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Diffusion of the News Paradigm 1850-2000 Kevin G Svennik Høyer and Horst Pöttker (eds.) Diffusion of the News Paradigm 1850-2000 Diffusion Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan Towards the turn of the 19th century, newspapers in the US were S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan expanding more rapidly than elsewhere. Was it this burgeoning market, Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik which inspired journalism to reinvent itself into a ‘new’ and different Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. kind of texts: clearer, fact oriented and without any obvious ideological Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno bias? Or were also broader cultural currents at work? Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harland S. This anthology is one of a few, which compares the developments of Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - KevinDiffusion G. Barnhurst - Bernd of Blöbaum the - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - news journalism cross-nationally. The creation of a ‘news paradigm’ in Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker US is traced from its beginnings up to the present; its varying impacts Michael Schudson - HarlandNews S. Stensaas - RudolfParadigm Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst on European journalism is discussed and documented for England - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki during the 1880s and 1890s, in Scandinavia between the 1870s and Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael1850-2000 Schudson - Harland S. Stensaas - Rudolf the present, in Germany before and after 1945, and in Central/Eastern- - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Europe before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Svennik H Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst øyer & Horst Pöttker (eds.) Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John NORDICOM Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research Göteborg University Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Telephone +46 31 773 10 00 (op.) Fax +46 31 773 46 55 Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker E-mail: [email protected] Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst www.nordicom.gu.se - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki ISBN 91-89471-30-X Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harlan S. Stensaas - Rudolf GÖTEBORG Stöber - Kevin G. Barnhurst - Bernd Blöbaum - Jan Ekecrantz - Katharina UNIVERSITY NORDICOM Hadamik - Hanno Hardt - Halliki Harro-Loit - Svennik Høyer - Søren Kolstrup - Epp Lauk - John Nonseid - Jukka Pietiläinen - Horst Pöttker - Michael Schudson - Harland S. Stensaas - Rudolf Stöber - NORDICOM Diffusion of the News Paradigm 1850-2000 Diffusion of the News Paradigm 1850-2000 Svennik Høyer and Horst Pöttker (eds.) NORDICOM Diffusion of the News Paradigm 1850-2000 Editors: Svennik Høyer and Horst Pöttker Language editor: Marcus Denton © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom (with one exception, see page 34) ISBN 91-89471-30-X Published by: Nordicom Göteborg University Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Roger Palmqvist Printed by: Grafikerna Livréna i Kungälv AB, Sweden, 2005 Contents Preface 7 Svennik Høyer The Idea of the Book. Introduction 9 The Anglo-American Background Michael Schudson The Emergence of the Objectivity Norm in American Journalism 19 Harlan S. Stensaas The Rise of the News Paradigm. A Review of the Scientific Literature 37 Horst Pöttker The News Pyramid and its Origin from the American Journalism in the 19th Century. A Professional Approach and an Empirical Inquiry 51 Svennik Høyer Old and New Journalism in The London Press. The 1880s and 1890s 65 Scandinavia Svennik Høyer The Rise and Fall of The Scandinavian Party Press 75 Jan Ekecrantz News Paradigms, Political Power and Cultural Contexts in 20th Century Sweden 93 Søren Kolstrup Telling the News. Danish Newspapers 1873-1941/2000 105 Svennik Høyer & John Nonseid The Half-hearted Modernisation of Norwegian Journalism 1908-1940 123 Germany Horst Pöttker Comments on the German Tradition of News Journalism 139 Rudolf Stöber Journalism Paradigms Before 1945 147 Bernd Blöbaum German Journalism after 1945. Reporting Instead of Influencing 157 5 Central and Eastern Europe Epp Lauk The Antithesis of the Anglo-American News Paradigm. News Practices in Soviet Journalism 169 Halliki Harro-Loit Historical Development of the News Format in Estonia 1920-1990 185 Jukka Pietiläinen From Participating to Informing. The Transition of Journalism in the Russian Regional Press 199 Katharina Hadamik Between East and West or Simply “Made in Poland”? The Many Different Styles of Today’s Polish Journalism 211 Alternative Perspectives Hanno Hardt The Industrialization of News. The American Experience 227 Kevin G. Barnhurst News Ideology in The Twentieth Century 239 Horst Pöttker Epilogue. Perspectives on the Development of the News Paradigm. The Quest for Autonomy 263 Bibliography 273 Author index 293 Subject index 299 About the Authors 309 6 Preface Media history is much more than a collection of chronological narratives set within national borders. As a social system media has several sustaining parts, at the same time different and interdependent. Some of these parts are in- ternational in origin while some are truly nationally or regionally unique in their development. Thus media history internationally can serve as a labora- tory to help detect the impact of political ideologies and other traditions, which influence journalism as a textual genre. It is in this spirit the following chapters have been written, collected and edited. This anthology is topically centred on the news paradigm: its origin and diffusion over more than a century. It also contrasts the news paradigm with some of its opposites in journalism history. Even when contributors vary methodologically – essays and empirically based overviews intermingle with systematic content analyses – they have the forms, the qualities and the substance of journalism in mind as a guiding principle. In this volume what was old and new journalism in the United States and Britain at the turn of the 19th century is compared to the multi party press in Scandinavia, which developed separately from the news paradigm for long periods. In other chapters the press in Central and Eastern Europe before and after the fall of German and Soviet totalitarianism are compared. In their aftermaths traits of the original news paradigm are found. These analyses make it evident that the news paradigm, cross-nationally and historically, is introduced and realised in quite different periods. There- fore a simple cause and effect relationship is difficult to demonstrate. But even though, enough traces are left to discern an intermittent diffusion cross- nationally. There are clearly certain conditions, which we associate with open societies and freedom of expression, which favour the realisation of a news paradigm and of more journalistic autonomy in general. While the authors in the first four sections are mainly preoccupied with the relations between the press and political systems, and their interpenetra- tions, the three authors in our last section give more specific ideas for what drives developments in journalism. Hanno Hardt emphasises the importance 7 PREFACE of the media industries in disciplining journalists. Horst Pöttker proposes, as an alternative explanation, the more general modernising trend towards differentiation into specialities and sub-specialities, which combines the economic, the political and the professional aspects. As in other sectors of society, the drive towards an institutional autonomy is mainly organised by the media themselves, and by the esprit de corps of journalists. Kevin Barnhurst demonstrates this trend towards more autonomy in a series of remarkable content analyses of US media. News stories have been widened in scope topically, over the years they have become less personalised and more at- tentive to social conditions and processes. Stories have been longer and news media have been more self-sufficient both for information
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