Traveling Magazine: Travel Anywhere

EASY GOGO

New York City A Brief Look. Spring 2008 History Colonial American Revolution and the early United States March, 19th century growth

2008 The 20th century A Brief Look. Spring 2008

Manhattan is an island borough of New York City, New York, USA, coterminous with New York County. With a 2000 population of 1,537,195[1} living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.47 km), it is the most densely populated county in the United States at 66,940 residents per square mile (25,846/km).[2] The borough consists of Island, Roosevelt Island, Randalls Island, almost 1/10th of Ellis Island,[3] the above-water portion of Liberty Island, several much smaller islands, and a small section on the mainland of New York State adjacent to the Bronx.

Manhattan is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of the United States and, to varying extents, of the world.[4][5][6] Manhattan has many famous landmarks, tourist attractions, museums, and universities. It is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations. Manhattan has the largest central business district in the United States, is the site of both the New York

Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, and is the home the west and east sides of the Mauritius River to the largest number of corporate headquarters in (later named the Hudson River). The word the nation. It is indisputably the center of “Manhattan” has been translated as “island of New York City and the New York metropolitan many hills” from the Lenape language.[8] The region, holding the seat of city government, Encyclopedia of New York City offers other and the largest fraction of employment, business, derivations, including from Munsee language and recreational activities. words manahachtanienk (“place of general inebriation”), manahatouh (“place where timber The name Manhattan derives from the word is procured for bows and arrows”), or menatay Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook (“island”).[9] of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson’s yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).[7] A 1610 map depicts the name Manahata twice, on both

1 A Brief Look. EASYGOGO History Colonial

The area that is now Man- hattan was long inhabited by the Lenape. In 1524, Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to pass New York Harbor, although he did not enter the harbor past the Narrows.[10] It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped.[11] Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there on September 11, 1609, and continued up the river that bears his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present day Albany. [12]A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625 construction was started on

a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on [16] In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant of provisional transfer with Manhattan Island, later called was appointed as the last the British which sought to New Amsterdam (Nieuw Am- Dutch Director General of guarantee New Netherlanders sterdam).[13][14] Manhattan the colony.[17] The colony liberties, including freedom Island was chosen as the site was granted self-government of religion, under British rule. of Fort Amsterdam, a citadel in 1652 and New Amsterdam [20][21] for the protection of the new was formally incorporated as arrivals; its 1625 establishment a city on February 2, 1653.[18] is recognized as the birth In 1664, the British traded the date of New York City.[15] area against Suriname and In 1626, Peter Minuit acquired renamed it “New York” after Manhattan from native people the English Duke of York and in exchange for trade goods, Albany.[19] Stuyvesant and often said to be worth $24. his council negotiated 24 articles

EASYGOGO History Colonial. 2 American Revolution and The Early United States

Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of major battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the disastrous Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The city became the British political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.[22] Manhattan was greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the British military rule that followed. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city.[23]

From January 11, 1785 to Autumn 1788, New York City was the fifth of five capitals under the Articles of Confederation, with the Continental Congress residing city in the United States. Tammany Hall, a at New York City Hall then at Fraunces Democratic Party political machine, began to Tavern. New York was the first capital grow in influence with the support of many of under the newly enacted Constitution of the immigrant Irish, culminating in the election the United States, from March 4, 1789 to of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in August 12, 1790 at .[24] 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park, which opened to the public in 1858, became the first landscaped park in an American city and the nation’s first public park.[25][26] During the American Civil War, 19th Century Growth the city’s strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population (prior to then largely from Germany and Ireland), anger New York grew as an economic center, first about conscription and resentment at those who as a result of Alexander Hamilton’s policies and could afford to pay $300 to avoid service, led practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury to resentment against Lincoln’s war policies, culminating and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in the three-day long New York Draft Riots of in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to July 1863, one of the worst incidents of civil the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern disorder in American history, with an estimated United States and Canada. By 1810, New York 119 participants and passersby massacred.[27] City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest After the Civil War, the rate of immigration

3 American Revolution. EASYGOGO from Europe grew steeply, and New York created Bronx County, and New York County became the first stop for millions seeking a new was reduced to its present boundaries.[31] and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France.[28][29] The new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city was a hotbed of revolution, syndicalism, racketeering, and unionization. In 1883, the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a surface connection across the East River. In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed.[30] The City of Greater New York was formed in 1898, with Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, established as two separate boroughs. On January 1, 1914, the New York State Legislature

EASYGOGO 19th Century Growth. 4 The 20th Century

The construction of the time in the Prohibition era affluence to the working , first that saw dueling class, the city’s government opened in 1904, helped bind in the skyline. New York City and infrastructure underwent the new city together, as did became the most populous a dramatic overhaul under additional bridges to Brooklyn. city in the world in 1925, LaGuardia. Despite the effects In the 1920s, Manhattan overtaking London, which of the Great Depression, the saw the increasing influx of had reigned for a century. 1930s saw the building of Blacks as part of the Great [32] On March 25, 1911, the some of the world’s tallest Migration from the American Triangle Shirtwaist Factory skyscrapers, including South, and the Harlem Renais- fire in Greenwich Village numerous Art Deco mas- sance, part of a larger boom took the lives of 146 garment terpieces that are still part workers, which would eventually of the city’s skyline today. lead to great improvements in the city’s fire department, Returning World War II building codes, and workplace veterans and immigrants regulations.[33] from Europe created a postwar economic boom and The period between the led to the development of World Wars saw the election huge housing developments, of reformist mayor Fiorello targeted at returning veterans, LaGuardia and the fall of including Peter Cooper Village— Tammany Hall after eighty Stuyvesant Town which opened years of political dominance. in 1947.[35] In 1951, the [34] As the city’s demographics United Nations relocated stabilized, labor unionization from its first headquarters in brought new protections and Queens, to the East Side of

5 The 20th Century. EASYGOGO Manhattan.[36]

Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots and population and industrial decline in the 1960s. By the 1970s, the city had gained a reputation as a graffiti-covered, crime-ridden relic of history.[37] In 1975, the city government faced imminent bankruptcy, and its appeals for assistance were initially rejected, summarized by the classic October 30, 1975 New York Daily News headline as “Ford to City: Drop Dead”. [38] The fate was avoided through a federal loan and 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall at the heart of the AIDS debt restructuring, and the Street, and the city reclaimed crisis, with Greenwich city was forced to accept its role at the center of the Village at its epicenter. Gay increased financial scrutiny world-wide financial industry. Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC) by New York State.[39] The The 1980s also saw Manhattan and AIDS Coalition to Unleash

EASYGOGO The 20th Century. 6 P o w e r ( A C T U P ) w e r e founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease.

Starting in the 1990s, crime rates dropped drastically and the outflow of population turned around, as the city once again became the desti- nation not only of immigrants from around the world, but of many U.S. citizens seeking a cosmopolitan lifestyle.

Modern New York City is familiar to many people around the globe thanks to its popularity as a setting for films and television series. Notable television examples include such award-winning shows as Friends, Seinfeld, NYPD Blue, Law & Order, Will & Grace, Gossip Girl and Sex and the City. Notable film examples include Miracle on 34th Street, Ghostbusters, Cloverfield, which specifically takes place in Manhattan, and many of Woody Allen’s films, such as Annie Hall, Bananas, and Manhattan.

7 The 20th Century. EASYGOGO References:

1. New York—Place and County Subdivision, United States Census Bureau, accessed 2007-05-01. 2. District Profile: New York City, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Accessed 2006-09-04. 3. New Jersey v. New York, 523 U.S. 767 (1998), accessed 2008-01-04. 4. Barry, Dan. “ A NATION CHALLENGED: IN NEW YORK; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun”, , October 11, 2001. Accessed December 22, 2007. “A roar- ing void has been created in the financial center of the world.” 5. Sorrentino, Christopher. “When He Was Seventeen”, The New York Times, September 16, 2007. Accessed December 22, 2007. “In 1980 there were still the vestigial remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York’s music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world.” 6. Bumiller, Elisabeth. “THE POPE’S VISIT: THE CARDINAL; As Pope’s Important Ally, Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy”, The New York Times, October 8, 1995. Accessed December 18, 2007. “As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States, Cardinal O’Connor has extraordi- nary power among Catholic prelates.” 7. Full Text of Robert Juet’s Journal: From the collections of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, 1841 log book, Newsday. Accessed 2007-05-16. 8. Holloway, Marguerite. “URBAN TACTICS; I’ll Take Mannahatta”, The New York Times, May 16, 2004, accessed 2007-04-30. “He could envision what Henry Hudson saw in 1609 as he sailed along Mannahatta, which in the Lenape dialect most likely meant island of many hills.’ 9. “More on the names behind the roads we ride”, The Record (Bergen County), April 21, 2002. Ac- cessed 2007-10-26. “The origin of Manhattan probably is from the language of the Munsee Indians, according to the Encyclopedia of New York City. It could have come from manahachtanienk, meaning place of general inebriation, or manahatouh, meaning place where timber is procured for bows and ar- rows, or menatay, meaning island.” 10. Sullivan, Dr. James. “The History of New York State: Book I, Chapter III”, USGenNet, accessed 2007-05-01. “There is satisfactory evidence that Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed into the outer harbor of New York in 1524. 11. Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: the World’s Capital City, Its Develop- ment and Contributions to Progress. Harper. 12. “Henry Hudson and His Exploration” Scientific American, September 25, 1909, accessed May 1, 2007. “This was a vain hope, however, and the conviction must finally have come to the heart of the in- trepid adventurer that once again he was foiled in his repeated quest for the northwest passage … On the following day the “Half Moon” let go her anchor inside of Sandy Hook. The week was spent in explor- ing the bay with a shallop, or small boat, and “they found a good entrance between two headlands” (the Narrows) “and thus entered on the 11th of September into as fine a river as can be found.”” 13. Dutch Colonies, National Park Service. Accessed May 19, 2007. “Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Man- hattan.” 14. Tolerance Park Historic New Amsterdam on Governors Island, Tolerance Park. Accessed May 12, 2007. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708. 15. City Seal and Flag, New York City, accessed May 13, 2007. “Date: Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625, being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam.” 16. Letter of 1626 stating that Manhattan Island had been purchased for the value of 60 guilders, The

EASYGOGO References. 8 about $24. 17. Williams, Jasmin K. “New York - The Empire States”, The New York Post, November 22, 2006. Ac- cessed May 19, 2007. “In 1647, Dutch leader Peter Stuyvesant arrived with an iron fist to put an end to the colony’s rampant crime and restore order.” 18. About the Council, New York City Council. Accessed May 18, 2007. 19. The Origins of New York State’s County Names, New York Department of State, accessed April 27, 2007. “New York: in honor of the Duke of York. 20. Griffis, William Elliot. “The Story of New Netherland” Chapter XV: The Fall of New Netherland, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909. “In religious matters, Article VIII of the capitulation read, “The Dutch shall enjoy the liberty of their consciences in Divine worship and in Church government.”” 21. Tolerance Park Historic New Amsterdam on Governors Island, Tolerance Park, accessed April 26, 2007. 22. Fort Washington Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed May 18, 2007. 23. “Happy Evacuation Day”, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, November 23, 2005. Accessed May 18, 2007. 24. The Nice Capitals of the United States. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, PA: Maple Press, 1948. 25. Blair, Cynthia. “1858: Central Park Opens”, Newsday. Accessed May 29, 2007. “Between 1853 and 1856, city commissioners purchased more than 700 acres (2.8 km²) from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park, the nation’s first public park as well as its first landscaped park.” 26. Rybczynski , Witold. “Olmsted’s Triumph” at the Internet Archive, Smithsonian (magazine), July 2003. Accessed May 29, 2007. “By 1876, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy, treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States.” 27. Ward, Geoffrey C. “Gangs of New York”, a review of Paradise Alley by Kevin Baker, The New York Times, October 6, 2002. Accessed May 29, 2007. “The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook, 119 people are known to have been killed, mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops, brought back from the battlefield to restore order, started shooting.” 28. Statue of Liberty, National Park Service. Accessed May 17, 2007. 29. “New Jerseyans’ Claim To Liberty I. Rejected”, The New York Times, October 6, 1987. Accessed May 19, 2007. “The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state.” 30. Macy Jr., Harry. Before the Five-Borough City: The Old Cities, Towns and Villages That Came Together to Form “Greater New York”, New York Genealogical and Biographical Society from The NYG&B Newsletter, Winter 1998, accessed April 29, 2007. “In 1683, when the Province of New York was first divided into counties, the City of New York also became New York County... In 1874, to ac- commodate this growth, New York City and County annexed from Westchester County what is now the western Bronx... In 1895 New York City annexed the eastern Bronx.” 31. Hermalyn, Gary and Ultan, Lloyd. Bronx History: A General Survey, New York Public Library, ac- cessed April 26, 2007. 32. Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Manning, Susan. “City systems and world-systems: Four millennia of city growth and decline”, University of California, Riverside Institute for Research on World-Systems.

9 References. EASYGOGO Accessed May 17, 2007. “New York, which became the largest city in the world by 1925, beating out London...” 33. Rosenberg, Jennifer. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, About.com. Accessed May 17, 2007. 34. Allen, Oliver E. (1993). “Chapter 9: The Decline”, The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. 35. “Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today,” The New York Times, August 1, 1947. p. 19 36. Behrens, David. “The World Came to Long Island: The small Village of Lake Success played a big role in the launch of the United Nations”, Newsday. Accessed May 29, 2007. “In the spring of 1951, the UN moved to its current home along Manhattan’s East River.” 37. Haberman, Clyde. “Surviving Fiscal Crisis (and Disco)”, The New York Times, January 25, 1998. Accessed May 29, 2007. 38. Zeitz, Joshua. “New York City on the Brink”, American Heritage (magazine), November 26, 2005. Accessed May 29, 2007. 39. Firestone, David. “This Time, New York City Is All Alone”, The New York Times, May 18, 1995. Accessed May 29, 2007.

EASYGOGO References. 10