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Brazilian Identities Compositions and Recompositions CRISTINA CARNEIRO RODRIGUES TANIA REGINA DE LUCA VALÉRIA GUIMARÃES (EDITORS) BRAZILIAN IDENTITIES COMPOSITIONS AND RECOMPOSITIONS CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES BRAZILIAN IDENTITIES Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd I 19/03/2015 16:31:33 Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd II 19/03/2015 16:32:12 CRISTINA CARNEIRO RODRIGUES TANIA REGINA DE LUCA VALÉRIA GUIMARÃES (Editors) BRAZILIAN IDENTITIES COMPOSITIONS AND RECOMPOSITIONS Coleção Desafios Contemporâneos Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa Translated by Philip Badiz Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd III 19/03/2015 16:32:12 © 2013 Cultura Acadêmica Cultura Acadêmica Praça da Sé, 108 01001-900 – São Paulo – SP Tel.: (0xx11) 3242-7171 Fax: (0xx11) 3242-7172 www.culturaacademica.com.br [email protected] Cataloging in publication (CIP) data B839 Brazilian Identities [recurso eletrônico]: Compositions and Re- compositions / organização Cristina Carneiro Rodrigues, Tânia Regina de Luca, Valéria Guimarães; tradução Philip Badiz. – 1. ed. – São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2015. Recurso Digital Tradução de: Identidades Brasileiras Texto em inglês Formato: ePDF Requisitos do sistema: Adobe Acrobat Reader Modo de acesso: World Wide Web ISBN 978-85-7983-618-3 (recurso eletrônico) 1. Sociologia – Brasil. 2. Identidade social – Brasil. 3. Cultura política – Brasil. 4. Livros eletrônicos. I. Rodrigues, Cristina Carneiro. II. Luca, Tania Regina de. III. Guimarães, Valéria. IV. Série. 15-19415 CDD: 301.0981 CDU: 316.(81) Affiliated publishers: Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd IV 19/03/2015 16:32:12 Contents Presentation 1 Introduction 3 Tania Regina de Luca Revisiting the concept of national identity 7 Jean Carlos Moreno The liberation of Ham: discriminating to equalise. The Brazilian racial issue 29 Maria Bernardete Ramos Flores, Sabrina Fernandes Melo Relations with the body in Brazil 89 Jean Marcel Carvalho França, Ana Carolina de Carvalho Viotti Language in Brazil: variation and multilingualism 121 Cristina Carneiro Rodrigues The march against the electric guitar and “authentic” Brazilian music 151 Valéria Guimarães Brazil: three projects of religious identity 181 Artur Cesar Isaia Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd V 19/03/2015 16:32:12 VI CRISTINA C. RODRIGUES • TANIA R. DE LUCA • VALÉRIA GUIMARÃES (EDITORS) The new interpreters and an old question: what is Brazil? 209 Karina Anhezini, Ricardo Alexandre Ferreira References 239 Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd VI 19/03/2015 16:32:12 Presentation The Contemporary Challenges collection proposed by the Office of the Dean for Research (PROPe) of São Paulo State University (UNESP) aims to make available essays on topics of broad interest concerning Brazilian society and to do so in a language accessible to those unfamiliar with the jargon that is found throughout specialised studies, while maintaining scien- tific rigor. Thus, the university fulfils one of its essential tasks, that of disseminating the results of the knowledge it produces. In this volume dedicated to social issues, the authors faced the difficult task of providing a panoramic view of the complex issue of Brazilian identity, without losing sight of the way the theme is expressed in the dilemmas faced in our time. Structured as large excerpts, the texts assume the present as their starting point so as to outline a retrospective assessment of the literature on the subject, highlighting current research and the dialogue with more traditional approaches, in order to indicate possible consequences for research in the field of humanities. The reader is thus offered the result of this collective effort, which aims to contribute a reflection concerning the current Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd 1 19/03/2015 16:32:12 2 CRISTINA C. RODRIGUES • TANIA R. DE LUCA • VALÉRIA GUIMARÃES (EDITORS) challenges using this framework of broad perspectives, without abandoning the double dimension of quality and complexity, given that its preferential target is the general public and not experts. We would sincerely like to thank our translator, Philip S. P. Badiz, who offered valuable suggestions for each of the texts herein. The page numbers of references cited in the essays refer to works consulted in Portuguese. To assist those readers who are interested in the wider context of these references, wherever possible, the original works or established translations in Eng- lish are cited in the references at the end of the book. Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd 2 19/03/2015 16:32:12 Introduction Tania Regina de Luca1 The issue of national identity continues to challenge scholars in the Humanities; one needs only to observe the conflicts that have been ongoing since the 1920s to realise how much identity projects of a geographic, ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural nature continue to merge in a complex game, despite globalisa- tion and its homogenising effects. This scenario invites us to revisit the debate concerning Brazilian identity, a topic that has occupied our intelligentsia since Independence. There is no lack of specific studies – dedicated to scrutinis- ing institutions, characters, periods and events – that provide accounts of the Brazilian nation, its impasses and challenges, ad- vances and retreats, which assume a myriad of forms over time. Equally rich are the overviews and analyses that seek to review 1 Senior lecturer of the undergraduate course and post-graduate programme in History at São Paulo State University, Assis campus, CNPq (PQ-1B) grant- holder, head researcher on the thematic project A circulação transatlântica dos impressos: a globalização da cultura no século XIX [The transatlantic cir- culation of printing: the globalisation of culture in the nineteenth century] (FAPESP 2011-2015). Published works include Leituras, projetos e (re)vista(s) do Brasil [Readings, projects and (re)view(s) of Brazil] (Editora UNESP, 2011). Email: [email protected]. Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd 3 19/03/2015 16:32:12 4 CRISTINA C. RODRIGUES • TANIA R. DE LUCA • VALÉRIA GUIMARÃES (EDITORS) interpretations and interpreters of Brazil. The essays produced specially for this book stand apart by adopting a broad perspec- tive, from a temporal and thematic point of view. Their aim is not to inquire about a particular author or set of circumstances, however important these may be, but to provide broad strokes that contribute to answering the questions “what is Brazil?” and “who are the Brazilians?”, immersed in the understanding of con- temporary – social, political, economic and cultural – challenges. The book opens with a chapter that provides an overview of the different ways of understanding national identity, beginning by comparing the leading thinkers who are dedicated to exam- ining this concept in the field of humanities, with particular emphasis on historiography, and continuing by discussing the meanings assumed by identity representations in the contem- porary context. The matter of Brazil is then introduced, and the manner cho- sen was to focus on five central themes: the issue of race, the body, language, religion and culture. In the first essay, the read- er is presented with a dense discussion regarding the meanings attributed to the black presence and to miscegenation, which reveals different perceptions on the issue and its displacements in Brazilian social thought over nearly two centuries. The work also reflects on the appearance/absence of skin colour in na- tional censuses, an issue that has already drawn a wealth of criti- cal acclaim, which is updated here through discussion about the latest data, the action of black movements since the abolition of slavery and recent affirmative action measures, which have given rise to heated debates within Brazilian society. In the final decades of the twentieth century, studies con- cerning the body gained importance in a context marked by the contesting of values and customs, which is not to suggest that the desire to control and monitor emerged at this time, as the chapter on this issue clarifies, but rather focusing on illness and Miolo_Brazilian_identities_(GRAFICA).indd 4 19/03/2015 16:32:12 BRAZILIAN IDENTITIES 5 health. The authors invite us on a broad journey that discusses three different modes of conceiving the maintenance of the body and the healing of its ills: the mystical, the medicalised and the youth. The journey is anything but linear, beginning in the colo- nial period and culminating in the most current debate concern- ing the Medical Act (2013), which acquires new dimensions in light of this broad viewpoint. The work of scholars and grammarians was essential for de- fining literary languages, entrusted to express specific ways of feeling and thinking, one of the pillars of the concept of nation, as has been defined in Europe since modernity. This effort to systematise and ordinate imposed silences that continue to be questioned, even though several centuries have passed – the Basque issue is one of many examples that could be evoked. For the vast majority of Brazilians, language is not considered to be an area of dispute; on the contrary, it seems established that Portuguese is and has always been the language shared by all. This “truth” is put to the test in the chapter devoted to the topic, which questions this belief, together with the alleged homoge- neity of the Portuguese spoken in Brazil, placing it at the centre of linguistic prejudice, a powerful tool of discrimination, as at- tested by the examples in the text. On the other hand, the almost
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