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846—two years before statehood—and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest American historical society to receive coiitiinious public fimding. By statute, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and disseminating knowledge of Wisconsin and of the trans-Allegheny West. Ihe Society serves as the archive ol the State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a museum, library, and research facility in Madison as w ell as a statewide system ol historic sites, school services, area research centers, and afliliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular. MEMBERSHIP in the Society is open to the public. Annual membership is |15, or $12.50 for persons over 65 or members ot affiliated societies. Family membership is S20, or |15 for persons over 65 or members ol affiliated societies. Contributing membership is $50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $200—500; patron, $500 or more. THE SOCIETY is governed by a Board oKairators which includes, ex officio, the Governor (or his designee) and three citizens appointed by the Governor with the approval ol the Senate; the Speaker of the Assembly and the President of the Senate, or a member from the majority party and a member from tfie minority party from each house designated by them; the President of the University of Wisconsin, the President of the Friends of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, the President of the Wisconsin History Foundation, Inc., and the (Chairman of the Administrative (Committee of the Wisconsin (Council for Local History. Fhe other twenty-four members of the Board of Gurators are elected by the membership. A complete listing of the (airators appears inside the back cover. NOTE: The Board of (Curators will be reduced from thirty-six to twenty-four members on or before the annual meeting in 1986.

The Society is headquartered at 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, at the Juncture of State and Park streets on the University of Wisconsin campus. A partial listing of phone numbers (Area Gode 608) follows: General Administration 262-3266 Library circulation desk 262-3421 General information 262-3271 Maps 262-.5867 Affiliated local societies 262-2316 Membership 262-9613 Archives reading room 262-3338 Microforms reading room 262-9621 Contribution of manuscript materials 262-3248 Museum tours 262-2704 Editorial offices 262-9603 Newspapers reference 262-9584 Film collections 262-0.58.'i Picture and sound collections 262-9581 Genealogical and general reference inquiries . . . .262-9.590 Public information office 262-9606 Government publications and reference 262-2781 .Sales desk 262-3271 Historic preservation 262-1339 School services 262-9567 Historic sites 262-3271 Speakers bureau 262-9606

ON THE COVER: Increase Lapham examining a meteorite found in Trenton, Wisconsin (Washington County) in 1868. From a stereo negative by H. Brioch in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1869. An article about Lapliam's career as a mapnmker begins on page 163. [WHi(X22) 11] Volume 68, Number 3 / Spring, 1985 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Increase A. Lapham and the Mapping of Wisconsin 163 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Distributed Michael Edmonds to members as part of their dues. (Annual membership, $15, or $12.50 for those over 6.5 or members of affiliated The Anglo-CathoHc Movement in Wisconsin 188 societies; family membership, $20, or $ 15 for those over 65 or Thomas C. Reeves members of affiliated societies; contributing, $50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $200-$5t)0; patron, $500 or more.) Single Wisconsin's Rhetorical HIistorian, numbers from Volume 57 Frederick Jackson Turner: forward are $2. Microfilmed A Review Essay 199 copies available through University Microfilms, 300 Ronald H. Carpenter North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106; reprints of Volumes 1 through 20 and most issues of Volumes 21 The fiolocaust in History: through 56 are available from Eyewitnesses to Terror 204 Kraus Reprint Company, Route 100, Millwood, New Sara Leuchter York 10546. Clommunications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsibility for statements Reading America 210 made by contributors. Mary Lou M. Schultz Second-class postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Wisconsin .Magazine Book Reviews 214 of History, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Copyright © 1985 by Book Review Index 233 the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Wisconsin History Checklist 234

The Wisconsin Magazine of Accessions 236 History is indexed annually by the editors; cumulative indexes Contributors 239 are assembled decennially. In addition, articles are abstracted and indexed in America: History Editor andLife, Historical Abstracts, Index lo Literature on the American PAUL H. HASS Indian, and the Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in Associate Editors Histoiy, 1838-1974. WILLIAM C. MARTEN JOHN O. HOLZHUETER WHi(X3) 17916 Increase A. Lapham, who, along with his other accomplishments, was president of the State Historical Society from 1862 to 1871. This oil portrait by Samuel Marsden Brookes from 1856 was commissioned by the Society and is in its collections. Increase A. Lapham and the Mapping of Wisconsin

By Michael Edmonds

N the twilight of a late summer eve­ excavating in the Ohio River Valley in the I ning in 1875, the naturalist In­ 1820's also sparked his interest in the natural crease A. Lapham was found adrift in his row- sciences, and it was there that Lapham "ac­ boat on Oconomowoc Lake, dead from a heart quired my hrst lessons in Mineralogy & Geol­ attack at the age of sixty-hve. It was somehow ogy, not from books but from observation."'' htting that his death, like so much of his life, During the 1830's Lapham rose from a la­ took place outdoors: by the time he died borer to an engineer and surveyor, and in his Lapham had spent half a century observing, free time read all the scientific books he could describing, and transforming the Wisconsin get his hands on. He became skilled at laying landscape. routes, designing machines, drafting sketches, Increase Allen Lapham was born in upstate and marshalling work crews. At the same time, New York in 1811. His Quaker parents were he published articles on the geology of the Old too poor to educate their children, so he began Northwest, sent specimens of plants and min­ work at an early age as a laborer on canal con­ erals to naturalists in the East, and joined struction crews. Although Lapham never re­ learned societies as a corresponding member. ceived any formal education, he displayed a In the spring of 1830 he performed part of the talent for topographical sketching when quite surveying on the Ohio Canal, and in the sum­ young. When he was fourteen, assisting his fa­ mer of 1835 was appointed deputy surveyor ther and brother on canal work, he carried on of Franklin County, Ohio. Before he left that "quite a lucrative business" by "preparing state for Wisconsin in 1836, Lapham and some plans of the 'Combined & Doufjle Locks' of his associates had lobbied the Ohio legisla­ which were sold to passing strangers."' Young ture for a thorough geological survey at public Lapham's aptitude for drafting views and expense.* plans is demonstrated by the many sketches of Early in 1836 Lapham was invited by his locks, gates, bridges, canal routes, and geolog­ former employer Byron Kilbourn to come to ical sections scattered among his early papers. Milwaukee. Ten years earlier Kilbourn had He was so proficient at it that in 1828, at the been in charge of the engineering crew on the age of seventeen, he performed virtually all Miami Canal and was undoubtedly acquainted the drafting for the canal at Shippingsport, with Lapham's qualifications. Kilbourn had Kentucky, on the Ohio River.^ Surveying and recently begun speculating in Wisconsin lands and wanted Lapham as a kind of general fac-

'Increase A. Lapham Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin (SHSW), 1:1. ^Graham P. Hawks, "I. A. Lapham, Wisconsin's First 'Lapham Papers (SHSW), 1:1. Scientist" (doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin, ^Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 1; Hawks, "L A. 1960), 7-8. Lapham," 16, 27. Copyright © 1985 by The State Historical Society of Wcsconsin 163 All rights oj reproduction in any form resemed WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 totum. Though initially reluctant to give up tor, he needed accurate cadastral maps, and as his position in Ohio since it "afforded me more a traveler over the largely unsettled territory leisure to be devoted to scientific inquiries and he needed basic topographic maps. He plotted pursuits," Lapham ultimately accepted Kil- a wide variety of scientific findings to produce bourn's offer and arrived in Milwaukee on geological, archaeological, and climatological July 1, 1836.5 maps. He also recognized the need for de­ Lapham kept accounts for Kilbourn, con­ pendable maps for the growing population of ducted business deals, and speculated in land the young state. for himself on the side. Soon after arriving, he In the mid-1840's Lapham acquired two was appointed a deputy surveyor of Wisconsin additional skills that undoubtedly improved Territory and was employed by Kilbourn "to his mapmaking. In a letter to his brother he assist in making the plots" of the district. His expressed a childlike enthusiasm for making integrity and efficiency were publicly recog­ astronomical observations after obtaining a nized when his fellow citizens chose him ad hoc sextant, and a few months later he noted that register of land claims until the official govern­ he had "made careful measurement and trian­ ment land office opened in Miiwaukee.*' gulation" of various archaeological sites.' Over the next twenty years Lapham's By 1845, when Lapham began to compile adopted city grew from a village of about his first important map of Wisconsin, he was a 1,000 residents to a booming metropolis of competent mapmaker. Entirely self-trained, 45,000, and he played a key role in that trans­ he had learned the cartographer's basic skills formation. He recorded and helped arbitrate through personal experience as an engineer, early land claims, drew the basic plat of the city draftsman, and surveyor. Combined with his on which they were recorded, held a variety of scientist's careful eye, his scholarly respect for public offices, helped found several educa­ accuracy, and his speculator's enthusiasm for tional institutions, and published a guide for developing natural resources, Lapham's tal­ immigrants that brought many new settlers to ents as a mapmaker were to provide thou­ the area. sands of new settlers with their first reliable ge­ At the same time, he became a naturalist of ographical information about Wisconsin. the first rank. Lapham shared specimens of From the time Lapham issued his first map in Wisconsin plants, fossils, rocks, fishes, and me­ 1845 until his death thirty years later, hardly a teorological observations with such leading year went by that didn't see a new edition of scientists as Asa Gray, Louis Agassiz, and Ben­ one of his maps. jamin Silliman. In 1855 the Smithsonian Insti­ Lapham's cartographic activities deserve tution and the American Antiquarian Society attention for several reasons. First, his map- jointly published his book on the prehistoric making career linked the two great large-scale Indian effigy mounds of Wisconsin, and in the surveys of the state. His most important maps same year he completed a long monograph on were closely dependent on the U.S. General the native grasses of the state. His close study Land Office (G.L.O.) rectangular survey of of weather conditions convinced him that Wisconsin that took place between 1832 and storms could be predicted if meteorological 1865. In fact, his career can be seen as a case data were telegraphed to a central point and study of how a commercial mapmaker relied mapped, and he was the principal organizer of upon the products of that survey. And both the National Weather Service. Throughout before and during his tenure as head of the the middle third of the nineteenth century a Wisconsin Geological Survey in the 1870's, flood of pamphlets and articles on scientihc Lapham laid the administrative groundwork subjects poured from his pen as he tried to dis­ for the U.S.G.S. survey which is only now cover and publicize the natural resources of drawing to a close. Wisconsin. Secondly, Lapham is representative of an Mapmaking was a logical outgrowth of all important, long-vanished type of mapmaker: Lapham's other activities. As a land specula- the individual entrepreneur. The first maps of the West were made by government explorers SLapham Papers (SHSW), 1:2-3. and were not usually intended for a mass mar- ^Increase A. Lapham Papers, Milwaukee County His­ torical Societv (MCHS), box 1; Hawks, "I. A. Lapham," 'Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 18, March 26, 1846, 34, 43-45. and October 16, 1846.

164 EDMONDS; INtlREASE A. L.4PHAM ket. During Lapham's lifetime, commercial lithographed maps. It may be that Lapham cartographers competed to capture that mar­ was so dissatisfied with Morse's map, widely ket by making up-to-date reference maps for distributed to new immigrants inside his book, new settlers; by the end of the century, such that he decided to draw a first-rate map of general purpose cartography was firmly in the Wisconsin himself. hands of a few large atlas publishers. He set to work on his hrst map of the state in Lapham's career shows how one independent the summer of 1845. "I am now engaged in cartographer gathered information, compiled preparing a sectional map of Wisconsin for it onto maps, and offered them to the general publication by Hale & Hopkins," he wrote to public before the era of big business. his brother Darius on July 17, "for which I Lastly, Lapham's maps played a crucial role shall charge them $100. This seems to them in guiding immigrants to the state and trans­ like a large sum and yet it will but barely pay forming a virgin wilderness into a thriving ag­ me for the time, labor, and expense 1 shall nec­ ricultural society. They were also an impor­ essarily devote to it."" tant means of publicizing Wisconsin's In fact, Lapham probably undercharged resources to scholars, ofhcials, and investors in Hale & Hopkins, for the "time, labor, and ex­ Other parts of the country. pense" in making a map in the mid-nineteenth Though Lapham drew several hundred century were indeed great. First, information maps during his career, this article concerns had to be gathered from as many sources as only those published maps that show the en­ possible, including official G.L.O. surveys, tire state. His three most important maps of personal reconnaissance, previously drawn Wisconsin were first published in 1846, 1849, maps, and correspondence. Conflicting evi­ and 1865, though revised editions appeared at dence had to be reconciled so that only the lat­ regular intervals afterwards. est and most accurate information would ap­ pear on the finished product. A manuscript map based on this data was drawn and en­ N 1844 Wisconsin's first commer­ graved on the copper plate or copied onto a I cially published book appeared in lithographic stone. The mapmaker then had Milwaukee. This was Lapham's Geographical to correct proofs printed from the plate or and Topographical Description of Wisconsin, a stone to make sure that no errors had oc­ 255-page compendium of facts and descrip­ curred in copying; it was also possible to intro­ tions "in regard to climate, soil, water- duce the very latest data onto the map at this privileges, timber, etc., of the different coun­ point. Finally, the sheets were printed and ties and sections of Wisconsin."*^ A thousand sold, and the plate or stone was carefully pre­ copies were printed, and when these were ex­ served so that additions could be made on it hausted within two years, a second, expanded, for future, updated editions of the map. edition was required.^ Rights to print from the plate or stone were of­ Written, printed, bound, and published in ten transferred from one publisher to an­ Milwaukee, the book contained one promi­ other, so various revised issues of the same ba­ nent feature that was not produced in Wiscon­ sic map may contain entirely different titles, sin. This was a map entitled, "Wisconsin. dates, and imprints. Southern Part," by Sidney E. Morse of New It is possible—using Lapham's personal pa­ York. Morse's wax-engraved maps of the vari­ pers, copies of maps which belonged to him, ous states first appeared in his Cerographic Atlas internal evidence from his preliminary manu­ of the United States (in parts, 1842-1845), which script, and the final printed map itself—to included the Wisconsin map dated 1844. This suggest where Lapham acquired his informa­ map was reprinted in 1845, 1846, and 1847, tion and how he set it down. and copies of it from all these years were Lapham was in touch with the ofhciai tipped into both editions of Lapham's book."* G.L.O. survey from the start. As previously These early wax-engraved maps were rather crude, compared to copperplate or '"Based on a census of all recorded copies conducted by mail; a few copies of the 1844 edition contained Morse's "Iowa and Wisconsin," first published in 1844 and '^Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, May 8, 1846, p. 2. subsequently reprinted. ^iHawks, "I. A. Lapham," 135. "Lapham Papers (SHSW), July 17, 1845. 165 SPRING, 1985 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

Sfiel

The Fox and Rock river basins, as shoum m Lapham's manuscript sketch (1843) for the "Sectimal Map" of 1846. Scale of original: 10 miles per inch, orca. 1:633,600.

166 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM mentioned, in 1836 he had been appointed a that may have provided information for deputy surveyor and helped draw the ofhcial him.'s Two of the maps, in particular, bore a plats for Byron Kilbourn, who was himself consistently close resemblance to Lapham's. backed financially by a former surveyor- These were the "Map of Wisconsin, com­ general of the Northwest Territory. '"^ As a sur­ piled from the public surveys" by Capt. veyor, engineer, and land agent, Lapham Thomas J. Cram (Washington, D.C, 1840) must have been in and out of the G.L.O. ofhce and a manuscript "Map of Wiskonsan" drawn in Milwaukee on a daily basis. By the time he by Charles Doty and Francis Hudson in 1844. began to draw the sectional map in the winter The treatment of key hydrological features of 1845, he had undoubtedly been using the closely resembles the G.L.O. survey on both surveyors' field notes and ofhcial plats of the Cram's and Lapham's maps, while on the oth­ G.L.O. rectangular survey for nearly a dec­ ers these features are signihcantly altered. ade. Lapham's map shares several traits only with In addition, Lapham had traveled over the Doty/Hudson map, including the reluc­ much of southeastern Wisconsin in person. tance to include "paper cities" on the shores of He had journeyed from Milwaukee to Racine Lake Mendota. We know from Lapham's writ­ on foot in 1836 and had made surveys for the ings that he was familiar with Cram's work and canal company that covered most of the terri­ the Doty/Hudson map was among his papers tory east of the Rock River.''^ Besides the maps when he died.'*^ of the canal route referred to above, Lapham Though Lapham may have been indebted also drew a large-scale map of the Milwaukee to some degree to existing maps, his 1846 map Land District in the late thirties that varied in is unique in several ways. Among the maps of many details from the official G.L.O. surveys. similar scale, it is the only one to show the inte­ These variations were probably based on his rior subdivisions of townships—hence its own observations, which are likely to have claim to be a "sectional" map. At the same found their way onto the 1846 sectional map time, Lapham omitted much of the detailed as well.''* topographical data often shown by the others When we try to determine the previously and concentrated instead on presenting trans­ published maps from which Lapham may portation data such as roads, villages, streams, have taken data, we enter historical territory and rivers. This gives his map an uncluttered undermined by reasonable doubts. Most of appearance when compared to its contempo­ the maps he may have consulted shared a com­ raries and makes it easier to read. Fhe empha­ mon source, the G.L.O. plats, and so resemble sis on legibility may have been due to one another in many respects. And though we Lapham's intended audience. While the other have Lapham's own annotated copies of oth­ maps were distributed in comparatively small ers, we cannot be sure that he owned them in numbers, for use by land speculators or to ac­ the summer and fall of 1845, when he was company government reports, Lapham prob­ drawing the map under consideration. ably aimed his map at the same people who At least thirty maps of Wisconsin were might purchase his book: intelligent lay- printed in the decade before Lapham's 1846 people and new settlers needing to hnd their map appeared.'^ Several were drawn at scales way about. roughly equivalent to or larger than his Lapham began to compile the map in July, (1:633,600, or about ten miles per inch), and it 1845, and the following February he wrote to is possible that he incorporated data from his father that it was "now in the hands of the them onto his map. There were also several hthographer in Boston. . . .""^ A manuscript large-scale maps of individual land districts version of the map which must date from the winter of 1845 reveals his methods of work.'^ '^Field notes for Kilbourn biography in U.S. Works Township and section lines were first ruled Progress Administration, Federal Writers Project— Wisconsin, Biographical Material Collected and Com­ '^The maps examined were cartobibliography items piled 1935-1942, folder 1, SHSW. CLC6,C8,C10,Cll,C15,C17,C18,C19,andC22. '^Hawks, "I. A. Lapham," 56, 62-63. ^''Wisconsin Historical Collections (Madison, 1859), '^Cartobibliography B5, following this article. 4:359-363; List of Additions to Library and Museum, ''Christopher Baruth, "The Mapping of Wisconsin 1856-1908, (Series 961), 3:57, SHSW. Since 1832" (master's thesis. University of Wisconsin— '^Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 17, February 15, 1846. Milwaukee, 1979), 126. '^Cartobibliography ALL 167 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRINt;, 1985 lightly in pencil, and hydrology was then general's office in Dubuque and obtained cop­ sketched in; this was later inked over where it ies of the official G.L.O. township plats as soon was confirmed by the official G.L.O. survey as they were available. The revised issues of and left in pencil where the survey was not yet 1848, 1850, and 1851 all show the results of complete. Then the survey grid was carefully the latest G.L.O. surveys in western and cen­ retraced in ink, and finally villages, roads, and tral Wisconsin. They also contain corrections place names penned in. and additions in the eastern parts of the state Though the manuscript sketch and the and boundaries of the newly created counties. final printed map are very similar, there are In 1850, P. C. Hale turned over the publica­ important differences which indicate that the tion rights to Silas Chapman. Chapman had lithographic stone was not drawn directly come to Wisconsin in 1841 and been Hale's from this manuscript. For instance, the manu­ partner until the end of the decade; he was script attempts to show far more data than the destined to become one of the country's most final version. "Lead mines, copper mines, me­ prolihc map publishers. Over the next andered streams, ridges, rock ledges, lime­ quarter-century he issued more than fifty stone ledges, sandstone ledges, county lines maps of Wisconsin and other north central [and] University lands" are all individually states. His 1855 map and guidebook to Mil­ symbolized on the manuscript, while all but waukee sold 3,000 copies, and one of his Mil­ the mines and the county boundaries were waukee County maps is said to have sold dropped from the finished product. 100,000.2'' When he took over publication of The printed map, entitled "Wisconsin, A Lapham's sectional map in 1850, it was as­ Sectional Map with the most recent surveys," sured a wide distribution. was lithographed in Boston by J. H. Bufford & Chapman's 1853 issue of Lapham's sec­ Co., and exists in two states. The first lacks the tional map is so largely altered that it is nearly name of the publisher and the copyright state­ a different work altogether. It was the first of ment; the second includes the phrase, "Pub- the revisions to be copyrighted under Chap­ Hshed by P. C. Hale, Milwaukee," and Hale's man's own name, and was printed on a wider copyright notice in the lower margin. Since sheet to accommodate the western counties the copyright statement is a crucial piece of that had recently been surveyed; two years data to be included on any map intended for later additional sheets were added to show the public circulation, the first state is probably a northern counties as well. proof copy. Lapham inscribed this copy, "Re­ Over the next thirty years twenty-five re­ ceived April 17, 1846," and made many cor­ vised and expanded versions of this map ap­ rections in ink which appear printed on copies peared. Whether Lapham or Chapman actu­ in the second state.^^ ally made the revisions, or whether they On June 17, 1846,The Milwaukee Daily Sen­ worked together on every new issue, cannot be tinel noted that a "sectional map of Wisconsin, ascertained. Since by 1849 Lapham was pre­ carefully prepared from the most recent sur­ paring an altogether different map of the veys by Mr. I. A. Lapham and got up in very state, it is possible that he turned all editorial good style" was available at Hale's bookshop.2' tasks over to Chapman in 1853 when the copy­ It was for sale in sheet form or folded into right changed. On the other hand, revisions small leather covers as a pocket map.^^ appeared annually during Lapham's lifetime, The task of keeping the map up-to-date was but less often after his death, suggesting that a never-ending one in a territory where, as he had an active interest in the revisions. Lapham put it, "new settlements are com­ Whatever the case, through Chapman's dy­ menced almost every day, and soon grow into namic publishing firm, the 1846 sectional map important places without any notice being had a long life and reached thousands of set­ taken of them by the public."^^ Lapham main­ tlers, tourists, and emigrants while Lapham tained regular contact with the surveyor- turned his attention to new projects.

2»Cartobibliography A1.2. ^'Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, ]une 17, 1846, p. 2. ^'Increase A. Lapham, A Geographical and Topographi­ ^^An uncatalogued copy at SHSW Map Collection, and cal Description of Wisconsin (2nd ed., Milwaukee, 1846), iii. Newberry Library copy Case G 109.02 482, were both is­ ^••Alice E. Smith, "Two Wisconsin Mapmakers," in the sued in cloth boards. Wisconsin Magazine of History, 29:405 (1946).

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The Fox and Rock river basins, as shown on the second (1848) issue of Lapham's "Sectioned Map." Scale of original: 10 miles per inch, orca: 1:633,300. 169 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985

N 1840, when Lapham was estab­ dient, at this stage of our governmettt, with an I lishing himself in Milwaukee, the empty Treasury, to subscribe ... is with me, a city was still a pioneer village of 1,700 people, matter of much doubt."-*^ and the entire Wisconsin territory contained Lapham was undaunted, however, and only 30,000. A decade later the population of throughout 1848 he worked on his new large- Milwaukee bad mushroomed to 20,000, forty scale map of Wisconsin. In January of 1849, percent of whom were German-born, while he again appealed for legislative support and the territory grew by tenfold to more than exhibited a manuscript copy backed by testi­ 300,000 people from all over northern Eu­ monials, but with as little success as the pre­ rope and eastern America.^' In 1846 they vious year.2^ He resolved to publish the map voted overwhelmingly to join the Union, and without state support and received proofs of it two years later were admitted as the thirtieth in the spring of 1849. It was finally finished state. During the 1850's this population again that fall, and Lapham had the pleasure of per­ more than doubled, and seemingly innumera­ sonally depositing the copyright copy at the ble settlements of churches, post offices, Library of Congress during a trip to the East.-^" homesteads, and main streets sprung up in Lapham's large-scale 1849 map was enti­ what only a few years before had been the un­ tled, "The State of Wisconsin, compiled from bounded wilderness domain of the Indians. the latest authorities, and published by I. A. Lapham was swept along in this torrent of Lapham." It was engraved on copper by Sher­ expansion with everyone else, but also main­ man & Smith in New York during the spring tained unusual historical foresight. He spent and summer of 1849. The issues of 1849, three years surveying and describing the pre­ 1850, 1852, 1853, and 1854, all published by historic efhgy mounds around the state, many Lapham, measure 79 x 122 cm and show only of which were soon destroyed by the plow. He the southern half of the state. The issues of studied and catalogued the native grasses of 1855, 1856, and 1857 were twice as large and the prairies before they, too, were turned un­ showed the entire state, though the southern der, and wrote pamphlets on the harmful half was also available separately. All issues effects of clearing forests and on the history bear Lapham's 1849 copyright statement and and dispersion of the native inhabitants. And are drawn to the scale of ca. 1:380,160 (six he drew a very large and detailed map of Wis­ miles to the inch).'^' consin which a contemporary described as The sources Lapham used in 1848 to com­ "the most accurate surveyed and best en­ pile this map were summarized in his letter of graved map ever offered to the public"—a typ­ January 24, 1849, seeking support from the ically enthusiastic example of booster hyper­ state: bole which aptly reveals the spirit of the The most recent General Land Office times 26 surveys have been furnished through Having seen at first hand the amount of the politeness of Hon. Geo. W. Jones, time, energy, and expense needed to produce Surveyor General at Dubuque. . . . The a map of the state, Lapham sought public sup­ townships south of the Fox and Wiscon­ port for his new project. Early in 1848 he told sin rivers were reduced by me from the his brother Darius, "I have a prospect of being valuable collection of plats belonging to employed by the Legislature to draw some Hon. Byron Kilbourn. From the Green Bay Land District, diagrams were fur­ large maps of the new State of Wisconsin."^' nished byjohn Meade Esq. and John V. This "prospect" existed in Lapham's imagina­ Suydam Esq. From the St. Croix District, tion rather than as a legislative fact. One rep­ by Samuel Leach, Esq., Receiver. resentative that he lobbied told him such a Important diagrams showing the con­ map would be considered "a useless expendi­ nections of our surveys with those of ture," and another wrote him more tactfully, ". . . whether the legislature will think it expe- ^^Charles Doty to Lapham, June 6, 1848; Simeon Mills to Lapham, June 8, 1848, both in the Lapham Papers ^^Robert Nesbit, Wisconsin: A History (Madison, 1973), (SHSW). 126, 150, 154,548. ^^Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 2, folder 4. ^''Baraboo Standard, March 13, 1851.. in the Lapham ™Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 18, September 19, Papers (SHSW). 1849. "Lapham Papers (SHSW), February 20, 1848. ^"Cartobibliography A2.1, A2.8. 170 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM

Michigan were furnished by Mr. H. roads, the map shows the location of lead Burnham, of the Surveyor General's mines, copper mines, and plank roads. Relief Oflfice, Detroit.32 is shown hy hachure, and the depth of Green Lapham also lists twenty-nine individuals Bay and the elevations of many points around around the state who had contributed "infor­ the state are also given. mation of more or less value," and from corre­ The second issue appeared less than a year spondence we can further explicate some of later, in the summer of 1850. In January of these sources. that year Lapham had written to the surveyor- On July 31, 1848, Lapham sent a clipped general in Dubuque for "copies on a scale of fragment of a preliminary proof of the map to six miles to an inch of the surveys made since John F. Meade of Green Bay for his additions last winter." Then follows the enigmatic state­ and corrections.'^•' On September 11, 1848, he ment that the "map has from various causes wrote to postmasters in Sheboygan and Co­ been delayed a whole season and will not be lumbia counties and enclosed sketch maps on fully published until I hear from you. ... I which he asked them to mark ". . . the exact send you by mail a few fragments of the proof position of your office, and the principal roads sheets from which you can judge something of leading to it; also any remarkable locality in the style of the proposed map."^^ your vicinity not on the land office plats, such This seems to indicate that the hrst, 1849, as mills, stone quarries or ledges, the local issue was never distributed to the public, and names of streams, lakes, etc."^'' In March of indeed, no advertisements for it or other sec­ 1849 he received additional surveys from the ondary references have come to light. On Feb­ G.L.O. and "obtained from the 'coast survey' ruary 20, 1850, Lapham wrote to the secretary the precise length of degrees of Latitude and of state for a copy of all acts defining county or Longitude, so as to lay out the ground work in town boundaries passed at the most recent ses­ the most scientific manner."^^ sion of the legislature, and it is possible that Lapham received proofs of a portion of the the 1849 issue was held back to accommodate map from New York late in April, 1849, and the major changes in county boundaries that confessed to his brother Darius, "It looks very occurred early in 1850."'° neat." He expected it to be out in July and was Whatever the cause of the delay, before the disappointed when production was delayed.^'' 1850 issue appeared that summer, Lapham The nature of the problem is unclear, but dur­ incorporated about fifty more townships sur­ ing his trip East that summer Lapham was veyed through the end of 1849 and added the forced to stay in New York longer than antici­ route of the Milwaukee and Mississippi Rail­ pated "to get my large map regulated."^^ This road. The finished maps arrived from New was soon accomplished, and on September 19, York in July, and on August 16, 1850, The 1849, he deposited copies with the Library of Milwaukee Daily Sentinel announced, "Our fel­ Congress and the Smithsonian Institution be­ low citizen, Mr. I. A. Lapham, has just pub­ fore returning home to Milwaukee.^** lished a new and very handsome Map of this This first issue, of September, 1849, shows State.. . . for sale at a very reasonable price, at all of the state south of the second correction our City Book Stores.'"" line at township 30 north. Topography and During the following winter Lapham ap­ hydrography are shown in detail only in those pears to have made an assertive effort to mar­ townships whose interiors had been surveyed ket the map. His friend Professor S. P. through the end of 1848. In addition to the Lathrop of Beloit College prepared a broad­ standard cultural data of settlements and side claiming that the map "rendered an im­ portant service to every immigrant coming among us, and each immigrant should put '^Lapham Papers (SHSW), January 24, 1849. ^'Cartobibliography B8. himself in possession of it, as a duty of the hrst '••Lapham Papers (SHSW), September 11, 1848. importance to himself and family."^^ An even '^Lapham Papers (SHSW), February 17, 1849; March ''Lapham Papers (SHSW), January 23, 1850. 19, 1849. ••"Lapham Papers (SHSW), February 20, 1850. "^Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 18, April 29, 1849; •"Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 18, July 3, 1850; July July 20, 1849. 19, 1850; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, August 16, 1850. "/feid., September 12, 1849. ••^Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 10; reprinted in Mil­ ^Hbid., September 19, 1849. waukee Daily Sentinel, February 26, 1851. 171 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 198; more enthusiastic recommendation appeared twenty different, updated, issues of his 1846 in the Baraboo Standard the following month. sectional map and the large-scale 1849 map. These efforts were apparently in vain, how­ Over that same decade, the General Land ever, since in May of 1852 Professor Lathrop Office surveyed more than 20,000 square wrote that he had sold only one copy (at miles of previously uncharted wilderness in $4.00), although two remained exposed for central and western Wisconsin, laying out sale in different places.^"' nearly 600 new townships. Lapham and Chap­ Lapham published annual revisions of the man worked hard to keep up, and their claim map in 1852, 1853, and 1854. His additions of that each new map was based upon the most new data were largely dependent upon the recent surveys was no exaggeration. A com­ official G.L.O. survey; 220 more township in­ parison of the date that surveying was com­ teriors were inserted during those years. pleted in each township with the date that sur­ Lapham also kept pace with political events, vey results are first shown on one of Lapham's revising county boundaries as new counties maps confirms this. Seventy-eight per cent of were created by the legislature, and he contin­ the townships appear on a map in the same ued to update and correct the eastern portions year that surveying was completed or in the of the map. year that followed; more than ninety per cent These first five issues of the map, 1849- are shown within two years of being surveyed. 1854, show only the southern part of the state. Though Lapham did not depend solely on the As early as 1853 Lapham had contemplated official G.L.O. survey, he clearly followed expanding the map to include the northern close upon its heels. portions as well, and through the winter of 1854—1855 he drew up a larger version to show the entire state. He altered a special N 1865 the Eegislative Manual of the proof copy of the 1853 issue so that additional I State of Wisconsin, usually called sheets could be joined and had a preliminary the "blue book," contained for the first time a proof of northwestern Wisconsin printed, on basic reference map of the state. Drawn by which he recorded the progress of the survey. Lapham and folded inside the back cover, this In 1855 the first issue that showed the en­ small (29 x 27 cm) map showed county tire state of Wisconsin came out. Roughly boundaries, important towns, railroads, and twice the size of the previous ones, it printed hydrology, at a scale of thirty-six miles per most of the manuscript notes Lapham made inch (ca. 1:2,280,960). It was handed out with on the 1853 proof copy and was published by the blue book to legislators and other govern­ Silas Chapman. Since Chapman's 1855 re­ ment officials, and through them to the gen­ issue of the smaller-scale "Sectional Map" also eral public. Over the next decade and a half, in showed the entire state, it is possible that he a variety of formats, it was distributed to more was eager to have the map extended to the people than any of Lapham's other maps. north in order to simultaneously offer two No documents survive which reveal who complete maps of the state at different scales. suggested the inclusion of a map in the blue At the same time, a market persisted for book. Early in October, 1864, Lapham sent maps limited only to the more heavily popu­ proofs of the map to the governor and to the lated southern portion of the state. The sev­ chief clerk of the assembly.'''* When the legisla­ enth issue of the 1849 large-scale map, pub­ ture met the following January, it routinely lished by Chapman in 1856, was available in authorized the blue book, including the print­ both formats. The eighth and final issue was ing of 1,000 copies of Lapham's map (at 25«! published in 1857 by Dyer and Passmore; a each) to be bound in.'''' few more interior subdivisions were added in The reference map appeared annually in northwestern Wisconsin and the cultural data the blue book until 1880, when it was replaced were once again updated, but no major revi­ by a larger one. Each year (except 1875) it was sions of the previous issues were made. revised to show changes in county boundaries, Between 1846 and 1857, Lapham prepared ••Lapham Papers (SHSW), October 20, November 8, •"Quoted above (see note 26); Lapham Papers 1864. (SHSW), May 1, 1852. °Lapham Papers (SHSW), January 31. 1865. 172 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM

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173 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRiNc;, 1985 railroad lines, etc., and was printed in an edi­ At the end of his life Lapham got still fur­ tion of 1,000 copies.^'' ther mileage out of the reference map when For Lapham, it became an all-purpose base- H. F. Walling, the Boston atlas publisher, map of the state: he annotated copies in bis asked his help with a proposed atlas of the possession to show historical, geological, and state of Wisconsin. Although the atlas did not climatological data, and used it often to record appear until 1876, a year after Lapham's the progress of the Wisconsin Geological Sur­ death, it contained a long essay by him on the vey in the early 1870's. One of his annotated geology of Wisconsin and six different ver­ copies, "A Map of Wisconsin with lines show­ sions of the original 1865 reference map ing the remarkable effect of Lake Michigan in showing climate, geology, judicial districts, as­ elevating the mean temperature of January sembly districts, state senatorial districts, and and depressing that of July," was printed in U.S. congressional districts.'' the spring of 1865 in Milwaukee; it embodied In all its various manifestations—revised, Lapham's many years of research on weather up-dated, expanded, and translated— conditions around the state.'" Lapham's little map appeared nearly 100,000 Wisconsin officials also put the reference times between 1865 and 1879. Just as many of map to other uses. In June, 1867, Governor the pioneer settlers of Wisconsin had formed Lucius Fairchild launched a campaign to in­ first impressions of the state from his 1844 crease immigration to the state. He persuaded guidebook and 1846 sectional map, many of Lapham to write a 32-page pamphlet entitled, the tens of thousands of European immi­ "Statistics, exhibiting the History, Climate, grants who arrived after the Civil War must and Productions of the State of Wisconsin," to have got their initial conception of Wisconsin be distributed to prospective settlers in the from his pamphlet with its small folded refer­ eastern states and in Europe. Lapham finished ence map. It was this perhaps that prompted this pamphlet in July, 18(^7, and it was imme­ an unidentified contemporary to claim that, diately translated into German.''*^ Over the "he, probably more than any other person, next five years, revised editions appeared in drew attention, by his wTitings, to the advan­ French, Norwegian, Dutch, Swedish, and tages for settlement and enterprise, the Terri­ Welsh, as well as German and English. More tory and afterwards State of Wisconsin pre­ than 90,000 copies were published in all, some sented to Eastern emigrants."^^ of them printed and issued directly in Ger­ many, Holland, and England to save shipping costs. Most, if not all, contained a copy of LTHOUGH at first glance Lapham's map for the blue book, with the title A Lapham's geological maps may and legend translated into the appropriate seem relevant only to specialists, in fact they language. have broader signihcance for several reasons. Immigration Board annual reports and ex­ First, they show Lapham in his only dealings ecutive department records show that at least with J. H. Colton, the dean of mid-nineteenth 63,000 copies of the map were printed.*^ century American atlas publishers. Secondly, Lapham charged the state only 4^ each for Lapham at that time was a leading expert on these immigration maps as opposed to 250 for Wisconsin geology, and his two geological the blue book maps—a fact which did not es­ maps are the culmination of the decades of re­ cape the notice of the secretary of state, who search on which that reputation was based. In demanded a price break in his order for maps addition, they were distributed far more for the 1868 blue book.50 widely than their subject matter might lead one to suspect: both were intended at least in *^The Legislative Manual of the Stale of Wisconsin (Madi­ part to encourage investment in Wisconsin's son, 1865-1880), prefaces. ••'Cartobibliography A3.1. mining industries and were used in schools ••^Wisconsin, Executive Dept., Letter Books, General and colleges. Finally, the geological maps are (Series 33), 27:60, SHSW. •"State of Wisconsin, Legislative Manual (1865-1879), prefaces; Wisconsin Commissioner of Immigration, An- ='Lapham Papers (SHSW), November 7, 1874; H. F. nualReports, 1867-1873. Walling, Atlas of the State of Wisconsin, 1876. ^"Wisconsin, Secretary of State, General (Outgoing) '^Wisconsin Historical Collections (Madison, 1876), Correspondence (Series 227), December 7, 1867, SHSW. 7:472.

174 Lapham's first geologual map of Wisconsin, 1855. Scale of original: approximately 26 miles per inch, ca. 1:1,647,360. 175 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 precursors of the thorough geological survey financial terms were specified. Lapham and of the state that Lapham directed from 1872- Colton completed the map in the following 1875. weeks, and Lapham secured his copyright at At the end of 1854 Lapham was seeing the the end of July.^"^ proofs of his book on prehistoric effigy The map is a straightforward reprint of the mounds through the press. He asked the "Wisconsin" sheet printed in Colton's atlases Smithsonian if he might "have the privilege of of 1856, with geological data overprinted. In making transfers" of the Wisconsin map that August and early September, 1855, Lapham accompanied the text, "and printing such sent presentation copies to several scientific number of copies as I may need. My plan is to and academic institutions in this country and add (to the stone) the Geological formations, abroad before noticing that Colton had erred so as to make it a 'Geological Map of Wiscon­ in applying the color.^' sin'."^^ The Smithsonian's reply is not pre­ "By comparing with my original," he wrote served, but apparently nothing came of the on September 17, "you will see that the upper plan since Lapham's 1855 geological map was Magnesian (or Eead bearing) limestone is there drawn on a base-map provided by J. H. Col­ represented as occupying a considerable space ton. east of the Rock River. . . . The relation of this In December, 1854, Lapham considered rock to the lead mines makes it of much im­ writing an article on mapmaking and the map portance to know its extent and localities. I am trade; unfortunately no manuscript or therefore particularly annoyed by this mis­ printed version of such an essay has been take. . . ."'"^ found. As part of his research, Lapham wrote In a humble reply, George Colton apolo­ to J. H. Colton for information and advice. gized for the firm and explained how the error This seems to have led to a friendly correspon­ had occurred: dence between the two, but no letters survive from the winter of 1854—1855, and we do not . . . our engraver having the map in charge contrary to my advice oiled the know who first proposed the idea of a geologi­ drawing, thinking that he could thereby cal map. Colton, at work on his first major at­ see everything and shift it to fit from las, may have wanted to include geological point to point. This oiling was the cause data as well as geographical. Lapham made his of the error in coloring—the oils made ownpurposeclear in a letter of April 18, 1855: the colors appear so nearly alike that it was with difficulty even pink and yellow One principal object 1 have in its publica­ could be told apart. tion IS to secure to myself the results of much time, labor, and expense, that I He explained that the mistake could be eas­ have devoted to the subject against such ily corrected by adding brown to the areas persons as may be disposed to appropri­ wrongly colored blue—"if we had them here ate it hereafter. It is essential that I have a we could fix them all in an hour."^^ Though copyright, and in my own name.''' Colton offered to have the maps shipped back Lapham went on to suggest the title of the to New York and corrected, the final outcome map, "A Geological Map of Wisconsin, by I. A. is not recorded. Lapham, Based on the Ceographical Map of J. A dozen years later Lapham was ap­ H. Colton & Co., New York 1855," and pro­ proached by Charles H. Hitchcock, professor posed a formal contract which Colton agreed of geology at Dartmouth and state geologist of to on April 24. According to this, Lapham was New Hampshire. Hitchcock wrote him in credited as publisher and reserved the overall April, 1868, asking his assistance on an "atlas copyright; Colton retained the copyright on of geological maps of every state and terri­ the geographical base-map upon which tory" in the U.S.*'° Lapham passed Hitchcock's Lapham's geological data was superimposed; neither party would use any work copyrighted 55rtzd., and April 24, 1855. by the other; and the geological map would be '^Lapham Papers (SHSW), July 27, 1855. printed for Lapham and at his request.''-'' No ''Lapham Papers (SHSW), August to September, 1855. '^Lapham Papers (SHSW), September 17, 1855. 5'Lapham Papers (SHSW), November 7, 1854. '"Lapham Papers (SHSW), September 22, 1855. '••Lapham Papers (SHSW), April 18, 1855. "sOLapham Papers (SHSW), April 22, 1868.

176 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM letter on to Governor Lucius Fairchild noting quested additional copies to exchange with that the project "requires of me more than I other institutions.^^ can afford to do." He added that the atlas In January, 1869, Lapham sent the com­ would undoubtedly be a classic work, that Wis­ pleted map to Hitchcock and distributed the consin's mineral resources ought to be prop­ first of many presentation copies; over the erly shown in it, and that "one or two hundred next three years he personally sent at least dollars thus applied would be well ex­ twenty-seven copies to individuals and institu­ pended."''' tions. The recipients of complimentary copies The governor replied that he was not au­ included Harvard University, the American thorized to expend the taxpayers' money on Geographical Society, various state geologists, such things, and Hitchcock also was unable to local natural history societies, and institutions offer any compensation other than a single of higher learning in Belgium, Sweden, Hol­ copy of the proposed atlas.''^ Lapham went land, Switzerland, Germany, and England. ahead at his own risk, however, commencing Governor Lucius Fairchild, however, who had work in the summer of 1868. earher washed his hands of the project, had to Although he had already traveled widely pay $3.00 for his copy along with the rest of throughout the state and produced a smaller- the general public.''^ scale geological map, Lapham nonetheless Lapham made substantial efforts to encour­ conducted extensive first-hand investigations. age the sale of the map. A four-by-six-inch In June he was in Adams County, in July near broadside was printed describing it in glowing Green Bay, and in October examining the terms and explaining its usefulness to teach­ Wisconsin River valley near Grand Rapids, to ers, students, land owners, speculators, and gather fresh information. He also wrote to in­ emigrants. When the Kilbourn City Mirror en­ dividuals around the state during the summer thusiastically praised it, small leaffets quoting enclosing clipped fragments of the large-scale their reviews were printed and distributed to 1849 map and asking them to sketch in the ge­ other newspapers.°* Lapham also succeeded ology of their vicinity. During these months he in introducing it into the Milwaukee schools, remained in close touch with Hitchcock, and had an agent handling it in Chicago, and ar­ the work appears to have progressed ranged for copies to be sold through the Natu­ smoothly.^^ ralists' Agency of Salem, Massachusetts.^^ At the end of November, 1868, Hitchcock This marketing campaign was well-justified sent Lapham "a map of Wisconsin from the because Hitchcock's geological atlas was never plate my publishers have purchased for the at­ published. The combination of limited ap­ las." This was a simple base-map of the state at peal, expensive production, and other obliga­ a scale of fifteen miles to the inch which was tions seems to have condemned the project to apparently never issued by itself.''^ To this an early demise. For Lapham, though, it not Lapham added contour lines showing the only brought to a culmination all his years of depths at which different strata of rock were private study of the state's geology but pre­ found, and coloring to discriminate the sev­ pared the way for the massive task to which he eral kinds of mineralogical phenomena. devoted the last years of his life: directing the These features were then lithographed in geological survey of Wisconsin. color by Louis Lipman of Milwaukee on copies of the plain base-map supplied by Hitch­ cock.''^ The finished map is strikingly attrac­ NY map has two primary func­ tive, in a busy Victorian way, and was called "a A'tions : to represent spatial rela­ beautiful thing" by one librarian who re­ tionships, and to communicate information to

"'Lapham Papers (SHSW), May 7, 1868. •^"Lapham Papers (SHSW), January 18, 1869. <52Lapham Papers (SHSW), June 26, July 16, 1868. 6'Lapham Papers (SHSW), January, 1869 to March, "'Lapham Papers (SHSW), June to November 1868. 1873; Wisconsin, Executive Dept., Letter Books, General '^••Lapham Papers (SHSW),' November 28, 1868; it is (Series 33), March 31, 1870, SHSW. not listed in Karrow or any of the standard institutional 68Lapham Papers (SHSW), box 10. catalogs. "^Lapham Papers (SHSW), November 20, 1871 and '''Cartobibliography A5; SttSW Map Collection con­ August 28, 1872; Wisconsin State Journal, (Madison), Feb­ tains both the base map and the finished map in color. ruary 16, 1870. 177 I. A. LAPHAI GEOLOGICAL MAP OF WISCONSIN.

This map, just issued, is twenty-t'wo by t'wenty-eiglit inches, projected on a scale of fifteen miles to an inch. Besides ans'wer- ing all the purposes of an ordinary map of the State, showing the Counties, Cities, Villages, Rivers, Lakes,ecc.,it sho'vrs the sev­ eral rock formations beneath the soil, •whether granite, sandstone, limestone, etc. These are sho'wn by different Celors handsomely printed, on good, thick paper, by the chromo-lithdgraphic process —all the •work of Mil^wauke^jj^ts. By a system of curved linHpd figures it shows the probable depth, below the level of LSP^ Michigan, at •which the granite rocks, upon •which all the others rest, may be reached by Artesian Wells. This is a very important feature, novr for the first tivrfes attempted in this country. Teachers 'will find it a convenient map for reference in explain­ ing the principles of geology. Students should consult it and thus become familiar 'with -what may be seen at home and thus be better able to comprehend -what is recorded in their books. Land owners and speculators •will be able to find •whether their possessions are based upon the solid granite, the life giving lime­ stone, or whether founded upon sand. It will prevent the useless expenditure'of money in the search for Coal, Salt, Oil, etc., by showing the absence of the rocks usually bearing those products. It -will give intelligent direction to persons looking for Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc, etc., as -well as for building stone, roofing slates, etc. It would be very useful to send to friends in the old country, and thus spread a knowledge of our State and its advantages among those who may be looking for a new home.

Q£"Mn^wltiiffefvii» till! elwiyij—tboMadd j^fintifnwthn anilo'of tks'-nKtp. Price, Single copy, - - - - $3.00. ^'

An advertisement for Lapham's 1869 geological map oj Wisconsin.

178 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM its users. The criteria forjudging the value of 1866 John Farmer map placed longitude an any map must measure its success or failure at entire degree too far east."'' these two main tasks, which we could also call Examination of Lapham's sketch maps, its accuracy and its design. A map which mis­ proofs, and annotated copies shows that he represents the "real world," which leads trav­ was also a careful draftsman who appreciated elers astray, is worse than no map at all; a map the value of precise workmanship in details. which is correct, but unreadable, is perhaps When his editor at the Smithsonian, Professor equally useless. In this final section, the accu­ Joseph Henry, wished to omit the township racy and design of Lapham's maps are exam­ lines on the map of Wisconsin that showed the ined to see how successful he was at the cartog­ approximate locations of the Indian mounds, rapher's main tasks. Lapham quickly protested. He felt it "quite The question of accuracy on historical important to retain the township lines on the maps does not revolve around how precisely map. The objection you mention (being too they depict the landscape as we know it, but prominent) can be easily remedied by the en­ rather how correctly they reffect the geo­ graver. The lines should be made very fine & graphical knowledge of their time. To com­ delicate, giving greater prominence to the ob­ pare historical maps with modern U.S.G.S. jects more specially to be represented. . . . quadrangles, which are compiled using aerial These township lines . . . serve to give exact­ photography and scientihcally established ness to the localities that cannot be attained in control points, is to beg this central question. It any other way."'^ tells us more about the accuracy of the sources Lapham's concern for exactness led him to a cartographer employed than about the level continually gather data from multiple sources, of precision and correctness the mapmaker update and revise his maps at regular inter­ achieved with those sources. vals, and supervise production methods as Lapham was a meticulous and cautious closely as possible. There can be no doubt that compiler. He relied heavily on the large-scale his maps, particularly the important 1846 sec­ G.L.O. surveys and followed them closely, tional map and 1849 large-scale map, are as while some of his contemporaries synthesized accurate as the state of geographical knowl­ or reduced their data. He was not content to edge and Lapham's own high standards would obey them slavishly, however, but took pains permit. to gather eyewitness information from trav­ When we consider the design of Lapham's elers, residents, and government officials. He maps, we enter a field where subjectivity nec­ regularly sent sketch maps or proofs to on- essarily plays an important role. It is nonethe­ the-spot investigators for correction or emen­ less possible to employ a rational methodol­ dation. ogy, and to compare Lapham's maps against His treatment of Indian effigy mounds is both the design standards held by cartogra­ one measure of his general standards of accu­ phers today and those of his contemporaries. racy. Modern archaeologists have found that The content, visual structure, and topogra­ the overwhelming majority of his lithographs phy of Lapham's Wisconsin maps were com­ of these sites are virtually perfect representa­ pared against those same features on contem­ tions in size, scale, shape and magnetic orien­ porary maps of roughly the same scale; each tation when checked by scientific methods.'" of these three features will be summarized in There is no reason to doubt that Lapham at­ the paragraphs that follow.'' From this it tempted to achieve a similar level of precision should be clear that, while Lapham shared in his maps. many of the faults of mid-nineteenth century He did not always succeed, of course. map designers, his work was of a consistently Baruth found, for instance, that Lapham's high caliber and occasionally surpassed that of placement of certain parallels and meridians his better-known contemporaries. on maps from 1848 and 1849 were as much as The content of a map is the total range of four miles off. But, he points out, "This was not bad in comparison with some others. An 'Baruth, "The Mapping of Wisconsin Since 1832," 48. "Lapham Papers (SHSW), May 6, 18.53. '"Conversations with the State Historical Society of "Those compared with Lapham were cartobibliogra­ Wisconsin's museum archaeology staff. phy items C2, C3, C4, C7, C9, C12, CIS, and CI6. 179 POPDIAMN, 1865. COXJNTIKS. CIXIKS. A:o. Adams 5 698 Mil-wftukee 55 641 Ashland 2*6 Fond da Lac 11 031 Brown 15 382 Oshkosh 9346 Buffalo 6 776 Madison 9 191 Burnett 171 Raoine 8 041 Calumet 8 638 Janesville 7 627 Chippewa 3 278 "Watertown 6 683 Clark 1 Oil Lacrosse 5 037 Columbia 26 113 Sheboygan 4 189 Crawford 11 Oil Beloit 4 13 Dane 60 193 Kenosha 4 066 Dallas 79 White-water* 4013 Dodge 46 841 Dodge-Tille* 3 622 Door 3 098 Prairie du Chien 3 556 Douglas 638 Manito-woc 3 398 Dunn 6 170 Portage City 3 379 Eau Claire 6 281 Maquon* 3 270 Fond du Lao 42 029 Beaver Dam 2 939 Grant 33 618 Potosi* 2754 Green SO 646 ShuUsburg* 2 718 Green Lake 126»6 GreenBay 2712 Iowa 20 657 Hazel Green* S 8 Jaokson 5 631 Appleton 2 665 Berlin 2 554 Jefferson 30 597 Monroe 2 534 Juneau 10 018 MineralPoint 2511 Kewaunee 7 039 Columbus* 2 496 Kenosha 13 076 Mflnasha* 3 467 La Crosse 14 834 La Fayette 30 358 Ripon 3453 La Pointe 269 Neenah* 2 309 Manitowoc 86 762 Omro* 2309 Marathon 3 678 Baraboo' 2 259 Marquette- 7337 Lowell* 2236 MUwaokee 72 830 Port Washington*--- 2 171 Monroe 11 663 Waukesha 2 146 Oconto 4868 FoxLake' 2 065 Ontagamie 11 842 Platteville 3061 Ozaukee 14882 Waupun 1 937 Pepin 3002 Sparta 1 897 Pierce 0 824 Hustisford* 1 671 POUE 1«77 St»ven's Point 1 659 PorUje 8146 Viroqua* 1 623 Racine 22 884 Jefferson 1 602 Richland 12 186 Oconto 1 600 Rook 86 088 Waupaca' 1 555 St- Croix 7266 Mazomanie' 1 533 Sank fiO 164 Eau Claire* 1432 Shawsno 1 869 Two Rivers 1 306 Sheboygan 27 671 Lisbon* 1 270 Trempelean 6 199 Grand Rapids* 1 269 Horlcon • 1 19 Vernon 18 644 Boscobel 1 127 Walworth 26 778 Elkkorn 1 108 Washington 24019 Presoott' 1 061 Waukesha 27 029 Chippewa Falls* 1003 Waupaca 11 208 Oconomo'woc 9-t8 Waushara 9 002 De Pere 885 Winnebago fiO 767 Lancaster • 853 Wood 8966 868 016 •Including the Tolrn^.

Scale 36iniUj /** fl«- in^Ji-

JjOn^Uii-^te/ West Front. QtreenivicfL EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM features depicted, the variety of information survey grid is too light to provide adequate that the mapmaker attempts to show. Some support. On the whole, it appears that features were ubiquitous on maps of this per­ Lapham was sensitive to the main problems of iod: the G.L.O. rectangular survey grid, rail­ visual structure and solved them as well as roads, major cities, and political boundaries. other mapmakers of his time. The choice of what else to show varied greatly. The typography of Lapham's maps—the Morse's "Cerographic Map of Wisconsin" size, styles, variety, and arrangement of (1855 and 1858), for instance, showed only a lettering—shares the overall low quality of few crude hills and ferry crossings in addition nineteenth-century American cartography, to the basic data. John Farmer's 1859 map, on though his use of lettering is occasionally quite the other hand, tried to show a dozen addi­ good. Like most of his contemporaries, tional features. Lapham's maps fell some­ Lapham usually employed "modern" type­ where between these two extremes: he em­ faces on his maps. Their extreme contrast be­ phasized transportation and communication tween thick and thin strokes and their en­ networks, distinguishing railroads, plank larged serifs (which Lapham exaggerated roads, post roads, and post offices. He also grotesquely on his 1846 sectional map) make showed mines and (on the 1849 large-scale them very difficult to read. In addition, map) elevations of selected points around the Lapham failed to use lettering consistently on state along with selected depths in Green his earliest maps, using the same size and face Bay—all features which might facilitate eco­ of type for different classes of features, and ar­ nomic development. Lapham limited the con­ ranged place names helter-skelter—some hor­ tent of his maps to the type of information es­ izontally and others at oblique angles. sential to new settlers and investors, and He corrected these defects in his maps of dispensed with the subtle distinctions of top­ the 1850's, using typefaces consistently and ography and surfeit of place names that positioning verbal data parallel to the survey crowded many contemporary maps. grid for easy reading. Faced with the problem In their visual structure, Lapham's maps of cramped space on his 1865 reference map, are only moderately successful; his skill at Lapham chose to use small type and display composing the various masses and shapes var­ comparatively few place names. Unfortu­ ied greatly. Though the earliest issues of his nately he twisted these into a variety of visual 1846 sectional map are well-balanced, and planes in an apparent attempt to fill blank eye-movement is stabilized by the rectangular space, which created a weakness in the pro­ survey grid, the later issues became poorly portions of interior shapes and reduced legi­ proportioned as the survey spread north and bility. west. The large-scale 1849 map is Lapham's The last aspect of design to consider is the greatest success in cartographic design. The amount of distraction on Lapham's maps, the arrangement and density of data create a com­ presence or absence of features which ob­ plex but harmonious pattern which is quietly struct immediate and easy communication of controlled by the rectangular grid. Contrast­ information. An easily-read map could be said ing line widths are clearly and consistently ex­ to be transparent, with nothing coming be­ ecuted, and the ornate title block plays a key tween the user and the information desired; a role in balancing the composition as a whole. map closely packed with lettering or with a be­ The 1869 geological map, Lapham's only wildering variety of symbols could be called map printed in color, is equally attractive. The opaque. sweep and flow of the curvilinear masses of On this continuum Lapham's maps have re­ color depicting rock strata are stabilized by the markably little distraction, especially com­ survey grid, which is firmly planted beneath pared to those made by his contemporaries. them. The small 1865 reference map is less The most common cause of this defect was a successful; too little data and bad placement of cartographer's desire to include too much names make the interior spaces weak, and the data, although bad arrangement of place- names, highly contrasting typefaces, need­ The basic reference map of Wisconsin published in the Blue lessly ornate l)orders, gaudy decorations, and Rookfor 1866. Scale of original: approximately 36 miles per bad proportions also came between viewers inch, orca. 1:2,280,960. and information.

181 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISLORY SPRING, 1985

TTif Blue Book ma/), overprinted to show Lapliam's meteorological findings. Scale of original: approximately 3 6 miles per inch, orca. 1:2,280,960.

182 EDMONDS: INC;REASE A. LAPHAM

Lapham avoided these faults by limiting his million.^'' In 1870, approximately sixty per­ scope and executing his drawings very care­ cent of them had come from some other state fully. He emphasized a limited amount of in­ or country, using geographic knowledge formation and omitted all else; this saved him picked up along the way from whatever from cluttering his maps with extraneous sources were available.'"' data. He was also a very precise and careful The maps published by Lapham, Chap­ draftsman; though his maps usually include man, and the East Coast atlas houses were the G.L.O. rectangular survey grid down to their main printed sources. Though all of the section level, the pattern only rarely seems these relied upon the official G.L.O. survey for obtrusive or prominent. Instead, by executing their basic data, the atlas sheets were simply very thin section and township lines, the grid too small to provide useful information. From lies quietly beneath the surface, as it were, 1846 until his death, Lapham's 1846 sectional making it possible to easily locate all the other map and 1849 large-scale map appeared in features without calling attention to itself. updated versions almost annually, expertly Lapham made use of nearly all the graphic marketed by Chapman, and tens of thousands processes then available. His 1846 sectional of copies of his small-scale reference/ map was lithographed, first in Boston and immigration maps were distributed in the later in Milwaukee; the 1849 large-scale map, I860's and 1870's. It is obvious that he was a certainly his most successful work, was en­ key figure in the dispersal of geographic data graved on copper; and the 1869 geological to this mobile and rapidly growing public. map was his only venture into chromo- From the vantage point of the twentieth lithography. The only map printing process century, Lapham stands out as the pivotal Lapham did not appear to attempt was wax- figure in the mapping of Wisconsin: he consci­ engraving, which was a closely guarded secret entiously translated the state's first reliable throughout nearly all of his career. In all these data base of geographic information into an media he was able to achieve results which effective format, and distributed it to a large were certainly as successful as those of full- public that urgently needed it. At the same time, professional cartographers, and which time, he was a vocal advocate for even more ac­ at times even surpassed them. curate and thorough mapping projects, car­ ried out the state's first detailed geological sur­ vey, and was instrumental in bringing the T is difficult to determine U.S.G.S. large-scale mapping program to Wis­ I Lapham's exact role in the overall consin. mapping of Wisconsin, but it is certain that his Lapham himself had no humble opinion of part was no small one. The state was surveyed his cartographic contribution. "My published and mapped at a large-scale between 1832 and maps of the state," he wrote at the end of his 1865 by the U.S. General Land Office, but life, their first official general reference map of the renewed almost annually, have kept the state did not appear until 1878. people informed of the geography of While land agents and speculators might Wisconsin; & it has often been remarked have access to the official plats, and military or that the people of our state are better scientific experts might have special purpose posted in the details of the geography of maps, during those four and a half decades their own state, than are those of any the general public had to rely on other. And for this, they are largely in­ debted to me—or at least to my maps and commercially-published maps such as books.'^ Lapham's. When considering this fact, it should be re­ '''Nesbit, Wisconsin: A History, 548. membered that in Wisconsin during those ''Richard Current, History of Wisconsin: The Civil War years the "general public" grew from about Era, 1848-1873, 4\h. 11,000 people to more than one and a quarter '"Lapham Papers (SHSW), 1:4.

183 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY spRiNc;, 1985

Cartobibliography

A. The five major maps by Lapham discussed title, although there is also a vari­ in the text: ant issue at SHSW that omits his name.) 1. Wisconsin, A Sectional Map. Scale ca. 1.14 [same]. Milwaukee: J. A. Hall, 1:633,600. Issued 1846-1883. (1.1- 1855. Karrow 6-1740. 1.10, and 1.12-1.14 show Wisconsin 1.15 [same]. Milwaukee: J. A. Hall, south of approximately 45 degrees 1856. Karrow 6-1760. ' north; 1.11, 1.15 and all subsequent is­ 1.16 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ sues show the entire state.) man, 1856. Karrow 6-1761. 1.17 [same]. Milwaukee: Dyer & Pas- 1.1 [Map of Northern Illinois and the more, 1857. Karrow 6-1775. Surveyed Part of Wisconsin]. Ms., 1.18 [same]. Milwaukee: Henry no date. SHSW Map Collection Kempshall, 1858. Karrow 6-1787. GX902.1836.LI. 1.19 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.2 Wisconsin, A Sectional Map with man, 1859. Karrow 6-1795. the most recent surveys. Boston: J. 1.20 Chapman's New Sectional Map of H. Bufford, 1846. Robert W. Kar­ Wisconsin. Milwaukee: Silas row, Jr., ed., A Checklist of Printed Chapman, 1860. Karrow 6-1798. Maps of the Middle West to 1900 (The first issue to be printed in (Boston, 1981), 6-1669. Milwaukee.) 1.3 [same]. Milwaukee: P. C. Hale, 1.21 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1846. Karrow 6-1670 and 6-1671. man, 1861. Karrow 6-1802 and 1.4 [same]. Milwaukee: Hale and 1803. (A variant issue includes Chapman, 1848. (Similar to Kar­ population figures in each town­ row 6-1688, but with imprint as ship.) above.) 1.22 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.5 [same]. Milwaukee: Hale and man, 1863. Karrow 6-1808. Chapman, 1849. Karrow 6-1694. 1.23 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.6 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ man, 1864. Karrow 6-1811. man, 1850. Karrow 6-1702. 1.24 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.7 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ man, 1865. Karrow 6-1816. man, 1851. Karrow 6-1707. (The 1.25 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ last issue to use Lapham's name in man, 1867. Karrow 6-1827. (The the dtle block.) first issue to show the G.L.O. sur­ 1.8 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ vey completed for the entire man, 1853. Karrow 6-1718. (The state.) first issue expanded to show west­ 1.26 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ ern Wisconsin.) man, 1868. Karrow 6-1832. 1.9 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.27 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ man, 1854. Karrow 6-1727. man, 1869. Karrow 6-1836. 1.10 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.28 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ man, 1855. Karrow 6-1744. man, 1871. Karrow 6-1844. 1.11 Sectional Map of Wisconsin, with 1.29 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ the most recent surveys. Milwau­ man, 1872. Karrow 6-1852. kee: Silas Chapman, 1855. Kar­ 1.30 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ row 6-1742. man, 1874. Karrow 6-1863. 1.12 [same]. Milwaukee; Silas Chap­ 1.31 Chapman's Sectional Map of Wis­ man, 1855. Karrow 6-1743. consin. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 1.13 Chapman's Sectional Map of Wis­ man, [no date; perhaps a prelimi­ consin, with the most recent sur­ nary version of the following.] veys. Milwaukee: Silas Chapman, Karrow 6-1857. 1855. Karrow 6-1741. (The first is­ 1.32 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ sue to use Chapman's name in the man, 1875. Karrow 6-1871. 184 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM

1.33 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ Official Records. Milwaukee: man, 1876. Karrow 6-1877. Seifert and Lawton, 1870. Karrow 1.34 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ 6-1841. man, 1882. Karrow 6-1932. 3.7 [same]. Milwaukee: Seifert and 1.35 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chap­ Lawton, 1871. Karrow 6-1848. man, 1883. Karrow 6-1943. 3.8 [same]. Milwaukee: Seifert and 2. The State of Wisconsin. Scale ca. Lawton, 1872. Not in Karrow. 1:380,160. Issued 1849-1857. 3.9 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Lithograph and Engraving Co., 2.1 The State of Wisconsin, compiled 1873. Karrow 6-1861. from the latest authorities. Mil­ 3.10 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee waukee: I. A. Lapham, 1849. Kar­ Lithograph and Engraving Co., row 6-1693. 1874. Karrow 6-1866. 2.2 [same]. Milwaukee: I. A. Lapham, 3.11 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee 1850. Karrow 6-1701. Lithograph and Engraving Co., 2.3 [same]. Milwaukee: LA. Lapham, 1876. Karrow 6-1881. 1852. Karrow 6-1714. 3.12 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee 2.4 [same]. Milwaukee: I. A. Lapham, Lithograph and Engraving Co., 1853. Karrow 6-1722. 1877. Not in Karrow. 2.5 [same]. Milwaukee: I. A. Lapham, 3.13 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee 1854. Karrow 6-1732. Lithograph and Engraving Co., 2.6 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chapman, 1878. Not in Karrow. 1855. Karrow 6-1749. (The first is­ 3.14 [same]. Milwaukee: Milwaukee sue expanded to show the entire Lithograph and Engraving Co., state.) 1879. Karrow 6-1913. 3.15 A Map of Wisconsin prepared for 2.7 [same]. Milwaukee: Silas Chapman, the State Board of Immigration. 1856. Karrow 6-1765 and 1766. Milwaukee: Seifert and Lawton, (Available in two formats, one 1868. Karrow 6-1835. showing only the southern por­ 3.16Karte Von Wisconsin fiir das tion of the state and another show­ Einwanderungs-staats Bureau. ing the entire state.) Milwaukee: Seifert and Lawton, 2.8 [same]. Milwaukee: Dyer & Pas- 1868. Not in Karrow. more, 1857. Karrow 6-1780. 3.I7Landkart van Wisconsin for het 3. The small reference map of 1865. Scale Inwanderings Kantoor. Milwau­ ca. 1:2,280,960. 1865-1879. (Items kee: Seifert and Lawton, [1870], 3.1—3.14 are the issues contained in the Not in Karrow. Eegislative Manual of the State of Wiscon­ 3.18 Daearlen o Wisconsin at Wasa- sin; 3.15-3.20 are the issues distributed naeth Bwrdd ymfudiant y Da- by the state Commissioner of Immigra­ laeth. Milwaukee: Seifert and tion; 3.21-3.26 are the issues published Lawton, 1870. Karrow 6-1840. by Lapham for other purposes.) 3.19 Kort over Wisconsin udarbeidet for Stats Indvandrings Kommis- 3.1 A Map of Wisconsin prepared for sionen. Milwaukee: Seifert and the Legislative Manual. Milwau­ Lawton, 1871. Karrow 6-1846. kee: H. Seifert, 1865. Karrow 6- 3.20 A Map of Wisconsin prepared for 1818. the State Board of Immigration. 3.2 [same]. Milwaukee: H. Seifert, Milwaukee: Milwaukee Litho­ 1866. Karrow 6-1826. graph and Engraving Co., 1872. 3.3 [same]. Milwaukee: H. Seifert, Karrow 6-1855. 1867. Karrow 6-1829. 3.21 A Map of Wisconsin with lines 3.4 [same]. Milwaukee: H. Seifert, showing the remarkable effect of 1868. Karrow 6-1830. Lake Michigan in elevating the 3.5 [same]. Milwaukee: [no printer mean temperature of January and given], 1869. Not in Karrow. depressing that of July. Milwau­ 3.6 Map of Wisconsin prepared for kee: H. Seifert, 1865. Karrow 6- the Legislative Manual from 1820. 185 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY spRiNt;, 198c

3.22 Map of Wisconsin colored to show Karrow 6-0878. New York: engraved the Geological Formations, in by Sherman & Smith, 1845. Walling's Atlas of Wisconsin, Bos­ [Manuscript maps removed from the ton, 1876. Karrow 6-1889. Lapham Papers; SHSW Map Collec­ 3.23 Map of Wisconsin showing As­ tion GX902.L31]. These 112 sheets sembly Districts, in Walling's/1^/a.j. date from all phases of Lapham's ca­ Karrow 6-1886. reer and document many of his profes­ 3.24 Map of Wisconsin showing Con­ sional interests. They include rough gressional Districts, in Walling's sketch maps of many areas in Michigan, Atlas. Karrow 6-1887. Illinois, and Wisconsin drawn by 3.25 Map of Wisconsin showing Sena­ Lapham for real estate or scientific pur­ torial Districts, in Walling's Atlas. poses, as well as the G.L.O. copies re­ Karrow 6-1888. ferred to in the text. 3.26 Map of Wisconsin showing Judi­ cial Districts, in Walling's Atlas. Karrow 6-1891. C. Other maps referred to in the text or in the 4. A Geological Map of Wisconsin . . . footnotes. based on the geographical map of J. H. 1. Burr, David H. Map of the Territory of Colton. Scale ca. 1:1,647,360. New Wisconsin. Scale ca. 1:2,050,000; Kar­ York: J. H. Colton, 1855. Karrow 6- row 6-1631. Washington, 1836. 1751. ' 2. Colton, J. H. Colton's Township Map 5. A New Geological Map of Wisconsin of the State of Wisconsin. Scale ca. prepared mostly from original observa­ 1:919,800; Karrow 6-1706. New York, tions. Scale ca. 1:950,400. Milwaukee: 1851. I. A. Lapham, 1869. Karrow 6-1838. 3. Colton, J. H. Colton's Township Map of the State of Wisconsin. Scale ca. 1:930,000; Karrow 6-1746. New York, B. Other maps by Lapham referred to in the 1855. text or in the footnotes. 4. Colton, J. H. Colton's Wisconsin. Scale 1. Map of the Ohio Falls, from Actual Sur­ ca. 1:1,680,000; Karrow 6-1824. New vey by Mr. Brooks. Scale ca. 1:19,200. York, 1866. ms.; 1828. SHSW Map Collection: 5. Cram, Thomas J. Map of Wiskonsin GX8839.L88.1828.L. Territory. Scale ca. 1:590,000; Karrow 2. Ohio Falls, Corrected from the Maps of 6-1649. Washington, 1840. Brooks and FHnt. Scale ca. 1:44,000. 6. Doty, Charles, and Francis Hudson. ms.; 1828. SHSW Map Collection: Map of Wiskonsan. Scale ca. I: GX8839.L88.1828.L2. 910,000. ms.; [n.p.], 1844. 3. A Map of the Louisville & Portland Ca­ 7. Farmer, John. Farmer's 4th Sheet, or nal. Scale ca. 1:36,000. Printed in Amer­ Map of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Northern ican Journal of Science, xiv (1828): 65. Illinois. Scale ca. 1:790,000; Karrow 6- 4. Map of the Milwaukee and Rock River 1796. Detroit, 1859. Canal. Scale ca. 1:150,000. ms.; ca. 8. Judson, Leander. Map of the Western 1837. SHSW Map Collection: GX- Land District, Wisconsin. Scale ca. 9028.M662.1837.LA. 1:170,000; Karrow 6-2103. New York, 5. Milwaukee [and present-day 1836. Waukesha] County, Wis. Scale not 9. Mitchell, S. Augustus. New General At­ given; photostat of original manuscript las, sheet 44: county and township map at Waukesha County Historical Society. of . . . Michigan and Wisconsin. Scale 1836 or 1837. SHSW Map Collection: ca. 1:1,725,000. Philadelphia, 1873. GX9028.M662.1837.LAP. 10. Morrison, Samuel, Elisha Dwelle, and 6. Plat of the Milwaukee and Rock River Joshua Hathaway, Jr. Map of the Sur­ Canal. Scale ca. 1:190,000; not in Kar­ veyed Part of Wisconsin. Scale ca. row. Printed to accompany Senate Doc. 1:870,000; Karrow 6-1630. Cincinnad, No. 271, 25th Congress, 2nd Session, 1835. 1838. 11. Morrison, Samuel, Elisha Dwelle, and 7. Map of Milwaukee. Scale ca. 1:7,920; Joshua Hathaway, Jr. Topographical 186 EDMONDS: INCREASE A. LAPHAM

Map of Wisconsin Territory. Scale ca. Territory. Scale ca. 1:390,000; Karrow 1:380,000; Karrow 6-1638. Cincinnad, 6-1643. New York, 1838. 1837. 19. Taylor, Stephen. Map of the Wisconsin 12. Morse, Charles W. Cereographic Map Land District. Scale ca. 1:132,000; Kar­ of Wisconsin. Scale ca. 1:1,020,000; row 6-2104. Philadelphia, 1838. Karrow 6-1750. Chicago, 1855. 20. Young, J. H. Map of the Settled Part of 13. [Morse, Charles W.] Blanchard's Rail­ Wisconsin Territory. Scale ca. road Map of Wisconsin. Scale ca. 1:1,500,000; Karrow 6-1644. Philadel­ 1:1,020,000; Karrow 6-1794. Chicago, phia, 1838. 1858. 21. U.S. General Land Office. Federal Sur­ 14. Morse, Sidney E. Iowa & Wisconsin. vey Plat Books, 1834-1858 (SHSW Se­ Scale ca. 1:3,380,000; Karrow 8-0650. ries 698). Certified copies of the U.S. New York, 1844. General Land Office plats for the State 15. Morse, Sidney E. Wisconsin, Southern of Wisconsin made at the Dubuque Part. Scale ca. 1:780,000; Karrow 6- land office between 1851 and 1858, and 1663. New York, 1844. photostatic copies of later plats for the 16. Nicollet, J. N. Hydrographical Basin of northern portions of the state made at a the Upper Mississippi River. Scale ca. later date. Scale ca. 1:32,000. 1:1,200,000; Karrow 1-0475. Washing­ 22. [cartographer unidentified]. Map of ton, 1843. Northern Part of Illinois and surveyed 17. Rand McNally & Co.. . . Business Atlas, part of Wisconsin Territory. Scale ca. sheet 102: Wisconsin. Scale ca. 1:750,000; not in Karrow [SHSW Map 1:2,000,000. Chicago, 1877. Collection GX902.1836.C]. New York, 18. Suydam, John V. Map of Wisconsin N. Currier, 1836.

187 The Anglo-Catholic Movement in Wisconsin

By Thomas C. Reeves

PISCOPALIANS in Wisconsin tion of 4.7 million. Still, over the years many of E have long been thought to be, them have made an important impact upon well, different. At All Saints' Cathedral in Mil­ the Episcopal Church. To understand this, waukee one may find holy water, incense, one must first examine the Oxford Movement statues of Mary, confessionals, and a regular within the Church of England, the mother service called Benediction, which features a church of all Anglicans and Episcopalians. reverence toward the Blessed Sacrament that By the early nineteenth century, the would shock most Episcopalians throughout Church of England was mortally ill. Its faith the country. The Eiving Church, the only weekly had been sapped by the secular humanism of magazine in the Episcopal Church, has been the Enlightenment, its leadership suffered published in Milwaukee since 1899 and from from inertia and was oblivious to the revolu­ its inception has championed Anglo-Catholic tionary changes brought about by industrial­ thought and practice. Fond du Lac is the home ization and urbanization, and its decline in of the Sisters of the Holy Nativity, a century- membership was severe. Only six persons re­ old religious order whose members continue ceived the Eucharist at St. Paul's Cathedral in to wear black habits and submit to the author­ London on one Easter Day. Church historian ity of the mother superior. The bishop of Eau Alan D. Gilbert has referred to the period Claire heads the Evangelical and Catholic Mis­ 1740—1830 as "an era of disaster." The minor­ sion, a national organization determined to re­ ity Evangelical party in the Church of England sist a number of recent innovations within the and the Methodists were experiencing some Episcopal Church, in particular the ordina­ success with the English people. But the tion of women to the priesthood and episco­ Church of England as a whole had degener­ pate. ated into the expression of ruling class propri­ Episcopalians often call the Midwest "the ety.' biretta belt," a reference to the clerical cap The Oxford Movement, which began in worn by Roman Catholic priests and by the 1833, was an attempt to revitalize and purify comparatively small number of Episcopal cler­ the Church of England. John Keble, John gymen who believe themselves to be more Henry Newman, and Edward B. Pusey, Catholic than Protestant. What they usually among others, believed the Church of Eng­ have in mind is Wisconsin, for almost a cen­ land to be part of Christ's One, Holy, Catholic, tury and a half the center of the Anglo- Catholic movement within the Episcopal 'See Alan D. Gilbert's Religion and Society in Industrial Church. There have never been a great many England: Church, Chapel, and Social Change, 1740-1914 (New York, 1976), 27^1; and his splendid I'he Making of Episcopalians in the state; in 1983 there were Post-Christian Britain: A History of the Secularization of Mod­ only about 22,000 communicants in a popula- ern Society (New York, 1980), 70-73.

188 Copyright © 1985 by The Stale Histonrai Society oj Wisconsin All rights oj reproduction in ansjorm reseri'ed ^v!* ^^^ ^wH^

WHi(X3) 40910 The choir and high altar of the chapel at Nashotah House, about 1940-1950. and Apostolic Church, and not just another fused these views with learning, passion, and Protestant denominadon; a body grounded piety. Heavily influenced by the romantic re- upon Scripture and tied to the ancient and un­ acdon to the Age of Reason, they blended po­ divided Christian church in doctrine, liturgy, etry with their scholarship, emphasized mys­ and devotion. They preached Apostolic Suc­ tery, stressed reverence, and cried out for cession, as the Roman Catholics and Orthodox personal holiness. Their influendal Tracts for did, and stressed the importance of the sacra­ the Times and other publicadons and sermons ments, especially the Eucharist. They taught triggered an Anglo-Catholic movement in the the necessity of sanctification, the disciplined Church of England that amounted to a reli­ pursuit of a holy life, in addition to the justi­ gious revival of sorts.^ fication by faith cherished by Protestants and The study of the ancient church revealed enshrined in the Church of England's Thirty- elaborate liturgies, reverence toward the nine Articles. Blessed Virgin Mary and the saints, along with There was nothing radically new in this. practices and beliefs generally condemned by The Church of England had been designed Protestants. Shordy after the Oxford Move­ under Queen Elizabeth to preserve the peace ment began to have an impact, ritualism ap­ between militant Protestants and Roman peared. This was an expression of the desire Catholics, and many of its most profound High Church leaders had taken these posi- ^See Owen Chadwick, ed., The Mind of the Oxford Move­ dons. The Oxford fathers of the I830's in­ ment (Staniord, 1961), 14-28. 189 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 for historical continuity and of a longing for and expand. Seabury had an enormous im­ beauty in worship services. Anglo-Catholic pact. He was the son of a Connecticut High parishes began to feature such symbols of Churchman and firmly believed in the Catho­ Catholic doctrine as liturgical ceremonial, eu- licity of the Episcopal Church. He wore a mi­ charistic vestments, vested choirs, lay servers, tre (the traditional episcopal headdress long open and public reservation of the Blessed shunned by Anglicans), preached the signifi­ Sacrament, incense, and altars adorned with cance of the sacraments, and helped incorpo­ flowers, candles, crosses, and crucifixes. Mo­ rate Catholic teaching about the Eucharist in nastic orders appeared in the 1840's, and by the Book of Common Prayer. the next decade Anglo-Catholics were deeply John Henry Hobart, the bishop of New involved in domestic and overseas missionary York from 1811 to 1830, was an even more activity. powerful influence. Historian George De Most Church of England clergy and laity, Mille has called him "the father of American however, were unsympathetic toward these High Churchmanship" and "in some sense the "Popish" developments. "The Englishman foster father of the Oxford Movement." Ho­ knew himself to be a Protestant," historian bart was outspoken in his opposition to Protes­ Owen Chadwick has observed. Angry mobs tantism. He taught Apostolic Succession, the interrupted Anglo-Catholic worship services. sacramental life, and prayers for the dead. He Churches were vandalized. Priests were perse­ wrote influential devotional manuals, stressed cuted by officials within both the church and missionary activity, and founded The General state. In 1869, for example, the Privy Council Theological Seminary in 1822, a center of condemned a priest for kneeling during the Catholic teaching. By 1840, fourteen of the Eucharist and for having two lights upon the nineteen men in the House of Bishops were altar. Queen Victoria soon wrote a heated let­ High Churchmen who, on the whole, iden­ ter to the man commanding him to abstain tified closely with the Oxford Movement then from an assortment of ritualistic practices. raging in England.^ Struggles in Parliament and the courts went As in England, High Churchmen were on for decades, and some clergy were even im­ leery or hostile toward ritualism at first, reahz- prisoned for their activities.^ ing only after some turmoil that the two move­ ments had virtually everything in common. William Augustus Muhlenberg was the Epis­ N America, the Church of England copal Church's first ritualist. In 1827 he I had long contained its High founded a school for boys at Flushing, Long Church partisans. A number of influential Island which featured vested choirs, chanting, Connecticut converts in the eighteenth cen­ incense, devotions to Mary and the saints, and tury were convinced that their church was candles on the altar. His Church of the Holy Catholic. This view was not widely shared, Communion in New York was the first in the however. When the Protestant Episcopal diocese to have free (as opposed to rented) Church was created after the Revolution, pews and one of the first to offer the Eucharist there was little doctrinal certitude of any sort. weekly. His Sisterhood of the Holy Commun­ Episcopal churches were plain and drab, wor­ ion (1845—1863) paved the way for women's ship services were slovenly (the Eucharist was religious orders in the United States.^ offered perhaps four times a year), and the faith of historic Christianity had been tem­ pered severely by eighteenth-century ration­ 'See W. J. Sparrow Simpson, The History of the Anglo- alism. The episcopate had been unknown for Catholic Revival from 1845 (London, 1932), 67-160; Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, I (London, 1966), 7. more than 150 years due to the Church of ••George E. De Mille, The Catholic Movement in the Ameri­ England's unwillingness to consecrate an can Episcopal Church (Philadelphia, 1941), 1-5; James American.'' Thayer Addison, The Episcopal Church in the United Stales, 1789-1931 (New York, 1951), 53-73; William Wilson America's first Episcopal bishop, Samuel Manross, A History of the American Episcopal Church (New Seabury, went to the Non-juror bishops in York, 1950), 154-201. =De Mille, The Catholic Movement, 7-24; Addison, The Scotland to be ordained. This action led the Episcopal Church, 96-102. Church of England to change its position, and ''De Mille, The Catholic Movement, 44-51; Addison, The the Episcopal Church soon began to revive Episcopal Church, 164-170. 190 REEVES: ANGLO-CATHOLIC MOVEMENT I

..>SHm%

Bishop David Jackson Kemper in ISo2. Will I\JI i0909

In 1835 the General Convention of the York City and was ordained in 1814. For more Episcopal Church chose one of Hobart's than two decades he served parishes in Phila­ former students, David Jackson Kemper, to be delphia and Connecdcut, worked as a border its first missionary bishop. He was charged missionary, and was active in the Domestic and with founding and overseeing churches in the Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal vast territories of Indiana and Missouri. Born Church before becoming a frontier bishop. at Pleasant Valley, New York, in 1789, Kem­ Throughout the late I830's Kemper trav­ per had graduated from Columbia College in eled across the Midwest—by horse, wagon, 1809 as class valedictorian. He studied theol­ carriage, steamboat, and on foot, often over ogy privately (there being no seminaries) with mere trails. When he first arrived in Indiana Hobart and others at Trinity Church in New he discovered only one priest and not a single 191 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING 1985

Episcopal Church; in St. Louis he found but first Episcopal structure for the new territory's one parish and no clergy. In 1838, at his re­ white settlers.^ quest, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kansas were Neither Eleazar Williams nor Richard Ca­ officially added to his jurisdiction, and he dle was an Anglo-Catholic. The strength of gained the new title, "Missionary Bishop of the that tradition in Wisconsin, and throughout Northwest."' the Midwest, rests largely with Bishop Kem­ The Episcopal Church had first come to per. Though not a ritualist, he was a long-time Wisconsin with the Oneida Indians, who High Churchman entirely at ease with the ba­ moved from central New York State to the sic principles of the Oxford Movement. Duck Creek Reservation near Green Bay in From 1835 to 1859 Kemper continued his 1822. English missionaries had introduced the travels as a missionary bishop. At the age of Oneidas to Anglicanism before the Revolu­ seventy he restricted his activities to the dio­ tion. cese of Wisconsin, created in 1847, laboring Bishop Hobart of New York continued to here another decade until his retirement. He take an interest in these Indians even after served his church almost sixty years as a priest their westward journey. In 1826 he ordained and nearly thirty-five years as a bishop. Eleazar Williams, their leader, to the diaco- Twelve dioceses grew out of the territory he nate. Williams, a strange and fascinating man covered, a statistic unique in the history of the who claimed to be the "Lost Dauphin" of Episcopal Church. France, the son of Louis XVI and Marie An­ Kemper consecrated nearly a hundred toinette, had been a missionary to the Oneidas churches, ordained over 200 priests and dea­ in New York before traveling with them to cons, and confirmed nearly 1(3,000 people. In Wisconsin. In 1827 Hobart himself came to the course of his labors he traveled some Green Bay to confirm a number of Oneida 300,000 miles. Bishop Vail of Kansas said at candidates. Kemper's funeral in 1870: "His life furnishes a most important link, not only in the history of our American Church but in the history of the Church Catholic of this age, as it develops HAT same year the Reverend its grand missionary work for the benefit of T' Richard F. Cadle, Wisconsin's the world."^ first Episcopal missionary, arrived in Green One of Kemper's most important steps was Bay from Detroit. In 1828 he founded a short­ the creation of Nashotah House. The bishop lived Indian school and reorganized and in­ realized early in his episcopate that there was corporated Christ Church, Green Bay. Ten little sympathy for his missionary activities years later Kemper, the soon-to-be-named among the comfortable, often upper-class bishop of the Northwest, laid the cornerstones Episcopalians of the East. He knew that he of the Hobart Parish Church at Duck Creek would have to train his own clergy. In 1840, (later the Church of the Holy Apostles in and again in 1841, he traveled to New York Oneida) and Christ Church, Green Bay, the and preached at The General Theological Seminary about the need to bring the "true 'Greenough White, An Apostle of the Western Church, Catholic faith" to the frontier and to create a Memoir of The Right Reverend Jackson Kemper . . . (New mission school in Wisconsin. (High Church­ York, 1900), 3-96; Harold Ezra Wagner, The Episcopal men were committed to saving people from Church in Wisconsin, 1847-1947: A History of the Diocese of Milwaukee (Milwaukee, 1947), 37-43. The State Historical what they believed were the errors and false Society of Wisconsin houses a rich, 175-box collection of teachings of Roman Catholicism as well as Kemper papers. For printed excerpts from his early dia­ Protestantism. Kemper grieved over the suc- ries and letters, see Nashotah Scholiast, December, 1883, to July, 1884, and October, 1884, to June, 1885; Reuben G. ^Wagner, The Episcopal Church in Wisconsin, 29-37; Ho­ Thwaites, ed., "Journal of an Episcopalian Missionary's ward Greene, The Reverend Richard Fish Cadle . . . Tour to Green Bay, 1834," in Wisconsin Historical Collec­ (Waukesha, 1936), 37-99; J. K. Bloomfield, The Oneidas tions (Madison, 1898), XIV:394-449; "Documents: A (New York, 1907), 167-224; Publius V. Lawson, Prince or Trip Through Wisconsin in 1838, Bishop Jackson Kem­ Creole, The Mystery of Louis XVII (Menasha, 1905); Arthur per," in the Wisconsin Magazine of History, VIII: 423—445 C. Neville, "Louis X'VII," and Deborah B. Martin, "The (June, 1925). See also John M. Weidman, "Incidents of Old, Old Story of Eleazar Williams," in the Green Bay His­ Travel During Bishop Kemper's First Years in the West," torical Bulletin, 1:3-40 (October-December, 1925). ibid., XIII:36-43 (March, 1944). 'White, An Apostle of the Western Church, 227-231.

192 REEVES: ANGLO-CATHOLIC MOVEMENT

The Belt Tower at Nashotah House, about 1915. WHi(X3) 40913

cesses of missionaries from other denomina­ and pre-theological education in the liberal tions.) Four members of the senior class re­ arts. By late 1844 Nashotah had twenty-four sponded to the appeal, and three of students, seven of whom were in the theology them—John Henry Hobart, Jr., William Ad­ program. (By 1846 Nashotah men had cre­ ams, and James Lloyd Breck, a former student ated eight parishes in their vicinity.) Breck of William Augustus Muhlenberg—were soon moved to the mission field in Minnesota in on their way west. 1850, and the original idea of a brotherhood Kemper wanted the young men to be "the of priests was dropped. The tone and spirit of humble instruments, under God, of evangeliz­ the institution had been firmly established, ing a portion of that interesting, beautiful and however. Students wore cassocks and were re­ healthy country." During their first ninety quired to attend the Eucharist, morning and days in Wisconsin, they traveled 1,851 miles evening prayer, and the compline service on horseback and 736 miles on foot, conduct­ daily. Chanting, incense, clerical vestments, ing 101 services in seventeen different places. and the full regalia of ritualism were routine. In 1842 they established Nashotah House on a For more than 140 years this distinctive square mile of land twenty-seven miles west of voice within the Episcopal Church has been Milwaukee. It was the first institution of educating Anglo-Catholic priests and dea­ higher education in Wisconsin. cons. Always small (today seventy-four stu­ Nashotah House started out as a sort of mo­ dents) and often chronically underfinanced, nastic community (no vows were taken) led by Nashotah has an international reputation for James Lloyd Breck, a staunch ritualist and a orthodox teaching and reverent worship. Its highly dedicated missionary. Two courses of graduates (650 within its first century; 1,600 study were offered: theological instruction by 1984, including nineteen who became bish-

193 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985

The chapel at Racine College, 1869. ops) have been active in almost every diocese and saintly man. Frederick Cook Morehouse of the church and overseas.'" has called him "the greatest product of the In 1854 another young General Theologi­ American Church during the century." In cal student, James De Koven, answered an ap­ 1963 he was placed in the Church Kalendar peal by Bishop Kemper and came to Nashotah and lauded for his spirituality and his "rea­ House. De Koven had been born in 1831 into a soned and compelling defense" of the wealthy Middletown, Connecticut, family and church's "Catholic heritage." De Koven was an was educated at Columbia College before at­ ardent Anglo-Catholic who fully embraced tending The General Theological Seminary. the whole of ritualism. Racine College scan­ In Wisconsin, De Koven held the Chair of Ec­ dalized many Episcopalians with its vested clesiastical History at Nashotah, served as rec­ choirs, chanting, and incense. De Koven pub­ tor of The Church of St. John Chrysostom in lished stirring defenses of Eucharistic Adora­ Delafield, and was warden of St. John's Hall, a tion, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucha­ preparatory school for the seminary. In 1859, rist, and confession. during a nationwide depression, St. John's In the General Conventions of 1868, 1871, Hall merged with Racine College, and De 1874, and 1877 De Koven was the chief Koven moved to Racine, where he headed the spokesman for the Catholic movement, using college until his death in 1879. his powerful rhetorical skills to prevent the De Koven was a strong, scholarly, eloquent, outlawing of ritualistic practices and teach­ ings. He lost an important battle in 1874, but '"See Charles Breck, The Life of the Reverend J ames Lloyd the restrictions passed by the largely eastern Breck . . . (New York, 1883), 12-137; John N. Vogel, "The Episcopal Church in Wisconsin, 1822-1847," (master's and Protestant denomination were never en­ thesis. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1979), 64-77; forced. In his last convention appearance, De alumni data supplied by Nashotah House. Koven voted almost alone to drop the word 194 REEVES: ANGLO-CATHOLIC MOVEMENT

"Protestant" from the church's official title (a step taken 102 years later). De Koven was a prominent figure within the diocese as well. He participated actively in annual conventions and advocated the then highly-controversial See System—the creation of cathedrals for Episcopal bishops. De Koven paid a high price for defending Anglo-Catholic principles. Five times—in Wis­ consin, Massacliusetts, and Illinois—he was nominated or elected bishop, only to be de­ nied the office by opponents. A highly sensi­ tive man, he reacted strongly to the often harsh rebukes, and his quiet anguish perhaps contributed to his early death. A friend de­ clared at his funeral, "Dr. De Koven was not only one of the most brilliant orators, one of the finest scholars, one of the most clear de­ baters in the Church, but he was one of the ho­ liest, one of the saintliest of all her sons. His life was lived upon a very lofty plane, far above the ordinary level. He was not an ascetic; he was not gloomy, but he conveyed even to the o chance observer the impression of great per­ sonal holiness." One historian later declared, "Not only was he the leading figure in Wiscon­ X sin, but De Koven has been called the only James De Koven, longtime head of Racine College. rightful successor to Keble and Pusey which Picture courtesy of Bishop Stanley Atkins. the American Church has ever produced. . . only in the orthodox doctrine of the historic Catholic Church but also in the visible witness to that ancient heritage which proper habili­ ments and ornaments give."'^ HE Anglo-Catholic emphasis, In Milwaukee, Bishops William Edmond T while by no means without op­ Armitage (1866—1873) and Edward Randolph position, was firmly implanted in Wisconsin by Welles (1874-1888) were instrumental in cre­ the 1870's. All of Kemper's successors to the ating All Saints' Cathedral, one of the nation's episcopate in the dioceses of Milwaukee (Wis­ first Episcopal cathedrals, Welles also spoke consin's new name as of 1886), Fond du Lac on behalf of sisterhoods at the Lambeth Con­ (created in 1875), and Eau Claire (established ference of 1878, welcomed the Sisters of St. in 1928) have been Anglo-CathoUcs. This is Mary (founded in 1865) into his diocese, and true of no other state. Indeed, with the excep­ advocated the dropping of "Protestant" from tion of Cyrus F. Knight (1889-1901) in Mil­ the church's official name, "because we are waukee, all of Wisconsin's Episcopal bishops baptized into the Catholic Church." Bishops have championed ritualism. In 1947, the cen­ Isaac Lea Nicholson (1891-1906), William tennial of the founding of the diocese of Wis­ Walter Webb (1906-1933), and Benjamin consin, historian Harold Ezra Wagner wrote: Franklin Price Ivins (1925—1952) were nation­ "The Church in Wisconsin is known through­ ally known and highly influential Anglo- out the nation today as Catholic, believing not Catholics. (At his death, Webb was called "the Gibraltar of the Catholic faction of the church "See Thomas C. Reeves, eA., James De Koven, Anglican in this country.") All three assisted the devel­ Saint (Racine, 1978); Frederick Cook Morehouse, Some opment of Nashotah House, and Webb and American Churchmen (Milwaukee, 1892), 157-234; William C. Pope, Life of the Reverend James De Koven, . . (New York, 1899). '^Wagner, The Episcopal Church in Wisconsin, 93. 195 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISLORY SPRING, 1985

Ivins served as deans of that institution before was dressed in cope and mitre, anointed with being elected to the episcopate.'-' chrism, and given a pectoral cross, staff, and The first bishop of Fond du Lac, John ring. A Polish Old Catholic bishop and the Henry Hobart Brown (1875-1888), estab­ Russian Orthodox bishop of Alaska and the lished a parochial day school, founded a reli­ Aleutians were also on hand, among others, in gious order for widows, promoted missionary full episcopal attire. Many Protestant Episco­ work among the Belgian Old Catholics in palians were scandalized by such "medieval" Door County, and built the shell of a diocesan goings on, and the photograph of the bishops cathedral. A selfless and tireless worker. in their full regalia was promptly dubbed "the Brown gave 896 sermons and addresses be­ Fond du Lac Circus." Weller himself later tween 1877 and 1880. wrote, "It was a wonderful exhibition of the The second bishop of Fond du Lac, Charles beauty of holiness, and those who were Chapman Grafton (1889-1912), had been a present saw the beginning of a new epoch in friend of Brown's and a generous benefactor the life of the Church."'^ of the diocese during his eighteen years as rec­ The first three bishops of the diocese of Eau tor of Boston's Anglo-Catholic Church of the Claire, Frank E. Wilson (1929-1944), William Advent. He was a cultured, brilliant, and dy­ Wallace Horstick (1944-1969), and Stanley namic man whose many publications made Atkins (1969-1980), were solidly within the him a major figure in the church. He had been Anglo-Catholic tradition. Indeed, Bishop a founder of the Society of St. John the Evan­ Atkins, now dean of Nashotah House, has gelist (the Cowley Fathers), the first monastic been one of the church's most articulate order for men in the Church of England since spokesmen for the Catholic faith.'' the Reformation. Bishop Grafton brought the Sisters of the Holy Nativity (an order he had founded in 1882) to his diocese, opened an ODAY, although the Anglo- academy and junior college, completed St. T Catholic tradition remains Paul's Cathedral, lavished his personal wealth strong, there is more diversity of churchman- on parishes, and raised a half million dollars ship and theology in the diocese of Milwaukee for Nashotah House. than ever before. This is no doubt due in part When Reginald Heber Weller (1900-1933) to the attraction of Milwaukee and Madison to was consecrated as Grafton's assistant in 1900, a variety of people. Fond du Lac and Eau full Catholic ceremonial was used for the first Claire, on the other hand, are perhaps the time in the American Church. The new bishop most staunchly Anglo-Catholic dioceses in the Episcopal Church. Wisconsin's Episcopalians, '•'For brief biographical sketches, see ibid., 129-153. then, reflect to some extent the full scope of For more on Armitage, see Chicago Tribune, December 9, thought and practice found within the church, 19>6%; Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, December 11, 1873;James but they continue to be primarily what they De Koven, A Sermon Preached in All Saints' Cathedral, Mil­ have always been."' waukee . . . (Racine, 1874). On Welles, see Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1874; Milwaukee Journal, December 12, 1888; In the 1980's Anglo-Catholics, still a small Edward Sprague Welles, ed.. Sermons and Addresses by the minority, live in peace within the Episcopal Late Rt. Rev. Edward Randolph Welles . . . (Milwaukee, Church. This is due not only to traditional An­ 1889); Edward Randolph Welles II, "Edward Randolph glican tolerance, but also to the fact that many Welles: 1830-1888, Bishop of Wisconsin," in ihe Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, IX:247-256 of their once controversial beliefs and prac­ (September. 1940). On Knight, see Milwaukee Journal, De­ tices have been accepted by the majority of cember 13, 14, 15, 1888, June 8, 1891; The Church Times, clergy and laity. Eucharistic vestments and al- 1:1,4 (July, 1891); Theodore M. Riley, Sermon Preached at a Memorial Service Commemorative of the Right Reverend Cyrus Frederick Knight. . . (Milwaukee, 1891). On Nicholson, see '^Reginald H. Weller, ed.. History of the Diocese of Fond Milwaukee Journal, October 28, 1891, February 24, Octo­ du Lac and its Several Congregations (Fond du Lac, 1925), 3- ber 30, 1906; The Church Times, XVn:49-68 (December, 30; Wagner, The Episcopal Church in Wisconsin, 69-78. 1906); George McClellan Fiske, A Pillar m the Temple, A ^'Ibid., 79-91; Merton G. Eberlein, "History of the Di­ Sermon . . . in Memory of the Rt. Rev. Isaac Lea Nicholson . . . ocese of Eau Claire, 1928-1978," a seventeen-page mime­ (Philadelphia, 1906). On Webb, see Milwaukee Journal, De­ ographed publication available from the Diocese of Eau cember 3, 1906, Januarv 16, 1933; The Church Times, Claire. XLIII:42^3 (February, 1933). On Ivins, see The Milwau­ ""In 1983 Milwaukee had 12,615 communicants. Fond kee Churchman, LXXII (December, 1962). du Lac had 7,245, and Eau Claire had 2,083. 196 The consecration of Bishop Reginald Heber Weller as Bishop Coadjutor, Diocese of Fond du Lac, November 8,1900. The three seated bishops, from the left: Isaac Lea Nicholson of Milwaukee, Charles Chapman Grafton ojFond du Lac, and Anderson, Coadjutor of Chicago. The standing dignitaries from the left: Bishop Kozlawski of the Polish National Catholic Church: Bishop Williams of Marquette; Bishop Weller; Bishop Francis of Indianapolis; Bishop McLaren of Chicago; Bishop Williams (Coadjutor of Nebraska); Father Kochurojf (Chaplain lo Russian Bishop); Father Sebastian (Chaplain to Ru.s.sian Bishop); and Bishop Tikhon, the Russian Bishop ofAUiska and tlie Aleutian Islands. Photograph courtesy the Diocese of Fond du Lac. tar adornments, for example, are common­ struggles with Puritanism and rationalism. place, and Apostolic Succession and the Real The Church of England, and thus the Episco­ Presence of Christ in the Eucharist are rarely pal Church, was designed to be Catholic as debated. The 1979 Book of Common Prayer well as Protestant, to be built upon the early, endorses an unprecedented quantity of undivided Church as well as the Scriptures. Anglo-Catholic teachings, including the cen- Archbishop William Laud declared in the sev­ trality of the Eucharist in worship, confession enteenth century that "to believe the Scripture ("Reconciliation of a Penitent"), and prayers and the Creeds, to believe these in the sense of for the dead. the ancient primitive church, to receive the In part this important transformation in four great General Councils, to believe all the life of the Episcopal Church in recent points of doctrine generally received as funda­ years is due to a deeper knowledge of the early mentals in the Church of Christ, is a faith in Christian church and to a better understand­ which to live and die. ..." When this was fully ing of the founding principles of Anglicanism. understood, resistance to mitres, crucifixes, Anglo-Catholics had attempted to recapture cathedrals, and other symbols of oneness with the sense of historical unity almost lost during Christ's One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic

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Church began to evaporate. This new attitude has not only enriched the spiritual life of Epis­ copalians, but has contributed to the progress of ecumenical discussions with Roman Catho­ lics and the Orthodox denominations. In 1983 the diocese of Milwaukee and the huge Ro­ man Catholic archdiocese of Milwaukee signed a historic covenant, each pledging to pray and work for church unity." The Anglo-Catholics of Wisconsin, of course, deserve only partial credit for this change; they w-ere (and are) only a part of a larger movement in the Midwest and through­ out the United States. A number of major Anglo-Catholic parishes elsewhere, for exam­ ple, have long been influential, including the Church of the Holy Cross, Troy, New York (1844); the Church of the Advent, Boston (1844); Trinity Church, New York (1846); SL Stephens, Providence, New York (1849); The Church of the Transfiguradon, New York (1850); St. Clement's, Philadelphia, and St. James, Chicago (the 1850's); St. Alban's, New York (1865); and the Church of St. Mary the Virgin in New York (1870). Morgan Dix, Milo Mahan, John Henry Hopkins, Jr., and Fer­ dinand C. Ewer, among others, were early champions of Anglo-Catholic thought and practice.'^ Bishop Stanley Atkins, Dean of Nashotah House and previously the Still, the influence of Wisconsinites has Bishop of tlie Diocese of Eau Claire. been extraordinary. The determination and energy of Jackson Kemper, the holy elo­ tionably made a profound impression upon quence of James De Koven, the piety of the the Episcopal Church as a whole. Sisters of the Holy Nadvity and the sisters of A solid, up-to-date history of the Anglo- the Western Province of the Community of St. Catholic movement in America remains to be Mary, the learning and charity of Charles written. (The last attempt was published in Grafton, and the zeal and disciphne of Nasho- 1941.) When the project is undertaken, its au­ tah's graduates, for example, have unques- thor will discover that New York and Wiscon­ sin contain the most important parts of the "Laud quoted in Paul Elmer More and Frank Leslie story. This should not be surprising, for many Cross, eds., Anglicanism: The Thought and Practice of the of the Badger State's early Episcopalians came Church of England, Illustrated from the Religious Literature of here from New York. The ties that link the two the Seventeenth Centuiy (London, 1962), iv. states in government, politics, social institu­ '*See the author's "The Oxford Movement and the tions, and agriculture, for example, are also Midwest," in George C. Giles, Jr., //iitory of the Church of the Ascension, Chicago, Illinois (1857—1982), (Aberdeen, North evident in the little known but significant his­ Dakota, 1984), iii-xii. tory of Anglo-Catholicism.

198 Wisconsin's Rhetorical Historian, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Review Essay

By Ronald H. Carpenter

MERICA changed. When the stituted a Promethean struggle between man A-Civil War began, one American and wilderness. America's popular culture, in four was a townsman; by 1900, four in ten therefore, widely depicted frontiersmen and were; today most of us reside in cities and ur­ women surviving and striving and succeeding ban sprawls. Who would know that, though, in life. After surveying early dime novels from watching commercials for television? whose numbers in circulation "almost baffle Cowboys around a campfire laud a steak the imagination," as well as subsequent motion sauce—whose name they cannot pronounce. pictures, Henry Nash Smith concluded that Pickup trucks ford streams, cross deserts, and their characters became "fixtures of American climb rugged slopes—although the most ar­ mythology."' In combination, these many duous treks for many purchasers might be to "bits" of information constituted a vast "com­ negotiate traffic jams on their ways to subur­ munication mosaic" with every advantage for ban shopping malls. Consider too the appeal shaping Americans' attitudes.^ Nevertheless, of John F. Kennedy's "New Frontier" catch­ the frontier closed; we clustered as urban peo­ words and his call to "meet any hardship . . . ple; and our world became one largely of sci­ explore the stars, conquer the deserts." His ence and space, computer technology and Peace Corps members may have wielded text­ comfortable travel. So why do pioneer men books or stethoscopes in lieu of axes or mus­ and women and their more difficult paths to kets; their children now have a hero in Han achievement still appeal to us? Solo who, with bolstered laser gun slung low Looking at the process of influence via me­ on his hip, ambled into a "Star Wars" saloon dia and messages scattered over time and whose decor and patrons are neither more nor space, contemporary theorists see attitudes less than "B" Western stereotypes—albeit set shaped and strengthened in part by those in­ down in another galaxy. Whether or not our fluential individuals we call "opinion leaders." attire is that of urban cowboys and cowgirls, People often seek out advice about, or corrob­ we maintain in the twentieth century a flour­ oration for, what they read or hear from nu­ ishing fondness for our pioneer past. merous other, often conflicting sources. An Our fascination with the frontier is under­ individual most likely approached for such re­ standable. Pioneer experiences during expan­ inforcement is one regarded as characteristi- sion and settlement across this continent con­

The Significance oj the Frontier in American History. By FRED­ 'Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as ERICK JACKSON TURNER, with an introduction by MARTIN Symbol and Myth {Cambridge, 1970), 120, 12. RIDGE and a bibliographic note by JAMES P. DANKY. (Silver ^After Samuel Becker, "Rhetorical Studies for the Buckle Press, Madison, 1984. Pp. xiii, 29. Notes ISBN 0- Modern World," in The Prospect of Rhetoric, ed. by Lloyd 931101-01-8, $75.00.) Bitzer and Edwin Black (Englewood Cliffs, 1971), 22-24, 33.

Copyright © 1985 by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin 199 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY spRiNc;, 1985 cally more competent yet suflicientlv similar in of the Frontier Thesis opens with thirteen values to be a "super representative" of the pages of helpful commentaries by James P. group to which both opinion leader and fol­ Danky of the State Historical Society of Wis­ lowers belong.-' Historians, who are perceived consin and Martin Ridge, Senior Research As­ as knowJedgeable and truthful by the general sociate of The Huntington Library. public, often fulfill that suasory role in society, Danky's brief Bibliographic Note might particularly when their statements are studied pose a paradox for some readers. Tracing the assiduouslv in the public schools.' As Carl Be­ early reprintings of Turner's initial pamphlet, cker observed, the "proper function" of histo­ Danky mentions that bibliographers and col­ rians is "to correct and rationalize for common lectors have had a difficult time locating a copy use Mr. Everyman's mythological adaptation of the original publication, which ostensibly of what happened." Therefore "the secret of attained so widespread an impact on both our success in the long run is in conforming to Turner's profession and the American public. the temper of Mr. Everyman w hich we seem to That paucity of extant copies actually con­ guide only because we are so sure, eventually, firms the potency of Turner's discourse. For to follow it." In his own widely used textbook. form complemented content in the Frontier Modern History, Becker argued that "we have Thesis to constitute an eloquent statement to remember tnany things said and done in or­ particularly suitable for being passed on by der to live our lives intelligently . . . since it is readers and listeners to others who in turn only by remembering something of the past spread Turner's message still further. And that we can anticipate something of the future Ridge's Introduction suggests how "The . . . and in some sense prepare for it. . tomor­ Significance of the Frontier in American His­ row and next year and all our lives."' Al­ tory" exerted attitudinal influence upon his though Becker exerted his share of influence professional peers and the public at large. upon American attitudes, a historian who Each audience, however, perceived the mes­ achieved more persuasion was his teacher at sage of the Frontier Thesis in diflerent ways. the University of Wisconsin, Frederick Jack­ Ridge is right about Turner's impact upon son Turner. his profession. Historiography in America ac­ Turner's influential statement was an essav quired a different vector. Rather than tracing entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American institutions back to their Teutonic American History." The conception em­ "germs" in medieval society, or exploring fur­ bodied in its original thirty-four pages became ther the slavery issue, historians began follow­ known as the Frontier Thesis, and those words ing Turner's lead and undertaking more and are reproduced for us now, lovingly, in a spe­ more research into facets of the American en­ cial hardcover volume from the State Histori­ vironment and experience as determinants of cal Society of Wisconsin and the Silver Buckle events and our unique character. As Ray A. Press of the University of Wisconsin- Billington concluded, the American Historical Madison. In one hundred and seventy-five Association became for many years "one great copies commemorating the ninetieth anniver­ Turner-verein."'' Turirer was emphatic in de­ sary of Turner's address before the American veloping his argument, though, and he helped Historical Association in 1893 and its initial fledging historians identify their new areas of publication, this beautifullv produced edition scholarship by dutifully specifying fourteen facets of the frontier worthy of research. As Turner later epitomized his restatement for 'See, for instance, the discussion in Joseph Klapper, The Effects of Mass Communications (New York, 1960), 34— emphasis, "the truth is that I found it neces­ 36. sary to hammer pretty hard and pretty stead­ ^For a broad overview of history as persuasion, see ily in the frontier idea to 'get it in'."' Frances FitzGerald, America Revised: History Schoolbooks in the Twentieth Century (Boston, 1979). ^Carl L. Becker, "Everyman His Own Historian," Pres­ ^Ray A. Billington, The Genesis of the Frontier Tliesis (San idential .'\ddress delivered before the .American Histori­ Marino, California, 1971), 3-4. cal Association in 1931 and published in Becker, Everyman "Frederick Jackson Turner to Arthur M. Schlesinger, His Own Historian: Essays on History and Politics (New York, AprillS, 1922,inBox31 A, Turner Collection, The Hun­ 1935), 232-255; and Modern History (Morristown, New tington Library, San Marino, California. Unless stipulated Jersey, 1931), v—vi. See also my commentary, "Carl Becker otherwise, all citations to primary sources refer to those at and the Epigrammatic Force of Style in History." in Com­ The Huntington Library. In an autobiographical letter lo munication Monographs, 48:318—339 (December, 1981). Constance L. Skinner, March 15, 1922, Turner called his 200 CARPENTER: FREDERICK IAC:KSON TLKNER

UT people other than historians deavors. In 1910, for instairce, a student B read the Frontier Fhesis, heard named George Bell read Turner, listened to Turner, or, most likely, were exposed to his him lecture at Harvard, and concluded for his message as reprinted or paraphrased and class notes that in the twentieth century Daniel passed on by newspapers, magazines, text­ Boone would have been a "great captain of in­ books, and Turner's disciples in classrooms dustry."" Other readers in successive decades across the country. Those people ignored his wrote that Turner's portrayal of the pioneer argument about historiography. Instead, they depicted, in effect, how we should address a tended to interpret this "frontier thesis" by a wide range of economic ccjnditions ranging credible historian as corroboration for what from the boom of the 1920's to the nadir of the popular culture already expressed widely. Great Depression in the 1930's.'- Today, we When describing The Frontier in American His­ might reread Turner's eighty-six-word por­ tory, Turner's book of 1920 which had his trayal of the pioneer and speculate about how statement of 1893 as Chapter One, the Wash­ some of those attributes are embodied in a tel­ ington Star said "the author's thesis is set forth evision character with whom we are presently in the following extract, which also shows fascinated: J. R. Ewing from Dallas. something of the quality of his writing." The Other meanings read into or out of the Star quoted Turner: "[T]o the frontier the Frontier Thesis are more ominous. A recent American intellect owes its striking character­ account of the Spanish-American War argues istics. That coarseness and strength combined that Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Henry with acuteness and inquisitiveness, that practi­ Cabot Lodge, and others in Washington had cal, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expe­ interpreted Turner as saying that "everything dients, that masterful grasp of material things, good in America was a result of the frontier"; lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect and although territories for settlement had great ends, that restless, nervous energy, that disappeared from this continent, "Americans dominant individualism, working for good needed a frontier, even if they had to go over­ and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and ex­ seas to find it."'-' So after acquiring the Philip­ uberance which comes with freedom,—these pine Islands from Spain, we might view our are traits of the frontier, or traits called out subsequent military effi)rts against an indige­ elsewhere because of the existence of the fron­ nous population seeking its freedom as but an­ tier."^ These words are no scholarly call for other Indian war, and Emilio Aguinaldo as an­ further research about the past but rather elo­ other "chief to be captured. quent advice about a role model for the fu­ When we entered World War I, propa­ ture. Here was a "beckoning archetype."-' ganda from a National Board for Historical Perception is selective, though. A woman Service indoctrinated troops to fight in France reviewing Turner's book for the Milwaukee with "the torch of the American frontiers­ Sentinel quoted the same passage but omitted man."'^ Then, in Hollywood's films during the reference to "coarseness," perhaps feeling that this dimension of frontier character might not be applicable for emulation in the statement of 1893 "a protest against eastern neglect, at that time, of institutional study of the West." MSE902 in twentieth century; a reporter for the Minne­ the Turner Papers at the State Historical Society of Wis­ sota Daily thought he heard Turner praise consin. "calmness of purpose," causing Turner to put '^Washington Star, March 24, 1923. This and other a question mark in the margin of his copy of newspaper reactions to Turner's statement are m File the newspaper.'" In the main, however, popu­ Drawer 15 D. ^After Edwin Black, "The Second Persona," in Quar­ lar readers and listeners decided that attitudes terly Journal of Speech, 56:119 (April, 1970). and actions for confronting the wilderness '"Milwaukee Sentinel, January 30, 1921, and the Minne­ successfully were worthy of emulation in the sota Daily, June 7, 1900. Turner's marked copy of the lat­ twentieth century—although our frontier had ter item is in Box 54. "George W. Bell's notebook. File Drawer 14 D. disappeared. As Martin Ridge observes in his '^See my "Frederick Jackson Turner and the Rhetori­ Introduction to this special printing. Turner's cal Impact of the Frontier Thesis," in Quarterly Journal of conception had "meaning for our time." Speech, 63:125-126 (April, 1977). People responding to the Frontier Thesis '^George J. A. O'Toole, The Spanish War (New York, 1984), 91. often concluded that pioneer attributes were '^Edgar E. Robinson to Turner, April 27, 1918, Box applicable in contemporary, economic en­ 28. For a detailed account of the efforts of the historical 201 WTSCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 and after World War II, the star who wore HETORIC is not a pejorative Army, Navy, Marine, and Air Corps uniforms R word. Today, with the preced­ so easily was John Wayne—an archetypal ing adjective "empty," the word "rhetoric" of­ screen Westerner. As for our Vietnam experi­ ten signifies what the "other guy" says, pre­ ence, Hollywood's only film about the war dur­ sumably a groundless, emotional appeal in ing the conflict was John Wayne's Tlie Green contrast to the logical substance of "facts" that Berets, wherein air cavalry arrived just in time "tell it like it is." But traditional wisdom holds to save a Special Forces fortified hamlet whose that rhetoric means, accurately, persuasive palisade and tower resembled a frontier fort discourse, and Frederick Jackson Turner was and whose gate sign proclaimed "Dodge City." a star student of its art. He was a prize-winning A &uh&e(\uenth\m, Apocalypse Now, caricatured orator in high school at Portage, Wisconsin; as a Vietnam commander who wore a frontier a University of Wisconsin freshman he was cavalryman's campaign hat and yellow necker­ awed by a senior orator, Robert M. La Follette; chief, but a former Army Ranger officer in re­ and after marching in a torchlight parade with ality now commands an Airborne Training a band to celebrate La Follette's victory in an Battalion at Fort Benning, Georgia, from an important oratorical contest, the impression­ office with his "picture of John Wayne as a cav­ able young man from Portage pasted a text of alry officer on the shelf behind him."'' that winning speech about lago in his scrap- The extent to which some people may have book and practiced writing its style in his com­ seen Vietnam in part as but another frontier monplace book. experience is speculative; no American today, Turner's mastery of La Follette's rhetorical though, should doubt the widespread esteem prowess is evident in his own junior and senior for contemporary people of everyday fact or orations, which won Wisconsin's most coveted media fiction who embody attributes so im­ prizes. Later, after deciding that such rhetori­ portant in the steady march westward across cal artistry was appropriate in historical writ­ this continent. Perhaps the most poignant ing, the young professional man used it for the prophecy came from a man who wrote to American Historical Association on July 12, Turner in 1910: "Our boys and girls are grow­ 1983. At the dinner honoring his retirement ing up possessing w-ealth which their fathers from Harvard in 1924, Turner's speech ex­ and mothers did not. With this wealth has plained "how far the little things as well as come false ideals. Your great w-ork, it seems to clearly obvious circumstances affect one's aca­ me, has been to impress upon our young peo­ demic life." Prominent on his list of "some of ple here the great work which their fathers ac­ the forces that have influenced my career" was complished. You gave them an insight into the "La Follette—lago."'' true greatness of America and the true great­ Wisconsin clearly had salient dimensions of ness of the West, which I believe no other man influence upon Turner. The boy in Portage can do.""' What beckoning archetype poten­ experienced much of the change in a frontier tially is more capable of helping shape a na­ community, and the undergraduate student tion's attitudes than that which Americans of history at the University of Wisconsin would hold before their children for emula­ learned more, particularly from his indepen­ tion? Frederick Jackson Turner touched dent research project under Professor Wil­ something in our national consciousness; he liam F. Allen. Content in the Frontier Thesis did so in a particularly persuasive way; and as history thus had origins in the state and its Martin Ridge's Introduction identifies the piv­ great university. Form in the statement as per­ otal factor as "Turner's rhetoric—his very suasive discourse had its origins not only in style of composition." Turner's unique oratorical experiences but also in a broader rhetorical Zeitgeist at the Uni­ profession to contribute to such indoctrination, see versity of Wisconsin, which held that midwest­ George T. Blakely, Historians on the Homefront: American ern farmers and townspeople might be as elo­ Propagandists for the Great War (Lexington, 1971). ''"St. Petersburg Times, April 7, 1985. See also Julian quent as eastern city people educated in the Smith, Looking Away: Hollywood and Vietnam (New York, Ivy League. Those older institutions once had 1975), particularly 5, 27-29, 92-94, and 128-130. their famous teachers of persuasive discourse ""Charles McCarthy to Turner, June 23, 1910, in Vol. I in John Witherspoon at Princeton and various of the "Red Book," a collection of letters to Turner upon his leaving Wisconsin for Harvard. "Turner's longhand draft of that speech is in Box 56. 202 CARPENTER: FREDERICK IACKSON TURNER eminent holders of the Boylston Chair of rian's voice is most needed, the more so as the Rhetoric at Harvard. But the newer Univer­ others seem inadequate, often absurd .... the sity of Wisconsin had John Bascom and his opportunity, I think, is plain for the historian student, David B. Frankenburger. teaching to become the major interpreter in literary ex­ rhetoric—for writing and speaking—was vital perience of man's role in society .... to pr

203 The Holocaust in History: Eyewitnesses to Terror

By Sara Leuchter

HE spring of 1985 marked the dedicated wholly to gathering and analyzing a T fortieth anniversary of the lib­ vast amount of previously untapped data on eration of Europe from the Nazi menace, but Hitler's knowledge of and involvement in the historians continue to debate the forces be­ Final Solution. A tireless researcher, Fleming hind this horrific war machine. More speci­ combed most of the unpublished sources cur­ fically, many studies often concern the anti- rently available, from well-known Nuremberg Jewish policies of National Socialism, and trial testimony to seldom-quoted transcripts of particularly, the role of Adolf Hitler in the ex­ trials from the 1960's and 1970's. In a rare termination of six million Jews—nearly two- showing of Soviet cooperation, Fleming was thirds of Europe's pre-war Jewish population. even granted access to the war archives in While most historians acknowledge the di­ Riga. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, rect link between Hitler's well-documented he augmented these primary sources with anti-Jewish ideology and the administration of depositions and written testimony from ob­ the Final Solution, no such wTitten order from scure (though well-informed) participants in Hitler has ever been discovered. Moreover, the events. recent works by proponents of the "revisionist Gerald Fleming concludes not only that school" (who are trying to "revise" history by Hitler deliberately designed and personally claiming the Holocaust never occurred)— ordered the Final Solution, but also that his notably David Irving in Hitler's War—argue role was purposefully disguised so that it could that Hitler was not aware of the ongoing exter­ not be readily traced. mination of European Jewry until at least Although Hitler and the Final Solution is 1943.' Hitler and the Final Solution, a new book somewhat unconventional in structure, it by Gerald Fleming, reader in German at the makes a powerful and important statement. University of Surrey, challenges Irving's as­ Its twenty-three chapters (the book is less than sertion that Hitler neither ordered nor wished 200 pages) are not necessarily linked together; the destruction of the Jewish people. often evidence is repeated from chapter to While Hitler's role in the Final Solution has chapter, "like the recurrent theme of a night­ been documented circumstantially, evidence mare." As a historical work, it is almost literary linking him with specific administrative orders in style, allowing one to comprehei-id more has never before come to light. Fleming's easily the impact of Fleming's conclusions. work, then, is a unique achievement, for it is Moreover, the lengthy introduction by Saul Friedlander, professor of history at Tel Aviv University, provides both an excellent over­ view of the debate concerning Hitler's role in the extermination of the Jews as well as a suc- Hitler and the Final Solution. By CTERALD FLEMING, with an introduction by SAUL FRIEDLANDER. (University of Cali­ fornia Press, Berkeley, 1984. Pp. 219. Illustrations, bibli­ ography, appendix, index. ISBN 0-520-05103-3. $15.95.) 'David Irving, Hitler's War CNew York, 1977).

204 Copyright © 1985 by The Stale Historical Society oj Wuconsin All rights of reproduction in any form resen'ed LEUCHTER: HOLOCAUST IN HISTORY cinct synopsis of Fleming's crucial pieces of ev­ were exterminated on the spot, along with lo­ idence.' cal Jews. To effect this, Reichskommissar Os- According to Friedlander, Hitler and the Fi­ tland Hinrich Lohse was advised by Reichs- nal Solution is important "as a timely resource fuehrer-SS Heinrich Himmler (through SS- in the growing debate among historians of Na­ General Freidrich Jeckeln) that "it is my or­ zism." He explains that since the late 196()'s, der, which is also the Fuehrer's wish." (Pp. 75— differing interpretations of National Socialism 76.) In that year, other pieces of the puzzle have fallen into two camps: the "intentiona- (building the general framework of the Final list" and the "functionalist." Says Friedlander: Solution) were falling into place: within "For the intentionalists, there is a direct rela­ months of the German invasion of Russia on tion between Hitler's ideology and Nazi poli­ June 22, more than one million Soviet Jews tics; there were initial aims and once the Nazis had been murdered by the Einsalzgruppen came to power, steps were taken systematically ("Special Forces"); all emigration of Jews from to implement those aims. . . The functional­ occupied Europe was forbidden (order of Oc­ ists, on the other hand, feel that there is no tober 23); construction of the Belzec extermi­ necessary relationship between the ideological nation camp was begun; and the first experi­ dogmas of Nazism and the policies of the ments with Zyklon-B gas occurred at Third Reich; that decisions are functionally Auschwitz. linked to one another and do not follow a pre- The Wannsee Conference of January 20, established plan." (P. ix.) 1942, at which SS-General Reinhard Hey- Hitler and the Final Solution, then, appears to drich presented the outline for the F'inal Solu­ be a stunning triumph for the intentionalists. tion, was merely the next logical step. Al­ It traces a clear path from Hitler's anti-Semitic though the written record documents the utterances as a youth in Linz, Austria (ca. liquidation of the Jews by physical labor, Adolf 1904-1907), to his political testament of April Eichmann (technical organizer of the confer­ 29, 1945, in which he blamed the Jews for the ence) admitted at his l962 trial in Jerusalem destruction of the Third Reich. (Pp. 16, 18(5— that the general sense of the discussion at 198.) In essence, Fleming argues, the Jews Wannsee "covered killing, elimination, and were "a race whose existence Hitler ultimately annihilation." (Pp. 92-93.) Concludes regarded as an insufferable provocation"; Friedlander: "If we admit that the meaning of they were his obsession. (P. xxxvi.) So strongly the Wannsee Conference is unmistakable, if does Fleming support this interpretation that we remember that Heydrich in his opening re­ he has entitled the first and last chapter.s— marks refers not only to the order given him which deal specifically with Hitler's adoles­ by Goering but also to Hitler's agreement to cence and final days as Fuehrer—"The Begin­ start evacuating Jews to the East, it can only ning of an Obsession" and "The End of an mean one thing: Hitler's agreement to the ex­ Obsession." termination plan. One can hardly imagine The crucial question in any such tightly fo­ that Heydrich would present an extermina­ cused study concerns the existence (or ab­ tion plan to a whole array of high-ranking civil sence) of a specific order given by Hitler to ex­ servants if Hitler had meant a bona fide evacu­ terminate the Jews of Europe. According to ation plan." (Pp. xxii—xxiv.) Friedlander: "No historian today would be­ Fleming argues convincingly that orders lieve that such an order was giveir in writing. for extermination of the Jews came directly In its oral form it could have been either a from Hitler. Chapter 5, entitled "Himmler on clear instruction passed on to Goering or to Responsibility," cites at least twelve occasions Himmler, or more probably, a broad hint that on which Himmler acknowledged that such everybody understood." (P. xiii.) orders had been given personally by Hitler, al­ To that end, Fleming painstakingly docu­ beit couched in phrases such as"it is the Fueh­ ments the deliberate actions initiated by Hitler rer's wish," "it is the Fuehrer's will," and "it is a after the fall of 1941, when deportations from Fuehrer-order." (Pp. 50—60.) the Reich—mainly to Lodz, Minsk, and Riga— What is more. Hitler remained interested began. Many of those transported to Riga in the ongoing process of extermination. On ^Saul Friedlander in the Introduction to (ierald Flem­ August 1, 1941, Gestapo Chief Heinrich Mul- ing, Hitler and the Final Solution, vii. ler alerted the heads of four Einsalzgruppen:

205 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985

ments, and his use of primary source material, in the form of letters and depositions from now-obscure eyewitnesses, is exemplary. I believe that Fleming's work ui-iderscores the need for both archisists and researchers to examine the testirnony of eyewitnesses to these events as crucial historical documents, and not only written testimony but oral as well. Most of the manuscripts produced during the war have already been collected and are avail­ able to researchers. Firsthand testimony, on the other hand, must be solicited immediately, before the eyewiti-iesses are no loi-iger alive lo testify. One of the most powerful and thought- provoking books on the Holocaust based on eyewitness testimony is Gitta Sereny's Into That Darkness. Sereny, a British journalist, spent more than seventy hours conversing with Franz Stangl, convicted Kommandant of the Treblinka extermination camp. After attend­ ing his trial in 1970, she became convinced that there was much to learn from this witness to the "most total evil our age has produced." Reading her book, one is simultaneously Rosa Goldberg Katz, center, with her sister, Nectiama Goldberg struck by Stangl's intelligence at-id compassion Ojzer, and brother, .\loishe Goldberg, in Lodz, Pohiiut. 1932. Mrs. for his family as well as by a feeling of revul­ Katz survived four years in tlie Lodz ghetto and imprisonment at Ihe sion about his knowledgeable participation in Auschwitz and Raveiishrueck concentration camps. this monstrous evil. It is a book which cannot be put down easily; one which demonstrates, "The Fuehrer is to be kept informed contin­ as Sereny concludes, "the fatal interdepen­ ually from here about the work of the Einsalz­ dence of all human actions, and an affirmation gruppen in the East." (P. 45.) As further proof, of man's responsibility for his own acts and Fleming cites a report on "The Fii-ial Solution their consequences."^ of the European Jewish Question" which was returned to Eichmann bearing (as Eichmann ET us not, however, forget the testified) Himmler's initials and the remark: L-value of eyewitness accounts "The Fuehrer has taken note: destroy—H.H." from survivors of the Holocaust as well. Depo­ (P. 138.) There can be no doubt, concludes sitions from survivors, whether given immedi­ Fleming, that the Nazis attempted to ca­ ately after the war or at the present time, con­ mouflage the Final Solution, and, more speci­ stitute a body of historical documentation fically. Hitler's direct involvement in it. "Adolf which cannot be ignored. There are thou­ Hitler's Final Solution ideology [Fleming sands of firsthand testaments from survivors writes] represented in stark reality a cult of the available in published form, many of which irrational bordering on lunacy yet advanced are critical accounts of the times, such as under the guise of ice-cold reason, a cult Janusz Korczak's Ghetto Diary; Emmanuel whose founder saw himself as the benefactor Ringelblum's Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto; and savior of his Great Gern-ian Reich." (P. Hannah Senesh: Her Life and Diary; and Alexan­ 188.) der Donat's The Death Gamp Treblinka. Hitler and the Final Solution is an extraordi­ Oral histories by eyewitnesses to the Holo­ nary contribution to the field of Holocaust caust are likewise of particular importance be­ studies. Gerald Fleming's meticulous search cause they augment the body of memoirs, dia- through published records and previously un­ 'Gitta Serenv, Into Thai Darkness: From Mercy Killing to tapped archives adds great weight to his argu­ Mass Murder (New York, 1974), 13. 206 LEUCHTER: HOLOCAUST IN HISTORY ries, and journals which heretofore have been the most popular means of preserving this monumental event. Oral history is a powerful research tool; a narrator's personal experi­ ences and emotions may have a profound im­ pact on the listener. To be sure, oral history has its limitations. Memory loses its sharpness, personal events may become exaggerated, perceptions change. Dates, places, and naines which are recalled by the survivors may not be corroborated by documents. Yet despite these limitations, it is a valuable methodology which allows participation by a great number of peo­ ple, most of whom might not otherwise have put their remembrances into writing. Oral history interviews with Holocaust sur­ vivors are a recent phenomenon; it was not until the mid-1970's that they were under­ taken on a large scale. Perhaps the first major project was initiated in 1975 by the William E. Wiener Oral History Library of the American Jewish Committee, and funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Over a two-year period, volunteer staff conducted 250 interviews with Holocaust survivors throughout the country. The inter­ views, however, utilized a standard question­ naire which did little to probe deeply into the survivors' lives, either before or after the war. Rosa Goldberg Katz and tier daugliter, Manlyn, lighting the Clianukah candles in their Oshkosh home, 1967. Helen Epstein, a child of survivors and author of Children of the Holocaust, wrote the project's published final report, entitled A Study in Ameri­ the interviews, and to produce a slide/tape can Pluralism Through Oral Histories of Holocaust documentary. The Wisconsin Humanities Survivors. Committee grant of $39,719 was the largest Shortly after the Epstein study, the State amount, to date, awarded by that body to a Historical Society of Wisconsin began to plan non-media project. The State Historical Soci­ its own oral history project with Wisconsin sur­ ety provided more than $38,000 in matching vivors of the Holocaust. In 1974, archivists at funds, and an additional $10,000 was raised the Society conducted an interview with a Hol­ through private donations. ocaust survivor residing in Green Bay. The The project began on December 10, 1979, enthusiasm generated by this initial interview with an immediate search for survivors convinced Society staff of the merits of a larger throughout Wisccmsin. Press releases were cir­ project to tape Holocaust survivors through­ culated and rabbis and community resource out the state. As early as 1975, names of poten­ personnel (such as Jewish community center tial interviewees was collected and a fund- administrators and those working with the el­ raising drive was begun. In 1978, under the derly) were contacted for names of survivors. guidance of Barbara J. Kaiser, director of the After making initial contact with survivors, Society's Field Services Division, a proposal staff members conducted preliminary (unre­ was submitted to the Wisconsin Humanities corded) interviews, during which each survi­ Committee calling for a one-year project to in­ vor completed a six-page questionnaire which terview approximately thirty Holocaust survi­ aided in the preparation of interview ques­ vors, to collect photographic documentation tions. of the survivors in both their European and Twenty-four interviews were conducted, Wisconsin milieus, to prepare finding aids to totaling 160 hours of tape. Survivors included

207 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 198c

strength of the human spirit in the face of overwhelming adversity. The interviews are rich in their description of cultures that have been destroyed, graphic in their detail of the horrors perpetrated by the Nazis and their fol­ lowers, and moving in their account of the re­ building of lives in distant Wisconsin. The more than 1,600 photographs collected and produced during the project provide addi­ tional testimony to a lost way of life and to the determination of the survivors to begin anew. For generations to come, the tapes will serve as firsthand evidence of a catastrophic episode in world history, allowing students to learn in de­ tail of events that will be reduced to no more than a few lines in a textbook. The interviews will provide historians with rich and varied in­ formation concerning life during the war years. And in their own small way, the tapes may serve as a deterrent to future barbarism and brutality. To ensure dissemination of the material collected for the project, the Society also pub­ lished the 200-page Guide to Wisconsin Survi­ vors of the Holocaust (1983). The Guide contains brief biographies of twenty-four witnesses to the Holocaust years (1933—1945), itiformation Courtesy Flora Bader Flora Melkman Bader at the Dutch seashore, 1939. After the concerning each tape-recorded interview, and German invasion of Holland, she was forced to go into hiding. descriptions of the photographic images col­ lected for the project. In addition, the Guide includes a Holocaust bibliography, a glossary of related terms, pertinent maps (such as indi­ concentration and forced labor camp inmates, vidual routes taken by the survivors during families in hiding, and emigies from Ger­ their captivity), and a list of related collections many, who spoke of their wartime experiences at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. A in Holland, Germany, Poland, Czechoslova­ cumulative index to important dates, names, kia, Italy, Greece, Russia, and Siberia. Fhe historical events, and concepts mention in the survivors resettled in such diverse areas of interview finding aids (abstracts) forms a ma­ Wisconsin as Madiscm, Milwaukee, Green jor part of the publication. The abstracts Bay, Kenosha, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, themselves, contained on five microfiche Wausau, Merrill, Oshkosh, and Monroe. cards, accompany the text. For each interview, staff members pre­ Immediately upon publication of the Guide, pared an abstract to serve as a finding aid in the oral history and photographic documenta­ the location of specific references on the tapes. tion project undertaken by the State Historical The abstract is a document which condenses Society of Wisconsin became a model for other the interview into synopses of discussions oc­ projects throughout the country. Currently, curring at various locations throughout each in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Mi­ tape, corresponding to a time-signah Included ami, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Dallas, Minneapo­ with the abstract are the interviewer's intro­ lis, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, duction and an index, which enables research­ Holocaust centers and Jewish communities ers to locate names, proper nouns, dates, and are conducting oral histories with survivors. historical events which appear in the abstract. Many of these projects are based upon the The Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust: A Wisconsin model. Documentation Project is a tribute to the Still, the Holocaust documentation project

208 LEUCHTER: HOLOCAUSl^ IN HISTORY undertaken by the State Historical Society of jects. Finally, the published Guide to the collec­ Wisconsin is unique. It remains the only such tion makes the material accessible to research­ project to have been planned and supported ers nationwide. by several statewide, secular institutions and to Gerald Fleming's Hitter and the Final Solu­ encompass such a wide geographic area. It is tion and the Guide to Wisconsin Survivors of lite the only project of its kind to focus on resettle­ Holocaust share an important theiue; that eye­ ment of the survivors within their individual witnesses to the Holocaust, both its perpetra­ communities. Its photographic component tors and its victims, are invaluable in under­ has never been equalled by that of other pro­ standing how a world went mad with hatred.

^M t • »v

•- -.•»** ^!"

Courtesy Flora Bader Flora Melkman Bader in the backyard of tier Milwaukee home, 1956.

209 READING AMERICA

In Fall, 1983, the Minnesota Historical So­ fled France with novelist Victor Hugo after ciety Press launched a new series, Borealis the failed 1851 revolt against Napoleon III. Books, to reprint "books chosen for their im­ Marian's father had been a well-known crimi­ portance as enduring historical sources and nal lawyer and abolitionist who taught at their value as enjoyable accounts of life in the Oberlin College, w'here he helped to organize Upper Midwest." We are devoting this issue's the underground railroad. Her mother had "Reading America" to reviewing several books raised her children virtually single-handedly from Borealis that we think will be of interest and had become secretary of the Oklahoma to the Magazine's readers. Should you wish Women's Christian Temperance Union. Mar­ more information on Borealis's list of publica­ ian married her first husband, a preacher, at tions, w rite to the Minnesota Historical Society eighteen. An educated woman, she chafed un­ Press, 690 Cedar Street, St. Paul, MN 55101. der Texas laws that treated her as her hus­ band's property. Prohibited from divorcing Crusaders: The Radical Legacy of Marian and Ar­ him, she finally fled the state. He ended up di­ thur Le Sueur. By MERIDEL LE SUEUR. (MINNE vorcing her on "grounds of dangerous soTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESS, ST. PAUL, thoughts gleaned from reading books." [1955], 1984. GLOSSARY, INDEX. PP. XXIX, 109. Her flight took her to her mother's house in ISBN 0-87351-174-3, $11.95, CLOTH; ISBN Kansas, where, to earn money to support her­ 0-87351-176-6, $6.95, PAPER.) self and her three children, Marian toured the Chautauqua lecture circuit, speaking on wom­ "WHEREVER THERE WAS A FIGHT THEY en's rights and their need for education. It was WERE THERE. THEY SEEMED TO HAVE SOME during this period that she met anarchist THING WE SOMETIMES LACK, A TERRIBLE, Emma Goldman, whose own work caused WONDERFUL LUST FOR THE FIGHT." Marian to expand her concerns to the working classes and to embrace socialism. By 1916 she In the early years of this century, as the was teaching English at the People's College in spirit of Progressivism swept the country, Port Scott, Kansas. thousands of Americans turned their energies Founded in 1914 by socialist labor leader to creating a more just and equitable society. Eugene V. Debs, Helen Keller, and an assort­ Liberal and left-wing organizations fought for ment of liberals, it was to be a college of the and won a host of labor, political, and social re­ working class, to teach subjects from their forms. Marian W^harton and Arthur Le Sueur stood in the thick of those battles. MARY LOU M. SCHULTZ is a Publications Editor at the Uni­ versity of Wisconsin-Extension and a free-lance writer. Both Marian (1877-1954) and Arthur She holds a bachelor's degree in American history from (1867-1950) were born into midwestern fami­ the University of Wisconsin and has done postgraduate lies with histories of stubborn rebellion against work in American history and urban affairs at Boston Uni­ conservative authority. Arthur's father had versitv.

210 Copyright © / 985 by The State Historical Sanely oj Wisconsin All rights of reproduction in any jorm resen'ed SCHULTZ: READING AMERICA viewpoint. Until America's entry into World muscle. In 1930 it elected Floyd B. Olson gov­ War I and the national panic over communism ernor, and he appointed Marian to the state literally destroyed the college, thousands of planning board and the board of education. farmers, laborers, and ininers enrolled in its Arthur resumed his law practice and, on correspondence courses, studying labor law, Olson's death, was appointed municipal judge labor English, bookkeeping, parliamentary by the new governor. Their house became a law, and algebra. haven for transients and the displaced. When Marian and civil rights lawyer Arthur met Marian and Meridel entered the living room and married at the college, where Arthur had in the morning they were never sure who they gone to teach after serving as socialist mayor would find camped out. Once it was Woody of Minot, North Dakota,' from 1912-1916. Guthrie. Another time it was Pete Seeger, on The same year Arthur had become mayor of his way to Duluth to collect songs of timber Minot, over a thousand Socialists had been workers and steelworkers. Others came to be elected to office nationwide, including Emil fed, to talk, to make plans, or to relate news of Seidel as mayor of Milwaukee. conditions elsewhere in the Depression- America's entry into the European war ridden country. Once again, left-wing causes slammed the brakes on the reform movement, and radicals were popular with the majority of socialism, and communism. An energetic citizens who were disillusioned with conserva­ Congress, fearing socialism's growing in­ tives and Republicans. fluence, shoved through the Espionage Act, But the l930's was the left-wing reformers' the Trading with the Enemy Act, the Con­ last hurrah for many years. World War II trig­ scription Act, and anti-sedition and anti- gered a wave of reactionary measures that car­ syndicalism laws. Law enforcement officers ried the country through the McCarthy era of raided the socialist Industrial Workers of the the early 1950's. Arthur continued to practice World (I WW) and arrested hundreds of mem­ law until shortly before his death from cancer. bers. Vigilante groups across the nation tarred Marian wrote speeches, lectured throughout and feathered left-wing activists and pacifists. the countryside, and recorded radio pro­ Victor L. Berger, a Socialist from Wisconsin grams. In 1952sheranfor Senator on the Pro­ who had served as a representative in Con­ gressive party ticket. gress since 1910, was indicted for pacifist ac­ The Le Sueur's daughter, Meridel, lovingly tivities and denied his House seat in 1918. De­ recorded this highly impressionistic family spite the national crackdown on dissenters, history after her mother's death in 1954, at the labor strikes reached epidemic proportions tail end of the second round of Communist during the war. witch hunts in this century. She has recon­ Persecution of the country's 100,000 com­ structed the turbulent atmosphere her par­ munists and socialists culminated with U.S. ents danced through, even though she has Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's 1920 failed to nail down all of her facts. (There are witch hunt. From January through May, thou­ numerous chronological discrepancies.) sands of suspected communists were arrested, Through her account of her parents' lives, we beaten, and held without counsel. Hundreds get a glimmer of the fear, thrill, and sense of were deported. Arthur traveled to Washing­ comraderie that permeated their efforts as ton, D.C. to defend them and to seek help in they hammered away at the foundadons of le­ curbing the Justice Department's rampant gal, economic, and political conservatism for abuse of constitutional rights. half a century. The prosperity and conservatism of the You will find no formal biography of the Le 1920's dampened enthusiasm for reform and Sueurs in your library, nor mention of them in left-wing causes. The Supreme Court re­ history books. They, like thousands of others versed much of the progressive legislation who were vital components of regional reform affecting labor conditions. Preoccupied with movements, never attained the national stat­ Prohibition, the country appeared to be rest­ ure that would have reserved a spot for them ing after two decades of social, labor, and po­ in history textbooks. But without active and litical upheaval. The Le Sueurs drifted out to articulate supporters like the Le Sueurs fight­ California, where they unsuccessfully tried to ing for civil rights and reform in towns and cit­ start a chicken ranch. ies across the country, the giants could have The 1929 stock market crash drove them accomplished nothing. back to Minneapolis, where the liberal At the memorial service for Arthur, his Farmer-Labor party was flexing its political daughter acknowledged her's and her chil- 211 WISCONSIN MAG.IZINE OF HISTORY spRiNc;, 1985 dren's indebtedness to his tireless efforts: "He Lois Phillips Hudson has painted a miniature bequeathed to us the belief in the vast human portrait of farming's history in this century. possibilities of man, the love of our land, and Each of the main characters, thirty-four- the courage to claim both." It is a debt we all year-old George Armstrong Custer, his wife owe to those men and women who staked out Rachel, his six-year-old daughter Lucy, and the field on which current activists and re­ his in-laws Will and Rose, take turns present­ formers are continuing the battle for equal ing their views of local and national events, justice and equal rights. family relationships, and history. Will made his fortune in the first two decades of this cen­ tury. Itwasatimeof good weather, rising land values, and top prices abroad. George began The Bones of Plenty. By Lois PHILLIPS HUDSON. farming after World War I. Too poor to (Minnesota Historical Societv Press, St. Paul, afford his own farm, he rented land. Over the [1962] 1984. Pp. xi, 439. ISBN 0-87351-1751- next decade he watched the European market 1, $7.95, paper.) shrink as the continent resumed producing its own food and high tariffs discouraged Euro­ The Great Depression hit America's cities pean customers from purchasing American with the collapse of the stock market in 1929. goods and agricultural commodities. The For the country's farmers, however, the De­ value of his farm land plummeted, but he was pression began shortly after World War I too deeply in debt to save money to buy it. when the bottom fell out of the overseas agri­ Prices for his crops dropped further every cultural commodities market, and it deepened year, even as the costs of food, goods, and throughout the 1920's as year after year, services constantly crept upwards. For nine drought and plague swept the fields. In 1920 years, he, along with every other Midwest spring wheat brought $2.76 a bushel—the cost farmer, sweltered through 100°-plus sum­ of a new pair of Oshkosh overalls. By 1932 it mers while crops shriveled in the heat and the brought only 26 cents. Fourteen thousand rich black topsoil dried up and blew away in banks, most of them rural, failed between dark storms of dust. By 1933 George was an 1920 and 1933. There were five million farms angry, defeated farmer, fuming over his pow- in the United States in 1920. Today, with erlessness to protect his farm from the hostile roughly the same amount of land under culti­ forces of Nature, the greed of middlemen, vation, there are two million, and for the lower and the stupidity of government policies. half of farm families, who produce 10 percent This is a book about w-ars. Farmers futilely of the nation's agricultural wealth, the Great fight against Nature's capriciousness. They re­ Depression has never ended. sist inflated railroad delivery charges, grain Recently, these farmers have made national storage fees, and soaring food costs, all of news, protesting the Reagan administration's which fill the wallets of invisible middlemen proposals to abolish agricultural price sup­ while picking the pockets of small farmers. In ports and to cut federal farm loan programs. vain tliey battle politicians' indifference to ru­ Even with federal aid, initiated during the ral problems and county agricultural agents' 1930's and climbing ever since, thousands of ignorance of rural conditions. Conflicts cleave family farms have gone under each year. At generations. Husbands and wives, as the hard the same time American farms are producing times crush their spirits, lash out at each other record agricultural surpluses, millions of Afri­ in fear and desperation. Farmer turns on cans are starving to death daily and thousands farmer, as each scrabbles for a better deal in in this country are undernourished because the dwindling marketplace, and one's neigh­ they cannot afford the high price of food. bors show up in droves to offer pitifully small If all of these seeming contradictions bewil­ bids on a lifetime's accumulation of household der you, reading The Bones of Plenty will help goods and farm tools when the bank fore­ you to untangle America's agricultural Gor- closes. But their most formidable and elusive dian knot. Although this is a knot, the autobio­ enemy proves to be technology. World War I graphical elements and factual information spurred the shift from small-scale to large- knitted into this superbly written story endow scale farming, which required massive tracts it with historical substance and weight. By de­ of acreage and expensive machinery to work tailing the experiences of one family and one it. Hailed as "progress," the rise of corporate town in North Dakota over a fifteenth-month farming in the twentieth century has sounded period, from February, 1933, to May, 1934, the family farmer's death knell. 212 SCHULTZ: READING AMERICA

But this is also a book about farm life. We "This is the loneliness and the terror of follow the Custers through the shifting sea­ childhood—not to see things the way anybody sons as the family repeats the age-old cycle of else sees them, not to understand why some plowing, planting, and harvesting. Along the things are 'real' and some things are not." The way Mrs. Hudson explains the difference be­ child's natural acceptance of illusion gradually tween spring and winter wheat, and how yields to the adult's conscious clasp of illusion sheep were sheared, wheat was threshed, and to hold reality at bay. When her mother warns pigs and chickens were slaughtered and pre­ her not to expect too much from Santa Claus, served. We also learn how the Depression-era her daughter hides her mature understand­ agricultural market worked, how the tenant ing of the true situation: "it was less painful for farm system functioned, and how the pro­ both of us to pretend it was Santa Claus who longed drought destroyed individual farms was poor." and threatened the town's and nation's econo­ Separation of illusion from reality, both in mies. history and in individual lives, is a thread that Mrs. Hudson teaches at the University of runs through several of the stories. In "Chil­ Washington in Seattle, where her family mi­ dren of the Harvest" the adolescent narrator grated after losing their farm during the De­ describes the shock and embarrassment she pression. In writing of her family's experi­ felt when she realized her Washington neigh­ ences, she has taken the bare bones of bors regarded her transient family of migrant historical fact, sheathed them in the flesh of workers with as much contempt as her family, her characters, and breathed life into chilling when they had been propertied citizens, had statistics. When The Bones of Plenty came out in reserved for the migrants and displaced farm 1962, reviewers enthusiastically compared it families who had drifted into North Dakota. to John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, pub­ In "Room at the Bottom" she lashes out lished in 1936. Like Steinbeck's tale of dis­ against the hypocrisy embedded in programs placed "Okies," Mrs. Hudson's story continues such as the Future Farmers of America, which to repeat itself in real hfe. encouraged talented youngsters from agricul­ tural backgrounds to believe they, too, could Reapers of the Dust: A Prairie Chronicle. By Lois become prosperous farmers. At a time when PHILLIPS HUDSON. (Minnesota Historical Soci­ thousands of family farms were collapsing an­ ety Press, SL Paul, [1964], 1984. Pp. xvi, 173. nually, these agricultural societies continued ISBN 0-87351-177-8, $5.95 paper.) to cherish the illusion that all was well. Fhey never revealed to their enthusiastic members In these dozen short stories, which origi­ that the continually rising cost of land and ma­ nally appeared in The Atlantic, The Reporter, chinery would always be beyond the reach of and The New Yorker, Mrs. Hudson has created children whose own fathers owned no prop­ a harmonious blend of history, literature, and erty and were forced to support their families memoir. As history they recount a North Da­ by selling their labor to those who did. kota family's experiences as they struggled to In the final story—more an essay, really— save their farm during the Great Depression. Mrs. Hudson reflects on the historic and per­ By 1937, the battle lost, they auctioned their sonal ties that bind generations of a family. Al­ possessions and migrated, as did millions of though the individual struggles and other displaced farm families, to the West confrontations may differ from one genera­ Coast in search of work. In Washington they tion to the next, all share a common heritage picked their way through thriving fruit or­ and participate in the process of finding a chards and vegetable fields as they shunted place to stand in society and raising children, from one town to another, following the har­ yet each generation's members conceal facets vests. of themselves and their pasts from the genera­ We see the history of millions through the tions that follow them. It is this sense of mys­ eyes of one young girl, who is six when the sto­ tery that surrounds one's immediate, as well as ries begin, an adolescent in the Washington distant, ancestors—who were they? what were tales, and an adult in the final story. Semi- they like? did they feel about tfieir lives the autobiographical in nature, these poetically same way we do about ours?—and the conti­ written pieces recall the bewildering array of nuity and unity of familial and national expe­ doubts, fears, and emotions all children face as rience that permeates these stories and ren­ they seek to understand their place in the fam­ ders them timeless is their sensitive treatment ily, the community, and the world at large. of memory and history. 213 BOOK REVIEWS

Native American Periodicals and Newspapers, their important dimension to the story. In re­ 1828-1982: Bibliography, Publishing Record, and cent years much work has been done to correct Holdings. Edited by James P. Danky, compiled this deficiency, and these volumes devoted to by Maureen E. Hady, Ann Bowles, research the press represent some of the best scholar­ assistant. Foreword by Vine Deloria, Jr. (In as­ ship to be found in the Indian bibliographical sociation with the State Historical Society of field. A historian must know his or her sources Wisconsin. Greenwood Press, Westport, Con­ and the editors have attempted to meet the necticut, 1984. Pp. Ixxxii, 532. Illustrations, several facets of this demand. indexes. ISBN 0-313-23773-5. $49.95.) James P. Danky and Maureen E. Hady, li­ American Indian and Alaska Native Newspapers brarians at the State Historical Society of Wis­ and Periodicals, 1826-1924. Edited by Daniel consin, and Ann Bowles, a research assistant, F. Littlefield, Jr., and James W. Parins. in Native American Periodicals and Newspapers, (Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1828—1982 have provided researchers an ex­ 1984. Pp. xxxvi, 484. Index. ISBN 0-313- cellent research tool. In an alphabetical listing 23426-4. $45.00.) of titles they describe 1,164 Indian periodi­ cals, ranging from the first newspaper. The Index to Wisconsin Native American Periodicals, Cherokee Phoenix (February 21, 1828) printed 1897-1981. Edited by James P. Danky, com­ in the fever-heat of the tribe's desperate battle piled by Barry Christopher Noonan, Ann Bo­ to block their removal from the South, to the wles, research assistant. (In association with hundreds now being published. Each num­ the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. bered entry contains title, date of issue, size, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, editor, and other descriptive features, along 1983. 6 microfiches. $30.00.) with a brief comment on subject focus and a Native American Press in Wisconsin and the Na­ listing of repositories and the extent of their tion. Proceedings. Edited by James P. Danky, holdings. Six essential indexes supplement the Maureen E. Hady, and Richard Joseph listings—editors, publishers, geographical dis­ Harris. (University of Wisconsin Library tribution by city within state and province, School, Madison, Wisconsin, 1982. Pp. 198. catchwords and subtitles, and chronological. ISBN 0-936442-10-7. $7.50.) The Historical Society holds 823 of the titles or an incredible 71 per cent; the next largest col­ Perhaps the most difficult task confronting lection includes 304 titles or 26 per cent. a researcher into American Indian history is Until the I880's the number of periodicals finding information at the local or regional remained at only a handful, then slowly they level reflecting the Indians' viewpoint that can increased. It was only after 1960, however, be used to piece a narrative together and give that the titles proliferated. The variety is

214 BOOK REVIEWS remarkable. Among others they include pan- Indian, tribal, a few in Indian languages, re­ form, radical, conservative, government, non­ government, tradition-oriented and religious. Wisconsin's first Indian journal appeared at Oneida when Hobart Church published the Oneida (1897-1906), devoted to missions and the Christian religion. Publishing requirements imposed space limitations on the descriptions given each en­ try which sometimes leaves the reader wishing for a few more words, especially on some of the more significant titles, such as The Cherokee Advocate (1844—1906) or the Ontario Indian (1978-I-). In some instances this might be a slight limitation for a researcher. For exam­ ple, The Indian's Friend (1888-1957) while published by the National Indian Association actually is a product of a women's "reform" movement started in 1882 to seek tribal dis­ memberment as the solution to Indian prob­ lems. For 200 American titles the reader can turn to Littlefield and Parins, American Indian and Alaska Native Newspapers and Periodicals, 1826-1924, where extensive biographies are to be found. It is the nature of the press for some papers to be ephemeral, to be printed for the work of the moment, and then, their task ended, abruptly to cease publication, often leaving scant record and sometimes few, if any, issues. Others are directed to a particular facet of life and are not readily accessible to those not a part of it. Bibliographical presentation conse­ quently can be quite difficult as titles must be 00 arduously traced and information dug out of o manuscript sources. Even the fine-toothed comb of the editors missed a few titles: Inya. Wakagapi Voice (197?), a VISTA publication X from Cannonball, North Dakota; Highlights (January, 1977-?), put out by the North Father Philip Gordon, editor o/A-Ni-Shi-Na-Be-E-Na-Mi-Ad American Indian Women's Association in Sis- at Reserve, Wisconsin. seton. South Dakota; Echo of the Four Winds (197?), an organ of the Native American United Methodist Church issued in Norwalk, cals edited or published by Indians or Alaska California; and The Oneida Historical Society Natives and those non-Indians whose primary Bulletin (1981?), originating at Oneida, Wis­ purpose was to publish information about consin. There are certainly other Indian peri­ contemporary Indians. They exclude Canada. odicals that have appeared from time to time The earliest title is The Mussinyegun or Literary and then sunk into the shadows of history Voyager issued in manuscript from Sault Ste. without leaving an extant copy. Marie between December 26 and April 18, Entry number 1132, the Chippewa com­ 1827, by the non-Indian Henry Rowe School­ munity newsletter from Sault Ste. Marie, is craft. They break in 1924, a watershed date in spelled Win Awenen Nisitotung ("He who un­ Indian affairs, both from the standpoint of na­ derstands") not Nisitatam. tional legislation as well as for the appearance In a major reference work Professors Lit­ of serious reform movements. tlefield and Parins describe over 200 periodi- It is a delight to use. Each periodical is given 215 WTSCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY 1985 a profile gained from a laborious reading of The Indian Priest (1977). These are minor the extant issues. These run from a para­ points in what was a difficult ephemeral task. graph, as in the Chickasaw Academic Eeafiel The editors are forthright in stating that they (1881), to an essay, as in the nine pages for The no doubt missed some ephemeral titles. American Indian Magazine (1913—1920). They In the future no significant work on the his­ include reference notes; information sources tory and culture of twentieth-century Wiscon­ on bibliography, any available index, and loca­ sin Indians will be WTitten without utilizing/n- tion of holdings; publication history on title dex lo Wisconsin Native American Periodicals, changes, volume and issue data, publisher and 1897—1981. It has been produced with careful place of publication, and editor. Three essen­ scholarship by members of the Historical Soci­ tial appendixes of titles by chronology, loca­ ety's staff. On six microfiches, each containing tion, and tribal affiliation coupled with an in­ about 200 pages, are 44,259 entries from 31 ti­ dex complete the format. The authors were tles of Wisconsin native American periodicals, able to utilize James P. Danky et al.. Native organized under the names of Wisconsin resi­ American Periodicals and Newspapers, 1828— dents or former Wisconsin residents. Fhe 1928 but also discovered several additional ti­ range includes the Oneida (1897-1906) with tles, including a few by non-Indians. Any seri­ 230 entries and the Menominee Tribal News ous research will have to employ both (1976-1981) with 13,403. publications. Typical of the information to be gleaned is Copway's American Indian (July 10— that listed under the Reverend Cornelius Hill, September 27, 1851) is typical. A gifted Ojib­ an important leader of the Oneida. An entry way who at one time conducted a missionary notes his 1906 ordination as an Episcopal station in Wisconsin, George Copway devised priest and prints his photograph. The late a plan to save the Indians of the Great Lakes Oneida tribal chairman Norbert S. Hill, Sr., from destruction by removing them to the has three columns of entries. James G. Fre­ Sioux river country where they would create a chette, Sr., late chairman of the Menominee nation out of reach of the vices of the United Advisory Committee, has 71 entries spread States. He spoke to most of the Wisconsin over 1954—1980, providing a basic framework tribes, including, in 1855, the Stockbridge for his public activities during the Menominee who expressed interest in his idea. The four- termination crisis, in addition to important page description of the pan-Indian paper references on tribal finances and reactions to published in New York City is excellent, the federal policies. references good, and the analysis fair, incisive, To be found under the names of individ­ and accurate. uals are references to wedding announce­ What most strikes the reader is that this first ments, recognition of a top high school gradu­ century of Indian journalism found the Five ate, a program initiated by a church group, Civilized Tribes producing an amazing num­ hunting regulations, a used car for sale, the ber of publications, ranging from literary to status of the Winnebago archives program, at­ religious to political titles. Some lasted a few tendance at a Lac du Flambeau pow wow, obit­ days, others for generations. The famed The uaries, and so forth. Cherokee Advocate (1844-1906) is a mine of in­ Due to the transitory nature of a free press, formation about the complex affairs of the the index does not include all periodicals pub­ Cherokee Nation and an essential component lished by Indians in the state. Items will con­ of any Indian collection. The editors' sparse, tinue to be discovered from time to time and clear prose detailing the demise of this weekly some minor ones were not available to the in- (as well as so many others of the nations) dem­ dexers. One paper not indexed is the impor­ onstrates once again the tragedy involved in tant Ashland Chronicle (1912—1916) edited by the federally imposed destruction of these the Chippewa H. C. Ashmun. Wisconsin Indi­ thriving Indian republics. ans also have been connected with newspapers Here and there bibliographical references and magazines published outside the state, could have been updated, e.g., a more recent which by definition are not included, for ex­ work exists on Isaac McCoy, editor of the In­ ample, August A. Breuninger, a Menominee dian Advocate (\%4:&), and a source is sometimes member of the Progressive Indian Association missed, e.g., Father Philip Gordon, editor of of Wisconsin, published from Washington, A-Ni-Shi-Na-Be E-Na-Mi-Ad (1918) at Reserve, D.C, the short-lived, intertribal The Indian Ob­ Wisconsin, is mentioned in several Catholic server (1911). magazines and is the subject of a biography, Institutional holdings of the indexed peri- 216 BOOK REVIEWS odicals are listed in James Danky et al.. Native American Periodicals and Newspapers 1828— 1982, and a few are profiled in Littlefield and Special Book Orders Parins, American Indian and A laska Native News­ Fhe Society will order any book currently papers and Periodicals, 1826—1924. offered by any American publisher at 10 The Native American Press in Wisconsin and per cet-it discount for members or at full the Nation consists of the proceedings of the list price for non-members. Please send conference on the native American press in the author's name, the full title, and (if Wisconsin and the nation held at Madison on known) the publisher to: Special Book April 22—23, 1982, including formal papers, Orders, State Historical Society of Wis­ informal talks, and reports on research. Like consin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wl the proceedings in most conferences the con­ 53706. A handling charge of $ 1.50 will be tributions are uneven in quality. Ihe role played by Indian press people however is added to each order under $20.00, and quite significant for rarely do we get their per­ $2.50 for orders over $20.00. Please do not spectives. Especially informative is Laurie send payment with your order. The Society will Fish's history of the Menominee Tribal News, ship and bill you wlien the mrier is filed. which she edits. Paul Demain, then editor of the ECO Journal on the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation, provided an excellent history of that paper, as well as insights into the business and 1877, Licht sets out with three goals: "to of news in the Indian country. Bibliographical examine the work experiences of the first two information and sessions devoted to the generations of American railwaymen as a case unique problems of the field of the Indian study of the first American workers in a large- press are noteworthy. Unfortunately the ini­ scale, corporately owned, bureaucratically tial paper sallies into the field of themes in In­ managed work organization"; to focus on the dian history and falls flat; it is poorly "intricate informal and formal arrangements grounded in research and tries to do too much by which men were hired, trained, disciplined, in the space allowed. paid, promoted, fired, and retired"; and to For many years to come these references outline changes in the "intrinsic and extrinsic will be indispensable adjuncts to research on meaning, rewards, and perils of their labor." Indian affairs and will well serve genealogists, What follows is a description of the organi­ attorneys, tribes, historians, and others who zation and day-to-day realities of work within can be confident that they are using solid vol­ the bureaucratic structure of American rail­ umes of the most exacting scholarship. In the roads. And in this Licht excels. Through ex­ process much light will be thrown upon ne­ tensive use of railroad company papers, man­ glected areas of Indian history and culture, uscript collections and reports, as well as enabling us to understand more fully the rela­ secondary, anecdotal, and even folkloric evi­ tionship of the native Americans to the domi­ dence, Licht weaves a picture of the social nant races of the United States. background, occupational life cycle and expe­ rience of the railwaymen, froin recruitment to DAVID R. WRONE retirement. Generalizations and emergent University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point patterns are carefully circumscribed and illus­ trated by detailed statistical analysis, pre­ sented in valuable table and appendix form. In his search for reliable statistical data, Licht Working for the Railroad: The Organization oj frequently steps beyond 1877 to test his find­ Work in the Nineteenth Century. By WALTER ings for the early railway period (which are of­ LIGHT. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, ten based on small or incomplete data bases) 1983. Pp. XX, 328. Illustrations, notes, tables, and to assure their reliability. Likewise, he is appendices, bibliography, index. $27.50.) forced by the nature of his questions to rely heavily on the surviving individual-level re­ Walter Licht's book. Working for the Rail­ cords of several companies, particularly the Il­ road, is an intriguing venture into the seldom- linois Central Railroad, in order to extrapolate seen realm of pioneer railway workers'job and the larger work experience. Throughout this life experience. Focusing on railways in the analysis, Licht addresses issues of broader cis-Mississippi United States between 1830 concern to social, political, and economic his- 217 WTSCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 torians, such as social and occupational mobil­ establishing such an impressive basis for cul­ ity, wage structures and payment systems, ca­ tural analysis within a segment of the working- reer paths, formal and informal associatiot-is, class which organized itself into cohesive na­ and management designs and responses. tional brotherhoods early in the process of In the last section of his book, Licht moves industrialization, one wishes that Licht would beyond 1877 into the eraof labor unionization have pursued the question further. The same and violent strikes to present an overarching can be said of his comparisons with British development argument of bureaucratic railway workers' experiences and conscious­ growth in the organization of railway work. ness which appear briefly enough to interest, Throughout the early period of rail transport but not satisfy, the reader. Perhaps these ques­ development, workers entered large-scale, tions constitute a separate study. Neverthe­ bureaucratic enterprises shaped by rather so­ less, Licht's Working for the Railroad is a valu­ phisticated and innovative businessmen. Yet able, well-written and researched addition to the work experience for the average railway­ the fields of labor history and the sociology of man, Licht argues, "remained a function of his work. personal relations with local foremen and su­ DAVID RICH LEWIS pervisors, men who ruled in arbitrary and dis­ University of Wisconsin—Madison cretionary ways." In order to secure more ra­ tional justice and security from such arbitrary and often vindictive local power, railway workers allied in the 1870's "to demand stricter bureaucratic standards and proce­ The Presidency of Lyndon B. J ohnson. By VAUGHN dures to control as much of the work experi­ DAVIS BORNET. (Regents Press of Kansas, ence as possible." By fighting against the arbi­ LawTence, 1983. ISBN 0-7006-0237-2, cloth; trary rule of supervisors and demanding more 0-7006-0242-9, paper. Pp. xvi, 415. Notes, formal standards, railwaymen contributed to bibliographical essay, index. $25.00, cloth. the "bureaucratization and routinization of $14.95, paper.) their own work." Unlike historians such as Chandler and Cochran who stress the role of At one point in The Presidency of Lyndon B. "innovative businessmen," Licht makes it clear Johnson, Vaughn Bornet comments that John­ that, "pioneer railway executives imposed bu­ son's achievements would look more impres­ reaucratic structures from on high, but bu­ sive if he had not promised so much more. reaucratization was a process resulting in large Similarly, I began reading this book with measure from pressure from below." hopeful expectations but finished it feeling In several instances, Licht demonstrates disappointed. This latest volume in the Amer­ workers' demands for such work standardiza­ ican Presidency Series is one of the first studies tion and their protests against arbitrary local to focus strictly upon Johnson's years in the power during both the earlier pre-union and White House. Unfortunately, the book does later union periods. Yet the connection is less not present a clear, overriding theme of John­ clear during the rise of union power and activ­ son's years in office, is not especially well- ity in the 18/0's. Licht largely ignores the over­ written, and occasionally seems repetitive. riding economic motivation of striking railway In domestic policy, Bornet credits LBJ with workers whose real wages were attacked or concrete achievements in extending civil withheld by company directors during this de­ rights for minorities, leadership in the space pression period. By stressing the local nature program, and in laying the groundwork for of most grievances and work relationships— significant environmental legislation. He also not new, but nonetheless significant—Licht believes that Johnson had a sincere desire to leaps this gap and maintains the continuity of improve the nation through such measures as his developmental argument. the War on Poverty, medical care for the poor In overview, the book provides a provoca­ and aged, and federal support of education, tive thesis and view of the organization of rail­ while recognizing that success in many areas way work, but otherwise little new on the orga­ was mixed at best. Ultimately Bornet blames nization of nineteenth-century work in Johnson's failure to achieve greater social general. At points, Licht broaches questions of change partly on his arousal of public expecta­ working-class consciousness and culture tions and consequent inability to fulfill them, among the railway workers, but declines to as well as on the speed and method of trying to treat them except in ancillary fashion. After implement those changes. The middle class 218 BOOK REVIEWS often found it difficult to support the Great on the key issue of Vietnam. While Johnson Society with its general thrust toward the poor draws some justifiable criticism, Bornet's as­ and minorities, especially when it led to in­ sumptions are also seriously ffawed. He appar­ creasing inflation, higher taxes, and a loss of ently argues for a rapid, massive military individual freedom due to governmental reg­ buildup designed to achieve a quick victory, ulations. but that this could have been achieved at ac­ As do most historians, Bornet acknowl­ ceptable costs is debatable. Bornet's analysis of edges that Johnson was a superior president in the Vietnam War is surprisingly weak given his dealings with Congress and was able to the pivotal role that it played in the Johnson produce a large amount of legislation. He presidency. He accepts most of the views of finds a weakness, however, in LliJ's handling Vietnam revisionists without providing suf­ of party politics, blaming him for weakening ficient evidence that they are, in fact, correct. the Democratic National Committee and His bibliography for Vietnam is so heavily thereby damaging Democratic chances for re­ weighted with revisionist works that it fails to election in 1968. reveal the strong historiographical debate that Perhaps his strongest challenge to tradi­ exists. tional interpretations involves the cause of Bornet's work does make an attempt to in­ Johnson's decision to withdraw from the pres­ terpret the Johnson administration and pro­ idential race in 1968. Bornet devotes an entire vides some new perspectives, yet these inter­ chapter to building the case that the president pretations are frequently vague and when had decided as early as 1965 not to run due to they do emerge are not always convincing. His his poor health, and not because of national arguments frequently suffer from a lack of suf­ divisions or fear of not winning reelection. ficient depth and would benefit from a more While he effectively documents Johnson's direct and concise style of writing. There is still fragile physical condition, he is not convincing a need for a good historical synthesis of the that this was the actual cause of LBJ's decision. Johnson presidency. In foreign affairs, Bornet claims that the MITCHELL K. HALL president knew from the very beginning that University of Kentucky it would be nearly impossible to establish a sta­ ble, independent South Vietnam without a huge commitment of U.S. forces, but that he chose to deceive the American public. John­ son instead decided to fight an open-ended The Shawnee Prophet. By R. DAVID EDMUNDS. war, deliberately restricted American power, (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1983. and ignored public opinion that favored an es­ ISBN 0-8032-1850-8. Pp. xii, 260. Illustra­ calation of the war. tions, maps, notes, bibliography, index. The author frequently exposes some very $16.95.) conservative biases, such as referring to Barry Goldwater as a man ahead of his time, praising Gateway to Empire. By ALLAN W. ECKERT. (Lit­ Richard Nixon for taking "militarily effective tle, Brown and Company, Boston, 1983. ISBN steps" in Indochina (how effective were they, 0-316-20861-2. Pp. xiv, 688. Maps, notes, bib­ given the outcome of the war?), attacking the liography, index. $20.00.) media for trying to manipulate public opin­ ion, especially during and after the Tet offen­ In mid-1805 word began to spread in the sive, and his inability to explain adequately the Indian communities of the western Great viewpoints of groups such as the New Left and Lakes that a prophet had appeared among the the antiwar movement. He is also guilty of Shawnee, a people bearing the full brunt of making numerous unsubstantiated state­ the oncoming political-military complex of the ments. One example deals with the president's United States. The prophet's name was relations with the press when Bornet claims, Tenskwatawa or Open Door. One evening he without supporting evidence, that "there is had fallen to the ground, dead from no appar­ justice in Johnson's conviction that his Texas, ent cause. Within a short time, however, he re­ and therefore Confederate, heritage and his vived, announcing that he had visited heaven more-or-less-southern accent were insupera­ and there had met the Master of Life who had ble barriers to his being accepted by the pri­ taught him a great deal of value for his people marily northern and eastern newsmen." in their time of trial. Nowhere is this bias more pronounced than In the months that followed, Tenskwatawa 219 WTSCONSIN MAC;AZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 promulgated a series of teachings that called pelled to his one-month stav in the White for a complete reformation of Shawnee cul­ House partly on the strength of the Battle of ture: abstinence from alcohol, respect for Tippecanoe. In this biography of the Prophet, tribal elders, concern for the injured and dis­ R. David Edmunds argues, however, that it eased, cessation of hostilities with other Indian was hardly so major a victory, except ir-i the groups, the end of polygamy, the destruction sense that it was almost fatal to the prestige of of medicine bundles and the rejection of the Prophet. witchcraft. Many of the Prophet's teachings Tenskwatawa had told his followers (in a had to do with turning away from white in- promise reminiscent of the claims made for ffuence, in particular dropping the use of Eu­ the Ghose Dance religion of the Plains Indians ropean clothing, tools, and food. Perhaps the later on) that "the Master of Life had provided most graphic injunction of the Prophet was him with medicine . . . that would make them that all fires in Indian communities should be invulnerable to the Long Knives." As it turned extinguished, to be started again only with tra­ out, fifty Indians were killed, slightly fewer ditional methods. These new fires would thei-i than the number of Americans. But in light of be carefully nurtured so that they would never the Prophet's promises his power was called go out. If this and other teachings were fol­ into question. Edmunds reports: "Especially lowed, the Master of Life would drive the incensed were the Winnebagoes, long ainong whites off the American continent. the most devoted of his followers. . . . Seizing The Prophet's message was popular not the holy man and brandishing their war clubs only among the Shawnee but also among over his head, the Winnebagoes threatened many other tribes in the region. Many Indians him with death and demanded to know why from across the western Great Lakes came to he had misled them into believing 'that the the Prophet's village near Greenville, Ohio, a white people were dead

220 BOOK REVIEWS

Battle of Tippecanoe took place, was report­ books, and this volume like the others in this edly furious with his brother for committing series is really about the wTesting away from the Indian forces to a battle that fecumseh the Indians of their lands by white Americans. had warned Tenskwatawa they were not ready The focus here is on the founding and early for. On Fecumseh's return, he "seized the years of the settlement that would turn into prophet by the hair and shook him, denounc­ the city of Chicago—"the gateway to empire." ing him as a child." As one would expect from this grandiose ti­ Despite such scattered evidence, Edmunds tle Eckert propounds a kind of modernized argues that the weight of the sources places manifest destiny—less racist and ethnocentric, Tenskwatawa in the forefront of the move­ but largely concerned with bloody battles and ment from its inception. It was the Prophet still heavily weighted with the myths of the who provided the movement with its firm cul­ Frontier. One of those myths is the illusion tural basis. The many historians who empha­ that all the early white pioneers were somehow size Tecumseh, Edmunds asserts, exemplify a quite conscious of their great role as the point white person's bias in favor of military and po­ in the wedge of American expansion. Eckert's litical leaders rather than religious ones, fiut writing recalls the statement of Timothy Flint Edmunds suggests that a leader who called for in his classic account of Daniel Boone pub­ uniting with a doctrine like Tenskwatawa's lished in 1833. Of Boone and other early set­ was far more in keeping with Shawnee cul­ tlers of Kentucky, Flint wrote: "Fhese mag­ ture. The kind of broad-based political alli­ nanimous pioneers seem to have had a ance that Tecumseh proposed was foreign, presentiment that they had great work lo though it was just the sort of thing that would accomplish—laying the foundations of a state appeal to white Americans. in the wilderness—a work from which they Edmunds makes these points, however, were to be deterred neither by hunger nor toil, largely in passii-ig. His work is primarily a biog­ nor danger, nor death." raphy of the Prophet, and it is valuable as Eckert asserts that Jean Baptiste Point du such. The book is not a thorough study of the Sable, an early settler of "Checagou" (one of its Indian movement or of the relationship be­ early spellings) chose the location because he tween Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh. Al­ was convinced of its strategic importance at a though it is unfair to fault Edmunds for not portage between the Great Lakes and Missis­ writing a book he had no illusions of writii-ig, sippi River watersheds. In a chapter headed the appearance in recent months of his new 'July 4, 1779—Sunday" (the kind of precision book Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leader­ Eckert relishes), Eckert announces: "A gateway ship (Little, Brown & Company) makes one lo empire! Checagou, Du Sable was convinced, wonder why he did not attempt a broader was destined to be a great center of commerce, study of the personal relationship between the where fortunes would be made. Now as he two men and their separate appeals for f ndian stood looking at it, he wondered at the inabil­ unity. ity of others to grasp the concept." Du Sable The widespread preference among white stands at the portage, imagining the digging of historians for Tecumseh, an Indian leader channels and the building of roads, connect­ they can understand and respect, is exem­ ing "the vast energies of the population of the plified very well in the most recei-it work of Al­ northeast to . . . the virtually untapped re­ lan W. Eckert, volume five in his "Winning of sources of the unknown north and west and America" series. In this work Eckert weaves south." Clearly Du Sable was born to work for together interestingly the story of Tecumseh the Army Corps. and the Prophet and those of a variety of other Du Sable inexplicably (given these senti­ figures of the Old Northwest. The book covers ments) sells out to John Kinzie, also a man of a period from the death of Pontiac (an earlier vision. After many pages describing their advocate of Indian unity) to the Indian attack troubles, including their being driven away by on Fort Dearborn at the present site of Chi­ the War of 1812, Kinzie and his wife return to cago in August, 1812. Chicago. They stand on board a ship at the From the amount of time that Eckert mouth of the Chicago River and gaze at this spends in the early part of the book dealing strategic spot. "Welcome to Chicago, with the two Indian leaders, one would expect Eleanor," says Kinzie (to a woman who had the book to be about them. In fact, however, lived there with him from 1804 to 1812). "It's Eckert has already given an account of the going to be a great city, I promise you." death of Tecumseh in another one of his Given the proclivity of Eckert's characters 221 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 for uttering frontier platitudes, it is surprising cepts his theories of incidents and people in that Eckert, to his credit, does go out of his way the past, one can excuse him any of his inven­ to understand and explain Indian actions. He tions? elicits a great deal of sympathy for the Indians, As the work of William Faulkner and C^on- except perhaps in his prolonged account of rad Richter demonstrates, sophisticated nov­ the attack on Fort Dearborn in August, 1812. elists can get closer to the spirit of the past than However Eckert's attempts at understanding many historians. Eckert's writing is not an ex­ do not extend to the Prophet Tenskwatawa. ample of this. Often his inventions seem to be As far as Eckert is concerned the Prophet was to no purpose, substituting the banality of TV weak, incompetent, cynical, and power hun­ scripts for the piquant phrases often found in gry, a man who betrayed the cause of the In­ primary sources, fn producing this botjk that dian movement at the Battle of Fippecanoe. parodies a documented history at the same Eckert even goes further, presenting conver­ time that it distorts the source materials, Eck­ sations between Tenskwatawa and Fecumseh ert has done a real disservice. So do his pub­ to indicate that many of the prophecies of the lishers who advertise his work as "irrefutable religious leader actually came from his history," and so do the librarians who catalog brother and that until Tenskwatawa got out of his work as nonfiction. control he was simply the tool of Fecumseh. Why, the reader might ask, if such con\'er- BRUCE M. WHITE sations were recorded in historical docun-ients, St. Paul, Minnesota didn't a historian as careful as R. David Ed­ munds use them in his work on the Prophet? The answer is simply that Edmunds did not German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850— have these conversations available to him: they 1910: A Comparative Perspective. Edited by sprang full blown from the head of Allan W. HARTMUT KEIL and JOHN B. JENTZ. (Northern Eckert. Illinois University Press, Dekalb, 1983. ISBN Although this book, like the others in Eck­ 0-87580-0890. Pp. viii, 252. Illustradons, ert's series, is labeled by the author as "fact not notes. $22.50.) fiction," the author, perhaps in a marketing ploy, tries to bridge the gap between the two The fourteen essays that comprise this vol­ genres. While Eckert has used an extensive list ume evolved from work of the Chicago Project of primary sources in constructing this narra­ based at the America Institute of the Univer­ tive and has larded the book with "amplifica­ sity of Munich. The project focused on the so­ tion notes" and a list of "specific sources" (not cial history of German immigrant workers in really footnotes since they are not usable un­ Chicago from the mid-nineteenth century to less one is an expert on the material) the World War I. In the fall of 1981 the project reader will have a hard time tracking dowTi a sponsored a conference in Chicago at which great many of the conversations recorded in earlier versions of these published essays were the book. The reason is that Eckert has used presented. "certain techniques normally associated with Germans were the largest immigrant group the novel form" in an attempt to "help provide in the nineteenth century, and their impor­ continuity and narrative flow." When Eckert tance to industrializing America is clear. Less cannot find "actual quoted conversation from obvious is the choice of Chicago over Milwau­ historical sources" or reconstruct it "from his­ kee, "America's prototypical German city." torically recorded interchanges between indi­ The editors argue that Chicago's more devel­ viduals . . . not then written as dialogue," he oped industrial economy gave it greater na­ simply makes up dialogue. In his introduction tional significance, and its more diverse ethnic Eckert insists that such inventions are "always composition made it more typical of other in­ in keeping with the character and fundamen­ dustrial centers such as Cleveland, Detroit, tal leanings of the ii-idividual speaking the Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and New York. Chi­ words." Despite such an avowal, it is clear from cago was also at the vortex of the American la­ his accounts of encounters between Tecumseh bor movement and was one of the most union­ and Tenskwatawa, as well as other such in­ ized cities in the country. vented or elaborated conversation, that Eck­ In the first of four sections, three essays ex­ ert's own writing belies his words. Why should amine immigrant workers and their place in Eckert insist, as few historians would, that he American urban society. One examines the has a monopoly on "fact" and that once one ac­ disintegration of German cultural traditions

222 BOOK REVIEWS and its influence on the pattern of working- manufacturers "sought to impose social con­ class life from the first to second generation trols upon the new industrial working class immigrant family. A second compares the po­ and to shape local government to meet the sition of German and Irish workers in contigu­ needs of the emerging large-scale industrial ous Pennsylvania cities and suggests its appli­ order." Their difficulty in translating eco­ cability to the German experience in Chicago. nomic power into political authority and legiti­ The last examines three strikes in Detroit in macy among the working class confirms Her­ the early 1890's and argues that worker re­ bert Gutman's analysis of Gilded Age sponse illustrates three distinct cultural industrialists. The failures of the civic reform systems—ethnic, radical, and middle class. movement of the 1870's also laid the ground­ A second section explores the process of in­ work for later successful reform efforts that dustrialization and the transformation of "required limitations on the use of private work. One example of that transformation is property and the formal recognition and po­ provided by John Jentz's study of the sons of litical integration of the working class." first generation cabinetmakers who became German Workers in Industrial Chicago is a skilled machinists, thereby adapting to the book for the specialist, those studying urban growing pace of mechanization. Fhomas history in industrial America from an ethnic Suhrbur's essay uses the experience of the perspective. A few essays have a broader rele­ Chicago carpenters to demonstrate that craft vance for an understanding of class politics, unions were able to survive a series of chal­ but on the whole this volume is too specialized lenges, including ethnic and ideological dif­ to have a broad appeal. ferences among their workers, and finally control the city's job market and wage level. NICHOLAS C. BURCKEL The situation, however, was vastly different University of Chicago in large manufacturing industries, such as meatpacking, as James Barrett's stimulating essay illustrates. He traces the development of History of the Militia and the National Guard. By shop-floor organization in packing houses JOHN K. MAHON. (Macmillan PubHshing Com­ around the turn of the century. Reliance on pany, New York, 1983. ISBN 0-02-919750-3. class solidarity regardless of skill, he main­ Pp. 374. Photographs, notes, bibliography, in­ tains, contributed to the unionization of re­ dex. $20.75.) cent southern and eastern European immi­ grants without the loss of leadership of old The path a military historian must travel in immigrants who had dominated the union up writing the life of a general or the story of a to that time. If Barrett's analysis is upheld for battle is usually well marked. Both begin at a other manufacturing industries, then histori­ time and a place, follow a sequence of events, ans will have to revise their current interpreta­ and end at a time and a place. But how do you tion of the process of unionization. tell the story of dozens of separate armies, Neighborhood and everyday life are the some relatively new, some tracing their lin­ subjects of the third section, with essays ex­ eage back hundreds of years; some with lack­ plaining the stability of the city's north side luster histories, others that have played critical German neighborhood and the way working- roles in war and peace; some perceived as uni­ class housewives managed family living ex­ formed tools of one interest group, others as penses. The concluding section, covering poli­ dangerously sympathetic to another? tics and culture, includes an analysis of the In telling the history of America's state- political culture of the German working class administered militias, John K. Mahon found of the 1850's, two essays on German radicals his unifying topic in their centuries-long polit­ and socialists, and an essay on the German ical struggle for survival. Written for Macmil- community during the first decade of the lan's War of the United Stales series, Mahon's twentieth century. The most significant essay, book follows the militia from the colonial tra­ however, is an analysis of class conflict and its ditions inherited from England to the Na­ role in municipal politics during the Gilded tional Guard's role in the Total Force concept Age written by Richard Schneirov. Schneirov of the I980's. It is probably the most objective traces the origins of the first major effort by and comprehensive account yet of the uni­ Chicago's business elite to renovate municipal formed part-timer with a dual allegiance to government through the Citizens Association. state and nation. Previous scholarly studies by The Association's merchants, bankers, and Martha Derthick and William Riker are more

223 WTSCONSIN MAC;AZINE OF HISLORY SPRING, 1985 limited in scope. Jim Dan Hill's The Minute does not shrink fron-i citing dark chapters in Man in War and Peace ranks with Mahon in its the history of the citizen-soldier, including ambitions, but it is a highly partisan account, mass desertions and crimes against Mexicans, rich in anecdote and impassioned rhetoric. Indians, and strikers. But he also cites many that dwells at length on alleged injustices and examples of the effective use of citizen- indignities ii-iflicted on the Guard by the Regu­ soldiers in times of war, civil strife, and natural lars. disaster. Mahon's book is about battle of a bloodless One long-cherished reason for the milita's sort: the forces of states' rights and the ideal of existence had been to assure that in disputes the citizen-soldier versus the professional with the federal government, the states could army and the centralized control it repre­ resort to military resistance if necessary. But sented. Through the vears both the Regulars by the middle of the twentieth century the loy­ and the organized militia (and the National alties of the orgai-iized militia had been effec­ Guard units that e\olved from the tradition of tively reversed both in law and popular senti­ the organized militia) fought America's wars ment. During the civil rights struggles of the around the world and, when necessary, kept 1960's, the president simply federalized the the peace on Main Streets from Pullman lo Guard in any state where it might have been Carbon Ccninty, but the scene of the combat called upon by an obstructionist governor. Mahon describes never changes. For nearly The National Guard's power to resist federal two centuries it is the halls of Congress. Each authority was neutralized by the stroke of a side developed its own ideology and vested in­ president's pen, and by then, few citizens terests. Each oflered impressive evidence that would have wished otherwise. to strengthen the other guy would be to un­ From essentially untrained collections of lo­ dermine the nation's welfare. cal men who served in emergencies for short To the extent that Mahon sticks to this periods near home, the militia had evolved struggle, tracing the forces that shaped it and into a modern expeditionary army. Its mem­ the defense establishment that emerged from bers faced the likelihood of open-ended tours it, he adds a unique chapter to American mili­ of service in wartime, their missions inter­ tary history. But when he drops that thread, as changeable with those of Regular troops. The when discussing the experiences of Guard di­ story of this long evolution is well told in Ma­ visions in the world wars, the narrative takes hon's book. on a scattered qualitv, as if the author had There are a few errors of fact, some not so overdosed on unit histories. significant (the Wisconsin state employees' Tales of the Minute Man at Lexington and strike took place in 1977, not 1978), others Concord and of Andrew Jackson's come-as- quite significant: for instance. National Guard you-are irregulars at the Battle of New Or­ tank units in the Philippines surrendered on leans helped to generate the conceit that the Bataan, not Corregidor, and they participated American citizen-soldier did not need much in in the death march. the way of European style drill or discipline to Perhaps most important is Mahon's failure become an efl'ective fighter; he needed only a to provide a balanced view of the 1940-1941 rifle and a good cause. Professional soldiers National Guard mobilization. With the call- from Washington to McNair—and conscien­ up, ancient suspicions and antagonisms of tious National Guard officers of the late nine­ ranking officers on both sides ffared back to teenth atrd early twet-itieth centuries—sought life. The st)urce Mahon seems to rely upon in different ways to make the citizen soldier a most heavily for this period, Jim Dan Hill, ex­ more disciplined and sophisticated lighter. pressed a bitter anti-Regular bias that Mahoi-i The professionals contended that this could neither challenges nor softens. But that paro­ best be achieved by unburdening the aririy of chial battle should be seen in perspective. its politically imposed partnership with the Some fundamental commitments to build a Guard and authorizing it to create a i-iew fed­ massive new citizen army were still pending. eral reserve which it would train, superxise, Chief of Staff'George Marshall needed funds and absorb in wartime. Fhe National (iuard for camps to house that army, and he needed tried to turn itself into a modern reserve army service extensions for many reserve officers by seeking more Regular army trainers and who would lead that army, but Congress advisors and more federal funds and equip­ seemed determined to drag these issues out to ment. the last moment. At the same time a major Mahon keeps this battle in perspective. He portion of the weapons that were just begin- 224 BOOK REVIEWS

ning to come from an incompletely mobilized dealing with unique, handmade items as well defense industry, and which the army desper­ as manufactured goods, by discussing such ately needed, were being shipped directly to subjects as architecture and urban planning in our Lend Lease allies. In the narrow view, the addition to products, and by focusing on ap­ Guard's complaints about shortages and about plied ornament as well as

success and the social implications of its de­ perspectives. The authors describe the Missis­ sign. One wishes that the rest of his exposition sippi's role in the region's exploration, devel­ were equally as effective. opment, and cultural growth. The river, while A smattering of stimulating material is always present, exerted both positive and neg­ offered on a variety of subjects, such as clipper ative influences. It facilitated the growth of ships or built-in obsolescence (which occurred steamboat travel but blocked, for a time, the as early as the 1850's), but the narrative is westward expansion of the railroad. The sec­ chiefly one of missed opportur-iities. Fhe exist­ ond section deals with social relationships ence of patents is acknow ledged, but no exam­ within five vastly different community groups. ination of Patent Office documents and statis­ The Mississippi provides the common link be­ tics has been attempted. The organization of tween such diverse groups as Dakota Indians various mechanics institutes is mentioned, but and Amish villagers in Canton, Minnesota. their reports and papers have not been stud­ Accompaning chapters discuss the lifestyles of ied. And so on and on. The final two chapters the valley's prehistoric inhabitants, Yankee include brief biographies of several well- migrants, and European immigrants. The known designers, presumably the author's concluding five chapters feature selected pe­ contemporaries. cuniary pursuits of valley dwellers from the American Design Ethic is handsomely laid out late seventeenth century to present day. The (by Pulos himself?), but its text is of surpris­ writers cover fur trading, lumbering, barge ingly limited value. The publisher's dust- traffic, indigenous industries such as fishing, jacket blurb proclaims that the book "should and urbanization. While spatial limitations re­ become the standard history of American in­ quire the selection of certain topics to the ex­ dustrial design." This reader sincerely hopes clusion of others, this section would seem to otherwise. have left out at least one important business. The history of the ubiquitous farmer certainly THOMAS BECKMAN deserves a chapter. New Jersey State Museum Wozniak and his fellow authors foresaw their collective research as a step in the devel­ opment of the Mississippi River Interpretive Center. In December, 1977, Minnesota Gov­ Historic Lifestyles in tlie Upper Mississippi River ernor Rudy Perpich recommended building Valley. By JOHN S. WOZNIAK et al. (University such a center in Winona. The authors envi­ Press of America, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, sioned their work as background material 1983. ISBN 0-8191-3469-4, cloth; 0-8191- upon which accurate museum displays could 3470-8, paper. Pp. 517. Illustrations, inaps, be built. Unfortunately, the center fell victim notes, biography, index. $34.00, cloth; to the grim-reaper in the budget office. Those "" ~.75, paper.) involved in the project determined that enough interest existed to warrant publication Historic Lifestyles is a collection of fifteen es­ of this work in a modified form. Hence, they says centered on the upper Mississippi River completed their individual projects and com­ Valley. The Mississippi is considered not only bined them to make up Historic Lifestyles. as a geographic entity but also as a major force The wisdom of the authors' decision to seek in shaping the surrounding region's develop­ publication in book form is questionable. ment. The authors divided their research Their research is very complete within their efforts into three areas encompassing the riv­ self-imposed limits, and the chapters read very er's effect on the transportation, lifestyles, and well. However, the original purpose for un­ commerce of those living in its valley. Rather dertaking the work limits its usefulness. Only a than engage in new or path-breaking study, few of the chapters offer new insight. Further, the various essays "attempt to synthesize cur­ the projects, by definition, required all re­ rent research on a particular topic (xi)." They searchers to connect their study to materials employ a wide variety of research methods and located in the Winona County Historical Soci­ literary styles to achieve this end. The compos­ ety. This narrowed the focus in a number of ite result is a thorough overview of the upper- chapters. Finally, works vary in style. Those valley's history. which merely review a given topic using sec­ The individual chapters cover a wide vari­ ondary sources offer relatively little to profes­ ety of subjects. Those in the transportation sional historians. Those using scholarlyjargon section look at the river-as-mover from several or a large number of stadsdcs may prove dif- 226 BOOK REVIEWS ficult or uninteresting to the general public. Milwaukee, and Chicago. Following chapter- The work's greatest appeal is classroom use, length examinations of Buffalo and Milwau­ but there cannot be an overabundance of col­ kee, Harring turns his attention to four com­ lege classes covering the Mississippi River Val­ mon police functions in the region: the ley. Historic Lifestyles, regardless of its short­ policing of strikes, the suppression of comings, represents a great deal of time and working-class leisure activities and the "salotm effort on the part of the authors. It is a shame question," the efforts to control tramping, and the priiTiary reason for their effort was lost in the crime-fighting efforts which reffected the this age of budget cuts. "class basis" of the law. 'Fhe chapters tend to vary greatly in length and quality, and some of ROBERT F. ZEIDEL the material has seen print previously. Marquette University Throughout the book, the author takes pains in both text and notes to question interpreta­ tions of the urban police institution which stress the themes of "reform" or "profession- Policing a Class Society: The Experience of Ameri­ alization," built as they are upon conventional can Cities, 1865—1915. By SIDNEY L. HARRINC;. urban and police history. (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, Harring is to be commended for his at­ New Jersey, 1983. ISBN 0-8135-1000-7. Pp. tempt to merge historical and sociological xii, 301. Tables, notes, bibliography, index. analysis with explicit Marxist theory, and he $30.00.) raises questions and issues neglected by stand­ ard, non-Marxist approaches. The lengthy Sidney Harring propounds his major con­ discussion of the Buffalo police force, drawn tention in this book with the subtlety of a po­ in large part from his doctoral dissertation, is lice officer swinging a club. "Clearly," the au­ quite consistent with Harring's class-conflict thor argues, "the police serve as an instrument framework and appears to substantiate his of the bourgeoisie in the class struggle." Fur­ thesis. The strongest chapter in the book ex­ thermore, it was the "necessity of policing the amines "cops as strikebreakers," and here the class struggle" that best explains the expan­ author makes a convincing case for the success sion and transformation of the urban police of local police forces in crushing strike activi­ institution in the late nineteenth and early ties. It is the anti-strike ability of municipal po­ twentieth centuries. As municipal police lice which buttresses the author's argument forces adopted uniforms and increased both most strongly; this runs counter to prevailing the visibility and number of "cops on the beat," interpretations which stress the pro-labor ori­ the patrol responsibility of urban police insti­ entation of rank-and-file police during strikes. tutions emerged as a "symbol of state power." In his account of little-known "Rybakowski's At the core of the police function—as true to­ Army", which marched from Chicago to Buf­ day as then, according to the author—lay the falo in 1894, Harring demonstrates an ability capacity for force, the potential use of violence to dig deeply into the historical record to suc­ against enemies of the ruling class. Through cessfully integrate narrative, critical examina­ the processes of bureaucratization and profes- tion, and use of detail. In addition, the author sionalization, police growth was but part of a highlights the importance of a coordinated larger effort to stabilize if not control class vio­ communications network through the patrol lence. After the Great Upheaval of 1877, the wagon and signal system which acted as a key development of the urban police institution element in the expansion of local police forces took place in the context of a class society be­ by the 1890's. sieged by industrial conflict, during which In the end, however, the Marxian analysis time the police were transformed into "very employed by Harring explains less than what effective participants in the class struggle on is explained away. The strict adherence to a the side of the capitalists." class-conflict perspective often hinders the ac­ To explain and defend his thesis, Harring tual interpretation of data, thereby hand­ applies the Marxist concepts of class and class cuffing Harring's ability to use historical evi­ struggle to the major cities in the Great Lakes/ dence to fullest advantage. For example, the Ohio Valley region. More specifically, the bulk author's assertion that "crime serves the bour­ of research and analysis rests on the relations geoisie by extending state hegemony through between police and the labor force in the the police" seems strained, as is his contention prominent industrializing cities of Buffalo, that the "welfare state" was "well under way by 227 WTSCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRINC;, 1985

1900." Although there existed a relati\e lack cused chapter into a coherent whole is the con­ of police arrests during this period of severe cept of the metropolitan corridor. By this social change, one must question the author's Stilgoe refers to the railroad in all its manifes­ conclusion that the threat of arrest was the tations as a metaphor for the tentacles of the most significant aspect of anti-working-class emerging urban-industrial complex, wher­ action by the police. Proof is needed, not as­ ever they may appear. Thus, the metropolitan sumptions. On occasion the author's preseii- corridor includes railroad stations or depots, tism intrudes, as when he refers to a 1974 re­ freight yards, crossings, railroad lines, indus­ port in commenting on the efficiency of trial zones, power stations, and the "high iron" mid-nineteenth century police patrol prac­ in the landscape or as interpreted in contem­ tices. The problem is more serious when Har­ porary popular literature, trade journals, and ring tends to read the twentieth-century capi­ architectural magazines. Both the view of the talist state back into the nineteenth centurv. corridor from within or on the train and from Moreover, Harring denigrates the \ital wel­ outside are explored. fare functions served by the urban police, for Following a brief introduction in which the his Marxian theory concludes that social ser­ concept of the metropolitan corridor is vices necessitate coercion. He claims in one in­ defined and the general approach to its analy­ stance that the bourgeois and petty bourgeois sis is discussed, the remaining chapters focus elements "benefitted enormously" from the on separate elements or roles of the metropol­ social ser\ices of the lu'ban police, but barely itan corridor. The thirteen chapters exaiuine eleven pages later he asserts that "probably in in order the role of the corridor as the gateway the long run the majority of all police services" to the mainstream of American social and eco­ went to working-class communities. This is a nomic life, the elegance of the first-class ex­ crucial consideration in assessing the class press, warehouse and manufacturing zones functions and control of the police, and it abutting railroad lines, power stations which needs further clarification. Likewise, Harring provided electricity for traction, the "high would do well to further investigate the ethnic iron" or corridor itself, railroad crossings, de­ patterns of police-citizen interaction. 4 he cit­ pots and the effect of the corridor on small ies that are examined all contain very high town life, the landscaping of rights-of-way and proportions of foreign-born people, and station grounds, the metropolitan corridor as much of what Harring attributes to class con­ cinema and in film, railroads and suburban­ flict, especially in Buffalo at-id Milwaukee, ization, trolleys, the world beyond the corri­ might be better explained as the product of dor, and the contemporary ruins of the land­ nativist or ethnic tension. scape created by the train. While the primary In short, the growTh of the urban police in­ focus of the last two chapters is the American stitution must be viewed in the context of com­ Northeast, throughout the book examples plexity, and the inflexible reliance on a class- and references from most of the regions of the conflict framework tends to obscure as much United States are used. as it illuminates. Although when read superficially a reader might be tempted to dismiss this book as an ex­ EARL F. MULDERINK III ercise in historical landscape aesthetics, Stil­ University of Wisconsin—Madison goe addresses a number of questions that are fundamental to an understanding of Ameri­ can culture at the turn of the century. Given Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the Ameri­ that the railroad transformed the American can Scene. By JOHN R. STILCJOE. (Yale Univer­ economy during the latter nineteenth cen­ sity Press, New Ha\'en, Connecticut, 1983. tury, what were its consequences for society ISBN 0-300-03042-8. Pp. 397. Illus. $29.95.) and culture? How did the metropolitan corri­ dor affect the lives of persons who came in This book explores the socio-cultural im­ contact with it? How did one's perspective on pact of the railroad as an element of the visual American society differ when \iewing the landscape of American life. Stilgoe examines landscape from on board a train, from the im­ the period from 1880 to 1930, the golden era age of the corridor itself, perhaps at the in­ of the railroad as the premier mode of trans­ stant an express appeared on the horizon, or port on the North American continent, both when a local arrived at the depot of a small for passenger and freight traffic. The organiz­ town? What did the metropolitan corridor ing principle which relates each narrowly fo- mean to Americans? How did they see it, and 228 BOOK REVIEWS

which of its elements held the most important must be placed in its proper urban setting. connotations? How did the metropolitan cor­ Further, the saloon must be understood as a ridor change their lives? And how did the met­ spatial entity, a semipublic place helping to ropolitan corridor itself change, with techno­ shape the urban experience of the late nine­ logical innovation, the emergence of the teenth century. Neither fully public, as are automobile and the truck as competing modes streets and parks, nor fully private, as are of transport, and with economic cycles of homes and business properties, saloons were growth and decline? Questions of this nature "legally somewhere between the parlor and are addressed in this book. Flowever, the dis­ the curbstone." Indeed, they reflected the cerning reader will need to reflect upon these "constant tension between public and private, issues, for Stilgoe's impressionistic analysis between family and larger society, and be­ does not provide precise or explicit qualitative tween personal and common space" that was a answers. dominant characteristic of life in America's This volume is profusely illustrated with al­ emerging cities. most two hundred photographs, advertise­ Duis's study, then, is more a work of urban ments, and period illustrations which have history than temperance/prohibition or alco­ been cleanly reproduced and effectively inte­ hol studies. It is about the saloon as a business grated with the text. 'Fhe social historian may (mostly marginal in profit potential), as a com­ find this book too impressionistic, but those munity center providing a recreational focus who take a humanistic approach to the inter­ in spatially overcrowded tenement districts, as pretation of the American scene will find a place for conducting boss-oriented politics, much of interest and much to ponder, fO and as an outlet for ethnic identity and expres­ place the metropolitan corridor in broader sion of group pride. It is also about the saloon spatial perspective, the author might have in­ as a threat to mainline, middle-class morality cluded maps showing the density of passenger and as a source of urban crime, particularly traffic, the spread of electrification and inter­ gambling and prostitution. Duis attends to all locking signal systems, the location of interur- of these subjects in some detail, drawing upon ban trolley lines, and areas of competition be­ source material from hidebound, restrictive tween trolleys and railroads in the early Boston and wide-open, free-wheeling Chi­ twentieth century. cago. Readers will immediately notice that This book serves as an excellent introduc­ Duis's text bases itself rather firmly in Chi­ tion to a large and virtually unexplored topic. cago. The inclusion of Boston does permit a It should be read by anyone interested in rail­ comparative analysis, and it also serves as a roads from a cultural or fiumanistic perspec­ check against facile but meaningless general­ tive, and by students of the changing Ameri­ izations predicated upon only one type of ur­ can scene. Railroad enthusiasts will find the ban experience. Also, Boston's tight control of book a treasury of photographs and illustra­ the location of drinking establishments tions, and many readers will be tempted to fer­ through rigid licensing laws did not allow sa­ ret out the novels and magazines of fifty to a loons there to enjoy the same colorful history hundred years ago and explore the intricacies that they had in Chicago. of the metropolitan corridor vicariously for Yet in both settings saloons as semipublic themselves. places became increasingly controversial, and by the early twentieth century they had turned RUSSELL S. KIRBY into central symbols of the social ills plaguing Wisconsin Center for Health Slalislics urban environments. While attempting to be objective, Duis laments this development. He exhibits relatively little patience with Women's Christian Temperance Union and .4nti- Saloon League activists who, along with vari­ The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Bos­ ous other law and order advocates of the mid­ ton, 1880-1920. By PERRY R. Duis. (University dle class and some settlement house workers, of Illinois Press, Champaign, 1983. ISBN 0- devoted themselves to eradicating saloons 252-01010-8. Pp. 380. Illustrations, notes, in­ from the urban landscape. It was not just the dex. $24.95.) crime and political corruption or the brass rails and paintings of nude women behind bar To appreciate the American saloon, argues counters that bothered the reformers. Sa­ historian Perry R. Duis, this bygone institution loons, particularly when they served as social

229 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985

centers for recently arri\ed immigrants, stood versity as the Charles Edmondson Historical in the way of grand plans for rapid assimila­ Lectures, the author has seriously questioned tion and Americanization. Reformers also the popular notion of frontier equality as es­ chose not to appreciate the significant func­ poused by Frederick Jackson I'urner and oth­ tional roles that saloons played as gathering ers. In two skillfully written essays, chronolog­ points for people -(vhose lives were mired in ically divided at 1750, McNeill has examined the wretchedness of exploitation associated not only the American but other global fron­ with industrialization. Saloons, then, were bas­ tiers. It is his contention that social hierarchy tions against total deprivation as well as full rather than pioneer equality characterized the homogenization of the urban population, and outposts of civilization and that idealization of barkeeps helped in moderating those misera­ such regions was but "a kind of romantic delu­ ble conditions by relating to the problems of sion" of'Furner and a large segment of the na­ their customers, by being of assistance in time tional populace during the twentieth century. of famih need, and by functioning as a source Professor McNeill has weighed the work of of information and support relating to life in his predecessors in regard to the history of America. the frontier experience and found it to be This is the way that Duis would have his wanting. For example, he has assessed Louis readers remember the urban saloon. While Hartz's quasi-Marxist Founding of New Soci­ the text rambles somewhat in places and at eties: Studies in the History of the United Stales, times is difficult to follow, the thesis that Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Austra­ emerges is worthy of careful reflection and lia (New York, 1969) as "quite as provincial as thoughtful consideration. Despite its many Turner's." It is this so-called provincialism reform-minded critics, the urban saloon was which the author seeks to refurbish. For in or­ something more than just a den of iniquity. der to make sense of the multidimensional On the other hand, whether it functioned as American past, McNeill has argued, it must be positively as Duis indicates will have to await put into the context of the global experience. further study, fndeed, in his effort to convev Professional historians must move beyond the uplifting side, the author may have pro­ such worn approaches as material progress or duced an overall interpretation that is more even class consciousness and consider the romantic than realisdc. Yet, in the meandme, need for labor versus the quest for individual we have a challenging, suggestive, and innova­ freedom. The Great Frontier issues the call for tive study. Duis must be commended for his such revisionist thinking. efforts to comprehend more inclusively the It is in the field of comparative history that history of a primary social institution in iTiod- McNeill is at his very best. The discussion of ernizing America. compulsory labor in the European colonies of Africa and the antebellum American South is JAMES KIRBY MARTIN but one example of this. Circumstances which University of Houston—University Park confronted recent immigrants, whether in the United States, Australia, or elsewhere pro­ vided yet another comparison. And in each of The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in these cases McNeill has convincingly em­ Modern Times. By WILLIAM H. MCNEILL. (Prin­ ployed his thesis of hierarchical control in op­ ceton University Press, Princeton, 1983. ISBN position to individual liberty. 0-691-04658-l.'Pp. 73. Notes, index. $13.95.) The history of global frcmtiers, as eluci­ dated by William H. McNeill, has shown that At first glance this slim monograph might the rewards of interdependence and ex­ appear to be overpriced, but upon further change were too great to be foregone by any consideration many readers will be enlight­ society. But such interdependence dictated ened by its contents. William H. McNeill, a varying degrees of social hierarchy and com­ noted historian whose previous works include pulsory labor. Frontiersmen acknowledged The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Com­ these realities by their own actions. One need munity (Chicago, 1963), Plagues and Peoples look no further than the much-romanticized (New York, 1976), and The Human Condition: American mountain man to verify this. While An Ecological and Historical View (Princeton, seeming to hold civilization in at least some 1980), has focused herein upon the frontiers disdain, these adventurers demonstrated on of European expansion throughout the mod­ an annual basis their interdependency at the ern age. Originally delivered at Baylor Uni­ wilderness marketplace of the rendezvous. 230 BOOK REVIEWS

These essays are well-written and certainly expedient politicians, but the major impedi­ thought-provoking. Professor McNeill has ment to the formulation of sound transit pol­ done an admirable job of integrating a sizable icy was not so much concrete deeds as the un­ amount of secondary material in a forceful derlying assumptions of practically all the treatise on the forces which, he believes, participants. By viewing mass transit as a pri­ shaped frontier societies. While all historians vate profit-making enterprise and seeing the may not agree entirely with him, this brief automobile as an object of public responsibil­ book may well cause some to reconsider the ity and accommodation, Chicago's leaders cre­ topic. And such actions would undoubtedly ated artificially separated categories which in reward the author's efforts. Serious students the end crippled mass transit and fostered of the subject must read The Great Frontier, personal transportation. While resisting the while historians in general may also benefit currently fashionable impulse in scholarly cir­ from a familiarity with this provocative book. cles to condemn the latter phenomenon, Bartlett clearly regrets Chicago's—and M. GUY BISHOP America's—inability to do a better job with Eos Angeles County Museum of Natural mass transit. History The author's harshest conclusions are di­ rected at the very device which this nation has long relied upon to limit the harmful effects of Tfie Automobile and Urban Transit: The Formula­ unbridled capitalism: regulation. Instead of tion of Public Policy in Chicago, 1900—1930. By insuring inexpensive and reliable mass transit PAUL BARRETT. (Temple University Press, service, however, regulation not only proved Philadelphia, 1983. ISBN 0-87722-294-0. Pp. unable to halt overcrowding, but also pre­ xiii, 295. Maps, notes, bibliographical note, in­ vented the development of a modern, com­ dex. $34.95.) prehensive system. "One may search the city in vain for a single mass transit improvement Chicago's rise to greatness in the nine­ constructed as a result of the city's policy of teenth century derived largely from the regulation." The baleful consequences of reg­ Windy City's success in establishing itself as ulation were not simply physical; the govern­ the transportation hub of a vast inland em­ mental process also suffered as the utility com­ pire. Blessed by a strategic geographical loca­ panies became ever more deeply involved in tion and guided by a dynamic business and po­ politics to protect their interests. No fervent litical leadership, Chicago shot past all compet­ champion of municipal ownership, Barrett itors to become the nation's railroad center. nevertheless fairly raises the question whether Yet even as Chicago was basking in the after­ Chicago would have fared any worse by using glow of the Columbian Exposition of that approach. 1893 that celebrated this triumph, the city's in­ If mass transit raised a whole host of eco­ ternal transportation system was l)eginning to nomic, social, and political issues that hin­ break down. Geography in this instance was a dered a rational consideration of alternatives, handicap (Lake Michigan and the Chicago the growing number of automobiles on the River accentuated the city's class and ethnic di­ streets seemed to pose simple engineering visions, thereby hampering the forging of a problems. And it makes for fascinating read­ consensus on what should be done), but more ing to see how the modern features of the car important, neither the business community culture, such as parking rules, traffic lights, nor the political structure could devise work­ boulevards and expressways, took shape early able solutions to the emerging problems. By in this century. It is also interesting to observe the eve of the Great Depression, Chicago's how even then the "experts" were discovering mass transit had been irretrievably set on the that every time they made an improvement to path to decline and the city's destiny had been speed traffic flow, more automobiles were staked to the automobile. drawn onto the roads, thereby recreating the Paul Barrett's exhaustively researched congested situation. study of public policy regarding trolleys and Barrett's monograph is essential reading highways in the first third of the twentieth cen­ (although the going is sometimes slow) for tury is a story without villains—or heroes. Chi­ anyone wanting to know more about the ur­ cago's failure to develop a coherent local ban transition from public to private transpor­ transportation system was certainly abetted by tation. It also has a great deal to say about Chi­ the actions of self-interested businessmen and cago politics, the role of engineers, planners

231 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRINC;, 1985

and businessmen, and the wa\ the American In a manner characteristic of institutional- style of decision-making ])roduces inathertent ist labor historiography, Zieger views the his­ outcomes. .\s Chicago prepares to host its sec­ tory of Pulp ai-id Sulphite through the experi­ ond Columbian Exposition, its leaders, and ences of the union's leadership with top those of the nation's other cities, would do well echelon corporate officials and government to ponder the de\cl()|)inents studied in this agencies. A corollary of his approach is that N'olume. rank-and-file workers appear insignificant in the union's history. Zieger's method, anachro­ MARK 1. CIFLFAND nistic to radical social historians who have Boston College dominated the writing of labor history during the last decade, is arguably defensible in this case. The union was headed by one man, John Burke, for forty-eight years. From the defeats Rebuilding the Pulp und Paper Worker.s' Union, of the 1920's Burke learned that "the union 1933-1941. Bv RoBERi H. ZIEGER. (University had to cooperate with industry." Pulp and Sul­ of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1984. ISBN 0- phite leaders "regarded themselves as fellow 87047-407-4. Pp. xi, 242. Illustrations, bibli­ professionals, very much in league with own­ ography, index. $19.95.) ers, managers, ai-id technical experts. . . ." The explanation for the success of Pulp and Robert Zieger's objective in this histor\ of Sulphite during the 1930's is clearly its attrac- the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sul­ ti\eness to employers as a "palatable antidote phite & Papermill Workers (Pulp and Sul­ to the laborite radicalism that afflicted the phite) during the 1930's is the portrayal of a country ancl threatened to spread into the rarely seen side of labor struggles during the pulp and paper industry." One of the more Great Depression. Pulp and Sulphite was not important (if unintended) contributions of born out of a dramatic confrontatioi-i with eni- this book is its documentation of the corporat- plovers, it was not an affiliate of the CIO, and ist logic irascent in the industrial relations of its leaders were of no interest to the House the r930's. Unamerican Activities Committee. While By probing more deeply into the relation­ some depression-era unionists dreamed of so­ ship between Burke's domination of the Pulp cial transformation led by a radicalized work­ and Sulphite union and his collaboration with ing class, the Pulp and Sulphite workers employers, Zieger could have advanced our "confined their vision to the procurement of understanding of labor-management rela­ signed contracts . . . and the fattening of pay tions still more, however. The author records packets." in detail the dictatorial leadership of president The Pulp and Sulphite union, afliliated Burke but accepts uncritically Burke's own ex­ with the American Federation of Labor (AF of planation for his extraordinary behavior: la­ L), was created in 1909, with the jurisdiction bor leaders "have to be dictators sometimes or over the "less-skilled" workers in the pulp and the workers will destroy themselves." The paper industries. In realitv, notes Zieger, the question that Zieger fails to ask is whether the union's members ranged from common labor­ complacency of the Pulp and Sulphite mem­ ers in the pulp industr\- to highly skilled em­ bers explains Burke's authoritarianism or if, ployees in the paper-making operations. Its by maintaining a structure that encouraged early years were shaped by competition with passivity and deference, Burke actually the International Brotherhood of Paper helped create the incapacitation of the rank Makers, but in 1921 and 1922 the two unions and file. More to the point, is it not possible combined forces for a strike against the giants that Burke, who headed the union for forty- of the industry, International Paper and St. eight years, would have a vested interest in ac­ Regis. Both strikes were lost. The strike counting for his own authoritarianism by against International Paper lasted for five blaming the victims and that by adopting vears and bv its end, the membership of Pulp Burke's explanation Zieger vindicates Burke and Sulphite had declined by 60 per cent to while obscuring important structural dimen­ 6,000 members. The union survived the late sions of industrial relations? 1920's, how-ever, and experienced a rebirth Zieger's account of the Pulp and Sulphite during the 1930's. By 1941 h had 60,000 union bears on a major theoretical issue in the members. It is the rebuilding years of the labor studies literature: Why has the conserva­ 1930's that Zieger concentrates on. tive, non-socialist tradition persisted as the 232 BOOK REVIEWS characteristic politic of the U.S. working class? more fully in union afl'airs and industrial man­ Most recent studies have argued that the U.S. agement are probably misreading the land­ working class is as radically inclined as any scape. other but when its radicalism mat-iifests itself, Zieger's support for the conservative thesis the resourceful combination (tf state and cor­ would be more compelling if he were able to porate repression with the opportunism of portray the actual conservatism of the Pulp conservative union leadership (like Burke's and Sulphite workers. Interviews with more of leadership in Pulp and Sulphite) manages to the union's rank-and-file members and more quash it. These studies explain the appear­ creative utilization of union documents may ance of working-class conservatism through have actually verified the claims of rank and reference to the capacity of other classes to in­ file lethargy made by Burke. Had Zieger been fluence the behavior of the working class. able to provide such evidence ancl then been Moreover, many would argue that the real his­ able to account for the conservatism through torical record of the U.S. working class is far an examination of the broader dimensions of more radical than conservative accounts like work and community life, his contribution Zieger's history of the Pulp and Sulphite un­ would be much greater. By relying on the tes­ ion allow. timony of union president John Burke to Zieger's history of Pulp and Sulphite, on make his main points, Zieger's attempt at tell­ the other hand, keeps alive a theoretical tradi­ ing the underside of Great Depression labor tion that attributes the conservatism in the history is only partially successful; he succeeds U.S. labor movement to the workers themsel­ in telling us about a little-known union but he ves. Moments of radicalism are exceptions does so in a way that leaves untold the story of that arise during aberrant and short-lived per­ the men and women who made up the rank iods such as the Great Depression. 1 he practi­ and file of the Pulp and Sulphite union. cal significance of Zieger's conclusiot-is is that reform eflbrts that premise themselves on the JERRY LEMBCKE desire and capability of workers to participate Lawrence University

Book Reviews

Barrett, The Automobile and Urban Transit: The Formulaticm oj Keil and Jentz, editors, German Workers in Industrml Chicago, Public Policy in Chicago, 1900—1930, reviewed by Mark I. 1850—1910: A Comparative Perspective, reviewed by Ni­ Gelfand .' 231 cholas C. Burckel 222 Bornet, The Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, reviewed by Le Sueur, Crusaders: The Radical Legacy of Marian and Arthur Mitchell K. Hall 218 Le Sueur, reviewed by Mary Lou M. Schultz 210 Danky et al., editors, Native American Press in Wisconsin and Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work m the the Nation, reviewed by David R. Wrone 214 Nineteenth Century, reviewed by David Rich Lewis. . .217 Danky, editor, Index to Wisconsin Native American Periodicals, Littlefield and Parins, editors, American Indian and Alaska 1897-1981, reviewed by David R. Wrone 214 Native Newspapers and Periodicals, 1826—1924, reviewed Danky, editor. Native American Periodicals and Newspapers, by David R. Wrone 214 1828—1982:Bibliography, PublisliingRecord, andHoldings, Mahon, History of the Militia and the National Guard, reviewed reviewed by David R. Wrone 214 by Tom Doherty 223 Duis, The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880— McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy m Modern 1920, reviewed by James Kirby Martin 229 Times, reviewed by M. Guy Bishop 230 Eckert, Gateway toEmpire, reviewed by Bruce M. White .219 Pulos, American Design Ethic: A History oj Industrml Design lo Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet, reviewed by Bruce M. 1940, reviewed by Thomas Beckman 225 White 219 Stilgoe, Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the. Amerwan Harring, Policing a Class Society: The Experience oj American Scene, reviewed by Russell S. Kirby 228 Cities, 1865-1915, reviewed by Eari F. Mulderink III227 Wozniak et al.. Historic Lifestyles m the Upper Mississijjii River Hudson, Reapers of the Dust: A Prairie Chronicle, reviewed by Valley, reviewed by Robert F. Zeidel 226 Mary Lou M. Schultz 213 Zieger, Rebuilding the Pulp and Paper Workers' Union, 193?- Hudson, The Bones of Plenty, reviewed by Mary Lou M. 1941, reviewed by Jerry Lembcke 232 Schultz ' 212

233 Wisconsin History thor. Route 3, Box 56, Pipestone, Minne­ sota 56164.) Checklist Hoff, Evelyn. Heile Familien (Whole Family): a History of Norwegian Ancestry. (Winona, Min­ Recently published and cinrciuh a\ailabk' Wisconsiana nesota, Apollo Books, 1984. Pp. 272. Illus. added to the Society's Library are listed below. The $31.50. Available from author, 1719 Lin­ compilers, Gerald R. Eggleston. Acquisitions Librarian, and Susan Dorst. Order Librarian, arc interested in coln Street, Whitehall, Wisconsin 54773.) obtaining inforination about (or copies ol) items that are not widely ad\'ertised. such as publications ol local Keller, James M. The "Unholy" Apostles: Tales of historical societies, faniih' histories and genealogies. Chequamegon Shipwrecks. (Bayfield, Wiscon­ private!\ printed works, and histories ot churches, sin, 1984. Pp. 160. Illus. $9.95 plus $1.00 institutions, or organizations. .Authors and publishers wishing to reach a wider audience and also to perform a postage and handling. Available from valuable bibliographic service are urged to inform the Apostle Island Press, P.O. Box 751, Bay­ compilers of their publications, including the following field, Wisconsin 54814.) information: author, title, location and name oi publisher, date of publication, price, paginadon. and address of Kleist, Frederica Hart. Portage Canal History supplier. Write Susan Dorst, Acquisitions Section. Since 1834. (Portage, Wisconsin, Portage Canal Society, cl983. Pp. [23]. Illus. No Beernink, Evelyn Mae Coy. An Eighteen Gener­ price listed. Available fromi author, 528 ation Pioneer Parmentier-Parmenter Line: In­ West Cook Street, Portage, Wisconsin cluding an Eighteen Generation Ancestral 53901.) Chart, Family Group Record Sheets and Availa­ ble Life Stories. (New Berhn?, Wisconsin, Kleist, Frederica Hart. Portage Heritage al Fort 1984? 1 vol., various pagings. Illus. No Winnebago Area. (Portage?, Wisconsin, price listed. Available from author, t5100 cl984. Pp. [40]. Illus. No price fisted. Avail­ West Cleveland Avenue, #281, New able from author, 528 West Cook Street, Berlin, Wisconsin 53151.) Portage, Wisconsin 53901.) Gushing, Myrtle E. Cemetery Inscriptions of Sauk Koppelman, Elmer R. Branded Hand: the Strug­ County, Wisconsin, Volume5. (Sauk City, Wis­ gles of an Abolitionist. (Sheboygan Falls, Wis­ consin, 1984. Pp. iv, 152. Illus. $7.00 plus consin, Branded Hand Press, cl984. Pp. $1.00 postage and handling. Available 89. Illus. $6.95. Available from author, 93 from author, 809 John Adams Street, Sauk Highland Avenue, Sheboygan Falls, Wis­ City, Wisconsin 53583.) This volume covers consin 53085.) Biography of Jonathan Ironton, La Valle, and Woodland Town­ Walker who was active in the abolitionist ships. movement and lived for a number of years in Sheboygan County. Dunn County History. (Dallas, Texas, Taylor Publishing Company, 1984? Pp. 424. Illus. Kort, Ellen. The Fox Heritage: a History of Wis­ $42.50 plus $3.00 postage and handling. consin's Fox Cities. (Woodland Hills, Califor­ Available from Dunn County Historical So­ nia, 1984? Pp. 254. Illus. $22.95. Available ciety, P.O. Box 437, Menomonie, Wiscon­ from Windsor Publications, 8910 Quartz sin 54751.) Avenue, P.O. Box 9071, Northridge, CaH- fornia 91328.) Fisher, Avis E. Four Inter-related Families from Sogn, Norway: Olson-Aaroen, Aaroen,Johnson, Lemanski, Cheryl D. Bohemia to Wisconsin with Asbfornson (Wilkins). (Sun Prairie?, Wiscon­ the Winters Family, 1778—1984. (Fenni­ sin, cI984. Pp. 247. Illus. No price fisted. more?, Wisconsin, 1984. Pp. 169. Illus. No Available from author, 309 East Kohler price listed. Available from author, R.R. 1, Street, Sun Prairie, Wisconsin 53590.) Box 71, Fennimore, Wisconsin 53809.)

Gilmore, Ramona. Handbook of Family History Loomis, Harriet Engsberg. / Remember, I Re­ for Descendants of Edmund & Sarah (Doty) member. . . . (McFarland, Wisconsin, Gilmore. (Pipestone, Minnesota, 1984. Pp. Farland Press, cl984. Pp. 112. Illus. $5.00. 48. Illus. No price listed. Available from au- Available from Margaret DuRose, 4806 Re-

234 WISCONSIN HISTORY CHECKLIST

gent Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.) The Pine, the Plow and the Pioneer: a History of Stories about the author's family in Lake Three Lakes and Clearwater Lake, Wisconsin, Mills between I9I0and I9I5. 1881-1984. (Three Lakes?, Wisconsin, 1984. Pp. 132. Illus. $12.00 plus $2.00 post­ Mawhiney, R. B. Chiropractic in Wisconsin, age and handling. Wisconsin residents add 1900-1950. (Madison, Wisconsin, Wiscon­ $.60 sales tax. Available from Three Lakes sin Chiropractic Association, 1984? Pp. Historical Society, P.O. Box 250, 1798 Hu­ 270. Illus. $46.00. Available from Roberts ron Street, Three Lakes, Wisconsin 54562.) Publishing Company, c/o 3338 South Ra­ cine Avenue, Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186.) Stadler, Bede. Up and Down the Tree: Or, the Stadler-Colling Family Tree. (River Grove?, Memories of Longtime Milwaukeeans. (Milwau­ Illinois, 1984. 2nd edition. Pp. 236, [13], Il­ kee, Wisconsin, 1984. Pp. 25. No price lus. No price listed. Available from author, listed. Available from Jean E. Gordon, 2424 3000—80th Avenue, River Grove, Illinois East Webster Place, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 60I7I.) 53211.) Reminiscences of seven residents of the Milwaukee Jewish Home about their Stark, William F. Pine Lake. (Sheboygan, Wis­ coming to Milwaukee and their life in that consin, 1984. Pp. 268. Illus. $19.00 plus city. $1.00 postage and handling. Available from author, 5438 North Pauline's Wood Mobs, Bruce Baldwin. "The Amazing Mr. Drive, Nashotah, Wisconsin 53058.) Mohs": Titled as the Movie of the Same Name. (Madison, Wisconsin, cI984. Pp. 256. Illus. Stevens Point Area Genealogical Society: Church $12.95. Available from author, 5226 Hed- Survey. (Stevens Point?, Wisconsin, 1983. den Circle, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562.) Pp. [21]. No price listed. Available from Autobiography of an inventor, business­ Stevens Point Area Genealogical Society, man, and antique auto collector. c/o Portage County Public Library, 1325 Church Street, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481.) A survey of churches and their re­ Monroe County, Wisconsin Heritage Book. cords in Portage County. (Sparta, Wisconsin, 1984. Pp. 514. Illus. $38.00 plus $3.00 postage and handling. Available from Monroe County Heritage Strange, Florence Pernsteiner. Pernsteiners in Book, c/o Charlotte Pruess, 427 West Ju­ America: a History of Jordan and Maria Pern­ neau Street, Tomah, Wisconsin 54660.) steiner and Their Descendants. (San Rafael, California, 1984. Pp. xii, 276. Illus. $45.00 plus $.44 postage and handling. Available Piehl, Ellen. German Birthplaces of Green Bay from Manzanita Press, P.O. Box 4027, San Area Immigrants: a Fully-indexed Transcription Rafael, California 94903.) of Selected Brown County, Wisconsin, Church Register Entries. (Seymour, Wisconsin, Twinde, Sharon Kay. Holthaus Family Tree. cI984. Pp. 245. Illus. $14.95 plus $1.25 (Chaseburg, Wisconsin, 1982. Pp. [8], 33. postage and handling. Wisconsin residents Illus. No price listed. Available from au­ add $.74 sales tax. Available from author, thor, Rt. 1, Box 63, Chaseburg, Wisconsin P.O. Box 84, Seymour, Wisconsin 54165.) 54621.)

Pierce, Janice K.; Hartung, Daniel A.; and Van Deburg, Alice. La Follette and His Legacy. Hartung, Richard P. A Century of Enlighten­ (Madison, Wisconsin, 1984. Pp. 23. Illus. ing, 1884—1984: a Short History of the Janes­ No charge. Available from Robert M. La ville Public Library. (Janesville, Wisconsin, Follette Institute of Public AflFairs, 322 The Janesville Public Library Foundation, North Hall, University of Wisconsin- 1984. Pp. 32. Illus. No charge. Available Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.) A from Business Office, Janesville Public Li­ tribute to Robert M. La Follette and his brary, 316 South Main Street, Janesville, family for their contributions to Wisconsin Wisconsin 53545.) government.

235 Pennsylvania; loaned for copying by Edwin Accessions Ewers, Lone Rock. Services for microtilming, xeroxing, and photostating all Galena, Illinois, City Council Records filmed in but certain restricted items in its manuscript collections 1983, consisting of cemetery and death re­ are provided by the Societ\'. For details wiate Harold L. Miller. cords, 1842-1880, 1902-1939; and scattered poll books, 1845—1887, assessment rolls, 1838-1843, ordinances, 1857-1882, and financial reports and notices, 1853—1869; originals loaned for copying by the Galena Manuscripts Public Library to the Karmann Library, Uni­ versity of Wisconsin-Platteville. Microfilm: Additions to the papers of C D. Bal- Hauer, Croatt and Perry genealogy papers, c/i^/or consisting of scrapbooks, 1927—1968, of 1680-1982, compiled by Miriam Rowel! cartoons by Batchelor; including editorial car­ Hauer recording primarily the history of the toons published in The New York News and two Croatt family who settled at Belgium, Wiscon­ cartoon series called "Inviting the Under­ sin, after emigrating from Luxembourg in taker" and "Once Overs"; presented by Alle- 1847; including lineage charts, photographs, gra Batchelor, Deep River, Connecticut. correspondence, and other records; loaned Information on the descendants of William for copying by Miriam Rowell Hauer, Spo­ Whitledge, a resident of Prince William kane, Washington. County, Virginia, in 1779; compiled by Parker Historical Survey of City of Hurley and Iron Liles and James Lincoln Blue (1918 ), of County (WPA Project #6555), a scrapbook his­ Henderson, Kentucky; consisting of a list of tory prepared by a project of the Works Pro­ names and addresses and summary pages not­ gress Administration's Women's and Profes­ ing vital statistics on descendants; loaned for sional Projects in 1937; containing essays, copying by Nadine Christman, Beloit. typed extracts from newspapers and other Emerson Rood Calkins (1842-1919) family sources, drawings, photographs, and news- papers, 1862—1983, including accounts by clippings; with information on local courts, Calkins of his Civil War service in the 8th Bat­ government development, health facilities, tery Wisconsin Light Artillery; notes by his business, churches, clubs, schools, and indi­ wife, Sabra Thompson Calkins (1848-1941), viduals; loaned for copying by the Iron on her childhood in Waupaca; 1983 letters County History Society, Hurley. containing genealogical information; and Records, 1928-1982, of ihe Junior Service other items; loaned for copying by Charles League of Manitowoc County, a women's organi­ Reynolds, Rice Lake. zation particularly concerned with health care Minutes, 1930—1981, of annual and board and social services for expectant mothers and meetings of Consolidated Badger Cooperative, a for the young, aged, and infirm; including in­ large cooperative headquartered in Shawano, dexed annual reports and minutes, member­ Wisconsin, which produces dairy products un­ ship records, a history, and a 1941 constitution der the Morning Glory label; plus the 1929 ar­ and 1943 directory of the Manitowoc County ticles of association and bylaws; loaned for Council of Social Agencies; loaned for copy­ copying by the Cooperative. ing by the League via Beverly Vareka, Manito­ Brief records of the Daniel Shaw Lumber woc. Company, owner of thousands of acres of tim­ Minute books, 1938-1953, of the Mt/waMfee ber in the Chippewa River Valley and opera­ Jewish Council, a council founded in 1938 to co­ tor of farms, flour mills, tow boats, and gen­ ordinate community-based Jewish activities eral stores in the area; consisting of a daybook and organizations; containing minutes of an­ recording sales at one store, 1881, and a book nual meetings, the board of directors, the ex­ documenting use of a dynamo and of "city ecutive committee, and several other commit­ Hghts," ca. 1893-1894; originals presented by tees; loaned for copying by the Council via the Chippewa Valley Museum. Saul Sorrin. "This is Ewers (Yours)," a genealogy com­ Brief papers, 1950—1952, concerning/oAw piled by Dorothy Wood Ewers in 1962, docu­ Moses' work as a fund raiser for the Demo­ menting the Ewers (Ewer, Eure, and other var­ cratic Organizing Committee and his involve­ iations) Family in England and the United ment in the Assembly campaign of Gregory C. States, particularly the descendants of John Lucey, Ferryville, Wisconsin; loaned for copy­ (d. 1769) and Bilhah Ewers of Bucks County, ing byjohn Moses, Madison. 236 ACCESSIONS

Minutebooks, 1859-1943, written in Ger­ House," 1958-1962, written by Mrs. Wright, man, oi St. John's Lutheran Church, Watertown, and general clippings, 1925-1978; loaned for Wisconsin, a church of the Missouri Synod; copying by the Capital Times via Ann Lund. containing minutes and occasional enclosed related materials such as financial and audit Tape Recordings: Tape-recorded interview reports, letters, and committee reports; with PaulR. Alfonsi (1908 ) conducted May loaned for copying by the Church via Reuben 27, 1981, for the Former Members of the Wis­ Feld, Watertown. consin Progressive Party Oral History Project; Records, I855?-1983,of theVa/tow, Wiscon­ concerning politics in Iron and Vilas counties, sin, Meeting, of the Society of Friends; including Alfonsi's experiences as a legislator in the a history of the meeting and the Valton area; 1930's, Progressive meetings and leaders, minutes of monthly meetings, 1956-1965; other third party efforts, and related matters; and membership records, ca. 1855-1983, with presented by Mark F. Smith, Madison. information on members of the Iron The April 8, 1971, broadcast of Community (Friendswoods), Oaks, and Valton groups; Issues and Answers, a call-in public affairs radio loaned for copying by Mrs. Okla Beier, Wone- program hosted by Frank Wright and carried woc. by WHBL, Sheboygan; concerning the Approximately 1,000 letters, 1941-1944, charges against Lt. William Galley for actions from Louis Solberg of Dunn County to his fu­ in Vietnam; presented with the William ture wife, Alda Prochnow; written while he Steiger Papers. served in the U.S. Army's 314th Ordinance Interviews, 1979 and 1981, with nineteen Company Base Depot in England and Ire­ longtime residents of Madison's east side, tape land; loaned for copying by Alda Solberg, recorded as part of the East Side History Project, Rusk. an oral history project sponsored by the At­ Papers, 1790-1972, of the i-dmi\y oi Herbert wood Community Center; concerning family Battles Tanner (1859—1933), of Kaukauna, life, community services, churches, work, edu­ Wisconsin, and Eastland, Texas, a physician, cation, social activities, the Depression, and active Republican, businessman, and local his­ many other topics; presented by the Atwood torian; including papers on his business inter­ Community Center, Madison. (Partially re­ ests in Mexico, activities in Kaukauna and stricted.) Texas, the genealogy of the Tanner, Battles, Two presentations, n.d., by Paul Ehrlich oi Boyd, Johnson, Lawe, Rankin, and Grignon Zero Population Growth concerning the need families, and other topics; loaned for copying to limit population to prevent depletion of re­ by Nanette Tanner Spencer, Midland, Texas. sources and environmental damage; one pre­ Papers, 1719—1979, of members of the Von sentation is a lecture at the University of Wis­ Kaas Family, a well-to-do family which mi­ consin broadcast by WHA and the other is an grated from Germany to Chicago and Sheboy­ appearance with Johnny Carson on The To­ gan County, Wisconsin, in the mid-1800's; in­ night Show, both recorded off the air; source cluding correspondence, journals and travel unknown. diaries, and other papers of descendants and Interviews, 1974, by Sarah Cooper of the relatives of Georg Carl August Baron von Society staff, with Clarence Kailin, Madison, Kaas (1805-1868), administrator of the for­ and John Rody, Racine, concerning their expe­ ests and estates of Prince Georg Wilhelm of riences as volunteers in the International Bri­ Schaumburg, Lippe; loaned for copying by gade, fighting with the Loyalists in the Spanish Bill von Kaas, Sheboygan. Civil War, 1936-1939. Genealogical chart of Mrs. Sylvia Cook We­ Tape-recorded interview with Roland Kan- ber's paternal connections, compiled by Joseph nenberg (1907 ) conducted May 29, 1981, Chandler, Portland, Maine; bearing informa­ for the Former Members of the Wisconsin tion dating 1584—1976 on ancestors and rela­ Progressive Party Oral History Project; with tives in Russia, Poland, Israel, and the United information on the emergence and organiza­ States; loaned for copying to the Wisconsin tion of the Progressive party, Kannenberg's Jewish Archives by Mrs. Weber, Milwaukee. own legislative campaigns and causes, his phi­ Master negative held by the Genealogical Soci­ losophy of government, Huey Long, the Un­ ety of Utah. ion party, Progressive leaders, and related Newsclippings from the Capital Times, Mad­ topics; presented by Mark F. Smith, Madison. ison, Wisconsin, concerning architect Frank Tape-recorded interview with Clifford Lloyd Wright; including the column "Our "Tiny" Krueger (1918 ) conducted Febru- 237 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985 ary 18, 1981, for the Former Members of the leaders; the National Progressives of America; Wisconsin Progressive Party Oral History Pro­ and the demise of the party; presented by ject; concerning Lincoln County politics in the Mark F. Smith, Madison. 1930's and 1940's, political fund raising, Tape recording of a 1966 documentary Krueger's reasons for joining the Republican carried by the Wisconsin State University- Party in 1946, and other topics; presented by Superior radio station concerning the activi­ Mark F. Smith, Madison. ties and expansion of the Student Youth Volun­ Tape-recorded interview with Republican teer Organization; presented with the William Clifford Krueger and Democrat Carl W. Thomp­ Steiger Papers. son conducted December 9, 1980, for the Tape-recorded interview with State Sena­ Former Members of the Wisconsin Progres­ tor Carl W. Thompson (1914 ) conducted sive Party Oral History Project; including in­ September 22, 1981, for the Former Members formation on each man's youth, early political of the Wisconsin Progressive Party Oral His­ influences. Progressive activity in Dane and tory Project; concerning Phil La Follette, his Lincoln counties. Progressive leaders, and re­ gubernatorial staff, anal family and friends; lated topics; presented by Mark F. Smith, the Progressive Club at the University of Wis­ Madison. consin; Thompson's political work in the Speech by Malcolm X (1925-1965) and 1930's; the 1937 split in the party; and events question/answer period at Mandel Hall, Chi­ after the party dissolved in 1946; presented by cago, Illinois, February 16, 1962; including Mark F. Smith, Madison. discussion of racism, the potential political Tape-recorded interviews, 1980, with Cle- power of blacks, black supremacy, and crea­ tus V. and Ralph Weber, sons of an assistant tion of a separate black society/state. There is lightkeeper at the Tail Point Light on the west also a debate between Malcolm X and Abner shore of Green Bay, concerning their recollec­ (?); found in collections. tions of the lighthouse; accompanied by inter­ Tape-recorded sessions from a conference view transcripts and a research report on the entitled Photographs as Cultural Resources: A Light's history; compiled by Catherine Co- Conference in Flonor of Paul Vanderbilt held in berly for the "Wisconsin Coastal Management 1983 in Madison, honoring a former State Program; presented by the Webers, Green Historical Society of Wisconsin curator of Bay, and Coberly, Madison. photographs; including presentations by Tape-recorded interviews, 1970—1979, scholars in history and the humanities on pho­ conducted by Griffith H. Williams with twenty- tographs as research sources; recorded by So­ nine residents of Prairie du Chien and vicinity ciety staff. about the history of the area; plus one inter­ Public Television's Roots, an oral history pro­ view, 1981, conductedby Dale'Trelevenof the ject conducted in 1979-1982 byjames Robert­ Society staff with Williams concerning his fam­ son and funded primarily by grants from the ily and youth in Waushara County, the effects Corporation for Public Broadcasting; consist­ of World War II, his moving to Prairie du ing of tape recordings and transcripts of inter­ Chien, and his interest in local history; accom­ views with fifty-five individuals involved in the panied by brief abstracts; presented by Mr. early history of public television broadcasting Williams, Prairie du Chien. (Restriction: Ac­ in tfie United States; presented by Robertson cess is open but use is subject to restrictions.) Associates, Inc., Port Charlotte, Florida, which retains all literary, broadcast, and non- General Collections. Records, 1942—1947, of the broadcast audio rights untiljuly 31, 1986. Wisconsin War Fund, a non-profit organization Tape-recorded interview with lawyer Gor­ which coordinated fund-raising and made don Sinykin (1910 ) conducted June 3, funds available to agencies certified by the 1981, for the Former Members of the Wiscon­ President's War Relief Control Board; includ­ sin Progressive Party Oral History Project; ing minutes, correspondence with the Na­ concerning his close association with Phil La tional War Fund and with county fund organi­ Follette; the party origins; political campaigns zations, officers' and committee files, and fi­ and campaign tactics; William Evjue, Thomas nancial records; presented byjohn Wellman, Duncan, Ralph Immel, and other Progressive Milwaukee.

238 Contributors ter graduating from Harvard in f976, he worked in the antiquarian book trade and earned a master's degree from Simmons Col­ lege (1979). While in charge of the rare book collections at Boston Univeisity he published a descriptive bibliography of the English biogra­ pher Lytton Strachey (Garland, 1980) and is currently at work on a similar volume on jour­ nalist and political critic Leonard Woolf. f n ad­ dition to his work at the Society, he recently be­ gan to teach the management of special collections at the University of Wisconsin's School of Library and Information Sciences. His articles and reviews have appeared in the THOMAS C. REEVES is professor of history at the University of Wisconsin—Parkside. After Wisconsin Academy Review, the Milwaukee Jour­ receiving his Ph.D. at the University of Cali­ nal, and the library press. fornia, Santa Barbara in 1966, he taught at the University of Colorado for four years before moving to the brand new Kenosha campus. Professor Reeves is the author and editor of six books, including the widely acclaimed The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography, pub­ lished in 1982. He iscurrently at workon a his­ tory of the United States in the twentieth cen­ tury, to be published by Oxford University Press. Since 1981, Professor Reeves has served as the historiographer of the Episcopal Dio­ cese of Milwaukee. He is also a trustee of Nashotah House and a member of the Cathe­ dral Chapter. He, his wife Kathleen, and two daughters live in Racine County.

SARA LEUCHTER graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1977 and received a master's de­ gree in American history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1978. Since that time, she has been employed at the State His­ torical Society in both the Field Services and Archives divisions. From 1979—1981, she co- conducted the Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust: A Documentation Project, in which 160 hours of interviews with Holocaust survivors were collected. In addition, she edited the Guide to Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust, published in 1983. Ms. Leuchter has authored numerous articles and book reviews MICHAEL EDMONDS, a native of Massachusetts, on the Holocaust, including a chapter on oral came to Madison in 1982 to be the State Histor­ history in The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliog­ ical Society's map and rare book librarian. Af- raphy and Resource Guide. Currently, she lec-

239 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1985

tures throughout the state both on the Holo­ ety. The winnif-ig article will be published in caust and Wisconsin Jewish history, and serves the Wisconsin Magazine of History. as project archivist on the papers of Sigrid Known as the David Clark Everest Prize in Schultz, Berlin bureau chief of the Chicago VVisconsin Economic History, the prize honors Tn^Mw^ from 1926-1940. the late D. C. Everest of Wausau, paper manu­ facturer and chairman of the board of Mara­ thon Corporation who died in 1955. Everest in 1948 had instituted a similar $ 1,000 prize for a book-length manuscript on Wisconsin eco­ nomic history. That competition initially at­ tracted many scholars, but inflation reduced its appeal and fewer scholars were enticed to undertake a book-length work with hopes of winning $1,000. Accordingly, the trustees for the Everest interests recently offered to ex­ tend the prize, creating a supplementary $500 annual prize for an article. The $1,000 Everest book prize will con­ tinue to be offered. In years when the book prize is awarded, no prize will be given for an RONALD H. CARPENTER is Professor of English article. At their discretion, the three judges re­ and Speech at the University of Florida. He is quired by the trust agreement may decide not the author of The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson to award a prize to any of the submissions. Turner, published by The Huntington Library Articles and books may address any topic in 1983. His article in the Quarterly Jtjurnal of related to Wisconsin's economic history, inter­ Speech, "America's Opinion Leader Historians preted broadly to include subjects which do on Behalf of Success," received a 1984 Speech not confine themselves solely to Wisconsin. Communication Association Golden Anniver­ For example, a study about shipping on the sary Monograph Award. After earning B.A. Great Lakes and its effect on several cities or and M.A. degrees from Western Reserve Uni­ states would be eligible if Wisconsin or a Wis­ versity, and service as a public relations officer consin city were included. in the United States Air Force, Carpenter ob­ Book-length manuscripts, too, would be tained his Ph.D. in speech from the University published by the State Historical Society, con­ of Wisconsin, with doctoral minors in mass tingent upon any revisions suggested by the communications and American histoi y. He has judges and the Society's editorial staff. published widely about rhetorical style and its The deadline for submissions is October 1, effect in presidential discourse and historical 1985. No submission may have been pub­ writing, and he is active nationally conducting lished previously, in whole or in part, and all workshop-seminars on language skills for writ­ will be judged on the basis of their significance ing and speaking. in the field and the quality of their scholarship. Inquiries should be addressed to the Edito­ rial Section, State Historical Society of Wiscon­ sin, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706. Un­ COMPETITION for an annual $500 prize for the der terms of the original trust agreement, best article on Wisconsin economic history has submissions themselves should be sent to the been announced by the State Historical Soci­ Society's director.

240 THE BOARD OF CURATORS

THOMAS H. BARLAND, Eau Claire MRS. MICHAEL MCKEEVER, Ptairie du (ihien

MRS. B. L. BERNHARDT, Ca.s.sville WILLIAM C. KIDD, Racine

PATRICIA A. BOGE, La Cro.s.se NEWELL G. MEYER, Eagle

DAVID E. CLARENBACH, Madison GEORGE H. MILLER, Ripon

E. DAVID CRONON, Madison JOHN M. MURRY, Hales Corners

MRS. JAMES P. CZAJKOWSKI, Wauzeka FREDERICK 1. OLSON, Wauwatosa

MRS. L. PRENTICE EAGER, JR., Evansville FRED A. RISSER, Madison C. P. Fox, Baraboo BRIAN D. RUDE, Coon Valley

PAUL C. GARTZKE, Madison DR. LOUIS C. SMILH, (Cassville MRS. HU{;H F. (iwiN, Hudson ROBERT SMII H, .Seymour

WILFREDJ. HARRIS, Madison MRS. WILLIAM H. L. SMYIHE, Milwaukee

MRS. RICHARD L. HARTZELL, Grantsburg WILLIAM F. SI ARK, Pewaukee

NATHAN S. HEFFERNAN, Madison WILSON B. THIEDE, Madison

KIRBY HENDEE, Madison RoBERi S. TRAVIS, Platteville

MRS. FANNIE HICKLIN, Madison ('HARLES TwiNiNt;, Ashland

WILLIAM HUFFMAN, Wisconsin Rapids EDWARDJ. VIRNK;, New Berlin

MRS. PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR., Fond du Lac (iERALD D. VISIE, Wausau

BLAKE R. KELLOGG, Madison

ROBERT M. O'NEIL, President of the University ROBERT B. L. MURPHY, President of the Wisconsin History Foundation

MRS. WILLIAM B.JONES, President of the

Friends of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin MRS. VIVIAN GUZNICZAK, Chairman, Wisconsin Council for Local History

Friends of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin

MRS. WILLIAM B.JONES, MRS. WILLIAM J. WEB.STER, TWO Rivers, Fort Atkinson, President Secretary MRS. RICHARD G. JACOBUS, Milwaukee, WILSON B. THIEDE, Madison, Treasurer Vice-President MRS. JOHN ERSKINE, Kacme, Past President

Fellows Curators Emeritus

VERNON CARSTENSEN ROBERT H. IRRMANN, Beloit MERLE CURTI MRS. EDWARD C.JONES, Fort Atkinson ALICE E. SMITH HOWARD W. MEAD, Madison MILO K. SWANTON, Madi.son THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY SHALL promote a wider appreciation of the American heritage with particular emphasis on the collection, advancement and dissemination of knowledge of the history of Wisconsin and of the West. —Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 44

WHi(X3) 40912 Nashotah House library, about 1940.

^^^TE HISTO^ Isbs?