Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

Cyprus: Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment

Nicosia, 2005 Table of Contents

Introduction...... 5

Cyprus: General Overview...... 6 Geographical Profile...... 6 Geomorphology...... 6 Climate...... 6 Recent History...... 7

Agriculture...... 8 Contribution of Agriculture to GDP and Employment...... 8 Agricultural Trade...... 10 The Structure of Agriculture...... 12 Crops...... 12 Livestock...... 13 Forestry...... 14 Agriculture and Rural Development...... 15 Agricultural Policy Objectives...... 15 Cyprus Rural Development Plan 2004-2006...... 17 Agricultural Research and Development...... 19

Natural Resources...... 20 Water Management...... 20 Water Demand...... 20 Water Development...... 20 New Water Management and Conservation Measures...... 21 Forest Management...... 22 National Forest Programme...... 22 Forest Recreation and Education...... 23 Fisheries Management...... 25 Fisheries Development and Marine Research...... 25 Fisheries Production...... 25 Single Programming Document for the Fisheries Sector (2004 – 2006)...... 25 Geology and Mineral Resources...... 28 Built Environment...... 28 Restoration Works and Environmental Management...... 28 Metallic and Industrial Minerals...... 28

The Environment...... 30 Chemical Substances, Industrial Pollution and Risk Assessment...... 30 Nature Protection and Management ...... 31 Noise Regulation...... 32 Waste Management...... 32 Agricultural Practices and Quality of Waters...... 33

The Functions and Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment...... 34

Addresses of the different Departments and Services...... 36

3 Introduction

his publication aims at providing a general overview of T the fields of agriculture, natural resources and environment in Cyprus. It is of particular importance because it is released just a year after the accession of Cyprus in the European Union. With respect to agriculture, the timing of this publication coincides with the end of an autonomous national agricultural policy and the adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy. During the last few decades, agriculture in Cyprus has lost the major role it had in the national economy, while other sectors, such as tourism and services, grew at a faster pace. Nevertheless, in absolute values, Cyprus agriculture is characterised by an ascending trend in all sectors. Today, the multifunctional role of agriculture is being increasingly recognized. Beyond its economic significance in providing jobs and income for rural people, agriculture helps in maintaining the local culture and conserving the environment of the Cypriot countryside. With this in mind, the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment developed and implemented the Cyprus Rural Development Plan (2004-2006), which was based on the guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy and adopted to the needs of the agricultural sector in Cyprus. A range of measures aim at improving the competitiveness of agriculture, strengthening the socioeconomic conditions of rural areas and protecting the environment. During the first call, the Rural Development Plan was met with a great response by the rural people of Cyprus. A great effort has also been placed towards the implementation of European Union policies and Directives with respect to natural resources and the environment. In fields such as water management, forest conservation, fisheries development and nature protection, a more holistic approach is being pursued, one that recognizes the importance of maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems. It is also recognized that the ecosystem approach involves people. Without the involvement of rural people in the design and implementation of natural resources policies and programmes, very little can be accomplished. Rural people are thus called upon to actively participate in developing integrated measures for sustainable rural development and environmental conservation. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who were involved in preparing this publication.

Timmy Efthymiou Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment

5 Cyprus: General Overview

Geomorphology In the central-western part of the island lies the Troodos Range, a mountain massif of igneous origin, rising to an altitude of 1,951 metres in Mount Olympus. Along the northern part of the country runs the Pentadactylos Range, rising to a lower altitude of about 1,000 metres. Between these two morphological features lies the Mesaoria Plain, which together with narrow alluvial plains along the coasts, makes up the bulk of the agricultural land of the country. The island has no perennial rivers, except for a few small streams at an altitude above 1,000 meters on the Troodos Range.

Geographical Profile Climate Cyprus is the third largest island in the The island has a typical mediterranean Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 9,251 square climate. Hot, dry summers from June to kilometers. It is situated at the northeastern September and rainy, rather changeable winters from November to March, are corner of the Mediterranean, 330 east of separated by short autumn and spring Greenwich and 350 north of the Equator. seasons of rapid change in October, April and The mid-year de-jure population of Cyprus May. In July, the hottest month of the year, was estimated at 797,100 people in 2002, of the mean daily temperature ranges between whom 80.1% are Greek Cypriots, Armenians 290 C on the central plain and 220 C on the Troodos mountains, while the average and Maronites, 10.9% Turkish Cypriots and 9% maximum temperature for these months other nationalities1. The capital of Cyprus is ranges between 360 C and 270 C respectively. Nicosia (Lefkosia). In January, which is the coldest month of the year, the mean daily temperature is 100 C on the central plain and 30 C on the higher parts of Troodos mountains, with an average minimum temperature of 50 C and 00 C respectively. The average annual rainfall in Cyprus is about 500 millimetres, the bulk of which falls between the months of November through April. Although precipitation increases with altitude, from 300 milimetres in the central plain and the flat southeastern parts of the island to nearly 1,100 millimetres at the top of the central Troodos massif, most cultivated land is found in the low rainfall zone, about 200 metres above sea level. The country faces severe drought conditions every ten years and a moderate drought once every three years.

6 CYPRUS: GENERAL OVERVIEW

Recent History Cyprus became an independent Republic in 1960 and is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1974 Turkey invaded Cyprus, occupying nearly the 40% of the country’s territory. The period from 1975 until today is characterized by an enormous effort for economic and social development. On the 1st May 2004 the Republic of Cyprus became a member of the European Union (EU).

1 Estimates of the number of Turkish Cypriots are based on data from the Statistical Service (Statistical Service, Ministry of Economics and Finance, Republic of Cyprus (2004) Statistical Abstract 2002, pp. 46).

7 Agriculture

Contribution of Agriculture to GDP and Employment In the past, agriculture was one of the most important sectors of the Cyprus economy. In the early years of Cyprus’ independence, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was about 20% and the share of the total economically active population was 40%. During the years 1960 – 1973, the agricultural sector expanded rapidly, but in 1974 it was severely affected by the turkish invasion and occupation of part of Cyprus. Turkish forces occupied the most fertile land, which accounted for 48% of agricultural exports, 46% of crop production and much higher percentages of tobacco (100%), carobs (86%), citrus (79%), cereals (68%) and green fodders (65%). In addition, 45% of livestock production emanated from the area. During the last few decades, the urbanisation trend, water shortages and excessive land fragmentation, contributed to the conti- nuous decline of the agricultural sector in percentage terms. In 2003, the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP was just 3.4 % and the share of total economically active population was 7.2%.

8 Agriculture

Despite this decline, through innovative was í399.3 mn and Cyprus was self policies and heavy investment in land sufficient in citrus, vegetables, improvement and irrigation projects, grapes and vines, potatoes and agriculture is still considered an important livestock products including as sector, both with respect to the production pork, poultry, eggs and milk. It is of essential food items for the local also estimated that 22,800 population, tourists and export commodities, people were employed in and with respect to the employment of agriculture. The value of raw agricultural products exported in thousands of rural people. More specifically, the same year was nearly 43.6 in 2003 the gross output at current prices í mn, accounting for about 21.1% of the total domestic exports.

9 Agriculture

Agricultural Trade Agriculture has always been the most significant contributor to trade. Therefore, agricultural and trade policies have been designed with the aim of expanding agricultural exports and reducing imports. Measures have been taken towards encouraging investments in export oriented commodities and increasing the effectiveness of marketing arrangements for further exploitation of existing and new markets. Furthermore, during the last few decades, agricultural products fell dramatically during the agricultural policy of Cyprus focused on the years 1997-2000, mainly due to the the modernisation and up-grading of the severe drought that affected Cyprus. In 2003 agricultural sector so as to be in a position to the value of raw agricultural exports tackle competition in foreign markets. Some amounted to í43.6 mn, representing 21% of of the main targets of all agricultural the total domestic exports. The main development plans focused on the utilisation exportable commodities include citrus, of early production capabilities and the potatoes and, to a lesser extent, fresh specialisation in products with export vegetables and grapes. Industrial products prospects, taking into consideration the of agricultural origin, mainly halloumi cheese, comparative advantage of the country. wines and fruit and vegetable juices, are also exported, accounting for 32.7 mn or 16% of Agricultural exports comprise both raw í total domestic exports. agricultural products and industrial products of agricultural origin. During the years 1985 In 2003, imports of raw agricultural products – 1996, exports of raw agricultural products reached í74.3 mn, accounting for 3% of total were about í54 mn annually, representing 68% of agricultural exports and 24% of the total domestic exports. Exports of

10 Agriculture imports for home consumption. The value of imported industrial products of agricultural origin was í82.5 mn, making up 4% of total imports for home consumption. The main agricultural commodities imported include cereals, meat and milk products, and processed food items. Other countries of the EU absorb a share of about 57% of total domestic exports. In 2003, EU countries absorbed 80% of raw agricultural products and 62% of industrial products of agricultural origin. Cyprus imported agricultural products from EU member countries at a value of í77.8 mn, 78% of which were industrial products of agricultural origin. Further development of trade with EU countries is expected to benefit both parties. The location of Cyprus in the south-eastern corner of the EU border allows the cypriot agriculture to be highly complementary to the EU agriculture. Cyprus is in a position to produce and market a wide range of mediterranean fruit and vegetables. The potential for filling-in market gaps offers good marketing opportunities and the likelihood of Cyprus becoming the early producer of the EU is a realistic target. To this end, further policy and institutional readjustments will be required.

11 Agriculture

The Structure of Agriculture The total agricultural output in 2003 was í399.3 mn, 48% of which represented the value of crop production, 44% the value of livestock production and 8% the value of forest production and other products.

rainfed temporary crops included field crops, such as cereals and fodder, and contributed to 8% of the total agricultural output, while rainfed trees, such as olives, carobs and vines, had a share of around Crops 7%.

G The intensive system, which includes the The crop sub-sector is characterised by two types of farming systems: cultivation of fruit vegetables. Although the scarcity of water resources limits the

G The extensive type, which covers the area of irrigated land to 20% of the total production of rainfed crops. During 2002, agricultural area, during the year 2002, vegetable and melon production contributed to 19% of the total agricultural output, 37% of which was the potato output. The contribution of irrigated tree crops, such citrus, deciduous fruits and table grapes, reached 12.0% of the total agricultural output.

12 Agriculture

Livestock of which 60% represented the value of meat pro- The livestock sub-sector contributes to about duction, 29% the value of 44% of the agricultural gross output and milk and 11% the value comprises dairy cattle, sheep and goats, of eggs and other swine and poultry. The total value of livestock products. livestock production in 2003 was í176.4 mn, Dairy cattle, swine and poultry are concen- trated in relatively large commercial units around urban centres, while sheep and goat farms are scattered throughout the country, operating under semi-intensive or free range management. The development of livestock production has been given great attention both quantitatively and qualitatively. At the same time, veterinary and animal health was strengthened through the implementation of a number of development projects. One of the priorities of the Ministry of Agri- culture, Natural Resources and Environment is the prevention of the transfer and spread of animal diseases in the country. For this purpose, it organises and carries out preventive vaccinations and epidemiological surveillance of animal diseases. In parallel, disease control programmes are planned and

13 Agriculture

implemented for the eradication and surveillance of various contagious diseases diagnosed in the country. Supplementary measures are taken along the dividing line of the island (“green line”) to decrease the possibility of the transfer of contagious diseases to the area controlled by the Government of Cyprus. Foods of animal origin are produced and handled only in approved establishments in Cyprus, based on EU legislation. The existing national residues monitoring programme for inspection system for the establishments and veterinary drugs and other substances. This their derived products includes an intensive programme, together with the implementation of self control systems (HACCP) by the producers, guarantee the highest possible level for the safety of foods of animal origin produced in Cyprus.

Forestry

Cyprus is not self sufficient in forest products and, therefore, significant quantities are imported to meet local demand. The gross output from the forestry sub-sector is limited to 2% of the total value of agricultural production. Of course, the many benefits derived from forests, such as nature protection, water conservation, the reduction of soil erosion, climate regulation and recreation cannot be easily quantified, but are of extreme significance.

14 Agriculture

Agriculture and Rural Development

Agricultural Policy Objectives

The agricultural policy of Cyprus focuses on the improvement the social and economic conditions of the rural society, through the development of an adequate legal and institutional framework and the provision of the required infrastructure. The main objectives of the agricultural policy have been explicitly stated in the five-year Development Plans prepared by the government. These Plans describe the measures that need to be adopted to tackle problems associated with agricultural production and rural welfare. The overall policy is being materialised through programmes, projects, and legislative and institutional measures. Structural adjustment and reform measures have included the sustainable use of resources (mainly water), land consolidation, land use zoning, the promotion of

15 Agriculture

technologically advanced production methods and the construction of adequate transportation networks. The conservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment have always constituted an integral part of development programmes and schemes. For more than three decades, a range of measures have been successfully implemented regarding the improvement of the land tenure situation (which was characterised by the small size of agricultural holdings and extensive land fragmentation), the laying down of the necessary prerequisites for the sustainable use of land and water resources, and the modernisation of agricultural activities. Land consolidation schemes contributed to the enlargement of the land plot size (by 116% on average), the elimination of land fragmentation (by 56% on average) and the provision of road access to the consolidated land plots. These structural changes led to increases in production, capital and labour productivity, and to the number of viable holdings, with a consequent increase of agriculture income.

16 Agriculture

Cyprus Rural Development Plan G Protecting the rural environment and 2004 – 2006 enhancing the sustainable management of natural resources. The overall aim of the Cyprus Rural G Restructuring the rural development Development Plan, which has been prepared policy and enhancing the implementation and implemented after the accession of Cyprus to EU, is to promote the sustainable capacity. development of rural areas, through the These goals are being promoted through implementation of an integrated set of four major priority axes, described below: coherent and consistent measures, taking into account existing structural weaknesses Priority Axis 1: Improving the compe- and utilising potential opportunities and titiveness and modernisation of the strengths. The Rural Development Plan has production and marketing of agricultural the following strategic goals: products. This axis revolves around the conventional G Improving the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and all related approach to development, through products. investment in production, processing and marketing, but also focuses on the

G Strengthening the socio-economic establishment of efficient producer groups, conditions of rural areas. the professional development of young

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Halloumi cheese

Halloumi cheese is a white-brined cheese traditionally produced in Cyprus. It is a semi-hard cheese with a rectangular shape and an elastic texture. It can be consumed as fresh immediately after its production or as matured after mild maturation in brine. It can be used in cooking as grilled or fried. Halloumi cheese is registered as a trademark in the United States of America, Greece and the European Union and it is now in the process of being registered as a Product of Protected Designated Origin in the European Union.

farmers and the provision of adequate The second axis focuses on protecting the technical and managerial advisory services to environment and achieving important the rural population. Producer groups, in mountain policy goals. In addition to particular, are called upon to play a leading conventional measures, which aim at role in fostering the production and reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers, marketing of agricultural products and other relocating livestock farms and fostering the traditional products of special quality treatment and safe use of effluents, this character. component also provides support for activities that are considered important for This axis also includes an early retirement the economy of mountain areas. These scheme to facilitate the transfer of farm land activities are described below: to young people and a scheme focusing on G Promoting the extensification of improving the viability of small-scale production, by reducing farm inputs, farming. conserving indigenous breeds of animals Priority Axis 2: Protecting and improving the and expanding the area under low- environment and strengthening the socio- yielding local varieties of vines and dry economic conditions of rural areas. land trees.

G Implementing forestry measures in agriculture, specifically directed towards the improvement of abandoned agricultural land.

G Maintaining the traditional landscape and restoring cultural features, typical to the local countryside.

G Promoting organic production of both primary and processed agricultural products.

18 Agriculture

This axis also includes compensatory viticulture, vegetables and ornamentals, payments for Least Favourable Areas (LFAs) animal production, plant protection, soils, and a scheme designed to promote small- water use, statistics and agricultural scale agro-processing and handicraft making economics. The Institute has well equipped and to revive rural traditions. specialized laboratories, including the Molecular Biology Laboratory, the Radioisotope Priority Axis 3: Enhancing the protection, Laboratory, a Plant Gene Bank and the development and sustainable management National Herbarium. The Institute owns an of forest resources. experimental farm at the area of Athalassa, This axis focuses on the prevention of forest near the capital city of Nicosia, where cattle, fires, reforestation of damaged areas, sheep and goats are kept. The Institute also forestation of non-agricultural land and the owns outstations at the areas of Akhelia, development of private forestry in rural Zyghi, Polis, Saittas and Xylotympou, where areas, particularly in mountain regions. A research on trees, vegetables, field crops, scheme concerning the improvement of the ornamentals and medicinal/aromatic plants is harvesting process and the marketing of carried out. forestry products is also included. Agricultural research has contributed Priority Axis 4: Technical assistance and substantially to the development of programme evaluation. agricultural production in the country. Wheat and barley varieties under cultivation Finally, the Plan includes a technical were developed by the Institute, while assistance component, focusing on potato, vegetable and fruit varieties were monitoring and evaluation activities. selected after appropriate testing. Water and To summarize, the Cyprus Rural Development nutrient requirements of the main cultivars Plan 2004-2006 combines conventional were also established. In the livestock agricultural and rural development schemes sector, management and feeding systems and new measures relating to the protection were developed and specific breeding of the environment, forestry and the programmes were planned and imple- utilisation of traditional quality products. The mented, focusing on the genetic improvement Plan recognizes that spatial planning, of these species. integrated land management and the More recently, special attention has been participation of rural people are given to matters associated with integrated indispensable to sustainable development. production management, greenhouse The Rural Development Plan 2004-2006 for technology, biotechnology, molecular Cyprus is co-financed by the European biology, organic agriculture, and ornamental, Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund, medical and aromatic plants. Worth Guarantee Section. mentioning is a current project to combat scrapie disease in sheep through the identification and multiplication of resistant Agricultural Research and genotypes. In this regard, a nucleus herd of Development 500 animals resistant to scrapie was established at the Institute’s experimental The Agricultural Research Institute, farm. established in 1992, is the main institution engaged in agricultural research in Cyprus. The Agricultural Research Institute was recognized as a Centre of Excellence in agriculture and the environment within the 5th Framework Programme of the European Union. Agricultural research in Cyprus is applied and adaptive within the wider domain of plant and animal production, covering the fields of plant improvement, fruit trees and

19 Natural Resources

Water Management Throughout its long history Cyprus has always been confronted with the problem of water shortage. Droughts occur frequently and many times in the distant past, Cyprus came close to desertion as a result. The island has no rivers with perennial flow, while rainfall is highly variable. Based on a long series of observations, the mean annual precipitation amounts to approximately 500 millimetres. During more recent years (1971-2000) this amount was reduced to 460 millimetres.

Water Demand

The two main water-consuming sectors in Cyprus are agriculture and domestic use. Water Development Agriculture accounts for about 70% of total water use, while the domestic sector Following the independence of Cyprus in accounts for 20% of water use. Other sectors 1960, the new Republic placed great include tourism (5% of water demand), importance on water management in order industry (1%) and amenities (5%). Today, the to secure an adequate supply of good quality total water demand in Cyprus amounts to water for its inhabitants. The main policy of 265.9 mn cubic meters annually. It is the Government was to increase water estimated that by 2020, water demand in supply by constructing dams and conveyance infrastructure. Due to this policy, the Cyprus will increase to 313.7 mn cubic capacity of dams increased from 6 mn cubic meters, mainly as a result of a rise in the use meters in 1960 to 307.5 mn cubic meters of domestic water and tourism development. today. Additional measures included the This presents many challenges for water construction of water treatment plants and management and conservation in Cyprus. the drilling of boreholes to provide water for domestic use and irrigation. In addition, the installation of improved farm irrigation systems and the application of leakage detection methods on water distribution systems were encouraged. Today, almost 100% of the irrigated area is covered by improved irrigation systems.

Despite the remarkable work performed in the sector of water development, water was often not enough to satisfy the increasing water demand, while the depletion of water resources became more evident. Due to the limited supply of surface runoff in Cyprus and the prevailing semi-arid conditions on the island, groundwater has traditionally provided the resource needed for domestic use and irrigation. Throughout the years, groundwater resources have been heavily over-pumped, especially during periods of

20 Natural Resources drought. It is estimated that groundwater resources are overexploited by about 40% of the sustainable extraction level. These conditions have resulted in saline water intrusion and the deterioration of coastal and inland aquifers. Seawater intrusion has also resulted in the deterioration of valuable underground water storage room.

New Water Management and Conservation Measures

In an effort to promote effective water transported into national legislation through governance and to ensure that every person the “Water Protection and Management Law has access to safe drinking water, new of 2004.” The Water Framework Directive measures were gradually developed, focuses on: (a) protecting all water including the construction of desalination ecosystems (rivers, lakes, coastal regions and units and the exploitation of other non- underground water), (b) setting ambitious traditional sources of water, such as recycled targets to ensure that all water resources will water. Recycled water, which originates be in “good condition” by 2015, (c) creating a from the treatment of the effluent of management system on the river watershed sewage systems, is being used both for level, (d) promoting transboundary irrigation and the recharge of underground cooperation between countries and all aquifers. involved parties, (e) securing the active Increased emphasis is also being placed on participation of all stakeholders, (f) securing the protection of groundwater resources, the reduction and control of pollution from through the adoption of the European Acquis all sources, (g) implementing water pricing and the implementation of policies and promoting the “polluter pays” interdepartmental research projects. These principle, and (h) balancing the interests of projects include, among others, the the environment with the interests of those operation of monitoring networks, the who depend on it. designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones and The future presents both challenges and the assessment of strategic groundwater opportunities for sustainable water resources. At the same time, keen efforts are management in Cyprus. The demand for being undertaken in the field of public water is expected to increase in the following education to enhance awareness about the years, placing additional pressures on the importance of conserving water and water- limited water resources of the island. Over related ecosystems. the years, the Government of Cyprus has With respect to the legal framework, the recognized that placing sole emphasis on provisions of the Water Framework Directive increasing the supply of water does not of the EU (2000/60/EC) have been provide a sustainable solution for effective water management and conservation. Through policy reforms and the implementation of European Union Directives, a more integrated approach to water management is being pursued, one that emphasizes water conservation and the protection of water-related ecosystems. In addition, the involvement of different stakeholders in the decision-making process is increasingly recognized as an essential element of effective water management.

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Forest Management Forest resources have played an important role for the development of the island At one time entirely forested, Cyprus was throughout its long history. Today, forests called the green island of the ancient world. are considered an invaluable national Today, state and private forests cover about resource, not only because they provide 32% of the island’s surface. Of this area, timber and other non-wood products, but 18.5% is covered by high forests and 13.5% also because they contribute to the by maquis forests. The Brutia pine (Pinus conservation of water resources, the brutia) and Black pine (Pinus nigra) are the regulation of the climate, the reduction of soil erosion and the protection of nature and main forest plant species. Other species biodiversity. Forests also contribute to the include the Cypress (Cupressus sempervi- economic viability of mountain communities, rens), the Plane (Platanus oriantalis) and the through the provision of forest-related jobs. Alder (Alnus orientalis). Endemic species Furthermore, forests provide recreation include the Golden oak (Quercus alnifolia) opportunities for local people and foreign and Cedar (Cedrus brevifolia), which are tourists. found in the Pafos Forest in the western part of the island. The Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resou- rces and Environment recognizes that the future prosperity of the country is connected to the survival of its forests. Forests are protected through the provisions of the Forest Law and forest management practices are guided by the National Forest Program- me, which is described below.

National Forest Programme

The National Forest Programme of Cyprus aims at developing the forestry sector, managing forests on a sustainable basis, and upgrading the social functions and services that forests provide to society. The National Forest Programme includes the following strategic targets:

G The sustainable development and conservation of forest resources.

G The expansion of forests through afforestation of hali-lands and abandoned private lands.

G The preservation and improvement of the natural environment and natural heritage.

G The expansion and upgrading of the infrastructure for tourism and recreation.

G Environmental education. Certain measures for forest management were also included in the national Rural Development Plan 2004 – 2006, with a total budget of 11 mn Euro. These measures focus on protecting forests from fires and other natural destructions, developing

22 Natural Resources private forestry, promoting the afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land and improving the processing of forest products.

Forest Recreation and Education

Keen efforts are being made towards the development of recreation opportunities within State Forests, through the construction and management of picnic and camping sites, as well as the establishment and maintenance of National Forest Parks. Furthermore, great emphasis is being placed on developing nature trails, viewing locations, bicycle paths and botanical gardens. Today, State Forests include 40 picnic sites with a total capacity of 23,000 visitors. These sites provide all the basic facilities for daily picnics, such as drinking water, tables and latrines. They also provide facilities for people who use wheelchairs. In addition, five camping sites with a total capacity of Centres have a recreational, educational, 2,400 people are situated within State training and informative character, with forests. emphasis placed on the local environment. The main objectives of these centres are to In recent years, two Visitor Centres have increase awareness about the different been established at the Troodos National functions of the Cyprus forests and the Forest Park, in the central-western part of importance of their conservation, and to the island, and the Athalassa National Forest present current practices in forest Park, near the capital city of Nicosia. These management and conservation.

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Official education in forestry is offered by the Cyprus Forestry College, a Government International Institution of Tertiary Education, which was established in 1951. The college has trained students from Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean. By the end of 2004, there were 802 college graduates, 323 of whom were foreign students. The Cyprus Forestry College participates in the European programmes “Erasmus” and “Leonardo da Vinci”.

The Cyprus mouflon The Cyprus mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion) is a sub-species of wild sheep endemic to Cyprus. The estimated population of Cyprus mouflon is about 3,000 individuals, found in the Pafos Forest in the western part of the island. In the past, the Cyprus mouflon was heavily hunted and its population was in danger of extinction. The situation gradually improved after the year 1939 when the Pafos Forest was declared a Game Reserve, forbidding all hunting within its boundaries. Today, the Cyprus mouflon is strictly protected by Law and is listed in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive of the European Union. During the last few years mouflon have expanded their range beyond the forest interior and enter agricultural lands owned by local villagers, causing substantial crop damages. To ameliorate this problem, in 2003 the Depar- tment of Agriculture initiated a Plan to fence certain agricultural plots. At the same time, all necessary measures are taken for the welfare of the Cyprus mouflon, such as providing fodder in selected locations in the forest and monitoring their population.

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Fisheries Management

Fisheries Development and Marine Research

After the independence of Cyprus in 1960, a great emphasis was placed on fisheries development and the sustainable management of marine resources. Over the years, activities were developed in multidisciplinary fields, such as the sustainable use of marine resources, the development and sound management of fisheries and aquaculture, the protection of endangered species and habitats, marine ecology, physical and chemical oceanography, and the prevention and combat of marine pollution. Furthermore, within the framework of fisheries development, several projects were developed to support the fishermen of Cyprus, including the construction of fishing In recent years, an emphasis is being placed shelters. on the construction, improvement and maintenance of fishing shelters. Ten fishing shelters are in operation at the coastal Fisheries Production communities of Paralimni, Ayia Triada, Ayia Napa, Potamos, Xylophagou, Ormidhia, The production of fish in Cyprus amounts to Larnaca, Agios Georgios, Pomos and Pyrgos. about 3,750 tons. Fish production is mainly Fishing vessels are also harboured at the derived from inshore fisheries, trawl community of Latsi and at the ports of the fisheries, territorial and international waters cities Pafos, Limassol and Larnaca. In and aquaculture. The Cyprus Fishing Fleet addition, plans for a fishing shelter at the consists of 500 fishing boats, 18 trawlers and community of Zygi have been completed. 35 sword fishing vessels. By 2003, four private marine fish hatcheries, Single Programming Document for the one shrimp hatchery marine farm on land Fisheries Sector (2004 – 2006) and seven private offshore cage farms were in operation. In the year 2003, the production of market size fish was about Following the accession of Cyprus to the EU, 1,725 tons. In addition, 14 mn marine fish fry the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural were produced, out of which 6.5 mn were exported, at a value of í0.76 mn. Seventy- seven tons of shrimps were also produced. The total value of aquaculture is estimated at í8.3 mn. The gross output of the fisheries sector in 2003 amounted to í14.6 mn. The sea fisheries sub-sector contributes to about 48%, while the gross output of marine aquaculture and inland waters aquaculture was estimated to 50% and 2% of the total fishing output respectively.

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Resources and Environment implemented waters and multipurpose vessels that are the “Single Programming Document for the mainly used for fishing tuna and swordfish. Fisheries Sector 2004 – 2006.” The objectives It also aims at preserving the historical value for the fisheries sector, envisaged in the of the fisheries sector in Cyprus, by giving Single Programming Document are the priority to vessels with historical significance. following: Priority Axis 2: Fleet renewal and

G To achieve a competitive and sustainable modernisation. commercial fishing industry. This axis focuses on the modernisation of fishing vessels of inshore fisheries and G To offer consumers high quality products and meet the market demands. bottom trawlers that are active in international waters. Attention is given to G To succeed in meeting the European and actions that improve the safety, hygiene and International competition. quality of products, actions that enhance the It is estimated that during the period 2004- safety of fishermen and actions that make 2006, the financial allocation for the Single use of selective gear, which decrease Programming Document will be more than bycatch and discards. 13 mn Euro. Priority Axis 3: Protection and development The Single Programming Document has four of aquatic resources, aquaculture, fishing priority axes, which are described below: port facilities, processing and marketing, and Priority Axis 1: Adjustment of the fishing inland fishing. effort. This axis focuses on the sustainable This axis aims at adjusting the fishing effort development of aquaculture in coastal areas at levels that correspond to the available fish and mountain regions. It also aims at stocks, so as to achieve the sustainable use creating landing facilities for improving the of the resources. Immediate priority is given quality of the supply of products to the to bottom trawlers fishing in territorial market and modernising and restructuring

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Green Turtle and Loggerhead Turtle Two species of turtles nest in Cyprus, the Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Both species are threatened with extinction. In the past, turtles were found in large numbers, but between the years 1900 and 1960 it is estimated that about 100,000 turtles were killed exported from the Eastern Mediterranean to Europe to meet the demand for turtle soup. Today, the current nesting population in the Mediterranean Sea numbers about 500 - 600 female Green turtles and 5,000 - 6,000 Loggerhead turtles. Coastal development is a major problem for turtle conservation, as turtle hatchlings are attracted to light. Their instinct tells them that the lightest part on the horizon is the way to the sea and they are often disoriented by artificial lights near the beach. Some nests are also destroyed by cars driving on the beach, while deep marks caused by tires prevent hatchlings from reaching the sea. Today, many efforts are being undertaken for the conservation of turtles, including the protection of turtle nesting beaches, the protection of eggs and hatchlings from predation and human activities, monitoring the turtle population and raising public awareness.

the marketing system, from the producer to of the Single Programming Document. the consumer. Finally, this axis aims at Particular attention is given to the selection strengthening the competitiveness of the process, the monitoring of actions, publicity fisheries sector and developing economically and information, as well as the design and viable businesses. implementation of feasibility studies in Priority Axis 5: Technical assistance. matters that relate to the Single Programming Document and the collection The final axis focuses on the immediate of statistical data for fisheries and implementation and fast absorption of funds aquaculture.

27 Natural Resources

Geology and Mineral Resources Restoration Works and Environmental Management Built Environment The very long mining history of the island has adversely affected the environment. The The rapid development and heavy Government aims at minimising these effects investment in construction over the last 40 with an active involvement during the years have placed high expectations on the extraction and restoration works of quality of the foundation design and the abandoned mines and quarries. In addition, construction materials of various environmental studies are being promoted engineering projects. Therefore, proper concerning the disposal of hazardous and geological and geotechnical investigations other waste and the negative impacts due to were introduced and developed to support quarrying and mining activities. such projects, including water retaining structures, roads and bridges, airports, public Metallic and Industrial Minerals buildings and refugee settlements. In the last 10 years attention has also The word copper (cuprus) is synonymous to focused on the hazard and risk assessment of the name of the island, Cyprus. Massive the built environment, in relation with sulphide mineralisation with occasionally various natural phenomena, especially high copper content has been exploited from landslides and karstic features (sinkholes). about 3,000 BC. Most notable ore bodies Microzonation studies of the broader urban have already been exhausted and today, only areas have been carried out to determine the limited copper mining takes place. Asbestos behavior of the ground under dynamic was also heavily mined during the period of conditions (i.e., earthquakes) in order to 1904 – 1986, when about one million tones introduce proper antiseismic measurements. were extracted and exported. In addition,

28 Natural Resources

high quality chromite ore was extracted until extracted, both for local needs and exports. the early 1980’s. Industrial minerals, such as In a parallel effort to control and improve the aggregates used in the construction quality of aggregates and enhance the industry, umber and ochre for colour pigments, gypsum for plasters, brick clay, engineering parameters of concrete, the marl and limestone for cement, and building Government is involved in the quality control stones and bentonite for industrial use are of aggregates.

29 The Environment

The environmental policy of Cyprus has been coordinates plans and programmes relating revised in recent years, as a result of the to the environment. harmonisation process with the European Union. More than three hundred Directives Certain Horizontal Statutes for which the and Regulations and a number of action Environment Service is responsible include a law for the assessment of the environmental plans comprise the complicated and detailed impacts from certain projects and the Aarhus Chapter for the Environment. These new Convention on access to environmental legislative regulations now constitute a solid information, public participation in decision- foundation for the enforcement of the making and access to justice for environmental policy. environmental matters. The Environment Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment deals with issues of environmental policy and Chemical Substances, Industrial Pollution and Risk Assessment In 2004, Cyprus passed a law on the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms into the environment. That same year, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety came into effect, which places constraints on the transboundary movement and use of living modified organisms. New regulations were also put in place regarding the collection, transport and final disposal of materials that contain asbestos. Cyprus has also ratified the Montreal Protocol regarding ozone depleting substances and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.

30 THE ENVIRONMENT

Legislative and administrative measures have been taken towards the effective control of industrial pollution and risk assessment, covering a law for the control of water pollution, a law on integrated pollution prevention and control, a law regarding the voluntary participation by organisations in the Community Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), and a law regarding the European ECOLABEL scheme.

Nature Protection and Management A law on the protection and management of nature and wildlife was approved, which regulates the protection of biological In the framework of the Habitats Directive of diversity, mainly via the identification of the EU (92/43/EEC), a scientific list of areas, special areas of protection and important including important habitats and species of species of fauna and flora, the adoption of flora and fauna has been prepared. Almost management plans, the assessment of all habitat types of Cyprus will be included environmental impacts from projects and within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 programmes in areas of special interest and network of protected areas. The national the control of the release into the environment of alien species. In the relative ecological database of Cyprus, “BIOCYPRUS”, Annexes of the Law, 52 types of natural was also finalized, which includes the habitats, 17 species of wild fauna and 17 standardised form of the characteristics of all species of plants that are found in Cyprus are areas that fill the criteria to be proposed for identified. inclusion in the Natura 2000 network.

31 THE ENVIRONMENT

Noise Regulation the needs and particularities of Cyprus. This strategy specifies (a) the type, quantity and In 2004, Cyprus passed a law on the origin of waste that should be managed, (b) assessment and regulation of environmental the objectives for reduction, re-use and noise. Moreover, a programme has been recycling of waste, (c) the methods of implemented aimed at the drafting of noise management to be applied with special protection measures and the formulation of reference to the collection, transport, a wider noise policy. treatment and disposal of waste, (d) special provisions that concern particular types of waste, (e) the number of installations of Waste Management treatment and disposal that will be required to cover the needs of waste management, (f) In December 2002, a comprehensive Law on persons or legal entities permitted to the Management of Solid and Hazardous manage waste, (g) the estimated cost for Waste was adopted, which focuses on utilising and disposing waste, and (h) the preventing and reducing the generation of necessary measures for the encouragement waste. Based on the Law, a number of special of a rational scheme for the collection, Regulations were prepared and approved. sorting and treatment of waste. Furthermore, a strategy for the Other laws and regulations concern the management of waste was prepared. The disposal of used oils and PCBs/PCTs, the strategy aims at the development and disposal of hazardous waste from industrial enforcement of a flexible, economically units, the management of waste from viable and effective policy in the sector of electrical and electronic equipment, the solid and hazardous waste, through an packaging of waste and the management of integrated and rational approach, adapted to batteries and accumulators.

32 THE ENVIRONMENT

Agricultural Practices and Quality of Waters

Nitrate pollution from agricultural sources is a serious problem in Cyprus. Within the framework of the law on the control of water pollution, a Decree was passed, which specifies the nitrate vulnerable zones and those waters that have been, or may be affected by nitrate pollution. A Decree was also approved, establishing an action programme for the protection of zones through the implementation of measures minimising the pollution of ground and surface waters from nitrates. A Code of Good Agricultural Practices was prepared and is being applied. The measures promoted by the Department of Agriculture include the control of the use of fertilizers, the use of improved irrigation systems, the preparation of irrigation programmes, the collection of sludge, the treatment of waste, the suitable selection of areas for the application of waste and the training of farmers.

33 The Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment

Functions and Organizational Structure The Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment is the Government Body responsible for all matters relating to the sectors of agriculture, natural resources and the environment in Cyprus. Its responsibilities cover agricultural and livestock production and development, fisheries management, water resources management and development, forestry, geology, meteorology, veterinary services, agricultural insurance and the protection of the environment. The Ministry consists of the Office of the Minister who is supported by the Permanent Secretary, two Principal Officers (Division Heads) and a complement of scientific, administrative, clerical and other staff. Under this Central Administrative Organization, there are eleven Departments and/or Services responsible for the implementation of policy measures and the provision of services to the public, as follows:

G Department of Agriculture

G Agricultural Research Institute

G Department of Veterinary Services

G Forestry Department

G Department of Fisheries and Marine Research

G Land Consolidation Department

G Water Development Department

G Geological Survey Department

G Mines Service

G Meteorological Service

G Environment Service Four Organizations/ Boards also function under the supervision of the Ministry:

G Agricultural Insurance Organization

G Cyprus Milk Industry Organization

G Wine Products Council

G Cyprus Potatoes Marketing Board

34 THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

35 Addresses

Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment 1411 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 408318, Fax No. (+357) 22 781156 http: //www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Agriculture 1412 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 408519, Fax No. (+357) 22 781425 http: //www.moa.gov.cy/da E-mail: [email protected]

Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 403232, Fax No. (+357) 22 316770 http: //www.ari.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Veterinary Services 1417 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 805200, Fax No. (+357) 22 305211 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Forestry Department 1414 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 805500, Fax No. (+357) 22 781419 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Fisheries and Marine Research 1416 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 807867, Fax No. (+357) 22 781226 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Land Consolidation Department 1419 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 407900/903, Fax No. (+357) 22 407950 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

36 ADDRESSES

Water Development Department 1413 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 803301, Fax No. (+357) 22 803381 http://www.moa.gov.cy/wdd E-mail: [email protected]

Geological Survey Department 1415 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 309213, Fax No. (+357) 22 316873 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Mines Service 1422 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 409286, Fax No. (+357) 22 316872 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Meteorological Service 1418 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 802935, Fax No. (+357) 22 802939 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Environment Service 1411 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 303883, Fax No. (+357) 22 774945 http://www.moa.gov.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Agricultural Insurance Organization 29 & 31 Zinonos Chr. Sozou Str. 1075 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 760196, Fax No. (+357) 22 768300 E-mail: [email protected]

Cyprus Milk Industry Organization P.O. Box 22418 1521 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 748000, Fax No. (+357) 22 748261 E-mail: [email protected]

37 ADDRESSES

Wine Products Council P.O. Box 71011 3840 Limassol Tel. No. (+357) 25 892892, Fax No. (+357) 25 819305 http://www.wpc.org.cy E-mail: [email protected]

Cyprus Potatoes Marketing Board P.O. Box 22029 1516 Nicosia Tel. No. (+357) 22 818022, Fax No. (+357) 22 675493 E-mail: [email protected]