Geographica 14
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Geographica 14 Chiara Valli Pushing borders Cultural workers in the restructuring of post-industrial cities Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hörsal 2, Ekonomikum, Kirkogårdsgatan 10, Uppsala, Friday, 19 May 2017 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Doctor Sara Gonzalez (School of Geography, Leeds University). Abstract Valli, C. 2017. Pushing borders. Cultural workers in the restructuring of post-industrial cities. Geographica 14. 153 pp. Uppsala: Department of Social and Economic Geography. ISBN 978-91-506-2631-5. This research explores the agency and positioning of cultural workers in the restructuring of contemporary cities. This positioning is ambiguous. Cultural workers often lead precarious professional lives, yet their significant symbolic and cultural capital is widely mobilised in the service of neoliberal urban restructuring, including ‘creative city’ flagship developments and gentrification. But cultural workers’ actual agency, their reactions to urban processes that exploit their presence, and their relations to other urban social groups, are poorly understood and hard to decipher. This thesis addresses these issues through three articles. Paper I examines a process of artist-led gentrification ongoing in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York. It shows that artists, gallerists and other members of the local art scene contribute to sustaining gentrification through their everyday practices and discourses. The gentrification frontier is constructed on an everyday level as a transitional space and time in the scene members’ lives. Gentrification is de-politicised by discursively underplaying its conflictual components of class and racial struggle. Forms of resistance to gentrification amongst scene members are found, but they appear to be sector-specific and exclusive. Finally, scene members tend to fail at establishing meaningful relationships with long-time residents. Paper II brings the perspectives of long-time residents in Bushwick to the forefront. Examination of the emotional and affectual components of displacement reveals that these aspects are as important as material re-location to understanding displacement and gentrification. The encounter with newcomers’ bodies in neighbourhood spaces triggers a deep sense of displacement for long-time residents, evoking deep-rooted structural inequalities of which gentrification is one spatial expression. Paper III examines the case of Macao, a collective mobilisation of cultural workers in Milan, Italy. There, cultural workers have mobilised against neoliberal urbanism, top-down gentrification, corruption, growing labour precarity and other regressive urban and social issues. The paper considers the distinctive resources, aesthetic tactics and inaugurative practices mobilised and enacted in the urban space by Macao and it argues that by deploying their cultural and symbolic capital, cultural workers can reframe the relations between bodies, space and time, and hence challenge power structures. Cultural workers might not have the power to determine the structural boundaries and hierarchies that organize urban society, including their own positioning in it. Nonetheless, through their actions and discourses and subjectification processes, they can reinforce or challenge those borders. Chiara Valli, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Box 513, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Chiara Valli 2017 ISSN 0431-2023 ISBN 978-91-506-2631-5 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318548 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318548) Grazie! People often say that writing a doctoral thesis is an exciting intellec- tual journey. For me, it has been a true existential expedition. Since 2011, when I was accepted to the PhD program at Uppsala Univer- sity, I left my home country and moved to Sweden, I moved six times just within Uppsala, I lived in New York, I travelled to con- ferences and courses around Europe, I got fieldwork-related bedbugs (twice), I struggled on my way from being an urban planner to be- coming a geographer (whatever that means), I encountered so many people and they allowed me into their stories and lives and strug- gles. I became a mother, the proudest in the world. I learned so much I could not possibly have imagined before. I could put a name to many past and present frustrations and realized they were actual- ly miseries of patriarchy and capitalism which could and should be fought. I could explore, in breadth and depth, and I could find Home. Now it is time to finally thank those of you who, knowingly or not, have been the most important characters in this long trip. My first acknowledgement goes to my research participants, who have been so generous opening their doors to me. Without your help, this whole project would not have been possible. I sincerely feel that doing a PhD is a privilege, and I am grateful to the Department of Social and Economic Geography for granting me the opportunity to do so. I also thank Professor Ida Susser, at the Anthropology Department at Hunter College and CUNY, New York City, for hosting me as a visiting PhD student for six months in 2013. Moreover, I thank the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG), Anna Maria Lundin foundation at Småland Nation, Håkanssons travel grant fund, Sederholm travel grant fund for generously supporting the costs associated with my fieldwork and participation at conferences. For engaging so closely with my work, discussing it with enthusi- asm, teaching me how to build an argument, proof-editing all of my texts - especially the three articles, and simply always being there for me, I would like to thank my first supervisor Brett Christophers. I would not be as proud of my thesis as I am now without your rock-solid support throughout the years. I would like to thank my second supervisor Dominic Power for our thesis discussions, which helped me in challenging and develop- ing my work. I also want to thank the people who read and commented on ear- lier versions of this thesis and articles. To the reading group: Alison Gerber, Tom Mels, Roger Andersson, thank you for your construc- tive engagement and support, even after the reading group meeting, it helped a lot. Thank you also to other PhD students and former colleagues who provided me with invaluable discussions and feed- back on some of my texts: Sara Forsberg (who also gave me ideas for the thesis title), Tina Mathisen, Jasna Sersic, Cecilia Pasquinelli, Brian Hracs and John Guy Perrem, who also helped me with proofediting a few texts. Thanks to Andreas Alm Fjellborg for co- writing the study in appendix 2. Thanks to Mary McAfee for the excellent proof-reading of the Kappa. For my time in New York, I want to thank: Ila, for sharing with me one of the most special times of my life; Roger and Lisa Anders- son, for all the fun and for so incredibly generously saving me from a nasty bedbugs situation. For our collaboration in organizing the ‘Human Geographies of Bushwick’ workshop and community day participation, thanks to Silent Barn, North West Bushwick Com- munity Group, and in particular Kunal Gupta, Margaret Croft, Bridgette Blood and Sarah Quinter. I am grateful to INURA, the International Network of Urban Research and Action, for being so much more than any academic networking. I want to collectively thank everybody working at the Depart- ment of Social and Economic Geography during these years. It has been a special place to be at and I want to thank you for the inter- esting discussions and fun moments. Thank you to Aida Aragao Lagergren for listening and understanding, Susanne Stenbacka, Pam- ela Tipmanoworn, Lena Dahlborg, Karin Beckman, Kerstin Edlund for helping me take care of many administrative issues. Special thanks go, of course, to my current and past fellow PhD students: to those who started their PhD with me, Janne Margrethe Karlsson, Johanna Jokinen, Marat Murzabekov; to those who al- ready moved on to new lives, in particular Ann Rodenstedt, Yocie Hierofani, Sofie Joosse, Anna-Klara Lindeborg, Melissa Kelly, Jon Loit, Pepijn Olders; to those who are still here and rocking it, Ga- briela Hinchcliffe, Cecilia Fåhraeus, Kati Kadarik, Tylor Brydges, thank you for your friendship and the time together in and outside work, and all the others, thank you for making the department fun! Sara Forsberg, John Guy Perrem, Andreas Alm Fjellborg, Tina Ma- thisen, where do I even start with you? Thank you so much for warming up my Swedish days with your friendship and for the feel- ing that I can always count on you, it means the world. And finally, a big thank you to all of you who have always been there for me, outside work. To Glenda, Andrea, Agata and Skur- guyfbnmuff (?) for sharing the joys and sorrows of expat life in Upp- sala. To Anna and Roby, thank you for being the best life-long friends, from Kindergarten and Guccini sangria in Gorlago, to New York adventures, a PhD dissertation in Uppsala and so much more in the future. To Paulichu, because there are so many things only we can understand! To Lilli, Andrea and Giorgia, we can’t wait to have you here again. Grazie Debbi e grazie Sara! E´ sempre bello tornare a casa e sentirmi accolta da voi. To Anna, Daniela and Erica, thank you for visiting me up here in Uppsala. To our friends Lucia, Hector, Dimi, Sandy, Cihan, thank you for sustaining a great and international friendship and keeping us young(ish). To the Puptine (come prima and forever), it’s always a special feeling when we are together. Grazie alla mia famiglia, in particolare ai miei nonni. Grazie agli zii, zie, cugini e cugine. Anche se vado lontano, vi ho sempre con me. Maria és Jozsef, köszönöm hógy úgy érzem hógy svédórszágban is van egy családom. Luciana e famiglia Marmaglio, grazie per avere sempre un pensiero speciale per noi! Grazie Fede per esserci sempre a modo tuo.