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Policy Exchange Ties That Bind: How the Story Of Muslims have a long and distinguished record of service in the British armed forces. Exchange Policy But this record has been almost completely obliterated in recent years by the competing narratives of the Far Right and of hardline Islamists. Both blocs, for their own ideological reasons, seem to assert that one cannot be both a loyal Briton and a good Muslim at the same time. Ties that Bind In Ties that Bind: How the story of Britain’s Muslim Soldiers can forge a national Bind Ties that How the story of Britain’s identity, former Islamist Shiraz Maher recaptures this lost history of Muslim service to the Crown. He shows that in the past the Muslim authorities in India successfully Muslim Soldiers can forge faced down Islamist propaganda and emotive appeals to their confessional a national identity obligations – and made it clear that there were no religious reasons for not fighting for the British Empire. This was particularly the case in the First World War, even Shiraz Maher when this country was locked in combat with the Ottoman Caliphate. Maher shows that this collective past constitutes the basis of a new shared future – which can endure in no less testing circumstances. It also forms the basis for enhanced recruitment of Muslims to the armed forces, without political preconditions attached. Shiraz Maher is a Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King’s College London and a former activist for the Islamist group Hizb ut Tahrir. £10.00 ISBN: 978-1-907689-09-3 Policy Exchange Clutha House 10 Storey’s Gate London SW1P 3AY www.policyexchange.org.uk Ties that Bind How the story of Britain’s Muslim Soldiers can forge a national identity Shiraz Maher Policy Exchange is an independent think tank whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas which will foster a free society based on strong communities, personal freedom, limited government, national self-confidence and an enterprise culture. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thoro ugh empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees Daniel Finkelstein (Chairman of the Board), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Richard Ehrman, Robin Edwards, Virginia Fraser, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Andrew Sells ,Tim Steel, Rachel Whetstone and Simon Wolfson. About the Author Shiraz Maher is a Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR), Kings College London. He is currently writing an intellectual history of al-Qaeda, exploring the development of its political thought by drawing on hitherto unexamined material. Prior to joining ICSR, Maher worked as a Senior Fellow at Policy Exchange. Maher was previously a journalist reporting on terrorism, radicalisation and the Middle Eas t. He has interviewed members of al-Qaeda in Saudi Arabia for the BBC and has embedded with the Pakistan Army, accompanying them on missions against the Pakistani Taliban in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border. Most recently he reported on the Egyptian revolution, spending time in Tahrir Square with protesters and opposition leaders. He is on the advisory board of the Institute for Middle East Democracy, and Student Rights, a non-partisan group dedicated to supporting equality,democracy and freedom from extremism on university campuses. Maher holds degrees in History from the University of Leeds, and Cambridge University. © Policy Exchange 2011 Front cover © Getty Images – July 1940: Portrait of Punjab Musalman soldiers at Indian Army camp in the desert near the Great Pyramids. Published by Policy Exchange, Clutha House, 10 Storey’s Gate, London SW1P 3AY www.policyexchange.org.uk ISBN: 978-1-907689-09-3 Printed by Heron, Dawson and Sawyer Designed by Soapbox, www.soapbox.co.uk 2 | policyexchange.org.uk Contents Acknowledgements 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 7 1 Muslims in the World Wars 13 FirstWorldWar 13 Recruiting for war 13 Supporting the troops:The Indian Comfort Fund 21 Fighting spirit and motivation: Sepoys in the trenches 23 Between Caliph and Crown:Turkey enters the war 27 Silk letters: dissent and mutiny 38 Their name liveth forevermore: Remembering the fallen 42 SecondWorldWar 44 Indian Muslims, Congress and the looming war 44 Recruiting for war and military modernisation 46 Conclusion 56 2 British Muslims and Barriers to Entering the Armed Forces 60 Barriers to entry: practical arguments 60 An ‘ummah consciousness’ 60 Loyalty and treason: the debate today 64 ‘War on Islam’ 66 Barriers to entry:Theological arguments 69 The Army 69 The Police 72 The Security Service 74 3 Conclusion – Reviving Muslim Service in the Armed Forces 77 Muslim attitudes to the armed forces 78 Fears of racism and discrimination 79 Guarding agai nst infiltration 81 Religious ‘gatekeepers’ 85 Appealing directly to Muslims 89 Reviving the historical record of service 92 Appendices 94 Appendix 1: Citation of Sepoy Ali Haider for aVictoria Cross 94 Appendix 2: Indian Army MuslimVictoria Cross awards 95 during the FirstWorldWar policyexchange.org.uk | 3 Appendix 3: Indian Army MuslimVictoria Cross awards during 95 the SecondWorldWar Appendix 4: Muslim George Cross winners 95 Bibliography 96 4 | policyexchange.org.uk Acknowledgements I am extremely indebted to Dean Godson for his encouragement and support while I wrote this pamphlet, and for affording me the space to explore the subject matter as I thought best. It is a privilege to work with him. A debt of gratitude is owed to Leah Samuel and Elena Schiff, whose assistance with archival research allowed me to compile this pamphlet faster than would otherwise have been possible. Jacob Amis, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens and Ashley Lait also assisted for which I am grateful. My thanks also go to William Clowes for pulling this pamphlet together so deftly. Michael Burleigh, Gordon Corrigan and Jahan Mahmood were more than generous with their time and helped with the historical sections, directing me through sometimes unwelcoming archives. Many thanks go to Professor Francis Robinson, Professor of the History of South Asia at Royal Holloway, University of London, for reading the historical content. I am g rateful to the staff and librarians from the repositories used in this research. These include the British Library, London; Cambridge University Library; Centre for South Asian Studies, Cambridge; Imperial War Museum; National Archives, London; and the National Army Museum. I must also thank the Ministry of Defence, the Research Information and Communications Unit, and all the servicemen who helped facilitate my access to events, people and material. Finally, I wish to thank Trevor Pears of the Pears Foundation for reposing confidence in me throughout this project. It could not have been done without him. Supported by Pears Foundation policyexchange.org.uk | 5 Executive Summary Muslims have a long and distinguished record of service in the British armed forces. But, in recent years, this history has been lost amidst the competing narratives of the far right and hardline Islamists. These two blocs are united in their assertion that a good Muslim cannot be a loyal Briton.This runs in the face of a collective past. During the two World Wars: ? Indian Muslim leaders successfully defined the conflicts as politi cal in nature, not religious. ? Indian Muslim leaders successfully counteracted the propaganda of Germany, the Ottoman Empire and pan-Islamists, which sought to portray fighting for Britain as a betrayal of Islam. ? Even after the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War on the side of Germany, the vast majority of Muslims serving in the British armed forces remained loyal to the Allies’ cause. ? The British military and politicians sought to provide for the spiritual and cultural needs of Muslim servicemen. ? The British military and politicians went to great lengths to prove that the Empire was in no way involved in a religious conflict with Islam. However, this proud record is in danger of becoming a forgotten footnote of British history.It needs to be revived in a contemporary context if we are to escape the binary and exclusivist messages that can isolate British Muslims from our armed forces. ? The Government must continue to work hard to counter the divisive messages of Islamists and the far right – which assert that the possession of Islamic beliefs is a barrier to pursuing a career in the armed forces. ? The notion that Britain is at war with Islam needs to be confronted.The Government should offer a counter-argument that refers to those occasions in which the British military has acted in defence of Muslims – and Muslims in defence of Britain. ? The MoD should vigorously promote the lifelong skills an d qualifications that an armed forces career can offer. ? The armed forces must continue to meet the spiritual needs of its servicemen and women. But there should be less consultation with self-appointed community groups from outside the military structure over the appointment of faith-specific chaplains. Anyone involved in the religious affairs of the armed forces must have sufficient experience of life in the military. ? The MoD should update its recruitment techniques .It should engage Muslims directly and not through ‘gatekeeper’ organisations. ? The heroic record of Commonwealth soldiers in the two World Wars should be more fully reflected in the history curriculum. 6 | policyexchange.org.uk Introduction ‘Like that, I think you cut it off like you cut a pig.Then you put it on a stick and we say, this is to all Muslims, man, we likes to, we want to join the Kuffar army, this is what will happen to you.Then we throw the body, burn it, send the video to the chacha [uncles, a term for Mujahideen leaders in Afghanistan or Pakistan].
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