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Observatorio Astronómico Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales San Juan ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2020 Volumen XXX 2 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN JUAN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS, FÍSICAS Y NATURALES OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO “FELIX AGUILAR” ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2020 Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez San Juan - República Argentina - 2020 4 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Contenido Introducción 7 Fenómenos 9 Sol 11 Fases de la Luna 11 Eclipses y Tránsitos 11 Artículos del calendario 12 Entrada del Sol en los signos del Zodíaco 12 Reporte de las estaciones 12 Perigeo y apogeo de la Luna 12 Fenómenos planetarios geo y heliocéntricos 13 (Mercurio, Venus y planetas superiores) Datos de Planetas 13 Configuración diaria del Sol, Luna y Planetas 14 Sol 19 Luna 27 Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol 35 Planetas 43 Posiciones aparentes de estrellas 53 Tablas 95 Refracción Astronómica Normal 95 Correcciones a las Refracciones Normales 96 Calendario 97 5 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 6 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Introducción Este anuario astronómico, preparado y publicado por el Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar", tiene como objeto principal proporcionar, a docentes y aficionados en general, datos útiles sobre temas astronómicos. La publicación fue originalmente pensada para proveer, fundamentalmente, las circunstancias locales (San Juan) de las salidas y puestas del Sol y la Luna, pues esta información es la que con mayor frecuencia se nos solicita. Sin embargo, hemos creído interesante incluir, además, datos generales sobre planetas, estrellas y eclipses, como así también algunos elementos del calendario y el cómputo eclesiástico. Las secciones "Sol", "Luna", "Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol", "Planetas" y "Posiciones aparentes de estrellas" fueron calculadas por nosotros en nuestro Observatorio en tanto que la sección "Fenómenos" se obtuvo de la siguiente publicación: - Fenómenos Astronómicos 2020 Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada San Fernando-Cádiz España Importante Todos los tiempos indicados en este Anuario han sido calculados en Tiempo Universal por lo que habrá que hacer la conversión para el Huso Horario que esté en vigencia. Si por ejemplo la salida de un astro es a las 09h 28m 15s de Tiempo Universal, para el huso de -3h al Oeste de Greenwich habrá que restar 3h a dicho tiempo (09h 28m 15s -3h = 06h 28m 15s). Si el huso horario fuese -2h, entonces habrá que restarle 2h. Las circunstancias de salida y puesta del Sol y la Luna están calculadas para el lugar geográfico que ocupa nuestro Observatorio (latitud = -31°30'38.5" y longitud = -4h 34m 28.8s) y para un horizonte teórico sin montañas ni irregularidades. Por lo tanto las horas calculadas deben ser tomadas sólo a modo orientativo. Todas las observaciones y sugerencias que se puedan hacer sobre el contenido y el aspecto de esta publicación serán bienvenidas y agradeceremos nos las hagan llegar a nuestra dirección. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Av. Benavidez 8175 oeste - 5407 Marquesado e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] San Juan - República Argentina 7 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Agradecemos a la siguiente Institución el envío de la publicación que se indica, la que ha sido utilizada para la realización de esta publicación: - Real Instituto Y Observatorio de la Armada, San Fernando, Cádiz, España, "Fenómenos Astronómicos". Agradecemos también la colaboración del personal del Círculo Meridiano de nuestro Instituto, quienes colaboraron en la revisión del anuario. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez 8 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos En esta sección se dan las fechas de las circunstancias más notables por las que pasan el Sol, la Luna y los planetas, durante el año, con la precisión suficiente para una primera localización del fenómeno. Para el Sol se dan las fechas y los tiempos de los equinoccios y solsticios, es decir los comienzos de las cuatro estaciones, como también sus máximos acercamientos y alejamientos respecto a la Tierra (perigeo y apogeo). Los cambios de fases de la Luna están dados en horas y minutos y las lunaciones allí indicadas se enumeran siguiendo la serie de Brown, en la que la número 1 comenzó el 16 de enero de 1923. Se presentan, también, los fenómenos geocéntricos y heliocéntricos de los planetas, es decir aquellos que son medidos tomando a la Tierra y al Sol como cuerpo de referencia, respectivamente. Por último se detallan algunos fenómenos que, por su importancia, merecen ser destacados para su eventual observación y/o estudio. 9 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 10 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos Astronómicos para 2020 Sol (UT) d h d h m d h m Perigeo: Ene 05 08 Equinoccios: Mar 20 03 50 Sep 22 13 31 Apogeo : Jul 04 12 Solsticios : Jun 20 21 44 Dic 21 10 02 Fases de la Luna Eclipses 11 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Artículos principales del calendario Eras cronológicas Año del periodo juliano 6733 Año de la era de los judíos, que comienza el 19 de septiembre † 5781 Año de la era de la fundación de Roma, que comienza el 14 de Enero 2773 Año de la era de Nabonasar, que comienza en 18 de abril 2769 Año de la era española, según "L'art de verifier les dates" 2058 Año de la Hégira, que comienza el 20 de agosto† 1442 † Comienza al ocaso del día anterior Todas las fechas se refieren al calendario gregoriano. Cómputo eclesiástico Áureo número VII Indicción romana 13 Epacta 5 Letra dominical ED Ciclo solar 13 Letra del martirologio romano e Calendario Religioso, 2020 Epifanía (lunes) 6 ene Día de la ascensión 21 may Miércoles de Ceniza 26 feb Pentecostés 31 may Domingo de Ramos 5 abr Corpus Christi 11 jun Viernes Santo 10 abr Primer domingo de adviento 29 nov Pascua de Resurrección 12 abr Navidad (viernes) 25 dic Pesach (primer día de Pascua, 5780) 9 abr Yom Kippur (Día de la expiación, 28 sep 5781) Shavuot (Fiesta de las semanas, 5780) 29 may Succoth (Fiesta de los 3 oct tabernáculos, 5781) Rosh Hashanah (Año Nuevo judío, 5781) 19 sep Primer día de Ramadán(1441) 24 abr Año Nuevo islámico(1442) 20 ago Las festividades judías e islámicas comienzan a la puesta del Sol del día anterior y termina a la puesta del Sol del día tabulado. Reporte de las estaciones (UT) Equinoccio de marzo: 20/03/2020 03h52m Longitud del otoño: 92.75 días Solsticio de junio: 20/06/2020 21 43 Longitud del invierno: 93.66 días Equinoccio de septiembre: 22/09/2020 13 30 Longitud de la primavera: 89.85 días Solsticio de diciembre: 21/12/2020 09 59 Longitud del verano: 88.99 días 12 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Datos de Planetas Planeta Periodo de Inclina- Diámetro Planeta Periodo de Inclina- Diámetro Revolución ción ecuatorial Revolución ción ecuatorial Mercurio 88 días 7° 4880 km Saturno 29.42 años 2.5° 120000 Km Venus 224.7 días 3.4° 12100 Urano 84 años 0.8° 52290 Tierra 365.26 días 0° 12756 Neptuno 164 años 1.8° 50450 Marte 687 días 1.9° 6794 Plutón 248 años 17.2° 2200-2300 Júpiter 11.86 años 1.3° 143200 13 Anuario Astronómico 2020 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos diarios 2020 Configuración del Sol, Luna y Planetas (UT) Enero 1 21 Vesta estacionario 13 18 Ceres en conjunción 2 02 Luna en el apogeo 13 20 Luna en el perigeo 3 05 CUARTO CRECIENTE 17 00 Juno 2°.8 al S de la Luna 4 18 Urano 4.7° al N de la Luna 17 03 Spica 7°.7 al S de la Luna 5 08 Sol en el perigeo 17 04 Antares 4°.8 al S de Marte 5 17 Vesta 2°.0 al S de la Luna 17 13 CUARTO MENGUANTE 7 22 Aldebarán 3°.0 al S de la Luna 20 15 Antares 7°.2 al S de la Luna 10 15 Mercurio en conjunción superior 20 19 Marte 2°.3 al S de la Luna 10 19 LUNA LLENA. ECL. DE LUNA 23 03 Júpiter 0°.4 al N de la Luna 11 03 Pollux 5°.3 al N de la Luna 24 22 LUNA NUEVA 11 07 Urano estacionario 27 19 Neptuno 0°.07 al N de Venus 13 12 Regulus 3°.8 al S de la Luna 28 06 Neptuno 4°.1 al N de la Luna 13 13 Plutón en conjunción 28 07 Venus 4°.1 al N de la Luna 13 15 Saturno en conjunción 29 21 Luna en el apogeo Febrero 1 03 Urano 4°.6 al N de la Luna 16 10 Mercurio estacionario 2 02 CUARTO CRECIENTE 16 20 Antares 7°.1 al S de la Luna 2 09 Vesta 0°.6 al S de la Luna 18 13 Marte 0°.8 al S de la Luna 4 07 Aldebarán 3°.1 al S de la Luna 19 20 Júpiter 0°.9 al N de la Luna 7 13 Pollux 5°.3 al N de la Luna 20 08 Plutón 0°.7 al N de la Luna 9 08 LUNA LLENA 20 14 Saturno 1°.7 al N de la Luna 9 22 Regulus 3°.8 al S de la Luna 21 13 Ceres 2°.7 al S de la Luna 10 14 Mercurio en máx.
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