Knowledge and Adoption of Recommended Coriander Production Technology by the Farmers in Baran District of Rajasthan
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Thesis
Submitted to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
in
Agriculture (Extension Education)
by
Surendra Kumar
2013
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - I
Date : _____2013
This is to certify that Mr. Surendra Kumar had successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on ______as required under the regulation for Master‟s degree.
(HANUMAN LAL) HEAD Department of Extension Education S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - II
Date : _____2013
This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Extension Education embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Surendra Kumar under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by advisory committee on ______2013.
(HANUMAN LAL) (HANUMAN LAL) Head Major Advisor Department of Extension Education S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
(G.L. KESHWA) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - III Date : _____2013 This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” submitted by Mr. Surendra Kumar to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Extension Education after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.
(HANUMAN LAL) Major Advisor
(J.P. YADAV) (K.N. GUPTA) Advisor Advisor
(HANUMAN LAL) (S.S.JHEEBA) Head (Dean, PGS, Nominee) Department of Extension Education S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (G.L. KESHWA) Dean S.K.N College of Agriculture, Approved Jobner
DEAN Post Graduate Studies S.K.R.A.U., Bikaner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE – IV
Date: _____2013
This is to certify that Mr. Surendra Kumar of the Department of Extension Education, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ______2013. The final copies of the thesis duly bound corrected were submitted on ______2013 and forwarded herewith for approval.
(HANUMAN LAL) Major Advisor
(HANUMAN LAL) Head Department of Extension Education S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
(G.L. KESHWA) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Approved
DEAN Post Graduate Studies S.K.R.A.U., Bikaner
Acknowledgement
The place of pride in this galaxy belongs to esteemed major advisor, Dr. Hanuman Lal, Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for suggesting and planning the present investigation, valuable guidance, constructive criticism, incessant encouragement, propitious assistance, keen and sustained interest and gracious patronage during the entire course of investigation and preparation of the manuscript.
The author is gratified to record his sincere thanks to the members of advisory committee namely, Dr. J.P. Yadav, Assoc. Professor, Extension Education, Dr. K.N. Gupta, Assoc. Professor & Head, Agricultural Statistics and Dr. Jheeba, Assoc. Professor, Agricultural Economics for their generous gesture and critical suggestions during the course of investigation.
My heartiest thankfulness and gratitude goes to Dr. Hanuman Lal, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, for his moral support, helpful criticism and providing facilities during the course of study.
Sense of obligation compels me to express my cordial thanks to Dr. G.L. Keshwa, Dean, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for providing necessary facilities in this venture.
I feel gratified to record my cordial thanks to Dr. N.K. Sharma (Assoc. Professor), Dr. G.S. Bangarva, (Assoc. Professor), Dr. I.M. Khan (Assoc. Professor), Dr. Sangram Singh, (Assoc. Professor), Sh. Ram Singh, Manish, Jwala, Padam and other staff members of the Department of Extension Education for their valuable co- operation in completing this investigation smoothly. The help extended by Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in the form of departmental scholarship is also duly acknowledged.
Also the help rendered by my seniors Sh. Dhrmendra Kumar Meena, Hanuman Sahay Bunkar, and my friends Gaurav, Promod, Sunita, Raju, and juniors Hemant, Arun and Vijendra for their regular support, motivation and inspiration.
With extreme humble sense of regards, I bow down my head to my beloved father Sh. Hemraj Meena and mother Smt. Prem Bai whose blessings and inspiration always encouraged me for higher studies. I also express my deep affection to my elder brother, Sh. Nand Bihari, Ram Dayal and my Bhabi Rajkaranta my nephew Dilkush, Vikas, Varsha whole family alongwith other well wishers whose incessant love, affection and encouragement brought the present task to completion.
I acknowledge warmly Mr. R.K. Bana (Shivam Computers) without whose hard work and incessant effort, this task could not take the shape in due time.
Date : ______Place: Jobner (Surendra Kumar)
Contents
Chapter No. Particulars Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION ......
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......
3. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION ......
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..…....
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ......
ABSTRACT (HINDI) ......
APPENDICES ......
List of tables
Table Particulars Page No. No. 1.1 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Seed …….. Spices in India (2010-11)
1.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Seed Spices in …….. Rajasthan (2010-11) 4.1 Tehsil-wise area and production of coriander in Baran …….. district (2010-11) 4.2 Selection of tehsil, gram panchayats, villages and …….. respondents for the present investigation 4.3 Variables and their measurement …….. 5.1 Distribution of the coriander growers according to …….. their selected personal characteristics 5.2 Distribution of farmers under different knowledge …….. level about recommended coriander production technology 5.3 Knowledge level of farmers about recommended …….. coriander production technology (package of practices wise knowledge level) 5.4 Distribution of farmers under different adoption level …….. of recommended Coriander production technology 5.5 Extent of adoption of recommended Coriander …….. production technology by the farmers (package of practices wise adoption level) 5.6 Association between knowledge level of farmers …….. about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables 5.7 Multiple regression analysis of knowledge level of …….. farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables Contd…. Table Particulars Page No. No. 5.8 Association between adoption level of recommended …….. coriander production technology and their selected independent variables 5.9 Multiple regression analysis adoption of farmers …….. about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables 5.10 Input constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption …….. of recommended coriander production technology 5.11 Technical constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology 5.12 Marketing constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology 5.13 Miscellaneous constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology 5.14 Overall constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology
List of figures
Figure Between Particulars No. Page No. 1. Tentative paradigm showing association between …….. knowledge level and independent variables 2. Tentative paradigm showing association between adoption level and independent variables 3. Locale of the study …….. 4. Selection of locale and respondents under study …….. 5. Distribution of farmers under different knowledge …….. level about recommended coriander production technology 6. Knowledge level of farmers about recommended …….. coriander production technology (package of practices wise) 7. Distribution of farmers under different adoption level …….. of recommended coriander production technology 8. Adoption level of recommended coriander …….. production technology (package of practices wise) 9. Final paradigm showing association between …….. knowledge level and independent variables 10. Final paradigm showing association between …….. adoption level and independent variables 11. Input constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology 12. Technical constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology Contd…
Figure Between Particulars No. Page No. 13. Marketing constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology 14. Miscellaneous constraints perceived by the farmers …….. in adoption of recommended coriander production technology 15. Overall constraints perceived by the farmers in …….. adoption of recommended coriander production technology
List of appendices
Appendix Page Particulars No. No. I Schedule for measurement of independent …….. variables II To measure the knowledge level of farmers …….. about recommended coriander production technology III Schedule to find out extent of adoption of …….. recommended coriander production technology IV Schedule to measure constraints perceived by …….. the farmers
1. Introduction
Agriculture is the back bone of Indian economy. It provides livelihood to 64 per cent of the labour force and contributes about a quarter shares to the national income of the country. Its pivotal importance needs to be emphasized because 30 per cent of the national income originates from the agricultural sector. It provides the basis of raw material to many premier industries viz., cotton, jute, sugar, oil etc. Being the largest source of employment and income, it provides vast market for our industrial products. All types of crops representing cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibers, spices and condiments are grown in our country. (Indian Economy 2010-11) India has been the „Home of Spices‟ since time immemorial. It is the world largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices which are being cultivated widely in the country over different agro-climatic zones. Seed species crop occupy, prominent place in the total basket of spices of the country and play a significant role in our national economic. The group of spices account for about 37 per cent and 18 per cent of the total area and production of spices in the country, respectively. (Spices Board and CMIE 2010-11) Seed spices as a group of crops and in particularly coriander, fenugreek, cumin and fennels are very important not only for home consumption but also for improving economic condition of farmers cut large. Seed spices are the crops in which interest of industries is also increasing consistently. Traders and exporters are equally concerned about development of seed spices in the country. From these considerations, seed spices are not only cash crop but also they can be termed as “dynamic crop commodities” particularly in the view of their great export potential. (Spices Board and CMIE 2010-11) Coriander is an important condiment sand highly valued spice grown in India. It is probably the first species to be used by men as common flavoring substance. The stem leaves and grains have a pleasant aroma. The entire plant used in preparing „chutney‟. Whereas, leaves are used for flavoring curries, sauce and soups. The dry grains are extensively used in preparation of curry powder, pickling spices and seasoning. (Sharma and Sharma, 2004) Coriander seed have aromatic odor and tests of coriander fruits is due to an essential oil, which is made up of hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds. Besides the essential oil the seed contains 16.1%, fatty oil, 14.1% protein 21.65, carbohydrate, 32.6% fibers, 11.2% moisture and 4.4% mineral matters (Sharma and Sharma, 2004) and coriander leaves are very rich in vitamin A containing 5200 to 12000 IU per 100 g as mentioned by various authors (Shamygavel et al., 2002). Coriander is a winter season crop and requires moderately cool climate for its proper growth and development. In India, it is grown mainly in rabi season.
Table: 1.1 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Seed Spices in India (2010-11)
S. Seed Area Production (% Productivity No. spices (% total spices total spices (kg/ha) area) ha production) tonnes 1. Coriander 530500(43.98%) 48200 (46.24%) 908.57 2. Cumin 507800(42.06%) 314200 (30.14%) 618.74 3. Fenugreek 81200(6.72%) 118400(11.36%) 145.81 4. Fennel 61800 (5.11%) 105400 (10.11%) 170.55 5. Ajwain 25800 (2.13%) 22200 (2.13%) 860.46 Total 1207100 (100%) 1042200(100%) 863.39 Source: Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut.
India has a unique place in seed spices map of world which produces 1042200 tonnes seed from 1207100 hectare area. As far as total seed spices production of India concurs, coriander contributes 46.24 per cent whereas, in respect of area, coriander covers 43.98 per cent. Table: 1.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Seed Spices in Rajasthan (2010-11)
S. Seed Area Production (% Productivity No. spices (% total spices total spices (kg/ha) area) ha production) tonnes 1. Coriander 197891(30.54%) 218899 (46.89%) 1106 2. Cumin 330637(51.04%) 114925(24.62%) 347 3. Fenugreek 80378(12.40%) 94199(20.18%) 1171 4. Fennel 26973(4.16%) 26157(5.60%) 970 5. Ajwain 11896 (1.83%) 12595(2.69%) 745 Total 647775 (100%) 466775 (100%) 720.58 Source: Vital Agriculture Statistics, Directorate of Agriculture Rajasthan (2010-11).
In India major coriander growing states are Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. The state of Rajasthan has a unique place in Seed spices on map of India which produce 466775 tonnes seeds from 647775 hectares area.
Rajasthan contributes around 44 per cent of the total national production. The major coriander producing districts of Rajasthan are Jhalawar, Baran, Kota, Chittorgarh and Bundi. Kota region alone contributes nearly about 98 per cent of the area and production of coriander crop with productivity of 1106 kg/ha and there is possibilities to increase its productivity up-to 40 to 50 per cent by adoption of improved technologies.
Need and importance of study
The requirement of seed spices in the country is rapidly increasing due to increasing population. The coriander is widely used as an essential component of food and also as an immediate source of farmer‟s income.
The present investigation is an efforts to know and understand the clear picture of coriander cultivation regarding the constraints faced by the farmers and their knowledge and adoption of coriander production technology. The awareness of the knowledge gap and adoption gap will enable the researchers, policy makers, planners, extension agencies to fix up to the priorities in undertaking the activities and step for research to improve productivity. The identification of the constraints in adoption of recommended coriander production technology will enable the policy makers to prepare plan to rectify these hurdles for mobilizing the resources by enhance the rate of adoption of coriander production technology while will help in increasing the coriander production and improve the socio-economic condition of coriander growers which in turn will contribute towards over all national development.
Keeping all these view in mind the present study was under taken with following specific objectives:
i. To measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. ii. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers. iii. To find out the association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. iv. To find out the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
Limitations of the study
The research studies in social sciences have to face some limitations and the present research study in no exception to this. The study may have the following limitations:-
1. The study is limited to only two tehsils i.e. Atru and Chhipabrod of Baran district hence the findings may not be generated for other areas as such. 2. As the entire investigation was based on the individual‟s perception and expressed opinion of the respondents under study, individual bias and prejudices on the part of respondents might have influenced the findings.
Organization of thesis
The dissertation has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduction narrates objectives, importance and limitation of the study. The second chapter review the relevant studies made in the past. The third chapter deals the theoretical orientation. Methodology consisting of measurement of variables, tools used and the statistical techniques followed have been presented in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter deals with the findings of the investigation and discussion on them. The six chapters a brief summary and conclusions of the dissertation appears at the end followed by bibliography. The appendices appear at the end.
2. Review of literature
A comprehensive and critical review of literature of past researches provide a sound base of scientific investigation. Keeping in view of the objectives of the present study, the available and relevant literature has been reviewed and presented under the following heads :
v. To measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology.
vi. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers.
vii. To find out the association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and adoption level of recommended coriander production technology.
viii. To find out the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
2.1 Level of knowledge
Khetawat (1991) observed that most of the farmers in the study area did not know about the improved varieties and proper use of other inputs like manures, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in the coriander crop.
Sharma (1991) found that most of the farmers did not know about the improved varieties and cultivation practices. Further, it was also observed that farmers were least aware about plant protection measures in the cumin cultivation.
Sundaraswami and Bavolotti (1991) found that majority of respondents (57%) belongs of medium knowledge level. He further reported that almost equal number of respondents had high and low knowledge level about dry land farming practices in Bijapur district of Maharashtra.
Singh (1993) reported that the farmers did not know about improved varieties of turmeric in study area. The knowledge of chemicals used for seed treatment, soil born insect pest and weed control was found to be very poor. Further, it was reported that respondents had very less knowledge about the use of chemical fertilizers in the turmeric crop.
Prajapati (1995) found that majority of the contact and non-contract fennel growers had medium level of knowledge about the recommended production technology.
Patel (1995) observed that majority of the respondents (72.85 per cent) had medium level of knowledge whereas 15.00 per cent of the respondents had low level of knowledge and only 12.15 per cent of the respondents had high level knowledge about recommended cumin cultivation technology.
Waman et al. (1996) revealed that majority (70%) of onion growers had medium to high level of knowledge regarding onion cultivation technology and had poor knowledge about fertilizer application and improved varieties.
Wankhade et al. (1996) reported that majority of onion growers have lacked the knowledge about the important practices such as recommended varieties, seed treatment with fungicide, fertilizer application, occurrence of pest and disease and curring as bulb produce. The majority of them had medium level of knowledge about improved practices of onion cultivation.
Chandwat (1997) reported that majority of farmers (74%) had a medium level of knowledge about improved cumin production technology. Whereas, 19 per cent cumin grower possessed high knowledge level and remaining 7 per cent respondents had low level of knowledge about cumin production technology in Jalore district of Rajasthan.
Kumar (1997) revealed that all the turmeric growers applied FYM in the field before sowing the crop. While 60.83 per cent respondents were found using chemical fertilizer in the from of basal application in the field. The turmeric field were not supplemented by any of the respondents with trace elements. Further, it was observed that all the farmers were growing deshi varieties of turmeric in their field and they did not have knowledge about any improved varieties of turmeric. Dhange et al. (1998) reported that more than a half of the respondents (60.84 per cent) had high level of knowledge whereas, 30.83 per cent respondents had medium knowledge about gram production technology, comparatively less per cent of the gram growers were observed in the low level of knowledge.
Sharma and Sharma (1998) revealed that majority of farmers retained medium to high knowledge level about traditional ecological practices of sustainable agriculture. Apparently, there was no significant difference in the knowledge level of various categories of farmers i.e. small, marginal and big. It may be concluded from the above results that in general respondents were having medium knowledge about various improved practices of crops.
Bhati (1999) concluded that about 62 per cent of farmers were in medium to high knowledge level about the recommended practices of mustard cultivation. While 35 per cent and 2 per cent farmers had low and extremely high knowledge respectively, regarding improved practices of mustard cultivation.
Singh (2000) observed that about 76 per cent farmwomen having substantial amount of knowledge and 24 per cent were having low knowledge level in respect of wheat and bajra crops.
Jangid (2001) reported that 68 per cent farmers were categorized in medium knowledge level, 22 per cent farmers were in low knowledge level and 10 per cent farmers were in high knowledge level about recommended cultivation practices of chilli.
Bhati and Sharma (2002) reported that majority of the (62 per cent) of farmers had medium to high knowledge level about the recommended mustard production technology.
Patodiya (2002) found that majority of the farmers had medium knowledge level follower by high (around 20 per cent) and low (around 15 per cent) in all selected crop except gram. Prakash et al. (2003) found that 18 per cent farmers had low knowledge level, 19 per cent farmers had high knowledge level where 63 per cent farmers belong to the categories medium knowledge level of rice production technology.
Kaid (2004) found that majority of fennel growers Banaskantha district of Gujrat state had medium level of knowledge regarding the recommended fennel production technology.
Singh et al.(2008) reported that majority of (69.17 per cent) the farmers belong to medium knowledge category followed by high (15.00 per cent) and low (15.83 per cent) knowledge level of recommended mustard cultivation technology.
Sharma and Singh (2005) found that majority of the beneficiary respondents (64.70 per cent) were having medium level of knowledge regarding improved agricultural practices of mustard production technology followed by 35.30 per cent having high level of knowledge, while the majority of the non-beneficiary respondents (74.50 per cent) were having high level of knowledge regarding improved agricultural practices of mustard production technology followed by 25.00 per cent having low level of knowledge.
Kumawat and Yadav (2007) reported that majority of the 58 per cent of onion growers were found to have medium knowledge level about onion cultivation practices and 24 per cent respondents were having high knowledge level whereas 18 per cent of farmers were having low knowledge level about recommended cultivation practices of onion.
Choudhary (2008) revealed that overall knowledge of beneficiary and non-beneficiary respondents were 91.00 and 60.87 per cent, respectively about quantity of onion bulb production technology. In case of chilli and tomato growers beneficiaries had 90.75 and 92.85 per cent, knowledge level, respectively, while non-beneficiary respondents had 55.65 and 67.05 per cent knowledge level, respectively.
Jat (2008) found that 72.75 per cent of fenugreek growers were having medium knowledge levels followed by 17.35 per cent farmers were having high knowledge level, whereas 10.20 per cent of farmers were having low knowledge level about improved cultivation practices of fenugreek.
Singh et al. (2008) revealed that majority (69.17 per cent) of the farmers belong to medium knowledge category followed by high (15.00 per cent) and low (15.83 per cent) knowledge category with respect to recommended mustard cultivation technology.
Waghmode (2008) found that majority of respondents 55.83 per cent belonge to medium level of knowledge followed by 23.34 per cent,20.83 per cent low and high level of knowledge about recommended cultivation practices of garlic.
Meena et al. (2009) revealed that majority of respondents (70%) belonged to the medium level of knowledge group, whereas, 16.25 per cent ajwain growers were observed in the low level of knowledge group and remaining 13.75 per cent respondents possessed high level of knowledge about improved ajwain cultivation technology.
Meena (2010) found that majority of the coriander growers i.e. 50.62 per cent had medium level of knowledge followed by low and high knowledge group with 32.50 and 16.88 per cent, respectively.
Sharma and Gupta (2010) revealed that 29.0 per cent respondents had low level of knowledge, whereas, 35.5 and 32.5 per cent respondents had medium and high level of knowledge regarding recommended chilli cultivation practices, respectively.
2.2 Extent of Adoption
Sunderaswamy and Bavalatti (1991) found that majority of farmers adopted the practices such as crop rotation (95.01%) application of FYM (85.00%). While, contour cultivation and ridge and burrow cultivation were followed by 69 and 57 per cent of the respondents, respectively. Among the practices which were not adopted by majority of the respondent were zigzay terracing (93%), stable mulching (85%) and strip cropping (73%) in study area.
Prasad and Singh (1993) reported that literacy had direct impact on adoption process literature farmers were found to be more prone to except the innovation.
Patel (1993) indicated that nearly two-thirds of the chilli growers (65.79 per cent) were categorized under medium level of adoption. The level of adoption of 18.42 per cent and 15.79 per cent of them had low and high, respectively.
Patel (1995) indicated that majority (68.57 per cent) of the respondents belonged to the medium level of adoption, whereas, 26.43 per cent of the respondents were found in low level of adoption. Only 5 per cent of the respondents were found high level of adoption of cumin cultivation technology.
Poonia (1995) in his study reported a significant variation in the adoption of improved package of practice of ginger crop among the literate and illiterate farmers.
Chandawat (1997) found that majority of farmers (60 %) were having medium extent of adoption followed by low (24 %) and high extent of adoption (16 %) with respect to cumin production technology. He further indicated that the higher adoption gap was found in the use of improved practices viz., seed treatment, (97.67 %) followed by plant protection measures, weed control practices and use of high yielding varieties, respectively in cumin cultivation in the study area.
Choudhary (1999) found that 70.00 per cent mothbean growers were in the medium adoption group and 16.67 per cent respondents were in the low adoption. While, only 13.37 per cent were in the group of high adopters. Ram and Chouhan (2000) concluded that majority of wheat growers were found to have medium level of adoption in both tribal and non-tribal categories of farmers among all the major cultivation practices of wheat crop.
Jangid (2001) reported that in general 67 per cent chilli growers were in the medium adoption group and 17 per cent respondent were in the low adoption group. While, only 16 per cent farmers were in the high adoption group.
Meena et al. (2002) found that majority of farmers 59.7 per cent were medium adopters of the onion production technology whereas about 20 per cent of farmers felt in the category of high and low adopters.
Meena (2003) reported that majority of tribal farmers were found in low adoption group and non-tribal were found in the high adoption category. It was found to be significant difference between tribal and non-tribal respondents with regard to adoption of improved cultivation of safed musli. It was further reported that out of total ten aspects of improved cultivation of safed mulsi selected for assessing extent of adoption maximum adoption was reported in selection of soil and weed control and minimum adoption in plant protection measures.
Kaid (2004) reported that majority of the fennel growers of Banaskantha district of gujrat state were found to have medium extent of adoption.
Sachan et al. (2005) found that overall 50 per cent of the total respondents were found to be in the medium adoption group, whereas 28 per cent respondents were reported from the low adoption group and only 22 per cent respondents could be placed in the high adoption group of recommended mustard production technology.
Kumari et al. (2006) reported that majority (70.84%) of the total respondents were in the medium adoption group, whereas, 15.83 per cent respondents were in low adoption group and remaining 13.33 per cent garlic growers to be observed in the high level of adoption group about garlic production technology. Meena et al. (2006) observed that majority (61.25 per cent) of the total respondents belonged to the medium adoption group whereas 21.25 per cent respondents were in low adoption group and remaining 17.50 per cent ajwain growers to be observed in the high level of adoption group about ajwain production technology.
Singh et al. (2006) found that the respondents (66.67 per cent) were medium adopters, 17.50 per cent respondents were low adopters and only 18.83 per cent of the respondents were high adopters of recommended technology of mustard cultivation.
Choudhary (2008) revealed that overall extent of adoption for quantity of onion production technology was 82.11 per cent and 47.05 per cent for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respondents, respectively.
Jat (2008) reported that 69.38 per cent farmers were in the medium adoption group followed by 16.32 per cent were in high adoption group. Whereas, 14.30 per cent farmers were in low adoption level regarding fenugreek production technology.
Jaitawat et al. (2008) found that majority of the respondents (65.21%) felt in the medium level of adoption group whereas, 19.17 per cent had low adoption level and only 15.41 per cent fennel growers had high level of adoption of improved fennel cultivation technology.
Nagar et al. (2008) reported that overall coriander growing respondents in which more than half (61.32%) of total respondents were found to be in medium level of adoption and 28.88 per cent respondents were reported from the low level group of adoption whereas, 10 per cent respondents were under high level of adoption about recommended coriander cultivation technology.
Meena (2010) found that 11.88 per cent farmers were high adopters, 37.50 per cent farmers were low level adopters and 50.62 per cent farmers were in the category of medium adopters of coriander production technology. Yadav and Khan (2012) found that 67 per cent of the farmers were found to be medium adopters, while 18 per cent farmers were high adopters and only 15 per cent of farmers were low adopters.
2.3 Association between selected independents variables with knowledge level and adoption level.
Joshi and Shinde (1994) observed that size of land holding significant effect on improved of sorghum.
Poonia (1995) reported that significant variation in the adoption of improved package of practices of ginger crop among the literate and illiterate farmer in the study area.
Yadav (1997) concluded that education level of onion growers and knowledge level were positively and significantly associated adoption level of farmers about recommended package of practices of onion cultivation.
Choudhary (1999) found that four independent variables viz., education, social participation, size of land holding and farm information sources were positively and significantly related with adoption level of farmers about improved practices of mothbean, cultivation whereas the independent variables, viz, age, family type and size of family were non- significantly related with adoption level of farmers.
Meena (2001) observed that the extent of adoption amount recommended cultivation practices of onion by the farmers was significantly associated with their education level, irrigation potentiality and sources of information utilized, whereas, social participation and size of land holding were non-significantly associated with their adoption level.
Singh (2001) reported that education, size of land holding, social participation and irrigation potentiality were found positively and significantly associated with farm mechanization while family size was found to be non- significantly association.
Tarachand (2001) found that the education, social participation were significantly associated with knowledge level while wise of family and market distance were non-significantly associated with knowledge of farmers in cereals crop.
Khan and Chauhan (2005) reported that knowledge level, education and social participation had positively and significantly relationship with their adoption of improved practices of groundnut.
Naruka and Singh (2005) found that education, farm power, source of information utilized, cropping intensity were found positively and significantly association, while, size of family, cost, social participation and credit behaviour was found to be non-significantly association, while, age, occupation and farm implements was found to be negatively and significantly association.
Dhayal (2006) reported that the information seeking behaviour of the ber growers was found positively and significantly associated with their age, education level, social, participation, media exposure, size of land holding, farm power, innovation proneness and annual income. It was also found that the information seeking behaviour of ber growers was negatively and significantly associated with their age, whereas, the family size was non- significantly associated with information seeking behaviour of ber growers.
Choudhary (2008) revealed that the annual income, source of information utilized and irrigation potentiality were the significantly correlated to adoption of tomato chilli and onion growers.
Jaitawat and Sharma (2008) revealed that education, size of land holding, social participation, farm assess, training received, extension particiation, economic motivation, progressiveness and overall adoption were found positively and significantly association while family structure was found to be negatively significance association.
Bairolia (2008) found that seven independent variables viz., education, social participation, size of land holding, farm mechanization index, extension participation, training received and economic motivation were positively and significantly related with knowledge level of farmers about various activities undertaken by KVK whereas, the independent variable viz., occupation, size of family were non-significantly related with the knowledge level of farmers.
Jangid (2009) revealed that education, size of land holding and social participation was positively and significantly associated with training needs of pea growers about improved pea production technology.
Jakhar (2009) found that education, social participation, irrigation potentiality and source of information utilized were found positively and significantly associated while size of family and market distance was found to be non-significantly association.
Jat (2011) found that five selected independent variables viz., educational level, social participation, size of land holding, irrigation potentiality and sources of information utilized were found positively and significantly associated while two independent variables viz., size of family and market distance was found to be non-significantly association.
2.4 Constraints perceived by the farmers.
Lakhera and Punjabi (1991) concluded that most severe constraints faced by the farmers were higher cost of fertilizers, followed by lack of proper technical guidance and unavailability of credit.
Khetawat (1991) observed that among all the constraints, improved varieties, high cost of inputs, timely unavailability of chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals in the area, lack of storage facility in the area for storing coriander and price fluctuation were major constraints reported by the farmers raising coriander crop in the Kota district. Pandaya (1992) observed some constraints as perceived by farmers in adoption of farm technology are as follows: lack of awareness, lack of technical guidance, lack improved implements, poor economic condition of farmers, poor soil testing facility, absence of location specific recommendation, scare irrigation facilities, consume more time in construction, scarcity of FYM/compost high cost of labour, poor financial condition of farmer, lack of drought resistant varieties and lack of knowledge about improved cultivation practices.
Singh (1993) found that non-availability of improved varieties high cost of inputs, inadequate credit facility, lack of proper marketing system and lack of storage facility in the area for storing surplus turmeric produce were expressed as major constraints by the turmeric growers.
Singh (1994) reported that the fenugreek growers sole their produce directly due to the lack of knowledge about proper marketing system.
Poonia (1995) found that undulating soil, non-availability of improved seed, lack of technical know-how about soil treatment, lack of knowledge about optimum seed rate, lack of proper intercultural implements, lack of skill in seed treatment, more insect pest and diseases infestation. Lack of skill about plant protection measures, non- availability of technical advice and storages were expressed as important constraints by the growers in Udaipur district of Rajasthan.
Kumar (1997) found that high fluctuation in market prices, non- availability of suitable variety, resource poor farmers, lack of cold storage and were housing facility, high cost of inputs, lack of credit facility lack of technological guidance, inadequate technology, lack of motivating agency and fragmented and undulated land were the major constraints causing serious concern to turmeric growers.
Yadav (1997) found that lack of knowledge high cost of inputs poor economic condition of farmer‟s non-availability of improved seeds and lack of technical knowledge about post harvest technology were the major constraints perceived by the farmers in ginger cultivation.
Patel and Patel (1999) reported that high cost of pesticides lack of finance, lack of knowledge about pest and diseases fear about poisonous effect on crop man and animals and lack of time were major constraints expressed by the farmers in management of plant protection measures in chilli crop.
Soni et al. (2000) concluded that knowledge was major constraint in adoption of improved of crops and plant protection measures. As far as fertilizers application was concerned, the majority of the farmers expressed that the high cost of fertilizers was the main reason for non-adoption. The results were obtained by interviewing the farmers of district Sagar of Madhya Pradesh.
Jangid (2001) found that the constraints which were most perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended cultivation practices were "More infestation of insects, pests and diseases", "Lack of technical guidance" and "Lack of storage facilities".
Meena (2001) revealed that among all the category of constraints, financial constraints were perceived with highest intensity by both the trained and untrained onion growers.
Vijay and Malhotra (2001) reported that major production constraints attributed to low productivity of seed spices are lack of sufficient number of improved varieties to suitable different agroclimatic, lack of proper adoption of improved package of practices and control measures for diseases and pest, non-availability of quality seed of recommended varieties, low and erratic power supply and non-availability crop insurance cover facilities.
Chand et al. (2002) it was found that the constraints related to recommended seed rate and time of sowing, lack of knowledge about optimum seed rate, lack of trust worthiness in recommendation, no adverse effect of late sowing, scanty moisture in soil, occurrence of frost, more infestation of insect pest and diseases and un accessibility of suitable implements were important constraint as perceived by the farmers in adoption of improved mustard technology.
Kumar et al. (2003) concluded from the discussion that turmeric growers have poor adoption of some of the recommended turmeric cultivation practices like use of improved varieties use of plant protection measures and use of manure and fertilizers consequently a very wide adoption gap was found with regard to improve varieties and use of plant protection measure. It was also found that non tribal respondents had given sight different priorities to the major area of turmeric cultivation in which they need motivation.
Kaid (2004) concluded that major constraints perceived by the fennel growers were lack technical guidance, more problem of diseases and insect in the crop, non getting remunerative price of the produce, long duration crop, high charge and irregular supply of electricity and unavailability of the certified seeds.
Nagar (2006) observed that major constraints perceived by the coriander growers were “unavailability of recommended chemicals for seed treatment”, “high cost of chemicals”, “high cost of high yielding varieties”, “high cost of fertilizers”, “unavailability of technical advance, “lack of knowledge about grading and standardization”, “unavailability of suitability equipments for seed treatment”, “timely unavailability of electricity”, “lack of suitable equipments for threshing”, “early coriander crop affect by frost”, “the harvest coriander crop affected by the wind wild” and “high losses during storage due to rodents” were the constraints which were perceived with some what intensity by the respondents by the study area. Jaitawat et al. (2007) observed that financial constraints as the main constraints followed by technical, marketing, input and general constraints in adoption of the fennel production technology.
Choudhary (2008) observed that major constraints faced by onion,chilli and tomato growers were material provided during training was inadequate, improved variety required more fertilizers, high price of high yielding varieties seeds and lack of motivation.
Jat (2008) revealed that among all the categories of constraints, financial constraints were most perceived by the farmers in adoption of fenugreek production technology.
3. THEORETICAL ORIENTATION
It is essential that the theoretical concept of study must be made clear before generalizing the new concept of the research study. After going through the past research findings related to the objectives of the present investigation knowledge of farmers, adoption level of farmers and constraints perceived by the farmers as presented in the preceding chapter, a basis for theoretical frame work of the present study was formulated. It is well understood that development of conceptual frame work makes research more meaningful. It also helps in developing sound scientific approach of the study. With this realization a separate chapter on „Theoretical orientation‟ has been included in the present thesis. This chapter has been presented to clarify the following concepts:
1. Conceptual frame work of the study
(a) Concept of knowledge
(b) Concept of adoption
2. Concept of constraints
3. Theoretical model of the study 4. Operationalization of terms and abbreviations used in the study
5. Derivation of empirical hypotheses
1. Conceptual frame work of the study
(a) Concept of knowledge
Wilkening (1953) said “Farmers decision to adopt a recommended practice may be considered as a process first, then discuss its advantages and disadvantages with other farmers or with agricultural experts and at last makes decision to adopt the practice and obtain specific information to carryout the practice. This period may occur over a period of few days, weeks or a period of years”. Bloom et al. (1956) defined knowledge as “The behaviour and test situation which emphasized remembering either by recognition or recall ideas, material or phenomena.”
English and English (1958) defined knowledge as “The body of understood information possessed by an individual or by a culture”. He further explained knowledge as “That part of a person‟s information which is in accordance with established facts”.
Rogers and Shoemaker (1971) while describing the model of the innovation decision process considered “Knowledge as the function or a stage of the decision process when the individual is exposed to an innovation and gains some understanding of how it functions”.
(b) Concept of adoption
The adoption has been recognized as learning theory which was conceived by Dewey (1933) and Mead (1956). In learning theory, learning is defined as “relatively enduring change in response to stimulus”. Adoption is regarded as very similar to the learning process, as it also belongs to relatively enduring behavioural change in the individual. But the adoption as a process was not recognized in the early period.
Wilkening (1953) rephrased the earlier version to adoption of an innovation as the process composed of learning, deciding and acting over a period of time. The adoption of a specific practice into the result of single decision to act but of a series of actions, thoughts and decisions. He considered this process as composed of four stages i.e. awareness, obtaining information, communication and trial and adoption.
A committee of rural sociologists (North Central Rural Sociology Sub Committee (1955) recommended the stages suggested by Wilkening (1953) with slight variations. The committee suggested five stages instead of four. These were awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption. Emery and Oeser (1958) viewed adoption of a farm practice as a “Consequence of communication”. Ramsey et al. (1958) had a different approach to the concept. They conceptualized that adoption involves critical evaluation of practice by farmers and is of two types behavioural adoption and cognitive adoption. Behavioural adoption is observed by the number of practices actually put into practice. The cognitive adoption involves a complex of decisions and changes including obtaining knowledge, critically evaluating the practice in terms of the individual situation.
Rogers and Shoemaker (1971) termed adoption as innovation decision process through which an individual passes from first knowledge of innovation to a decision of adopt or reject to later confirmation of this decision. There are four functions in this process, i.e. knowledge, persuasion, decision and confirmation.
It appears from the various studies on adoption that adoption is both a process involving some stages of decision making and a stage in the process where the farmers begin the full use of an innovation.
2. Concept of constraints
The simplest dictionary meanings of constraint are to compel, to force, to confine, to restrain, to violate, to straighten to contract, to distress, to limit, to press, restriction of liberty, affection, restricted to avoid or perform same action.
In behavioural research, there were difficulties in conceptualizing the constraints as variable because they did not tend themselves easily to abstractions. Such notions as adoption behaviour and acceptance of innovations suffered from vague and contradictory formulation to such an extent that there was little concerning the adoption and acceptance of such segments of technologies, their degrees, directionality and the problem of their measurement (Bhatangar, 1974). Constraints exist primarily in terms of how they are defined and conceived in organization (Bhople and Agarwal, 1987). Constraints are projections of collective sentiments rather than simple mirror of objective conditions (Bora, 1990). According to some author, there exists interaction among the different constraints (Harshim, 1989). It is argued that many constraints exists simultaneously in several stages of development and patterns of progression from one stage to another depending upon time, place and other sets of conditions (Bhatnagar, 1974).
Bhople and Agarwal (1987) defined constraints as “The state or quality of sense being restricted to a given course of action or constraints are nothing but the problems that come in the way of adoption of technology”.
3. Theoretical model of the study
For the successful completion of present research work a theoretical model of the study has been developed on which the entire study is based (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
The final conclusion of this theoretical model has been presented at the end of dissertation under chapter “Results and discussion” where the investigator has presented the information on knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and the significant factors associated with them.
4. Operationalisation of terms and abbreviations used in the study
In order to give operational meaning and to facilitate clarity in expression the terms which have been most frequently used in this research report are explained below:
1. Adoption
Adoption is defined for the purpose of this study as a “stage of acceptance leading to the continued used of recommended production technology of coriander cultivation in future”.
Age
Size of land holding Family type
Caste K Family size N
O
W
L
E
D
G Education Annual income E level
Fig. 1. Tentative paradigm showing association between knowledge level and independent variables
L E V E L
Size of land holding Age Family type
Caste A Family size D
O
P
T
I
O
N Education Annual income level Fig. 2. Tentative paradigm showing association between adoption level and independent variables L E V E L 2. Knowledge
Knowledge is a body of understood information about recommended production technology possessed by farmers with regard to coriander cultivation.
3. Family Size
It refers to total number of members in the family of the respondents.
4. Education
It is the level of literacy of coriander growers who may be either illiterate, literate or educated.
6. Coriander growers
Coriander grower is the farmer who grows coriander crop for commercial purposes irrespective of area and other limiting factors
7. Size of land holding
It refers to total cultivable land in hectares which coriander growers (farmer) possess.
8. Constraints
It refers to the forcible restrictions in confinement of action. In this study constraints are operationalized as impediment or obstacles in the successful adoption of recommended cultivation practices of coriander.
9. Random sample
A random sample is one where every item of the universe has an equal opportunity of being selected in the sample. Thus neither the investigator nor the sampling unit can decide which items will be included in the sample and which are not.
10. Respondents
A person whose, response, feelings and opinion is used to fill the schedule by the investigator. It is the individual who supplies information for drawing conclusion about the study.
11. Independent variable
Independent variables are the conditions or characteristics that the researcher manipulates to ascertain their relationship to the observed phenomena. An independent variable is the presumed “Cause” of the dependent variable.
12. Dependent variable
The dependent variables are the conditions or characteristics that appear, disappear or change as the experimental manipulates the independent variables. The dependent variable is presumed “Effect” and is predicted from the independent one. In this study the knowledge and adoption of the respondents is used as a dependent variables.
Abbreviations used in the script A.A.O. = Assistant Agriculture Officer B.D.O. = Block Development Officer d.f. = Degree of freedom et al. = (et alibi) and else where Ext. Edu. = Extension Education FYM = Farm Yard Manure H.Y.V. High Yielding Variety
H0 = Null hypothesis
H1 = Alternative hypothesis ha = Hectare HE = High extent i.e. = That is Jr. = Journals kg = Kilogram LE = Low extent ME = Medium extent M.P.S. = Mean per cent score N = Number of respondents NS = Non-significant r = Correlation coefficient S.K.R.A.U. = Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University S.D. = Standard deviation S.E. = Standard error S.No. = Serial Number t = tonnes Unpub. = Unpublished V.E.W. = Village Extension Worker Viz., = (Videlicet) namely
5. Derivation of hypotheses
According to George A. Lindberg “A hypothesis is a tentative generalization, the validity of which remains to be tested”. In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any hunch, guess and imaginative idea, which becomes the basis for our investigation.
Considering the importance of the factors selected in the study along with the reference to the objectives of the present investigation mentioned in chapter 1. The hypotheses framed for this investigation are as follows :
H01.1 There is no association between knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their independent variables,i.e. age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size, and annual income of farmers.
H02.1There is no association between the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their independent variables i.e., age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size, and annual income of farmers. 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The design and conduct of the study was developed according to the central purpose and nature of the specific objectives as outlined in the earlier chapter. Consequently, this chapter highlights on the following steps before collection and analysis of data.
4.1 Locale of the study and selection of sample (a) Locale of the study (b) Selection of Tehsils (c) Selection of Gram panchayats (d) Selection of villages (e) Selection of respondents 4.2 Variables and their measurement (a) Measurement of dependent variables (b) Measurement of independent variables 4.3 Measurement of constraints 4.4 Tools and technique for Data collection 4.5 Tabulation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 4.6 Empirical hypotheses 4.1 Locale of the study and selection and sample (A) Locale of the study The Baran district was purposively selected for the study because of following reasons:
1 Coriander is the most popular crop in Baran district as compare to other crops.
2 Baran district has 2nd highest area (59979 ha), production (86179 Metric tonnes) and also 1st in productivity (1437Kg/ha) as compared to other coriander growing districts of Rajasthan.
3 The study area is easily accessible to the researcher as he is a bonafide resident of the district (Fig. 3).
(B) Selection of Tehsils
The Baran district comprises of eight tehsils. Out of these Atru and Chhipabarod tehsils were selected randomly (Fig. 4).
Table 4.1. Tehsil-wise area and production of coriander in Baran district (2010-11) S.No. TEHSILS AREA IN HA PRODUCTION IN MT 1. Baran 7862 17197 2. Atru 12224 14659 3. Mangrol 3247 3814 4. Chabra 11684 14021 5. Chhipabarod 9299 13949 6. Anta 5105 5981 7. Shahabad 1590 3806 8. Kishanganj 8761 15599
Source : Department of Land Revenue Board Baran (Rajasthan)
(C) Selection of gram panchayats
Separate list of gram panchayats of the selected tehsils were prepared with the help of concerned patwaries of the Atru and Chhipabarod tehsils. Atru and Chhipabarod tehsils comprise of 34 and 29 gram panchayats respectively. Out of which two gram panchayats (Mermachah and Chardana) from Atru tehsil and two gram panchayats (Manpura and Deegodjageer) from Chhipabarod tehsil were selected randomly for the
study. (D) Selection of villages A comprehensive list of all the revenue villages were prepared with the help of concerned patwari from selected gram panchayats. Two revenue villages were drawn from each selected gram panchayats on the basis of random sampling method. Thus the total eight villages namely; Mermachah, Kachra, Chardana, Amli, Umariya, Kotadakhanderav, Deegodjageer and
District BARAN
Tehsils Atru Chhipabarod
Gram panchayats Mermachah Chardana Manpura Deegodjagee
r Villages Mermachah Kachra Chardana Amli Umariya Koradakandera Deegodjageer Amarpura
78 53 Coriander 96 83 67 77 81 72 growers
Selected respondents 19 13 15 15 11 17 16 14
Total Respondents 120
Fig. 4. Selection of locale and respondents under study
Amarpura were selected randomly from four selected gram panchayats for the study.
(D) Selection of respondents
Village wise list of coriander cultivators were prepared with the help of agriculture supervisor from each selected village. A 20 per cent proportionate sample was drawn from each selected village. Thus the total 120 coriander grower farmers were selected randomly as respondents for the study. The details are presented in table 4.2. Table 4.2. Selection of Tehsil, gram panchayats, villages and respondents for the present investigation
Name of Tehsil Total no. of Name of selected Total no. of Name of selected Total No. No. of selected coriander gram panchayats village in villages of selected growing selected selected coriander respondent gram gram growers coriander panchayats panchayats in growers selected villages
(1) Atru 34 (1) Mermachah 7 1. Mermachah 96 19 8 (2) Chardana 83 17 2. Kachra 3.Chardana 67 13 4. Amli 77 15
(2)Chhipabrod 29 (3) Manpura 10 5.Umariya 81 16
72 14 (4)Deegodjageer 6.Kotdakanderav 11 7.Deegodjageer 78 15
53 11 8.Amarpura Total 63- 4 36 8 607 120
4.2 Variables and their measurements
This section of the chapter deals with the procedure employed in the measurement of various independent and dependent variables.
(A) Measurement of dependent variables
(i) Measurement of Knowledge The measuring the knowledge level of respondents on the line of a knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was adopted with slight modification and used for the study. Ten package of practices of coriander production technology were included in the schedule as suggested by the expert of Department of Extension Education and SMS of plant breeding and genetics, Horticulture, Entomology, pathology, agronomy and soil science.
Each schedule practices was further divided in to several questions to find out the existing knowledge of respondents about recommended coriander production technology. In the knowledge test 32 questions were included in the selected for measuring the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology. One score was given to every correct answer and zero for wrong answer. Therefore, maximum possible knowledge score of respondent could obtain was 89. The responses obtained from the respondents were counted and converted into mean per cent score. The knowledge index for each respondent was calculated by using following formula.
K KI = ----- × 100 P
KI = Knowledge index K = Knowledge score obtained P = Possible maximum score
The mean and standard deviation of all the respondents‟ knowledge scores were computed for classifying the knowledge in different categories. Based on the mean knowledge score and standard deviation. The farmers were categorized under three knowledge level categories, namely low, medium and high knowledge level as follows: Low knowledge level = score up to (mean knowledge - SD)
Medium knowledge level = Score from (mean knowledge-SD) to (Mean +SD)
High knowledge level = Score above (mean knowledge + SD)
(ii) Measurement of extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology
To measure the extent of adoption on the three point continuum scale developed by Chaturvedi (2000) was adopted. Ten package of practices of coriander production technology were included in the schedule as suggested by the expert of Department of Extension Education and SMS of plant breeding and genetics, Horticulture, Entomology, pathology, agronomy and soil science. Some of the practices were further divided into sub practice. In the adoption test 21 questions were included in the schedule for measuring the adoption level of farmers about coriander production technology. One score was given to every correct answer and zero for wrong answer. The possible maximum score one could obtain was 32. Finally the adoption index was calculated by the following formula:
Total adoption score obtained by respondents Adoption index = ------× 100 Maximum attainable score
The formula was applied for all practices which helped in calculating adoption index.
The mean and standard deviation of all the respondents‟ adoption scores were computed for classifying the adoption in different categories. Based on the mean adoption score and standard deviation. The farmers were categorized under three adoption level categories, namely low, medium and high adoption level as follows:
Low adoption level = Score up to (mean adoption -SD)
Medium adoption level = Score from (mean adoption - SD) to (Mean + SD) High adoption level = Score above (mean adoption + SD)
(B) Measurement of independent variables
After reviewing the past studies and other relevant literature. The age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size and annual income of the farmers were selected as the independent variables which might influence the knowledge level and extent of adoption of recommended cultivation practices of coriander.
(i) Age
The age was categorized as young, middle and old referred in the National Adult Education Programme. On the basis of their age the respondents were grouped in to three categories.
(a) Young – (21-35 years) (b) Middle –(from 36-50 years) (c) Old – (above 50 years) (ii) Caste
Respondents were classified into four categories as per their caste. The scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963) was used and the scoring was done as per the scale. Respondents were grouped into four categories as per their caste.
(a) Schedule Cast (SC) (b) Schedule Tribe (ST) (c) Other Backward Caste(OBC) (d) General Caste (GEN) (iii) Education level
Education level was operationalized as the number of years of formal schooling successfully completed by a respondent. The scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963) was used and the scoring was done as per the scale. Respondents were grouped into three categories as per their education.
(a) Illiterate (cannot read and write) (b) literate (can read, write and up to primary to middle level) (c) Educated (middle and above level) (iv) Size of land holding:
The respondents were grouped into three categories on the basis of their land holding category.(The procedure followed by revenue department, Government of Rajasthan)
(a) Marginal ( below 1ha )
(b) Small ( 1-2 ha) (c) Large (above 2 ha) (v) Family type
Respondents were classified into following two groups on the basis of family types possessed by them. The scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963) was used and the scoring was done as per the scale. Respondents were grouped into three categories as per their family type.
(a) Nuclear
(b) Joint (vi) Size of family
Respondents were classified into following two groups on the basis of family size as under. The scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963) was used and the scoring was done as per the scale. Respondents were grouped into three categories as per their family size.
(a) Small family – up to five members
(b) Big family- above five members
(vii) Annual income
Annual income is the amount of money earned by an individual over a calendar year from agriculture and other sources annual income classified into three categories on the basis of mean and standard deviation as follows.
(a) Low: (below Rs. 73,601per annum)
(b) Medium :( Rs. 73,601-1, 85,715 per annum) (c) High: (above Rs.1, 85,715 per annum)
4.3 Measurement of constraints
To find out the constraints that hinders the adoption of recommended coriander production technology, a separate schedule was prepared for study. All possible constraints were included in the schedule in accordance with the coriander production technology. The responses obtained from respondents were recorded on a three point continuum scale viz., very important, important and least important and were assigned 3, 2 and 1 score respectively (Appendix-IV).
Table 4.3. Variables and their measurement
S.No. Variables Measures A. Dependent variables 1. Knowledge level of Scale developed by farmers about Chaturvedi (2000). recommended coriander production technology. 2. Extent of adoption of Scale developed by recommended coriander Chaturvedi (2000). production technology. B. Independent variables 1. Age Scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963). 2. Caste --- do---- 3. Education level --- do---- 4. Size of land holding Revenue department, Government of Rajasthan 5. Family type Scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963).
6. Family size Scale developed by G. Trivedi (1963). 7. Annual income Developed by Investigator 4.4 Tools and techniques of data collection The data were collected with the help of an interview schedule consisting of measuring devices of dependent and independent variables along with the data of the respondents. The interview schedule was pre-tested with farmers (other than the study sample), so as to achieve clarity of language, coverage of subject matter, to remove the double barreled questions from the schedule. The schedule was then revised in the light of modifications, suggestions received from the farmers. The final schedule was used after being personally introduced to the respondents. The responses were recorded in the schedule by the researcher himself after interviewing the respondents. The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents to get the unbiased response for the respondents.
4.5 Tabulation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data The data so collected were classified tabulated and analyzed by applying appropriate statistical test.
(i) Frequency and percentage
Simple comparisons were made on the basis of frequency and percentage.
(ii) Mean per cent score (MPS)
It was computed by multiplying total obtained score of the coriander growers by 100 and dividing by the maximum obtainable score under each practice. The formula is as under:
Total score obtained Mean Per cent Score (MPS) = ------x 100 Maximum obtainable score
(iii) Standard deviation
The standard deviation (S.D.) measures the absolute dispersion of variability of distribution. Here mean and standard deviation were used in categorization of respondents in different categories.
2 xi xi 2 S.D. = - n n Where, 2 xi = Sum of squares of the variables
xi = Sum of values of the variables n = Number of respondents (iv) Correlation The correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the degree of association. To study the relationship between any two variables, correlation technique was frequently used in this study. Correlation coefficient between dependent variable Y and selected independent variable X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 and X6, X7 were calculated by using the following formula :
( xi) ( yi) xiyi n r = 2 2 ( xi) ( yi) 2 2 xi yi n n Where, r = Coefficient of correlation th xi = Values of x variable for i pairs th yi = Values of y variable for i pairs n = Number of pairs of x and y values.
The significance of „r‟ values were tested by using „t‟ test with the help of following formula:
r n-2 t = 1-r2
d.f. = n - 2
(vi) Regression analysis Regression is a measure of average relationship between two variables. With its help we can know the average unit change in one variable due to a unit change in other variable. For the purpose of the study the relationship between dependent variable 'Y' and the selected independent variables (X1, X2 ……………X7 ) a multiple linear regression equation was fitted as follows:
Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4+ b5x5 + b6x6 + b7 x7
Where, Y = Predicted value of dependent variable a = Intercept constant, calculated in the following manner
a = y + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 +b7x7 bi = Partial regression coefficient which represents the amount of change in 'Y' that can be associated with a
unit change in any one of the xi when the remaining independent variables hold fixed. The significance of partial regression coefficient can be tested by 't' test.
bi t = S.E. (bi)
With d.f. = N-K-1
Where, K = No. of independent variables bi = Partial regression coefficient S.E. = Standard error of partial regression coefficient.
(VII) MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Multiple correlation coefficient (R) was calculated by the formula :
Regression S.S. R = S.S. (Y)
Regression S.S. = bi.sp (x1y) + b2.sp(x2y) + b3.sp(x3y)+b4.sp(x4y) +
b5.sp(x5y) + b6.sp(x6y) +b7.sp(x7y).
2 2 S.S. = xi - ( yi) /N
sp (xiy) = xiy - ( xi) ( y)/N i = 1, 2, 3, ………. 7
4.6 dERIVATION OF HYPOTHESES (STATED IN NULL FORM)
(i) Hypotheses pertaining to the association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables.
Ho1.1 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their age.
Ho1.2 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their caste.
Ho1.3 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their education. Ho1.4 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their size of land holding.
Ho1.5 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their family type.
Ho1.6 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended of coriander production technology and their family size.
Ho1.7 There is no association between the knowledge level of coriander growers about recommended coriander production technology and their annual income.
(ii) Hypotheses pertaining to the association between the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their selected independent variables.
Ho2.1 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their age.
Ho2.2 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their caste.
Ho2.3 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended of coriander production technology by the farmers and their education .
Ho2.4 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended of coriander production technology by the farmers and their size of land holding.
Ho2.5 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended of coriander production technology by the farmers and their family type. Ho2.6 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended of coriander production technology by the farmers and their family size.
Ho2.7 There is no association between the adoption level of recommended of coriander production technology by the farmers and their of annual income.
5. Results and discussion
This chapter deals with the entire findings and discussion in view of objectives. The present study which has been arrived at after subjecting the data to statistical analysis and interpretation. The findings have been reported under following major aspects:
1. Personal characteristics of farmers. 2. Knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. 3. Extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers. 4. Association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and extent of adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. 5. Constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
5.1 Personal characteristics of farmers
Personal characteristics
In this section the data regarding the personal characteristics of farmers (coriander growers) viz., age, caste, and education level, size of land holding, family type, family size and annual income are presented in table 5.1.
Age
The data in table 5.1 show that majority (65 percent) of coriander growers belonged to middle age group i.e. between 36-50 years of age. Further, 16.67 and 18.33 per cent respondents were found in young and old age group, respectively. Caste
The data in table 5.1 show that majority of coriander growers belonged to different categories i.e. Schedule caste (14.16 per cent), schedule tribe (31.67 percent), other backward caste (43.33 per cent) and general caste (10.84 per cent) respectively.
Education
The data in table 5.1 show that 15.83 per cent of respondents were Illiterate (cannot read and write), further 72.50 per cent respondents were literate (can read, write and up to primary to middle level) and only 11.67 per cent of them were educated (middle and above level).
Size of land holding
The data in table 5.1 show that the of coriander growers i.e. 62.50 per cent belonged to medium and 13.33 per cent and 24.17 per cent respondents were found large and in small category respectively.
Family type
The data in table 5.1 show that majority of respondents belong to nuclear family (64.17 per cent) of the total sample and 35.83 per cent coriander growers were found in joint family type.
Family size
The data in table 5.1 show that majority of the respondents belong to small family size. This family size constituted 61.67 per cent of the total sample and 38.33 per cent respondent were from big family size.
Annual income
The data in table 5.1 show that majority of the respondents belong to medium annual income. (59.16 per cent) of the total sample and 14.17 per cent respondent belong to high annual income and 26.67 per cent to respondents belong to low annual income. Table 5.1 Distribution of the coriander growers according to their selected personal characteristics N = 120 S.No. Personal attributes Number Percentage of farmers of farmers 1. Age (i) Young (21-35 years) 20 16.67 (ii) Middle (from 36 to 50 years) 78 65.00 (iii) Old (above 50 years) 22 18.33 2. Caste (i) SC 17 14.16 (ii) ST 38 31.67 (iii) OBC 52 43.33 (iv) General 13 10.84 3. Education (i) Illiterate (Cannot read and write) 19 15.83 (ii) literate (Can read, write and primary 87 72.50 to middle level) (iii) Educated ( Middle and above level) 14 11.67 4. Size of land holding (i) Marginal (below 1 ha) 29 24.17 (ii) Small (1 - 2 ha) 75 62.50 (iii) Large (more than 2 ha) 16 13.33 5. Family type (i) Nuclear 77 64.17 (ii) Joint 43 35.83 6. Family size (i) Small 74 61.67 (ii) Big 46 38.33 7. Annual income (i) Low (below 73,601) 32 26.67 (ii) Medium (73,601 to 1,85,715) 71 59.16 (iii) 17 14.17 High (above 1, 85,715) 5.2 Knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology
The knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology was measured with the help of knowledge test developed by Chaturvedi (2000). Who was used after due modificaction for the study purpose.
Ten practices having 32 questions were included after discussion with agriculture experts in the schedule to measure the knowledge level of respondents regarding recommended coriander production technology. The range of knowledge scores was from zero to 89. The knowledge score assigned on their performance of respondents in the knowledge test. One mark was given to every right answer and zero mark for every wrong answer. This range was divided into three categories based on the mean (62.33) and standard deviation (5.86) as presented below:
1. The farmers who obtained knowledge score below 56.47 were categorized as having low knowledge level.
2. The farmers who obtained knowledge score from 56.47 to 68.19 were categorized as having medium knowledge level.
3. The farmers who obtained knowledge score above 68.19 were categorized under high knowledge level.
The statistical data regarding the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology have been presented in table 5.2 and fig. 5. able 5.2. Distribution of farmers under different knowledge level about recommended coriander production technology
N=120 S.No. Knowledge level Number of Per cent farmers of farmers 1. Low knowledge (Scores below 12 10.00 56.47) 2. Medium knowledge (Scores from 86 71.67 56.47 to 68.19) 3. High knowledge (Scores above 22 18.33 68.19) Total 120 100.00
X = 62.33 = 5.86 The data in table 5.2 and fig. 6 concluded that among all, 71.67 per cent of coriander growers were having medium knowledge level about coriander production technology and 18.33 per cent farmers were having high knowledge level, whereas, 10.00 per cent of farmers were having low knowledge level respectively. These finding confirm the findings of Jat (2008). Who revealed that fenugreek growers had medium knowledge level followed by high and low knowledge level about improved cultivation practices of fenugreek. Furthermore, the knowledge level of recommended coriander production technology was also analyzed separately. The relative knowledge level of all the ten practices of recommended coriander production technology was highlighted by ranking their knowledge level on the basis of mean per cent scores. The Mean Per cent Score (MPS) were obtained by multiplying total obtained scores of the respondents by hundred and divided by the maximum obtained score under each practices. The data in table 5.2 indicates that the average knowledge level of recommended coriander production technology most coriander were 71.83 per cent of the farmers (89.16 MPS) had highest knowledge about “Time of sowing” and hence this practice was ranked first. The second highest percentage of farmers (84.16 MPS) was having knowledge about “Field preparation” which was ranked second followed by “Harvesting, threshing” and Storage” (82.47 MPS) and “Fertilizer application” (80.67 MPS) which were ranked third and fourth respectively. The knowledge aspects like “Weed management”, “Seed rate” and recommended spacing”, “Irrigation management”, “Plant protection measures”, were moderately known by the farmers as they were having 73.12, 71.12, 66.66 and 66.07 MPS ranked at fifth, sixth, seventh and eight, respectively. Table 5.3. Knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology (package of practices wise knowledge level) N = 120 S. Package of practices Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Filed preparation 84.16 II 2. High yield varieties 45.16 X 3. Seed treatment 59.72 IX 4. Time of sowing 89.26 I 5. Seed rate and recommended spacing 71.12 VI 6. Fertilizer application 80.67 IV 7. Irrigation management 66.66 VII 8. Weed management 73.12 V 9. Plant protection measures 66.07 VIII 10. Harvesting, threshing and storage 82.47 III Average :- 71.83
MPS = Mean Per cent Score
owest knowledge was found “Seed treatment” (59.72 MPS) and “High yielding varieties” (45.16.MPS), hence last ninth and tenth ranks were assigned to them, respectively. DISCUSSION
Knowledge of farmers about recommended coriander production technology is directly or indirectly related with knowledge of coriander growers. Hence, it was considered necessary to assess the knowledge of the farmers about coriander production technology while the knowledge about the technology had influence on the decision making about it keeping this view in mind the knowledge test was applied to farmers to know their knowledge about coriander production technology.
From the findings, it was clear that majority of the farmers (71.67 per cent) had medium knowledge level about coriander production technology, because most of the farmers were literate, due to which they may read literature regarding recommended coriander production technology.
From the findings good knowledge about recommended coriander production technology like “Time of sowing” “Field preparation” and “Harvesting threshing and storage”. Medium knowledge about “Fertilizer application”, “Weed management”, “Seed rate and recommended spacing” and “Irrigation management” “Plant protection measures.” Low knowledge about “Seed treatment” and “High yielding varieties”. Because most of the farmers were literate due to which may read literature regarding coriander production technology. From the findings it was also evident that majority of respondent were having knowledge about “Time of sowing”, Field preparation” and “Harvesting threshing and storage”. This might be due to the fact that majority of the farmers were literate and have may know the importance of the Time of sowing, “Field preparation” and “Harvesting, threshing and storage”. Farmers had low knowledge of “Seed treatment” and “High yielding varieties.” The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Nagar (2006), Jat (2008), and Meena (2010).
5.3 Extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers As stated in the chapter “Research methodology”, the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers was worked out by means of adoption index developed by Chaturvedi (2000) with slight modification in this study based on adoption score obtained by the farmers the means (18.39) and standard deviation (2.50) were computed for the purpose of classifying the extent adoption level into three categories namely low level, medium level and high level of extent of adoption in this way the groups as follows:
(i) Farmers who obtained adoption score below 15.89 were categorized as low extent of adoption.
(ii) Farmers who obtained adoption score from 15.89 to 20.89 were categorized as medium extent of adoption.
(iii) Farmers who obtained adoption score above 20.89 were categorized as high extent of adoption.
The statistical data regarding the extent of adoption towards coriander production technology by the farmers have been presented in Table 5.4 and Fig. 7.
ble 5.4 Distribution of farmers under different adoption level of recommended Coriander production technology. N=120 S. Adoption level Number of Per cent No. farmers of farmers 1. Low adoption (Scores below 15.89) 23 19.17
2. Medium adoption (Scores from 82 68.33
15.89 to 20.89)
3. High adoption (Scores above 15 12.50 20.89)
Total 120 100.00
X = 18.39 = 2.50 As it is apparent from, the data in table 5.4 that the coriander growers of about 68.33 per cent of farmers were found to be medium adoption, while 19.17 per cent farmers were low adoption and only 12.50 per cent of farmers were high adoption level, respectively. These finding confirm the findings of Jat (2008) who revealed that fenugreek growers had medium adoption level followed by high and low adoption level about improved cultivation practices of fenugreek
Table 5.5. Extent of adoption of recommended Coriander production technology by the farmers (package of practices wise adoption level) N = 120 S. Package of practices Mean per cent Rank
No. score
1. Filed preparation 73.83 I
2. High yield varieties 28.61 X
3. Seed treatment 30.00 IX
4. Time of sowing 71.11 II 5. Seed rate and recommended spacing 56.66 VI
6. Fertilizer application 67.14 IV
7. Irrigation management 63.83 V
8. Weed management 50.00 VII
9. Plant protection measures 39.16 VIII
10. Harvesting, threshing and storage 69.16 III
Average :- 54.95
The data presented in table 5.5 and fig. 8 indicates that the average, extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology coriander were 54.95 per cent. Out of ten selected practices, the extent of adoption of “field preparation” was (73.83
MPS) was higher than the other adopted practices of coriander and it was ranked first followed by the adoption of “Time of sowing”
(71.11 MPS) and “Harvesting, threshing and storage “(69.16 MPS) and were ranked second and third position, respectively.
The extent of adoption of the recommended coriander production technology like “Fertilizer application” and “Irrigation nagement” (67.14 MPS), 63.83 MPS and were ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. While the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology likes “Seed rate and recommended spacing”, “Weed management”, with 56.66 and 50.00 MPS, were ranked sixth and seventh, respectively. The “Plant protection measures” practices (39.16 MPS) was ranked at eight position whereas, the “Seed treatment”, and “High yielding varieties” (30.00 MPS) practices (28.61 MPS) were ranked ninth and ten were respectively.
DISCUSSION
Adoption of farmers about recommended coriander production technology is directly or indirectly related to adoption of coriander growers. Hence, it was considered necessary to assess the adoption of the farmers about coriander production technology while the adoption about the technology had influence on the decision making about it and thus keeping this view in mind the adoption test was applied to farmers to know their adoption about coriander production technology.
From the findings, it was clear that majority of the farmers (68.33 per cent) had medium adoption level about coriander production technology, because most of the farmers were literature, due to which they may read literature regarding recommended coriander production technology.
From the findings good adoption about recommended coriander production technology “Field preparation” “Time of sowing” and “Harvesting threshing and storage”. Medium adoption about “Fertilizer application”, “Irrigation management” “Seed rate and recommended spacing” “Weed management” “Plant protection measures”. Low adoption about “Seed treatment” and “High yielding varieties”. Because most of the farmers were literate due to which may read literature regarding coriander production technology from in this finding it were also evident level all the farmers were having adoption about “Field preparation” “Time of sowing”, and “Harvesting threshing and storage”. This might be due to the fact that majority of the farmers were literate and have may know the importance of the Field preparation” “Time of sowing”, and “Harvesting, threshing and storage”. Farmers had low adoption of “Seed treatment” and “High yielding varieties.” The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Nagar (2006), Jat (2008), and Meena (2010).
5.4 Association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and extent of adoption level of recommended coriander production technology
5.4.1 Association between knowledge level of farmers and their selected independent variables
The association between knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology and their seven independent variables viz., age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size and annual income was tested with the help of „correlation coefficient and the results have presented in table 5.6 and fig. 9.
Age
Size of land holding Family type
0.811** 0.518** 0.168 NS
Caste 0.107 NS K0.154 NS Family size N
O
W
L 0.509**
0.785** E
D
NS = Non-significant G Education Annual income ** Significant at 0.01 level of E level probability
Fig. 9. Final paradigm showing association between knowledge level and independent variables L E V E Table 5.6 Association between knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables N = 120
S.No. Independent variables Correlation coefficient
Age 1. 0.811**
Caste 2. 0.107 NS
Educational level 3. 0.785**
Size of land holding 4. 0.518**
Family type 5. 0.168 NS
Family size 6. 0.154 NS
Annual income 7 0.509**
** Significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS - Non-significant Discussion 1. Knowledge and age
The presented data in table 5.6 that age was positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H01) i.e. „there is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their age therefore, rejected. It could be inferred that when age increase, the knowledge level also increases simultaneously and vice versa. The significant correlation might be due to infer that age ply significant role in coriander growers about recommended coriander production technology. This might be due to fact that older age farmers have more experience of coriander production technology
The finding of the study is in conformity to the Naruka and Singh (2005) Dhyal (2006).
2. Knowledge and caste
It is evident from table 5.6 that the caste was non-significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H02) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their caste was, therefore, accepted. . It means that the caste did not make significant impact on knowledge level of recommended coriander production technology. It means that the Caste is not exerts its influence on knowledge level. The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Nainawat(1990) and Singh (2004).
3. Knowledge and education level
It is evident from table 5.6 that the education level significantly associated with knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H03) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their education level was, therefore, rejected. It means that the education level make the significant role in increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. This might be due to the fact that the coriander growers are more literate and educated. The coriander growers might have more learned and more understood the coriander production technology due to their higher perception level of farmers. The findings of this study support the findings of Singh (2001), Tarachand (2001), Naruka and Singh (2005), Khan and Chouhan (2005), Bairolia (2008), Jakhar (2009) and Jat (2011).
4. Knowledge and size of land holding
It is apparent from table 5.6 that the size of land holding was significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H04) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their size of land holding was therefore, rejected. It means the size of land holding make significant impact for increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. This might be due to fact that coriander growers having large size of land holding were capable of using new technology, which help them in getting more practical experience regarding improved coriander production technology .The finding of study are conformity with the findings of Singh(2001), Jangid (2009) and Jat (2011).
5. Knowledge and family type
It reveled from table 5.6 that the family type was non-significantly associated with knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H05) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their family type was accepted. It means that the family type did not make the significant impact for increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. It means that the family type is not exerts its influence on extent of knowledge. The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Naruka and Singh (2005), Bairolia (2008), Dhayal (2006) and Jakhar (2009).
6. Knowledge and family size
It is apparent from table 5.6 that the family size was non- significantly associated with knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H06) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their family size was accepted. It means that the family size did not make the significant impact for increasing knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. It means that the size of family had not exerted its influence on the knowledge level of farmers about various cultivation practices of coriander. This might be due to that although the farming was a business in which all family members contribute equally but the decision power was in hand of with the head of the family. These findings are supported by Choudhary (1999) and Jakar (2009).
7. Knowledge and annual income
It is evident from table 5.6 that annual income was positively and significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H07) i.e. „There is no association between the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their annual income was, therefore, rejected. It could be inferred that the income increases and also the knowledge level increases simultaneously and vice versa. This might be due to the fact those coriander growers who were economically sound can purchase literatures, news papers, radio, television and critical inputs ,which will lead to the adoption of improved technology .It also helped them shaping in formatting the positive attitudes of coriander growers towards the coriander production technology. The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Dhayal (2006),and Choudhry (2008).
Multiple regression analysis
An association between knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their seven independent variables was ascertained by computing correlation coefficient („r‟ values). The „r‟ value only gives the strength and direction of association but does not focus on the predictive ability of independent variables over knowledge. Hence, the multiple regressions was worked out predictive abilities of independent variables on the knowledge level about recommended coriander production technology.
The independent variables indicate significant contribution in zero order correlation for coriander growers, which were analyzed by multiple regression technique to determine their relative contribution and to predict. The predicting power of each multiple regression equation was estimated with the help of coefficient of multiple determinations (R2). The significance of multiple regression coefficients was worked out by finding out„t‟ values. Accordingly, the multiple regression analysis was done and the results are presented as follows:
Multiple regression analysis of knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables
Out of Seven independent variables, only four independent variable had shown significant association with knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology in „zero order‟ correlation analysis. These variables were entered in multiple regression models and computerized.
Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 + b7x7
Where,
Y = Estimated value of knowledge level of farmers about
recommended coriander production technology.
a = The intercept
b1 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x1 (age)
b2 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 2 (caste)
b3 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 3 (education level)
b4 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 4 (size of land holding)
b5 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 5 (family type)
b6 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 6 (family size)
b7 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 7 (annual income)
Table 5.7. Multiple regression analysis of knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables N = 120 S.No. Independent Standardized Standard „t‟ value variables coefficients Beta Error Age 1. 0.511 0.022 8.565**
Caste 2. 0.001 0.313 0.014NS
Educational level 3. 0.425 0.221 6.269**
Size of land 4. 0.156 0.308 1.335** holding Family type 5. 0.070 0.613 1.330NS
Family size 6. 0.056 0.731 0.026NS
Annual income 7 0.126 0.001 -1.055**
** Significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS - Non-significant Coefficient of multiple determination (R2) = 0.785** Multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.886
The R2 value (0.785) in table 5.7 indicates that seven independent variables jointly contributed about 78.50 per cent of the variation in the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology.
The data in Table 5.7 also reveal that the calculated „t‟ values for the multiple regression coefficients were significant at 0.01 percent level of probability. Hence, it could be inferred that these variables were important in predicting the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. 5.4.2 Association between adoption level and their selected independent variables
The association between adoption of farmers toward of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their selected seven independent variables viz., age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size and annual income was tested with the help of „correlation coefficient and the results have presented in table 5.8 and fig. 10.
Table 5.8 Association between adoption level of recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables. N = 120
S.No. Independent variables Correlation coefficient
Age 1. 0.802**
Caste 2. 0.117 NS
Educational level 3. 0.712**
Size of land holding 4. 0.608**
Family type 5. 0.130 NS
Family size 6. 0.176 NS
Annual income 7 0.487**
** Significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS - Non-significant
Size of land holding Age Family type
0.802** 0.608** 0.130 NS
Caste 0.117 NS A0.176 NS Family size D
O
P
T
0.712** I 0.487**
O
NS = Non-significant N Education Annual income ** Significant at 0.01 level of level probability L Fig. 10. Final paradigm showing association between adoption level and independent variables E V E L Discussion
1. Adoption and age
It is evident from the data in table 5.8 that age was positively and significantly associated with the adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H01) i.e. „there is no association between the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology and their age therefore, rejected. It could be inferred that when age increase, the recommended coriander production technology also adopted simultaneously and vice versa. This might be due to fact that older age farmers have more experience of farming. The finding of the study is in conformity to the Dhayal (2006).
2. Adoption and caste
It is reveled from Table 5.8 that the caste was non-significantly associated with the adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H02) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption of recommended coriander technology and their caste was, therefore, accepted. It means that the caste did not make significant impact on adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. It means that the Caste is not exerts its influence on adoption level. The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Nainawat(1990) and yadav (2006).
3. Adoption and education level
It is evident from table 5.8 that the education level was significantly associated with adoption of recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H03) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their education level was, therefore, rejected. It means that the education level make the significant role in increasing adoption level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. This might be due to the fact that the coriander growers are more literate and educated. The coriander growers might have more learned and more understood the coriander production technology due to their higher perception of farmers.
The findings of this study support the findings of Yadav (1997), Choudhary (1999) Meena (2001), Dhayal (2006), Jakhar (2009) and Jangid (2009).
4. Adoption and size of land holding
It is apparent from table 5.8 that the size of land holding was significantly associated with the adoption of recommended coriander technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability
The stated null hypothesis (H04) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their size of land holding‟ was therefore, rejected. It means the size of land holding make significant role for increasing adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. This might be due to the fact that coriander growers having large size of land holding were capable of using modern technology, which help them in getting more practical experience regarding coriander production technology .The finding of study are conformity with the findings of Choudhary (1999) Dhayal (2006) and Jat (2011).
5. Adoption and family type
It is apparent form table 5.8 that the family type was non- significantly associated with adoption of recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H05) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption of recommended coriander production technology and their family type was therefore, accepted. It means that the family type did not make the significant impact of on adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. It means that the family type is not exerts its influence on adoption level. The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Tarachand (2001), Dhayal (2006) and Jakhar (2009).
6. Adoption and family size
It revealed from table 5.8 that the family size was non-significantly associated with adoption of recommended coriander production technology at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H06) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology and their family size was accepted. It means that the family size did not make the significant impact on adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers. . It means that the size of family had not exerted its influence on the adoption level of farmers about various cultivation practices of coriander. This might be due to that although the farming was a business in which all family members contribute equally but the decision power was in hand of with the head of the family. These findings are supported by Singh (2001), Jakar (2009) and Jat (2011).
7. Adoption and annual income
It is evident from table 5.8 that annual income was positively and significantly associated with the adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers at 0.01 per cent level of probability.
The stated null hypothesis (H07) i.e. „There is no association between the adoption level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their annual income was, therefore, rejected. It could be inferred that the income increases the adoption level also increases simultaneously and vice versa. It could be concluded that the income had significant role information of adoption. This might be due to the fact those coriander growers who were economically sound can purchase literatures, news papers, radio, television and critical inputs, which will lead to the adoption of improved technology .It also helped them shaping in formatting the positive attitudes of coriander growers towards the coriander production technology The findings of the study are in conformity with the findings of Dhayal (2006), Choudhary (2008).
Multiple regression analysis
An association between adoption and their seven independent variables was ascertained by computing correlation coefficient („r‟ values). The „r‟ value only gives the strength and direction of association but does not focus on the predictive ability of independent variables over adoption towards recommended coriander production technology. Hence, the multiple regression was worked out to trace out predictive abilities of independent variables on the adoption of farmers about recommended coriander production technology.
The independent variables indicate significant contribution in zero order correlation for coriander growers which were analyzed by multiple regression technique to determine their relative contribution and to predict. The predicting power of each multiple regression equation was estimated with the help of coefficient of multiple determination (R2). The significance of multiple regression coefficients was worked out by finding out „t‟ values. Accordingly, the multiple regression analysis was done and the results are presented as follows:
Multiple regression analysis of adoption level of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers and their selected independent variables
Out of seven independent variables, four independent variables had shown significant association with adoption of recommended coriander production technology in „zero order‟ correlation analysis. These variables were entered in multiple regression model and computerized.
Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 + b7x7
Where,
Y = Estimated value of adoption of farmers towards of recommended coriander production technology. a = The intercept
b1 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x1 (age)
b2 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 2 (caste)
b3 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 3 (education level)
b4 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 4 (size of land holding)
b5 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 5 (family type)
b6 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 6 (family size)
b7 = Coefficient of partial regression of Y on x 7 (annual income)
The results obtained and shown in Table 5.3.2.2 are as follow:
Table 5.9 Multiple regression analysis adoption of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables N = 120
S.No. Independent Standardized Standard „t‟ value variables coefficients Error Beta Age 1. 0.519 0.014 5.962**
Caste 2. 0.009 0.136 0.172NS
Educational level 3. 0.215 0.127 2.573**
Size of land holding 4. 0.129 0.076 1.818**
Family type 5. 0.033 0.283 -0.592NS
Family size 6. 0.046 0.281 0.812NS
Annual income 7 0.082 0.001 1.317**
** Significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability NS = Non-significant Coefficient of multiple determination (R2) = 0.693** Multiple correlation coefficient (R) = 0.832 The R2 value (0.693) in table 5.9 indicates that seven independent variables jointly contributed about 69.00 per cent of the variation in the level of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers.
The data in table 5.9 also reveal that the calculated „t‟ values for the multiple regression coefficients were significant at 0.01 per cent level of probability. Hence it could be inferred that these variables were important in predicting the level of adoption of farmers towards recommended coriander production technology by the farmers.
5.5 Constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology In this section, it was tried to find-out the constraints in adoption of coriander production technology by the farmers in the study area. As reported earlier there exists a glaring gap in knowledge level and adoption level of coriander production technology among farmers. This necessitates to find out the probable constraints which hindrance the extent of adoption of coriander production technology. All the possible constraints being faced by the farmers were grouped into four major categories viz., constraints related to Input, Technical, Marketing and Miscellaneous. 5.5.1 Constraints related to inputs as perceived by respondents regarding adoption of recommended coriander production technology A critical examination of table 5.10 and fig. 11 revealed that majority of respondents were facing problems of “green colour maintaining variety is not available in the market” (78.61 MPS) followed by “unavailability of short duration varieties” (76.11 MPS) and higher cost of labour (75.27 MPS) in adoption of recommended coriander production technology, “uncertainty of good produc0tion” “seed, fertilizer and chemicals” are costly and lack of irrigation facility were ranked 4th, 5th and 6th respectively. Least problems faced by them were to “unavailability of improved seed at the time of sowing”. The table further shows that coriander growers reported major problem (above 70 MPS) regarding unavailability of varieties maintaining green colour after harvest, unavailability of short duration varieties, higher cost labour and uncertainty of good production. Further, constraints (above 50 to 70 MPS), “seed, fertilizer and chemicals are costly inputs”, “lack of irrigation facility,” “required more organic matter”. And “unavailability of fertilizers” during peak season were moderately. Least constraints (below 50 MPS) perceived by coriander growers were, unavailability of fertilizers during peak season were moderately, small land holding, small land holding, supply of inferior quality of seed by the agencies, unavailability of recommended chemical for plant protection, and unavailability of improved seed at the time of sowing. Table 5.10 : Input constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology N = 120 S. Constraints Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Unavailability of improved seed at time 28.88 XII of sowing 2. Supply of inferior quality seed by the 35.27 X agencies 3. Unavailability of fertilizer at the peak 47.22 VIII seasons 4. Unavailability of recommended 33.88 XI chemical for plant protection measures 5. Lack of irrigation facility 56.11 VI 6. Uncertainty of good production 72.77 IV 7. Small land holding 45.55 IX 8. Requires more organic manure 54.72 VII 9. Unavailability of short duration varieties 76.11 II 10. Green colour maintaining variety is not 78.61 I available in the market 11. Seed fertilizer and chemical are costly 62.50 V input 12. High cost of labour 75.27 III Average 55.57
.5.2 Technical constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology A critical examination of table 5.11 and fig. 12 reveals that majority of coriander growers were facing major problem lack of knowledge about grading and standardization, lack of knowledge about chemical weed control and lack of knowledge about seed treatments with 53.88, 46.66 and 46.38 MPS, respectively followed by lack of knowledge about cultivation of high yielding varieties with
45.83 MPS in the adoption of recommended coriander production technology. Lack of knowledge about recommended seed rate and lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals were ranked 5th and 6th respectively. Least problems were faced by them was poor knowledge about dose of chemical fertilizers, poor knowledge about irrigation management and technical guidance unavailable were ranked 7th, 8th and 9th respectively by them. Table 5.11 : Technical constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology N = 120 S. Constraints Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Lack of knowledge about seed 46.38 III treatment 2. Lack of knowledge about grading and 53.88 I standardization 3. Lack of knowledge about cultivation of 45.83 IV HYV 4. Lack of knowledge about recommended 43.05 V seed rate 5. Poor knowledge about dose of chemical 39.72 VII fertilizer 6. Poor knowledge about irrigation 39.44 VIII management 7. Lack of knowledge about plant 42.22 VI protection chemicals 8. Lack of knowledge about chemical 46.66 II weed control 9. Technical guidance unavailable at the 37.77 IX time of sowing Average 43.88 5.5.3 Marketing constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology A critical examination of table 5.12 and fig. 13 reveals that over all respondents were facing major problems like minimum support price is not fixed by government (74.05 MPS) and high fluctuation in price (70.88 MPS) in the adoption of coriander production technology. Low price of od quality product in the market, lack of storage, facilities and transportation facilities are very costly were ranked 3rd , 4th and 5th, respectively and incorrect weight measurement by businessman, lack of knowledge about market intelligence and unnecessary deduction by the businessman were ranked 6th, 7th and 8th, respectively. Table 5.12 : Marketing constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology N = 120 S. Constraints Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Lack of storage facilities 53.33 IV 2. Transportation facilities are very costly 52.50 V 3. Lack of knowledge about market 42.77 VII intelligence 4. Incorrect weight measurement by 47.77 VI businessman 5. Low price of good quality product in the 58.88 III market 6. Unnecessary deduction by 41.38 VIII businessman 7. Minimum support price is not fixed by 74.05 I Govt. 8. High fluctuation in price 70.88 II Average 55.19
5.5.4 Miscellaneous constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology
A critical examination of table 5.13 and fig. 14 reveals that majority of the respondents were facing serious constraints regarding to cloudy weather and rainfall at the time of flowering and seed formation with (66.88 MPS). Further, followed constraints which were faced relatively lesser extent by early showing arvested coriander crop affected by the wind, late sowing reduces the yield and more attack insect pest disease with 66.66, 55.66, 52.22, 54.72 and 50.88 MPS, respectively.
Table 5.13 Miscellaneous constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology N = 120 S. Constraints Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Cloudy weather and rainfall at time of 66.66 I flowering and seed formation 2. The early showing coriander crop 55.66 II affected by the low temperature 3. The harvested coriander crop affected 52.22 IV by the wind 4. Unable to bear risk 54.72 III 5. Late sowing reduces the yield 50.61 V 6. More attack insect pest disease 50.88 VI Average 55.08
5.5.5 Overall constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology
The data in table 5.14 and fig. 15 reveals that among the four categories of constraints, input, technical, marketing and miscellaneous constraints. Out of which input constraints were showed highest intensity. Followed by marketing constraints, miscellaneous constraints in and technical constraints were perceived least and respondents.
Table 5.14 Overall constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology N = 120 S. Constraints related to Mean per cent Rank No. score 1. Input constraints 55.57 I 2. Technical constraints 43.38 IV 3. Marketing constraints 55.19 II 4. Miscellaneous constraints 55.08 III Average 52.30
These findings are in line with the finding of Nagar (2006), Jaitawat (2006), Jat (2008) and Meena (2010) who found that major constraints in adoption of recommended coriander production technology were Green colour maintaining variety is not available in the market, Minimum support price is not fixed by Government, Cloudy weather and rainfall at time of flowering and seed formation and Lack of knowledge about grading and standardization.
Summary and conclusion
This chapter is devoted to summary and conclusion of the present investigation along with implication of the major findings of the study. Besides findings, some recommendations for increasing the adoption of coriander production technology among the farmer have also been given in this chapter.
Introduction
India has been the „Home of spices‟ since time immemorial. It is the world largest producer, consumer and exporter of seed spices country over different agro climatic zones.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) commonly known as “Dhania” coriander is an important dominant and high valued spices grown in India. In India major coriander growing state is Rajasthan contributing more than 44 per cent production of the country. Coriander is a winter season crop and requires moderately cool climate for its proper growth and development.
The requirement of seed spices is generally higher but production is too low. This has been due to the non-adoption of improved package of practices of the spices cultivation by majority of the farmers. Generally, there is a time lag between origin of technology and its adoption. Improved coriander production technologies are not fully adopted by the farmers and the coriander mainly grown by following the traditional farming. There is a need for the adoption of improved cultivation practices of coriander crop by the farmers. So that the production and income of the farmers can be raised. Therefore, it is necessary to know the knowledge level, adoption level and constraints responsible for non adoption of various production technology of coriander by the farmers. Thus, there is need to identify the factors affecting the adoption of coriander production technology. Keeping all these views in mind the present investigation entitled “Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” was undertaken with the following objectives:
ix. To measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology.
x. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers.
xi. To find out the association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and adoption level of recommended coriander production technology.
xii. To find out the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
Research methodology
Location of the study and sample
The present study was conducted in Baran district which was selected purposively. The Baran district consists of eight tehsils. Out of which two tehsils namely Atru and Chhipabarod were selected by randomly method. Atru and Chhipabarod tehsils comprises of 34 and 29 gram panchayats respectively. Among these two gram panchayats from Atru tehsil and two gram panchayats from Chhipabarod tehsil, were selected by randomly method. Eight villages were selected from the selected four gram panchayats by randomly method. A sample of 120 coriander growers were selected from these selected villages by using simple random sampling with proportion sample.
Variables and their measurement
For the present investigation independent variables namely age, caste, education level, size of land holding, family type, family size and annual income were selected to see their influence on the dependent variables viz., knowledge level and adoption level in recommended coriander production technology. The data were collected with the help of an interview schedule in face to face situations by the researcher himself:
The data so collected were tabulated and analyzed in light of the objectives of the study inferences were drawn after subjecting the data to statistical analysis.
Personal characteristics of the respondents
The salient findings of study were
1. It was found that 16.67, 65.00 and 18.33 per cent coriander growers were young, middle and old age, respectively.
2. It was found that 14.16, 31.67, 43.33 and 10.84 per cent coriander growers were Schedule caste, Schedule Tribe, Other backward caste and General caste, respectively.
3. It was found that 15.83, 72.50 and11.67 per cent coriander growers were illiterate, literate and educated, respectively.
4. It was found that 24.17, 62.50 and 13.33 per cent coriander growers were marginal, small and large land size of land holding, respectively.
5. It was found that 64.17 and 35.83 per cent coriander growers were nuclear and joint family, respectively.
6. It was found that 61.67 and38.33 per cent coriander growers were small and big family size, respectively.
7. It was found that 26.67, 59.16 and 14.17 per cent coriander growers were low, medium and high annual income, respectively.
1. Measurement of knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology
(i) It was found that 10.00 per cent, 71.67 per cent and 18.33 per cent farmers were in low, medium and high knowledge level respectively regarding coriander production technology. (ii) Majority of the coriander growers had good knowledge about recommended coriander production technology like “Time of sowing” “field preparation”, and harvesting, threshing and storage. Minimum knowledge was possessed in seed treatment and high yielding varieties.
2. Measurement of extent of adoption of farmers about recommended coriander production technology by the farmers
(i) It was found that 19.17 per cent, 68.33 per cent and 12.50 per cent farmer were low, medium and high knowledge level, respectively regarding coriander production technology.
(ii) Majority coriander grower‟s good adoption about recommended coriander production technology like “field preparation” “Time of sowing” and “Harvesting, threshing and storage”. While minimum adoption was possessed in “Seed treatment” and “High yielding varieties‟
3. Association between knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables
(i) The age, education, size of land holding and annual income were found to be positive and significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology. While, the variables like, caste, family type and family size were found to be non-significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology.
4. Association between extent of adoption recommended coriander production technology and their selected independent variables
(i) The age, education, size of land holding and annual income was found to be positive and significantly associated with the adoption level of farmers about coriander production technology. While the variables like caste, family type and family size were found to be non-significantly associated with the extent of adoption of coriander production technology.
5. Constraints perceived by the farmersin the adoption of recommended coriander production technology
(i) Among the four constraints related to input, was the major constraints perceived by the coriander growers. This constraint was followed by constraints related to marketing, miscellaneous. Least perceived constraints were technical constraints.
(ii) The overall constraints faced by the respondents were 52.30 MPS (mean per cent score).
Conclusion
The salient findings reported in the dissertation leads to following conclusion.
(i) Majority of the farmers had medium knowledge level about the recommended coriander production technology.
(ii) Majority of the coriander growers had good knowledge about recommended coriander production technology like “Time of sowing”, “Field preparation” and “Harvesting, “threshing and storage”. While minimum knowledge about recommended coriander production technology “Seed treatment” and High yielding varieties.
(iii) More than half of the respondents were medium adopters of recommended coriander production technology.
(iv) The good adoption about recommended coriander production technology like “Field preparation”, “Time of sowing”, and “Harvesting, threshing and storage”. While minimum adoption about “Seed treatment,” and “High yielding varieties.” (v) The significant difference observed was between knowledge level of farmers about all the package of practices recommended for the study area. It shows positive impact of coriander growers.
(vi) The independent variables like age, education, size of land holding and annual income were found to be positive and significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology. While, the variables like, caste, family type and family size were found to be non- significantly associated with the knowledge level of farmers about coriander production technology.
(vii) The independent variables like age, education, size of land holding and annual income was found to be positive and significantly associated with the adoption level of farmers about coriander production technology. While the variables like caste, family type and family size were found to be non-significantly associated with the adoption level of farmers about coriander production technology.
(viii) The most severe Input constraints like Lack of knowledge about Green colour maintaining variety is not available in the market, Marketing constraints, like Minimum support price is not fixed by government Miscellaneous constraints, like Cloudy weather and rainfall at time of flowering and seed formation, Technical constraints, like lack of knowledge about grading and standardization was found.
Recommendations
(i) Coriander growers possessed less knowledge regarding high yielding varieties, seed treatment and plant protection measures for improving the knowledge level of farmers through the training on these aspects may be given. (ii) Agriculture centers developed varieties of coriander that maintained green colour of seed.
(iii) Farmers faced most important constraints with regard to grading and standardization and to over come this problem; training programme should be arranged for coriander growers by different agencies.
(iv) Government should be fix the minimum support price of the coriander in advanced of the sowing time of crop.
(v) Farmers back ground factors associated with knowledge and adoption of improved coriander technology must be known, while any programme of planned communication.
(vi) Efforts should be made by extension works perennial at grass- root level for adoption of increasing coriander production technology per unit area.
(vii) Frequent training should be imparted in to the farmer‟s regular interval about coriander production technolgy.
Suggestions for future research
(i) The study provides guidance, help and open possibilities for such studies on other seed spices crop like cumin, fennel, fenugreek and ajwain etc. The researchers may seek help from this study, may also use interview schedule in other studies with slight modification.
(ii) The present study was conducted in only two tehsils of Baran district of Rajasthan. This study can be extended to other coriander growing tehsils as well as districts of Rajasthan.
(iii) A critical study may also be conducted on some characteristics of the coriander cultivators other than these in the study, which might be affecting the level of knowledge and extent of adoption of coriander production technology. (iv) Similar studies can be conducted in coriander growing area of other states. So that overall coriander cultivators in India can be projected to draw conclusion and suggestions for future extension programme.
Knowledge and Adoption of Recommended Coriander Production Technology by the Farmers in Baran District of Rajasthan
Surendra Kumar* Dr. Hanuman Lal** (Investigator) (Major Advisor)
ABSTRACT
India is a land of spices. It has a unique position in the global spice scenario as the largest producer. Consumer and exporter of seed spices. Coriander is a important condiment and highly valued spices grown in India. Rajasthan state alone contributes around 44 per cent of the production of the country. Coriander crop is grown mainly in Kota region in Rajasthan. It covers 98 per cent area and production. Coriander is one of the most important winter season spice crop in Rajasthan. There is a wide scope to improve and increase the coriander production and productivity by enhancing the knowledge and adoption of coriander production technology. Keeping all these views in mind the present investigation entitled “knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” was under taken with the following objectives: xiii. To measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology. xiv. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers. xv. To find out the association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and adoption level of recommended coriander production technology. xvi. To find out the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology.
* Post Graduate Student, Department of Extension Education, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Jaipur). ** Associate Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, (Jaipur). The present study was conducted in Baran district which was selected purposively. The Baran district consists of eight tehsils. Out of which two tehsils namely Atru and Chhipabarod were selected by using randomly method. Atru and Chhipabarod tehsils comprises of 34 and 29 gram panchayats respectively. Among these two gram panchayats from Atru tehsil and two gram panchayats from Chhipabarod tehsil, were selected by randomly method. Eight villages were selected from the selected four gram panchayats by randomly method. A sample of 120 coriander growers were selected from these selected villages by using simple random sampling with proportion sample method.
The data so collected were classified tabulated and statistically analised which led to following salient findings.
1. Majority of the coriander growers fallen in medium level of followed by high and low knowledge group, respectively.
2. Majority of the coriander growers were medium adoption group followed by low and high adoption group, respectively.
3. The independent variables like age, education level, size of land holding and annual income was found to be positive and significantly associated with knowledge and adoption level. While the variables like caste, family size and family type were found to be non significantly associated with the knowledge level and adoption level
4. The most severe input constraints like lack of knowledge about green colour maintaining variety is not available in the market, marketing constraints, like minimum support price is not fixed by government miscellaneous constraints, like cloudy weather and rainfall at time of flowering and seed formation, technical constraints, like lack of knowledge about grading and standardization was found. Recommendations
(viii) Coriander growers possessed less knowledge regarding high yielding varieties, seed treatment and plant protection measures for improving the knowledge level of farmers through the training on these aspects may be given. (ix) Agriculture research centers develope varieties of coriander that maintained green colour of seed. (x) Farmers faced most important constraints with regard to grading and standardization and to over come this problem; training programme should be arranged for coriander growers by different agencies. (xi) Government should be fix the minimum support price of the coriander in advanced of the sowing time of crop. (xii) Farmers back ground factors associated with knowledge and adoption of improved coriander technology must be known, while any programme of planned communication. (xiii) Efforts should be made by extension workers perpennel at grass-root level adoption of increasing coriander production technology per unit area. (xiv) Frequent training should be imparted in to the farmers regular interval about coriander production technology.
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(1997). “A study on constraints in adoption of recommended package of practices of vegetable crop by the farmers of panchayat samiti Pisangan, district ajmer (Rajasthan)”. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, R.a.U., Bikaner, Campus : Jobner. Yadav, B.C. (2006). “A study on knowledge and adoption of improved production technology of mandarin by the farmers in Jhalrapatan panchayat samiti of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan”. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis,(Unpub.) Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Campus-Jobner. Yadav, B.S. and Khan, I.M. (2012). “Adoption of improved cultivation practices of cauliflower”. Indian Journal of Social Research, 53 (3) : 191-197. Covering letter sent to the experts Extn./S.K.N./2013 From : Dr. Hanuman Lal No. ………………. Associate Professor Dated : …...…/2013 Deptt. of Extension Education S.K.N. College of Agriculture Jobner (Jaipur) Rajasthan To, ------Dear Sir One of my M.Sc. (Ag.) student Mr. Surendra Kumar, has undertaken a research study entitled, “Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan” for completion of M.Sc. (Ag.) degree in Department of Extension Education. We are trying to develop a comprehensive schedule for measuring following objectives of the said study. (i) to measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology (ii) to determine the extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers. (iii) to find out the association between the selected independent variables and their knowledge and adoption level of recommended coriander production technology and (iv) to find out the constraints perceived by the farmers in adoption of recommended coriander production technology. The statements in the schedule have been developed on the basis of relevant literature reviewed, personal experience, discussions held with subject matter specialists and Extension personnel. In this context, we want to take advantage of your vast experience and knowledge. Kindly spare some time and go through the schedule very critically and feel free to comment upon / add / delete and or modify the statements, if necessary, so that the final schedule can be developed prior to undertake the study. Kindly mail the schedule to the under signed after your necessary comments in the self addressed stamped envelop attached with schedule. Thanking you for kind co-operation. Encl: As above Your’s faithfully (Hanuman Lal) Interview Schedule Title of Thesis : Knowledge and adoption of recommended coriander production technology by the farmers in Baran district of Rajasthan. General Information 1. Name of the respondent : …………………………………… 2. Contact No. (Mobile) : …………………………………… 3. Father‟s name : …………………………………… 4. Age : …………………………………… 5. Village : …………………………………… 6. Gram Panchayat : …………………………………… 7. Tehsil : …………………………………. 8. Annual income : …………..…………..………….. 9. Date of interview : ………………………………. Appendix-I Schedule for measurement of independent variables. 1. Caste (scale developed by G.Trivedi, 1963) Categories Scores Scheduled Caste 1 Scheduled Tribe 2 Other Backward Caste 3 General Caste 4 2. Education level (scale developed by G.Trivedi, 1963) Categories Scores Illiterate 0 Primary 1 Middle 2 Matriculate 3 Higher Secondary 4 Graduate 5 Post-Graduate 6 3. Size of Land holding (Classified by Revenue Department Govt. of Rajasthan) Categories Scores Marginal holding 1 Small holding 2 Big holding 3 4. Family type (scale developed by G.Trivedi, 1963) Categories S cores Nuclear 1 Joint 2 5. Size of family (scale developed by G.Trivedi, 1963) Categories S cores Small 1 Big 2 Appendix-II To measure the knowledge level of farmers about recommended coriander production technology Level of knowledge A. Filed preparation Maximum Obtained score score (1) Which type of soil is suitable for the coriander crop 5 in your area. Please mention name of soil (a) (b) 2 (2) How many ploughings are necessary to prepare 3 the field before sowing (a) (b) (c) B. High yielding varieties 15 (1) Do you know about recommended HYVs of 4 coriander crop suitable for your area (Please mention 4 high yielding varieties for your area) (a) (b) (c) (d) (2) What are advantages of high yielding varieties 3 (Please mention three advantages of HYVs) (a) (b) (c) (3) Do you know about the duration and average yield 8 of recommended high yielding varieties of coriander crop suitable for your area (Please mention duration and average yield) Varieties Duration (Days) Average yield (q/ha) (a) RCr-41 (b) U.D-20 (c) C.S.-6 (d) RCr-436 C. Seed treatment 3 (1) Do you think that seed treatment is necessary in 1 coriander crop? Yes/ No (2) If yes, please tell the name and quantity of two 2 chemicals which can used to control diseases in coriander crop through seed treatment. Name of fungicide Dose / kg seed (a) (b) D. Time of sowing 4 (1) What is the appropriate sowing time for the 1 coriander crop (please mention sowing time)? (a) (2) What are the disadvantages of late sowing of 3 coriander (Please mention three disadvantages of late sowing) ? (a) (b) (c) (3) What are the advantages of timely sowing ? (a) (b) (c) 4 E. Seed rate and recommended spacing (1) What is the seed rate /ha for the coriander crop ? 1 (a) (2) What is the optimum spacing for coriander crop ? 2 (a) P x P (b) R x R (3) At what depth seed should be sown ? 1 (a) F. Fertilizer application 16 (1) Is it necessary to apply chemical fertilizers in 1 coriander crop? Yes/No (2) If yes, please tell the name of chemical fertilizes 3 which can be used in coriander crop (please mention three chemical fertilizers)? (a) (b) (3) Do you know about the recommended doses of 3 nitrogen,phosphorus and potash for coriander crop? Availability of Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash water (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (a) For irrigated crop (4) Do you know about quantity of nitrogen, phosphatic 9 and potassic fertilizers at which used in coriander crop? (a) Availability of Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash water (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (a) Irrigated condition (i) At the time of sowing (ii) At the time of first irrigation (iii) At the time of flowering stage G. Irrigation management 5 (1) How much irrigation are needed to grow the 1 coriander crop (Please mention number of irrigation) ? (a) (2) What is the appropriate timing of irrigation schedule 4 (Please mention irrigation schedule) ? (a) (b) (c) H. Weed management 7 (1) Do you think that hoeing and weeding are 1 necessary in coriander crop ? Yes/No (2) If yes, please tell what are the appropriate timing of 2 schedule for hoeing and weeding (Please mention timing of schedule)? (a) (b) (3) Do you know that weed can be controlled through 1 weedicides? Yes/No (4) If yes, please tell the stage, name and quantity of 3 weedicide which can be used for controlling of the weeds in coriander crop ? Stage Name of Quantity of weedicide weedicide/ha (a) I. Plant protection measures 17 1. What are the common insect pests of coriander crop 2 (Please mention two common insect pest)? (a) (b) 2. What chemical can be used to control the common 4 insect pest of coriander crop (Please mention name and quantity of chemicals)? Insect pests Name of Quantity chemical chemicals /ha (a) Aphid (b) Tobacco cater piller 3. What are the common diseases of coriander crop ? 3 (Please mention three common diseases) (a) (b) (c) 4. Which chemical can be used to control disease of 6 coriander crop? (Please mention name and quantity of chemicals) Name of disease Name of Quantity chemicals /ha (a) Powdery mildew (b) Blight (c) Longia disease (stem gall) 5. How coriander crop can be protected from frost injury 2 (Please mention two measures) ? (a) (b) J. Harvesting, threshing and storage 10 (1) When the crop should be harvested ? (Please 2 mention two characteristic appearing on the crop) (a) (b) (2) What are the methods to be used for harvesting of 2 coriander crop (Please mention two methods)? (a) (b) (3) Which method of threshing is widely used by the 2 farmers (Please mention at least two methods) ? (a) (b) (4) What precaution should be taken during storage 4 (Please mention four precaution? (a) (b) (c) (d) APPENDIX – III Schedule to find out extent of adoption of recommended coriander production technology (3) A. Field preparation (a) Do you apply recommended FYM/ha before one month of Yes/No sowing ? (1) (b) Do you follow 2-3 deep plouhging with cultivators (1) Yes/No (c) Are you leveling the field after ploughing (1) Yes/No B. Do you use high yielding varieties in your field (If yes, (3) please mention two HYVs? Yes/No (2) C. Seed treatment (a) Do you use recommended fungicides for seed treatment? Yes/No (If yes, please mention two fungicides) ? (1) (2) D. Time of sowing (a) Do you use appropriate time of sowing (If yes, please Yes/No mention time of sowing) ? E. Seed rate and recommended spacing (8) (a) Do you use recommended seed rate ?(If yes, mention seed Yes/No rate) (2) (b) Do you follow recommended distance in row to row (If yes, Yes/No mention distance in row to row) (2) (c) Do you use recommended distance in plant to plant ? (If Yes/No yes, mention distance plant to plant) (2) (d) do you use recommended depth of sowing ? (If yes, Yes/No mention depth of sowing) (2) F. Fertilizers application (4) 1. Do you use recommended NPK ? (If yes) (1) Yes/No (a) How much nitrogen fertilizer are using for coriander crop in your field ? (1) (i) (b) How much phosphorus are you using for coriander crop?(1) (i) (c) How much potash fertilizer are using for coriander crop in your field ? (1) (i) 2. Do you use chemical fertilizers at the time of sowing in your Yes/No field ? (1) G. Irrigation management (1) (i) Do you use recommended irrigation schedule in coriander Yes/No crop? (1) H. Weed management (1) (1) Do you timely follow hoeing and weeding in your field ? (1) Yes/No I . Plant protection measures (2) (i) Do you use the insecticides for controlling of insect pest in Yes/No your farm ? (1) (ii) Do you use the fungicides for the controlling of diseases ? Yes/No (1) J. Harvesting, threshing and storage (5) (a) Do you harvest the crop when seed are yellow ? (1) Yes/No (b) Are you keeping the seed below 10% moisture content in Yes/No seed for storage ? (1) (c) Are you threshing the crop mechanically ? (1) Yes/No (d) Do you harvesting the crop after 85-135 days of sowing ? Yes/No (1) (e) Are you keeping you seed in gunny bags ? (1) Yes/No APPENDIX-IV Schedule to measure constraints perceived by the farmers S. Particulars Perceived If yes upto what No. constraints extent Yes No V.I. I L.I. A Input constraints 3 2 1 1. Unavailability of improved seed at time of sowing 2. Supply of inferior quality seed by the agencies 3. Unavailability of fertilizer at the peak seasons 4. Unavailability of recommended chemical for plant protection measures 5. Lack of irrigation facility 6. Uncertainty of good production 7. Small land holding 8. Requires more organic manure 9. Unavailability of short duration varieties 10. Green colour maintaining variety is not available 11 Seed fertilizer and chemicals are costly 12 High cost of labour B Technical constraints 1 Lack of knowledge about seed treatment 2 Lack of knowledge about grading and standardization 3 Lack of knowledge about cultivation of HYVs 4 Lack of knowledge about recommended seed rate 5 Poor knowledge about dose of chemical fertilizer 6 Poor knowledge about irrigation management 7 Lack of knowledge about plant protection chemicals 8 Lack of knowledge about chemical weed control 9 Technical guidance unavailable at the time of sowing C Marketing constraints 1 Lack of storage facilities 2 Transportation facilities are very costly 3 Lack of knowledge about market intelligence 4 Incorrect weight measurement by businessman 5 Low price of good quality product in the market 6 Unnecessary deductions in market at the time of selling 7 Minimum support price is not fixed in time by the Govt. 8 Very high fluctuation in price D Miscellaneous constraints 1 Cloudy weather and rainfall at the time of flowering and seed for mation 2 The early showing coriander crop affected by the low temperature 3 The harvested coriander crop affected by the wind 4 Unable to bear risk 5 Late sowing reduces the yield 6 More insect pest disease attack V.I. = Very important, I = Important L.I. = Least important