Carolingian Catalonia Cullen J. Chandler Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47464-1 — Carolingian Catalonia Cullen J. Chandler Index More Information

INDEX

Aachen, 60, 80, 81, 201 Arles, monastery, 86, 87, 115, 139, 147, 161, 162, Council of, 146 250 Achila, king, 40–1 Arnustus, archbishop of Narbonne, 146, 168, Adelaide, abbess of Sant Joan de Ripoll, 248 174, 179, 180, 183, 185 Adoptionism, 21, 75, 88, 89–96, 118, 143, 145, provincial synods, 185, 186, 187–8 196, 197, 222, 265, 266, 271 assemblies, 53, 60, 64, 97, 109, 120, 130, 148, Aizo, 97, 98–101 174, 261 al-Andalus, 251, 255–6, 272 Astronomer, biographer of Louis the Pious, 54, Alcuin, 65, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 198, 55, 60–1, 62–3, 64, 65, 67, 68, 98, 109, 122 213–14 representation of identity, 73–4 al-Mansur, 2, 230, 254, 263 Ato, bishop of Vic, 244, 245 Annales Bertiniani, 112, 117, 121, 122, 134, Augustine of Hippo, 193, 204, 207, 217 135 Ausona. See Osona Annales Regni Francorum, 39, 55, 57, 60, 62, 63, 68, 69, 72, 112, 122 Banu Qasi, 70, 116, 123, 159, 170, 176, 177, 181, Ansemundus, 49–50, 51, 58, 270 255 aprisio, 75, 77–80, 81–5, 101, 105, 108, 110, 115, Banyoles, monastery, 97, 116, 139, 147, 161, 119, 136, 140, 156, 175, 184, 201, 219, 248, 166, 183, 238 259, 265, 266 Barcelona, archives, 142, 189, 207, 208, 211, Aquitaine, 1, 9, 11, 14, 24, 29, 38, 48, 50, 52, 53, 216, 217, 233 56, 58, 63, 67, 68, 71, 73, 94, 98, 114, 117, Barcelona, bishops, 34, 35, 83, 129, 137, 141, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 144, 145, 146–8, 161, 164, 168, 173–4, 186, 131, 133, 134, 157, 159, 169, 187, 194, 250, 187, 244, 250 263, 267, 282, 287, 289, 298, 307, 312 Barcelona, cathedral, 144, 145, 146, 206, 208, and Borrell II, 257 209 Arabs and, 42, 47, 48, Barcelona, city, 1, 3, 31, 41, 48, 53, 54, 66, 68, dukes of, 36, 41, 48 69, 84, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 111, 128, Frankish conquest of, 48, 49, 50, 51 140–2, 146, 177, 204, 208, 223, 252–3, 266, Louis the Pious as king, 62, 63–6, 80, 122 267, 269 Louis the Stammerer as king, 129, 131 conquest by Louis the Pious, 1, 66–8, 71–2 Pippin I as king, 98, 104, 106 Muslim attacks, ninth century, 122, 124 Pippin II as king, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 121, revolt of William, son of Bernard of 134, 149 Septimania, 121, 125 Ardo, king, 41 sack by al-Mansur, 2, 197, 230, 238, 239, Arles (Provence), 80, 186, 251 255–7, 263

315

Index Barcelona, county, 16, 21, 22, 60, 71, 73, 97, Charlemagne, 3, 7, 13, 17, 25, 38, 44, 47, 49, 58, 101, 104, 107, 117, 123, 125, 128, 129–30, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 75, 96, 110, 113, 133, 137, 143, 151, 154–5, 156, 164, 174, 129, 147, 171, 172, 213, 262, 265, 266, 267 175–7, 179, 219, 229–30, 231, 233, 235, and aprisio, 77–85, 136, 184, 266 239, 241, 246, 247, 248–9, 251–2, 254, 259, and Aquitaine, 63–4 262, 269 and churches, 106, 162, 185, 187, 204 Barcelona, episcopal see, 5, 24, 28, 30, 143, and diplomacy, 53, 64, 68 144–5, 146–8, 176 and hispani, 77–85, 156, 210 Basques, 30, 40, 54, 55–7, 64, 65, 69, 74, 121, and monasteries, 86–8, 183, 265 180 and reform, 86–8, 89–94, 95, 118, 146, 164, Bede, 38, 141, 198, 212–16, 217, 227, 228, 269 191, 197, 266 belief, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94 authority, 70, 76–7, 265 Benedict of Aniane, 91, 95, 96, 261, 266 imperial status, 66, 74, 96 Bera, count of Barcelona, 16, 60, 61, 67, 69, 70, invasion of Spain, 20, 26, 52–8, 61, 62, 71, 72–4, 76, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 99 107, 117, 179, 266 Charles III, ‘the Fat’, 127, 132, 157, 158, 162–3, Berengar of Toulouse, 97, 104, 106–9, 113 171, 221 Bernard ‘Plantapilosa’, 128, 130, 132–3 Charles Martel, 26, 42, 47–50 Bernard of Gothia, 111, 126–7, 128, 129–33, Charles of Lotharingia, 257, 258 135, 147, 149, 151, 183, 262, 267 Charles the Bald, 50, 84, 103, 111–12, 113, 122, Bernard of Septimania, 7, 16, 61, 97–9, 101, 127–8, 131, 134, 140, 144, 145, 146, 148, 102–5, 107, 108, 109–10, 111, 112, 113–15, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 163, 174, 184, 202, 116–17, 118, 120, 121, 122, 127, 201, 262, 267 267 and aprisio, 136 Bernard of Toulouse, 128, 131 and Aquitaine, 106, 113, 118–20, 123, 128, Besalú, 115, 116, 120, 128, 130, 139, 154, 161, 129 163, 170, 175–6, 179, 238, 239, 241, 246, and churches, 129, 139–40, 144 258 and monasteries, 115–16, 161 books, 33, 147, 188, 193, 194, 202–4, 206, 207, and reform, 192 210, 269 authority, 113–16, 118–19, 120–1, 123–6, Borrell II, 2, 21, 175, 229, 230, 231, 243–4, 245, 129–31, 134–6, 137–8, 200–1 247–9, 257–9, 263, 269–70, 271 diplomacy, 117, 123, 199 diplomacy, 249–57, 263 Charles the Simple, 152, 167, 171, 172–3, 238, Borrell, count of Urgell and Cerdanya, 66, 68, 245 70, 71 and aprisio, 183–4 and churches, 183 Cádiz, 222, 223 and counts in the Spanish March, 178–80 caliphs, 37, 270 and ecclesiastical aﬀairs, 167 Abbasid, 53 and monasteries, 183, Umayyad, Córdoba, 177–8, 249–55, 256, authority, 182–5 263, 264 Charles the Younger, son of Charles the Bald, Umayyad, Damascus, 41, 42 127, 129, 149 Cardona, 43, 66, 71, 156 charters, 12–13, 18–20, 44, 75, 82, 86, 108, 115, Carolingian renaissance, 3, 16, 21, 188, 190–4, 123, 135, 153–4, 160, 167, 172, 173, 174, 202, 207–8, 213, 215, 217, 228, 265, 268 184, 229–30, 235, 265, 270–1 Casserres, 43, 66 dating clauses, 166, 168, 171, 178–9, 182, 188, Cerdanya, 5, 15, 42, 52, 65, 68, 70, 97, 107, 108, 213, 230, 236–7, 240–1, 253, 257–9 114, 120, 123, 128, 130, 133, 139, 151, 155, exercise of authority, 103, 118, 119, 156–7, 156, 164, 172, 173, 175, 231, 239, 246, 247, 158–9, 160, 248 250 Chronicle of 754, 36, 37, 41

316

Index Chronicon Moissiacense Maius, 36, 37–9, 41, 48, Ermemir, non-canonical bishop, 165–7, 168, 49, 62, 261, 178, 272 church councils, 19, 139, 144–8, 163–4, 167, ethnicity, 7–8, 70–4, 110, 133–40, 148, 149–50, 168, 169, 180, 185, 191, 235, 243, 261 184–5, See identity Adoptionism, 91, 92, 146 Eudo, duke of Aquitaine, 41–2, 48 of Toledo, 24, 29, 30, 33–5, 36, 222 of Troyes (878), 132, 145, 147, 149, 151, Felix of Urgell, 89, 92–3, 94, 95–6, 146, 196, 204 160–1, 163–4 Frodoin, bishop of Barcelona, 83, 128, 129, 137, coins, coinage, currency, 118, 172 140–5, 146, 147, 148, 161, 164, 168, 174, Collins, Roger, 14, 31, 36, 75 186 Conﬂent, 73, 104, 114, 117, 120, 123, 130, 154, frontier, 4, 6, 10, 14–16, 19, 21, 58, 60, 64, 66, 158, 246 67–8, 70–1, 72–3, 76, 83–5, 99, 102, 111, Córdoba, 40, 42, 53, 68, 99, 121, 125, 134, 135, 117, 121–2, 139, 150, 170, 172, 176–8, 181, 141, 144, 146, 170, 177, 178, 211, 222, 253, 196, 242, 248, 251, 254, 255, 259, 264 268, 272 and al-Mansur, 254–5 and Borrell II, 249, 251, 252, 253, 263, Gascons, 56–7, 140, See Basques 270 Gaucelm, count of Empúries and Roussillon, martyr movement, 199–202 72–4, 97, 103–4 Gausfred, count of Empúries and Roussillon, d’Abadal, Ramon, 9, 18, 20, 25, 35, 48–9, 51, 245–7 55–6, 57, 78, 115, 136, 137, 148, 161, Gerbert of Aurillac, 9, 204, 228, 243, 248, 254, 165–6, 172, 176, 182, 184, 234–5, 238, 242, 256, 257, 269, 272 251, 252–3 Girona, bishops, 35, 115, 123, 130, 162, 164, and nationalism, 136, 182, 234 174, 178, 183, 186, 246, 270 on identity, 57, 168 Girona, cathedral, 204, 209–10, 220, 223 Dhuoda, 16, 103, 104–5 Girona, city, 6, 31, 41, 53, 63, 67, 70–1, 75, 98, Liber manualis, 117–18 99, 121, 223, 255–6, 266 Dionysio-Hadriana, 190–1, 198, 207–9, 228, 269 archive, 162 diplomacy, 75, 117, 152, 177, 236, 249–57, 263, mint, 40 270, 273 Girona, county, 67, 73, 96–7, 103, 104, 107, 108, Disticha Catonis, 217 115, 117, 120, 128, 130, 138, 139, 143, 151, 162, 163, 170, 171–3, 175, 176, 177, 184, Ebro River, 3, 6, 30, 31, 35, 53, 57, 68, 221, 228 206, 230, 231, 238, 239, 247, 258 as frontier, 67–8, 196 Girona, episcopal see, 5, 24, 34, 106, 143, 146, education, 20, 87, 191, 192–3, 196, 197–8, 204, 148, 161, 162, 165–7, 168, 178, 179, 180, 209, 210–11, 213, 214, 217, 218 183, 184, 248 Egara, 5 Gisemundus, 199, 218–24 Einhard, 39, 55, 57, 63, 74, 81, 226, 261 Gospel of Nicodemus, 225–7 Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, 89, 91–3, 222 Gothia, 22, 60–1, 65, 71, 112, 125, 130, 134, Elna, 5, 106, 146, 183, 186 147–8, 149, 180, 183–4, 186, 190, 195, 258, bishops, 35, 105, 106, 146, 164, 178, 182, 186, 261, 265, 268, See Septimania 187, 203, 245, 247 Goths, 17, 24, 26, 47, 50–2, 58–9, 60–1, 67, 69, Emma, abbess of Sant Joan de Ripoll, 175–6, 70–1, 72, 74, 75, 84, 85, 93, 97, 99, 100–1, 183, 186 109, 110, 123–4, 128, 133, 137, 138, 140, Empúries, bishops, 34, 35, 165, 177, 223, 238 144, 146, 148, 149, 184–5, 192, 210, 261, Empúries, county, 5, 73, 97, 104, 107, 108, 117, 265–6, 267, 268, 271, See Visigoths 120, 125, 126, 128, 133, 162, 167, 170, 174, Gotmar, bishop of Girona, 178, 270 178, 179, 180, 241, 245, 246 Gotmar, bishop of Vic, 158–9, 165–6, 238 Empúries, episcopal see, 5 grammar, 191, 193, 198, 210–12, 214

317

Index Gregory of Nyssa, 217 learning, 188, 211, 212, 269, 272, See education Gregory of Tours, 200 Leidrad, archbishop of Lyon, 94 liberal arts, 190, 191, 193, 210, 212, 217, 225 heresy, 90–1, 118, 169, 265 libraries, 193, 194, 198, 202–4, 207, 208, 209, Hincmar of Rheims, 112–13, 118, 132, 149, 169, 211–12, 220, 225, 241, 269 190 liturgy, 93, 95, 143–4, 164, 188, 195, 226 hispani, 47, 57, 69, 77–85, 93, 101, 112, 122, 137, books, 205, 207, 208, 233 139–40, 156, 179–80, 192, 196, 201, 210, Lleida, 34, 41, 54, 65, 155, 170, 177 226, 261, 266, 267, 268 Llobregat River, 6, 67, 159, 177 Hispania, 22, 28, 29, 32, 36, 51, 53, 55, 56, 64, 65, Lothar I, 106, 108, 113, 115, 200, 82, 112, 125, 147, 183, 184, 190, 199, 202, Lothar II, 132, 146, 169 204, 211, 220–1, 224, 248, 261, 266 Lothar III, 230, 238, 239–40, 241, 245, 247, 248, Hugh Capet, 2, 9, 229, 230, 240, 246, 254, 250, 256, 257, 258, 261 256–9, 269, 273 Louis III, 162, 247 Hugh of Tours, 98, 102 Louis IV, 238–9, 241, 250, 261 Hugh, abbot of St-Germain of Auxerre, 130, Louis the German, 124, 125, 127, 130, 157, 202, 131, 132 267 Humfrid, 111, 123, 124–6, 127, 128, 135, 137–8, Louis the Pious, 1, 2–3, 21, 25, 47, 55, 56, 60–1, 160, 174, 199, 267 62, 71, 72–3, 85, 100, 103, 104, 109, 110, 111, 127, 136, 138, 139, 162, 185, 192, 195, identity, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16–18, 21, 25–6, 27, 29, 32, 201, 266, 36, 47, 51, 56–7, 58–9, 61, 70–4, 75, 85, 98, and aprisio, 82–3, 84–5 99–100, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, and Aquitaine, 62, 63–6, 80, 113, 122 133–40, 143, 149, 168, 185, 196, 197, 200, and authority, 105–7 210, 233–4, 260–2, 267–8, 270 and counts of the Spanish March, 70, 96, 98, Islam, 70, 91, 99, 102, 272 108–9 conversion to, 45–7 and monasteries, 86, 87–8, 97, 115 and reform, 87, 88 Jarrett, Jonathan, 77–8, 81, 82–3, 236 authority, 70 Jews, Judaism, 33, 34, 40–1, 71–2, 122, 201, campaigns, 64–6, 67–8, 69 224–7 conquest of Barcelona, 66–7, 100 judges, 75, 172, 174, 209, 210 diplomacy, 64, 69 Judith, empress, 103, 104 imperial status, 74 Julian of Toledo, 28, 30–1, 33, 34, 35, 47, 59 Louis the Stammerer, 20, 111, 127, 128, 129–32, Insultatio vilis storici in tyrannidem Galliae, 32–3 133, 144, 147–8, 151, 152, 157, 160–2, 171 Louis V, 229, 239, 256, 257–9 kingship, 7, 115, 130, 133, 157, 168, 183, 188, 238, 253, 259–60 marchio,title,7, 62, 76, 97, 101, 112, 114, 116–17, Visigothic, 30, 34 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 135–6, Königsnähe, 129, 130–1, 157 137, 138, 147, 149, 155, 158, 159, 170, 172, 174, 183, 241, 242, 252, 253, 262, 269 land holding, 43, 77–85, 96, 108, 136, 137, minuscule, 188, 204–5, 207, 215, 228, See scripts 146–7, 148, 153, 166, 174, 219, 229, 249, Miro, brother of Borell II, 247, 251 258, 259 Miro, brother of Wifred the Hairy, 129–30, 132, monasteries, 88, 175, 176 151–2, 154–5, 160, 164, 170 law, 11, 14, 17, 24, 26–8, 34, 51, 60, 74–6, 78, 79, Miro, count of Besalú and bishop of 81–2, 93, 147, 169, 188, 191, 207, 209, 210, Girona, 246 213, 227, 237, 245, 266, 271 Miro, son of Wifred the Hairy, 172, 173, 175–6, books, 205, 206, 207, 209–10 246 identity, 74, 85, 210, 261 Munussa, Berber commander, 42, 52

318

Index Nambad, bishop of Urgell, 42, 44 Prudentius of Troyes, 112–13, 122, 195 Nantigisus, bishop of Urgell, 164, 173–4, 186 Pyrenees, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 33, Narbonne, archbishops, 35, 94, 106, 142, 146, 34, 35, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 147, 164, 165, 168, 174, 178, 179, 183, 204, 57, 58, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77, 221 78, 92, 102, 103, 114, 116, 117, 128, 137, Narbonne, city, 24, 25, 31, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49–51, 139, 140, 148, 149, 153, 183, 184, 185, 186, 58, 67, 116, 120, 124, 136, 140, 142, 210, 187, 188, 190, 195, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 220, 223 208, 215, 217, 221, 227, 228, 233, 243, 250, identity, 47 269, 270 mint, 27, 40 Treaty of (1660), 232 Narbonne, county, 103, 104, 107, 117, 125, 126, 128, 136, 179 reform, 3, 13, 49, 65, 75, 86–7, 88, 89, 91, 93, 95, Narbonne, ecclesiastical province, 5, 26, 30, 34, 110, 164, 168, 188, 190–2, 194–5, 197, 198, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43–4, 46, 140, 152, 168, 185, 199, 202, 207, 208, 210, 217–18, 265, 266, 221, 228, 242, 243, 245, 271 268, 269, 271 identity, 47 Ribagorça, 5, 22, 65, 87, 97, 104, 108, 119, 128, regional synods, 185–8 135, 139, 167, 170, 180–1 nationalism, 10, 231, 233, 243, 268 Roncesvalles, 52, 55–6 Nîmes, city, 31, 41, 47, 48, 50 Roussillon, 5, 22, 51, 67, 73, 86, 97, 104, 107, Nîmes, county, 30, 50, 58, 103, 104, 128 114, 117, 120, 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, Nîmes, episcopal see, 30 136, 137, 138, 139, 151, 161, 164, 170, 178, 179, 182, 245, 246 Odilard, monk of St-Germain-des-Prés, 6, 125, royal diplomas, 18–19, 78, 81, 83, 86, 105–6, 199, 200, 202 108, 115–16, 122, 125, 126, 136–40, 144, Odo, king, 145, 152, 157–8, 159, 163, 165–6, 147, 148, 152, 160–3, 165–6, 172, 179, 180, 167, 168, 170–1, 178–9, 182, 184–5, 221, 182–3, 184, 188, 236–40, 244, 246–7, 249, 268 250, 260, 261, 267, 273 Orosius (Paulus Orosius), 220, 222 Rule of Benedict, 75, 86–8, 115, 140, 197, 266, Seven Books of History against the Pagans, 220–1, 271 222, 224 orthodoxy, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95, 117, 194 Saint Eulalia of Barcelona, 140–3, 144–5, 146, Osona, 175, 176, 210, 229, 230, 231, 239, 243, 173 247, 259, Salrach, Josep Maria, 20, 98–9, 107, 108, 109, 126, 134, 152, 164, 166, 168, 234–6 Pallars, 5, 22, 65, 87, 97, 104, 108, 115, 119, 128, Sanila, 60, 72, 73, 104 135, 139, 167, 170, 176, 180–1, 186 Sant Cugat de Vallès, 173, 238, 239, 257 papacy, 21, 149, 249, 250, 264, Sant Joan de Ripoll, 6, 155, 158, 173, 175–6, Paul, rebel Visigothic noble, 29, 30–2, 35, 36 183, 186, 248 Pippin I of Aquitaine, 98, 104, 106 Sant Pau de Camp, 174 Pippin II of Aquitaine, 111, 112, 113, 124, 126, Sant Pere de les Puel.les, 238, 134, 149, 267 Sant Pere de Rodes, 238, 239, 245, 247, and Bernard of Septimania, 113–14 261 and Charles the Bald, 123 Santa Cecília de Montserrat, 238, 242 and William, son of Bernard of Septimania, Santa Maria de Ripoll, 6, 155, 158–9, 172, 189, 118–21 198, 203, 206, 207, 209, 211, 229, 238, 239, Pippin III, king, 24, 25, 44, 46, 47, 52, 58–9, 71, 247 75, 93, 210, 266 Sclua, non-canonical bishop, 164–6, 167–8, 185, and Septimania, 49–51 187, 221, 242, 272 Pope Gregory I, 227 scripts, 110, 188, 198, 202, 204–8, 215, 217, 228, princeps, title, 50, 172, 174, 241, 248, 269

319

Index Septimania, 19, 22, 24, 37, 47, 52, 53, 58, 60, 63, Toledo, 24, 25, 26, 28–9, 30, 31–2, 35, 36, 40, 86, 92–6, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109–10, 132, 47, 58, 89, 91, 92, 96, 143, 201, 213, 222, 134, 138, 139–40, 168, 170, 180, 184–5, 223, See church councils 194, 201, 260, 265, 266, 267, See Gothia Tortosa, 3, 34, 65, 67–8, 176, 251, 252 and Charlemagne’s invasion of Spain, 54 Toulouse, 27, 41, 56, 64, 65, 66, 104, 109, 114, and Charles the Bald, 121–6, 127–9 115, 119, 126, 135, 136, 145, 180, 232 and emperor Lothar I, 105–6 Trinity, 89–90, 91, 94, 117–18 and hispani, 57 and Jews, 71 Urgell, bishops, 35, 42, 89, 96, 106, 146, 164, and loyalty to Carolingian rulers, 72–4, 173, 174, 185–7, 196, 203 75–85, 113–19, 136 Urgell, cathedral, 209 conversion to Islam in, 46 Urgell, city, 92–3, 266 Frankish conquest of, 47–52, 70, 265 Urgell, county, 43, 65, 68, 69–70, 97, 98, 107–8, in Visigothic Kingdom, 26–36 114, 120, 123, 128, 130, 133, 135, 140, 151, Muslim conquest of, 41–2 155, 156–7, 161, 164, 165, 172, 174, 175–6, Servus Dei, bishop, 165–8, 178, 183, 230, 231, 239, 247 186, 272 monasticism, 44, 87 Sigebod, archbishop of Narbonne, 142–3, Urgell, episcopal see, 5, 34, 139–40, 164–5, 167, 147 168, 174, 180, 185–7, 204, 221 Song of Roland, 52, 56 Usuard, monk of St-Germain-des-Prés, 6, 125, Spani, 32, See hispani 135, 141, 198, 201–2, 227, 228, 269 Suleiman ibn al-Arabi, 53–4, 64 grammar text, 364–66 t, 210–12, 214 Sunifred, count of Cerdanya and Besalú, 246, martyrology, 141, 199–200 250 Sunifred, father of Wifred the Hairy, 106–7, Vic, bishops, 158, 165, 174, 186, 204, 242, 243, 108–9, 110, 111, 112, 113–15, 116–17, 118, 270 120, 122, 123, 128, 130, 132, 154, 160 Vic, cathedral, 209 Sunifred, son of Wifred the Hairy, 172, 175, 178, Vic, city, 6, 66, 71, 100, 174, 204, 210 247, 248 archive, 166, 210 Sunyer I, count of Empúries, 107, 109, 113, 120, mint, 238 122, 126, 174 Vic, episcopal see, 5, 146, 155, 173, 186 Sunyer II, count of Empúries, 126, 128, 137–8, Vic, plain, 6, 71, 98, 268 160, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174, 178–80, viscounts, 109, 133, 135, 178, 179, 249, 252 182, 183, 186, 187, 245 Visigoths, 100, 222, 260, See Goths Sunyer, count of Barcelona, 172, 175, 176–8, Vivas, bishop of Barcelona, 244–5 241, 242, 246, 247, 251 battles against Muslims, 176–7, 243, 252 Wifred ‘the Hairy’, 3, 21, 112, 122, 130, 132, diplomacy, 178, 253 152, 153–9, 160, 163, 166, 170, 171, 175, 178, 195, 199, 241, 248, 262, 268 Tarraconensis, 3, 24, 26, 31, 35, 36, 40, 41, 43–4, and ecclesiastical aﬀairs, 155, 164, 165, 166, 46, 164, 221, 222, 242, 243, 265 168, 204 Tarragona, 3, 5, 41, 65, 68, 164, 222, 223, 243, and kings, 154, 157, 166, 168 251, 252 and legend, 151–2 bishops, 34, 35, 243 battles against Muslims, 155, 249, 252 mint, 40 sponsorship of settlement, 155–7, 158, 159, Terrassa, 84, 101, 124, 144, 146, 176 219 Theodardus, Archbishop of Narbonne, succession of sons, 170–1, 175–6, 180, 181 165–8 Wifred, count of Besalú, 246 Theodulf of Orléans, 192, 195, 202, Wifred, count of Girona and Besalú, 120, 121, 226 123

320

Index Wifred-Borrell, 172–5, 176, 179, 182, 238, 241, Winidilda, countess, 158–9, 198 246, 252 Witiza, king, 39, 40, and churches, 173–4, 186 and kings, 172, 175, 179, 188 Zaragoza, 30, 40, 53, 55, 67, 68, 79, 125, 177, succession, 171, 172 181, 199 Willelmundus, son of Bera, 97–9, Charlemagne’s campaign, 1, 53–5, 57, 61, 63, 101, 102 99 William of Gellone, 56, 64–5, 67, 72, mint, 40 73, 98 Zaragoza, bishops, 28, 35 William, son of Bernard of Septimania, 103, 104, Zatun, Muslim leader of Barcelona, 66 111, 112, 114, 117–21, 122, 125, 130, 133, Zimmermann, Michel, 10, 52, 196, 208, 234, 267 240

321