Overview of Coal Liquefaction

Overview of Coal Liquefaction James A. Lepinski Vice President Headwaters Incorporated U.S.-India Coal Working Group Meeting Washington, D.C. November 18, 2005 Headwaters at a Glance 2 Coal Value Chain Coal Liquefaction Technologies 3 • Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) • Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) • Hybrid Coal Liquefaction (DCL/ICL) Direct Coal Liquefaction Process 4 H2S, NH3, COx Recycle H Gas Recovery C1 –C2 Make-up Hydrogen 2 Treatment LPG Hydro- Gasoline Coal + Catalyst Coal Refining Liquefaction treating Diesel Fuel H-Donor Slurry Slurry Heavy Vacuum Fractionation Gas Oil (HVGO) De-Ashed Solvent Ash Reject Oil (DAO) De-ashing Direct Coal Liquefaction Plants 5 Lawrenceville, NJ Catlettsburg, KY Inner Mongolia, China 30 bpd 1800 bpd 17,000 bpd Indirect Coal Liquefaction Process 6 Oxygen/ Coal* Steam Iron Catalyst FT Product CxHy Gasification & H2 + CO FT Separation & Gas Cleaning Syngas Synthesis Liquids & Wax Upgrading Steam Tail Gas Sulfur, CO Water Ultra-Clean 2 and Liquid Fuels and Ash Electric Oxygenates & Chemical Steam Power Feedstocks Generation *Any carbon-bearing feedstock Electricity Indirect Coal Liquefaction Plant 7 Brownsville, TX 7,000 bpd GTL Plant Secunda, South Africa 135,000 bpd Maximizing the Value of Coal 8 Electricity Production A choice to make: Products Value 1.8 MWh electricity $72 Total $72 n io st bu Fuel and Power Production om Products Value C 0.05 MWh electricity $2 1 ton 0.17 bbls naphtha $8 Indirect Coal 1.29 bbls diesel fuel $100 Coal* Liquefaction Total $110 Po ly ge Fuel, Power & Fertilizer Production ne Products Value ra tio 0.19 MWh electricity $8 n 0.18 bbls naphtha $9 0.96 bbls diesel fuel $75 0.18 t ammonium nitrate $63 Total $155 *Sub-bituminous coal as received basis Comparison of DCL and ICL Economics (Based on Sub-bituminous Coal at $1/mm BTU) 9 For discussion purposes only. Direct Indirect Capex for 50,000 bpd plant ($billion)* 3.3 3.3 Coal required for 50,000 bpd (stpd as rcvd) 23,000 32,000 Coal feedstock cost ($/bbl) 8 11 Opex excluding coal ($/bbl) 17 12 Return on investment @ 15% ($/bbl)** 30 30 Production cost including 15% ROI ($/bbl) 55 53 Crude oil equivalent ($/bbl) 41 40 * U.S. location. **100% equity basis Comparison of DCL and ICL Final Products 10 Direct Indirect Distillable product mix 65% diesel 80% diesel 35% naphtha 20% naphtha Diesel cetane 42-47 70-75 Diesel sulfur <5 ppm <1 ppm Diesel aromatics 4.8% <4% Diesel specific gravity 0.865 0.780 Naphtha octane (RON) >100 45-75 Naphtha sulfur <0.5 ppm Nil Naphtha aromatics 5% 2% Naphtha specific gravity 0.764 0.673 Hybrid DCL/ICL Plant Concept 11 Coal Indirect Coal Raw ICL products Gasification Liquefaction (FT) FT tail gas Product Hydrogen H2 Final Blending and Recovery Products Refining H2 Direct Coal Coal Liquefaction Raw DCL products 12.

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Wave Liquefaction™ Combines Gaseous and Solid Hydrocarbons to Cleanly and Efficiently Produce Liquid Fuels Or Chemicals and Ca
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-OOOCL i mini mi BG9700003 ENERGY FORUM 12-14-JUNE1996 INTERNATIONAL HOUSE OF SCIENTIST »F. J. CURIE", VARNA, BULGARIA STUDIES ON LIQUEFACTION AND PYROLYSIS OF PEAT AND BIOMASS AT KTH Emilia Bjdrnbom, Krister Sjdstrdm, Christina Hdrnell, Rolando Zanzi andPehr Bjdrnbom Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Chemical Technology Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, S-l 0044 Stockholm, Sweden Tel. (+468) 7908256, Fax. (+468) 1085 79 Abstract Thermochemical processes for conversion of peat and biomass have been studied at Kungliga Tekniska Hdgskolan, KTH, (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) since the energy crisis in the seventies. Pyrolysis has mostly been studied as a tool for better understanding of both liquefaction and gasification of the fuels. Intensive work on the liquefaction has taken place mostly in the period between 1976 and 1990. The present activities are focused on the gasification and pyrolysis of biomass. Introduction The research on the thermochemical conversion of peat and biomass in Sweden was intensified after the energy crisis 1973 (Rensfelt et al., 1978; Bjdrnbom, P., 1976). Intensive studies on peat liquefaction took place at KTH until 1990 (Bjdrnbom, P., 1979, 1983; Bjdrnbom, P. et al., 1981, 1987; Bjdrnbom, P. and Bjdrnbom, E., 1988; Bjdrnbom, E. and Bjdrnbom, P., 1988; Bjdrnbom, E. et al., 1979 1980, 1986, 1988, 1991; Hdrnell et al., 1985). The decrease of the oil prices in the eighties cooled down the interest of the authorities in Sweden in the development of a process for direct liquefaction of peat and biomass. The activities on the gasification at KTH after the energy crisis aimed mostly the practical application of the process (Rensfelt et al., 1978).
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