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Part-Time Farming in Cyprus

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Part-Time Farming in Cyprus University of Reading Department of Agricultural Economics & Management GIANNINI FOUNDATION 0 AGRICULTURAL EWOMIC LIBRA çr 146C s 198 5 PART-TIME FARMING IN CYPRUS D. J. ANSELL C. BISHOP M. UPTON Development Study No. 26 1984 Price £3.00 PART-TIME FARMING IN CYPRUS by D. J. ANSELL C. BISHOP M. UPTON Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of Reading. Development Study No. 26 1984. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY ii-ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE ECONOMY OF CYPRUS AND THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE 3 2.1: Background and Economic History 3 2.2: Recent Economic Performance 5 2.3: Labour and Employment 7 2.4: Agriculture in Cyprus 11 2.5: Agriculture's Place in the Economy 15 2.6: Agricultural Policy in Cyprus 16 2.7: The Fourth Emergency Economic Labour Plan 1982-1986 17 2.8: Part-time Farming and Economic Development in Cyprus 19 CHAPTER THREE: A REVIEW OF PART-TIME FARMING 20 3.1: Importance and Diversity of Part-time Farming 20 3.2: The Part-time Farm Household 34 3.3: Policy Issues 46 CHAPTER FOUR: THE INCIDENCE OF PART-TIME FARMING IN CYPRUS 49 4.1: The 1977 Census of Agriculture 49 4.2: The Agricultural Statistics Survey 50 4.3: The Farm Management Survey, 1981 53 4.4: Village and Farmer Studies 54 CHAPTER FIVE: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PART-TIME FARMING 59 5.1: Farm Size and Structure 59 5.2: Farming Systems and Intensity 65 5.3: Labour Use and Capital Investment 68 5.4: Summary 71 Page CHAPTER SIX: OFF-FARM OCCUPATION 73 6.1: The Incidence of Off-farm Work 73 6.2: Days Working by Operator and Family Members Off- and On-farm 73 6.3: Sector of Employment 75 6.4: Employment Status 75 6.5: Formal Qualifications and Training 76 6.6: Off-farm Income 76 6.7: Work Location 79 CHAPTER SEVEN: PART-TIME FARMERS AND RURAL SOCIETY 80 7.1: Family Characteristics 80 7.2: Education and Training 81 7.3: Residence and Migration 82 7.4: Farmers' Motivation and Commitment to Part-time Farming 85 7.5: The Motivation for Continuing to Farm Land 85 7.6: Conditions under which Farmers would Cease Farming 86 7.7: Farmers' Preferred Employment Status 87 7.8: Plans for Succession 88 7.9: Outlook for Part-time Farming 88 7.10: Communication Media 88 CHAPTER EIGHT: POLICY CONCLUSIONS 91 8.1: Summary of Findings 91 8.2: Objectives of Government Policy 96 8.3: The Contribution of Part-time Farming 98 8.4: Policy Options 100 APPENDICES 106 REFERENCES 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by the Overseas Development Administration of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office and the Government of Cyprus, and we thank them both. Many individuals and institutions have helped us during this research project. In particular, we would like to mention the Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dr. D. Christodolou, the Director General of that Ministry, Dr. S. Papasolomontos, and the Director of Agriculture, Dr. A. Louca. Throughout the project, we have worked closely with Mr. P. Aristotelous and his staff in the Economics Section of the Ministry of Agriculture. They all helped both in guiding our researches and in handling the administration and logistical tasks. The field work was carried out in collaboration with Mr. C. Polycarpou and Mr. C. Kaloyeropolous, who were both seconded to the project. Mr. Kaloyeropolous also helped with data analysis in Reading. We are grateful to Mr. S. Papachristodolou and his team at the Agricultural Research Institute in Nicosia, who kindly included extra questions on part-time farming in their already extensive surveys, and who unselfishly made available to us much data that they had already collected. We also had many fruitful contacts with Dr. Aristidou, the Director General of the Planning Bureau, and Mr. C. Apostilides on his staff, who helped us to relate this study to the wider issues of economic growth and development in Cyprus. Another major input was provided by Mr. Phillipides in the Department of Statistics and Research, Ministry of Finance, who also extended his own statistical enquiries in order to help us. Mrs. Kitcher in Reading had the unenviable task of deci- phering the hand writing of three separate authors and producing the typescript from which this report is prepared. Our thanks, are above all due to the several hundred Cypriot farmers, who showed patience and courtesy whether they were interrupted from work on their farms or refreshment in their. coffee shops. If there are errors of fact or interpretation, it is in spite of, not because of, the efforts of those listed above. David Ansell Clare Bishop Martin Upton. SUMMARY 1. Introduction and aackground Part-time farming is of major significance in Cyprus. The last census of agriculture (1977) showed that 54% of all agricultural workers had an additional off-farm occupation. For the great majority of these part-time farmers (94%), the off-farm employment represented the main occupation. It was with this situation in mind that the Government of Cyprus invited the Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of Reading, to undertake studies, in collaboration with local staff, into the characteristics and economic importance of part-time farming in Cyprus. A pilot study was done in 1980 with the financial assis- tance of the Barclays Bank Development Fund, and the second, main phase was launched in August, 1981. This was financed by the Overseas Development Administration, UK, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cyprus. The objectives of this phase of the work were as follows:- (i) To investigate the role of part-time farming in the development of the agricultural sector and the whole economy. (ii) To compare patterns of production, investment and employment on full- and part-time farms in order to assess whether pluri-activity represents an efficient use of scarce resources. (iii) To study social and cultural features of part- time farming, such as the links created between urban and rural society, the effect of family structure, farmers' attitudes and whether part- time farming helps in stabilising rural populations and maintaining viable village society. 2. Agriculture and Economic Development in Cyprus Cyprus has had a colourful history. Situated at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, it has played an important part in developments in that area, and has hosted a series of invasions. In 1878 it became a British Colony, and achieved independence in 1960. Following constitutional disagreements between Greek and Turkish factions, the Turkish army invaded in July/August, 1974, and the island remains divided, with a government controlled area in the south and the northern part occupied by the Turkish army and controlled from the Turkish -Mainland. Despite these difficulties the Cypriot economy has been buoyant. Growth rates have been high and unemployment low. The main recent economic problems have been periods of high inflation and Balance of Payments difficulties. The leading sectors in the economy are agriculture, tourism and light manu- facturing (particularly clothing). The expansion of the EEC to include more countries producing Meditteranean type agricul- tural products and increasing competition from N. African producers threatens traditional markets for agricultural exports. The most important agricultural crops in relation to export earnings are potatoes, citrus fruits and vine products of various kinds. Agriculture in Cyprus is highly diversified and a large range of temperate and tropical crops are grown. Most forms of commercial livestock are also represented. For the purposes of farm classification four agro-economic zones have been identified. This study refers frequently to these zones. They are as follows:- The Coastal Zone The most varied and productive of the zones. In the south east is the island's main concentration of potato production, with about half of all the agricultural land under irrigation. Moving westwards, areas of more general cropping are encountered - vegetables, cereals and perennial crops, mainly citrus. In the extreme west the land is divided about equally between annual and perennial crops, which include tropical crops like bananas. About half the national sheep flock are maintained on this zone and about one quarter of the goats. It is also a large producer of dairy products. The zone contained at the last census (1977) 12,500 hold- ings, or 30% of all holdings in Cyprus. Average size of farm is 26.4 donums.* The Dryland Zone Mainly cereals, but where irrigation is possible, veget- ables are grown. (Overall, 11% of the area is irrigated). It is the main livestock production area in the country. There are some important tree crops like olives and carobs, although the latter have declined in their pre-eminence. There are about 16,000 holdings, with average farm size 33.4 donums. The Vines Zone This zone is centred on the lower south and west facing slopes of the Troodos massif and is devoted almost exclusively to the production of wine grapes. Much of the land is steep sloping, so terracing is often necessary, fields are small and the use of large machinery is impossible. The livestock population is small. Average farm size is 30 donums. *1 donum = one third of an acre. -iv- The Mountain Zone This is the poorest area of Cyprus. Holdings are small, the average size is about 10 donums. Wine grapes are the most important crop and there is a wide range of deciduous fruits - apples, cherries, pears and peaches. There are small areas of cereals, fodder and vegetable crops grown on terraces. Government Policy is based on the assumption that agricul- ture will remain a large sector of the economy and will be a main export earner.
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