Tano North District

TANO NORTH DISTRICT

PREFACE AND ACKNOLWLEDGEMENT

No meaningful developmental activity can be undertaken without taking into account the characteristics of the population for whom the activity is targeted. The size of the population and its spatial distribution, growth and change over time, in addition to its socio-economic characteristics are all important in development planning. A population census is the most important source of data on the size, composition, growth and distribution of a country’s population at the national and sub-national levels. Data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) will serve as reference for equitable distribution of national resources and government services, including the allocation of government funds among various regions, districts and other sub-national populations to education, health and other social services. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) is delighted to provide data users, especially the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, with district-level analytical reports based on the 2010 PHC data to facilitate their planning and decision-making. The District Analytical Report for the Tano North District is one of the 216 district census reports aimed at making data available to planners and decision makers at the district level. In addition to presenting the district profile, the report discusses the social and economic dimensions of demographic variables and their implications for policy formulation, planning and interventions. The conclusions and recommendations drawn from the district report are expected to serve as a basis for improving the quality of life of Ghanaians through evidence- based decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of developmental goals and intervention programmes. For ease of accessibility to the census data, the district report and other census reports produced by the GSS will be disseminated widely in both print and electronic formats. The report will also be posted on the GSS website: www.statsghana.gov.gh. The GSS wishes to express its profound gratitude to the Government of Ghana for providing the required resources for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. While appreciating the contribution of our Development Partners (DPs) towards the successful implementation of the Census, we wish to specifically acknowledge the Department for Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) formerly the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) for providing resources for the preparation of all the 216 district reports. Our gratitude also goes to the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies, the Ministry of Local Government, Consultant Guides, Consultant Editors, Project Steering Committee members and their respective institutions for their invaluable support during the report writing exercise. Finally, we wish to thank all the report writers, including the GSS staff who contributed to the preparation of the reports, for their dedication and diligence in ensuring the timely and successful completion of the district census reports.

Dr. Philomena Nyarko Government Statistician

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE AND ACKNOLWLEDGEMENT ...... iii LIST OF TABLES ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii ACRONYMS ...... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Physical Features ...... 1 1.3 Political Administration ...... 3 1.4 Social and Cultural Structure ...... 3 1.5 Economy...... 4 1.6 Census Methodology, Concepts and Definitions ...... 5 1.7 Organization of the Report ...... 14 CHAPTER TWO: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 16 2.1 Introduction ...... 16 2.2 Population Size and Distribution ...... 16 2.3 Age-Sex Structure ...... 17 2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration ...... 18 CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 24 3.1 Introduction ...... 24 3.2 Household Size, Composition and Structure...... 24 3.3 Marital Status ...... 26 3.4 Nationality ...... 30 3.5 Religious Affiliation ...... 30 3.6 Literacy and Education...... 30 CHAPTER FOUR: ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 35 4.1 Introduction ...... 35 4.2 Economic Activity Status ...... 35 4.3 Occupation ...... 38 4.4 Industry...... 38 4.5 Employment Status ...... 39 4.6 Employment Sector ...... 40 CHAPTER FIVE: INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ...... 41 5.1 Introduction ...... 41 5.2 Ownership of Mobile Phones and Internet Usage ...... 41 5.3 Ownership of Fixed Telephones Lines and Computers ...... 41 CHAPTER SIX: DISABILITY ...... 43 6.1 Introduction ...... 43 6.2 Population with Disability ...... 43 6.3 Distribution Disability by Type of Locality ...... 44 6.4 Disability and Activity Status ...... 44 6.5 Disability, Education and Literacy ...... 45

CHAPTER SEVEN: AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ...... 47 7.1 Introduction ...... 47 7.2 Households in Agriculture ...... 47 7.3 Types of Farming Activities ...... 47 7.4 Types of livestock, numbers and keepers...... 48 CHAPTER EIGHT: HOUSING CONDITION ...... 49 8.1 Introduction ...... 49 8.2 Housing Stock ...... 49 8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Agreement ...... 49 8.4 Construction Materials ...... 51 8.5 Room Occupancy ...... 53 8.6 Access to Utilities and Household Facilities ...... 53 8.7 Main Source of Water for Drinking and for other Domestic Use ...... 54 8.8 Toilet and Bathing Facilities ...... 55 8.9 Method of Waste Disposal ...... 56 CHAPTER NINE: SUMMARY FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 58 9.1 Introduction ...... 58 9.2 Summary Findings ...... 58 9.3 Conclusion ...... 61 9.4 Recommendations ...... 61 REFERENCES ...... 63 APPENDICES ...... 64 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ...... 70

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Population by age, sex and type of locality ...... 17 Table 2.2: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by district . 19 Table 2.3: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child ...... 20 Table 2.4: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate ...... 21 Table 2.5: Cause of deaths in households ...... 22 Table 2.6: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants ...... 23 Table 3.1: Households by type of locality ...... 24 Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex ...... 25 Table 3.3: Household structure by sex of household head ...... 26 Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status ...... 27 Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and level of education ...... 28 Table 3.6: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and economic activity status ... 29 Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex ...... 30 Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex ...... 30 Table 3.9: Population 11 years and older by sex, age and literacy status ...... 32 Table 3.10:Population 3 years and older by level of education, school attendance and sex ... 34 Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex ...... 36 Table 4.2: Employed population 15 years and older by sex, age and activity status...... 37 Table 4.3: Types of occupation by sex ...... 38 Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex ...... 39 Table 4.5: Employed population 15 years and older by employment status and sex ...... 40 Table 4.6: Employed population 15 years and older by employment sector and sex ...... 40 Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership, internet facility usage and sex ...... 41 Table 5.2: Households having desktop/laptop computers and sex of head ...... 42 Table 6.1: Population by disability type and sex ...... 43 Table 6.3: Population by type of locality, disability type and sex ...... 44 Table 6.4: Persons 15 years and older with disability by economic activity status and sex ... 45 Table 6.5: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education ...... 46 Table 7.1: Households in Agriculture ...... 48 Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock and keepers ...... 48 Table 8.1: Stock of houses and households by type of locality ...... 49 Table 8.2: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type of locality ...... 50 Table 8.3: Type of occupied dwelling units by sex of household head and type of locality ... 51 Table 8.4: Main construction material for outer wall of dwelling unit by locality ...... 51 Table 8.5: Main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality ..... 52 Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 52 Table 8.5: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit ...... 53 Table 8.6: Main source of lighting of dwelling unit by type of locality ...... 53 Table 8.7: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households ...... 54

Table 8.8: Main source of water of dwelling unit for drinking and other domestic purposes ...... 55 Table 8.9: Type of toilet facility and bathing facility used by household by type of locality...... 56 Table 8.10: Method of solid and liquid waste disposal by type of locality ...... 57 Table A1: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged ...... 64 Table A2: Household Composition by type of locality ...... 66 Table A3: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education ...... 67 Table A4: Total population, sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest communities ...... 68 Table A5: Population by age group in the 20 largest communities ...... 69

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Tano North District map...... 2 Figure 2.1: Population pyramid ...... 18 Figure 2.2: Reported age specific death rates by sex ...... 22 Figure 3.1: Population 11 years and older by sex and literacy status ...... 31 Figure 3.2: Population 3 years and older by school attendance and sex ...... 33 Figure 7.1: Agricultural and non-agricultural households by locality ...... 47

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ACRONYMS

CBR Crude Birth Rate CDR Crude Death Rate CERSGIS Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services DANIDA Danish International Development Agency EA Enumeration Area GDP Gross Domestic Product GFR General Fertility Rate GSDP Ghana Statistics Development Plan GSS Ghana Statistical Service ICT Information Communication Technology JHS Junior High School MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCPEC National Census Publicity and Education Committee NCSC National Census Steering Committee NCTAC National Census Technical Advisory Committee PES Post Enumeration Survey PHC Population and Housing Census PWDs Persons living with disabilities SHS Senior High School TFR Total Fertility Rate UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The district census report is the first of its kind since the first post-independence census was conducted in 1960. The report provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, socio-cultural structure and economy. Using data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC), the report discusses the population characteristics of the district, fertility, mortality, migration, marital status, literacy and education, economic activity status, occupation, employment, Information Communication Technology (ICT), disability, agricultural activities and housing conditions of the district. The key findings of the analysis are as follows (references are to the relevant sections of the report): Population size, structure and composition The population of Tano North District is 79,973 representing 3.5 percent of the region’s total population. Males constitute 49.5 percent and females represent 50.5 percent. There are almost equal proportions of the population living in urban and rural areas. The district has a sex ratio of 98.1. The population of the district is youthful (39.9%) depicting a broad base population pyramid which tapers off with a small number of elderly persons (4.9%). The total age dependency ratio for the District is 81.3; the dependency ratios for the urban and rural areas are 75.8 and 87.1 respectively. Fertility, mortality and migration The Total Fertility Rate for the district is 3.57. The General Fertility Rate is 105.8 births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years which is the second highest for the region. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is 26.1 per 1000 population. The crude death rate for the district is 5.94 per 1000. From age 14 to age 34 years, more female deaths are observed than males. Though rising, female deaths remain lower throughout the rest of the older ages than male deaths. Majority of migrants (66%) living in the district were born in another region while 34 percent were born elsewhere in the Brong Ahafo Region. Most of the migrants from other regions come from Ashanti (15.9%), Upper West (12.1%), Northern (10.2%) and Upper East (9.6%) Household Size, composition and structure The district has a household population of 78,784 with a total number of 18,478 households. The average household size in the district is 4.6 persons per household. Children constitute the largest proportion of the household members accounting for 43.9 percent. Spouses form about 10.7 percent. Nuclear households (head, spouse(s) and children) constitute 30.8 percent of the total household population in the district. Marital status About four in ten (39.4%) of the population aged 12 years and older are married, 39.3 percent have never married, 4.4 percent are widowed, 4.6 percent are divorced and 1.6 percent are separated. By age 25-29 years, more than half of females (52.8%) are married compared to a little above one-third of males (30.8%). At age 65 and above, widowed females account for as high as 53.7 percent as compared to widowed males account for only 8.1 percent. . Among the married, 35.6 percent have no education while about 8 percent of the unmarried have never been to school. More than half of the married population (88.2%) are employed, 1.7

ix percent are unemployed and 10.2 percent are economically not active. A greater proportion of those who have never married (61.8%) are economically not active with 4.2 percent unemployed. Nationality The proportion of Ghanaians by birth in the district is 95.1 percent. Those who have naturalized constitute 0.6 percent and the non-Ghanaian population in the district is 2.3 percent. Literacy and Education Considering the population 11 years and above, 76.9 percent are literate and 23.1 percent are non-literate. The proportion of literate males is higher (82.1 %) than that of females (71.9%). Seven out of ten people (73.5%) indicated they could speak and write both English and Ghanaian languages. Of the population aged 3 years and above in the district, 19.7 percent have never attended school, 42.6 percent are currently attending and 37.7percent have attended in the past. Economic Activity Status About 74.1 percent of the population aged 15 years and older are economically active while 25.9 per cent are economically not active. Of the economically active population, 95.3 percent are employed while 4.7 percent are unemployed. For those who are economically not active, a larger percentage of them are students (54.8%), 21.7% perform household duties and 6.1 percent are disabled or too sick to work. Seven out of ten unemployed are seeking work for the first time. Occupation With respect to the employed population, about 65.4 percent are engaged as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, 11.8 percent in service and sales, 8.9 percent in craft and related trade, and 1.5 percent are engaged as managers, professionals, and technicians. Employment status and sector Considering the population 15 years and older 67.2 percent are self-employed without employees, 13.8 percent are contributing family workers, 1.4 percent are casual workers and 0.5 percent are domestic employees (house helps). Men constitute the highest proportion in each employment category except the contributing family workers and apprentices and self- employed without employees. The private informal sector is the largest employer in the district, employing 89.8 percent of the population followed by the public sector with 6.7 percent.

Information Communication Technology Considering the population 12 years and above, 43.6 percent have mobile phones. Men who own mobile phones constitute 49.1 percent as compared to 38.3 percent of females. About 3 out of every 100 (2.6%) of the population 12 years and older use internet facilities in the district. Only 635 households representing 3.4 percent of the total households in the district have desktop/laptop computers.

Disability About two percent of the district’s total population has one form of disability or the other. The proportion of the male population with disability is slightly lower (2.1%) than females (2.2%). The types of disability in the district include sight, hearing, speech, physical, intellect, and emotion. Persons with physical disability recorded the highest of 37.9 percent followed by sight disability (34.9%). There are more males with sight, intellectual and emotional disabilities than females in both the urban and rural localities. Of the population disabled, 39.9 percent have never been to school. Agriculture As high as 76.9 percent of households in the district are engage in agriculture. In the rural localities, nine out of ten households (89.4%) are agricultural households while in the urban localities two thirds (66.5%) of households are into agriculture. Most households in the district (97.8%) are involved in crop farming. Poultry (chicken) is the dominant animal reared in the district Housing The stock of houses in the Tano North District is 12,420 representing 3.7 percent of the total number of houses in the Brong Ahafo region. The average number of persons per house is 6.3 Type, tenancy arrangement and ownership of dwelling units Over half (54.6%) of all dwelling units in the district are compound houses; 32.3 percent are separate houses and 5.4 percent are semi-detached houses. About half (50.6%) of the dwelling units in the district are owned by members of the household; 24.0 percent are owned by private individuals; 21.9 percent are owned by a relative who is not a member of the household and only 1.6 percent are owned by public or government. Less than one percent (0.4%) of the dwelling units is owned through mortgage schemes Material for construction of outer wall, floor and roof The main construction material for outer walls of dwelling units in the district is cement blocks or concrete accounting for 49.4 percent with mud brick or earth constituting 43.2 percent of outer walls of dwelling units in the district. Cement (71.7%) and mud/earth (26.6%) are the two main materials used in the construction of floors of dwelling units in the district. Metal sheets are the main roofing material (89.1 %) for dwelling units in the district. Room occupancy One room constitutes the highest percentage (60.0%) of sleeping rooms occupied by households in housing units in the district. About 10.5 percent of households with 10 or more members occupy single rooms.

Utilities and household facilities The three main sources of lighting in dwelling units in the district are electricity (55%), flashlight/torch (27.5%) and kerosene lamp (15.4%). The main source of fuel for cooking for most households in the district is wood (63.2%). The proportion for rural (85.0%) is higher than that of urban (45.1%). The four main sources of water in the district are borehole, river stream, public tap and pipe borne water. About a quarter of households (27.8%) drink water from boreholes.

The most important toilet facility used in the district is public toilet (WC, KVIP, Pit, Pan) representing 49.4 percent followed by pit latrine (33.1%). About 4.7 percent of the population in the district have no toilet facility. Two out of five households (40.2%) in the district share separate bathrooms in the same house while 21.6 percent own bathrooms for their exclusive use. Waste disposal The most widely used method of solid waste disposal is by public dump in the open space accounting for 57.1 percent. About one in ten households (10.0%) dump their solid waste indiscriminately. House to house waste collection accounts for 2.5 percent. For liquid waste disposal, throwing waste onto the compound (45.2%) and onto the street (43.8%) are the two most common methods used by households in the district.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background The Tano North District is one of the twenty-seven Administrative Districts in the Brong- Ahafo Region. It was carved out of the Tano District in 2004 with Duayaw-Nkwanta as its Administrative Capital. The District shares boundaries with Offinso North District to the North- East and Ahafo Ano North District to the South, all in the Ashanti Region. In the East, it shares boundary with Tano South and on the West with Sunyani Municipality and Asutifi District of the Brong-Ahafo Region (Figure 1.1)

1.2 Physical Features The District lies between Latitudes 70 00′ N and 70 25′N and Longitudes 20 03′ W and 20 15′ W. It has a total land area of 837.4 square kilometers and constitutes about 1.8 percent of the total land area of the Brong Ahafo Region. The topography of the district is undulating; rising gently from a height of about 270m to a peak of about 760m. The area is well drained by the Tano River and its numerous tributaries including Subri, Kwasu and Mankran, all of which generally flow from the North-East to the South–West. The District lies in the semi–equatorial climatic zone and experiences double maxima rainfall regime, from April–June and September–November. The period between December and March is the dry season characterized by harsh harmattan conditions. The mean annual rainfall of the District is between 125cm and 180cm, and the mean monthly temperature ranges between 260 C (mainly in August) and 300C (in March). The relative humidity of the area is generally high, between 75 percent and 80 percent during the rainy season and 70 percent and 72 percent in the dry season. The district has two main vegetation types, the moist semi-deciduous forest, mostly in the southern and south-eastern parts with gross forest cover of about 157.45sq km of which close to 80 percent (132.52sq km) is covered by the following three main forest reserves: Aparipari, Bosomkese and Omankwayemu Forest Reserves. The second dominant vegetation type is the guinea savanna found in the northern and north western parts around Subriso and Yamfo where cattle rearing is predominant (Tano North, 2010). The geology of the District is basically of the Middle Precambrian Formation with a lot of weathered Birimian rocks, phychites and schist which bear substantial deposits of red and white clay in the basin of the Tano River around Tanoso. There are also vast deposits of gold in the areas around Yamfo, Tanoso, Terchire and Adrobaa2. The dominant soil type of the area is forest ochrosols and is generally considered to be fertile and suitable for the cultivation of a wide range of arable crops such as cocoa, coffee, oil palm, plantain, maize, citrus and vegetables.

Figure 1.1: Tano North District map

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, GIS

1.3 Political Administration The Administrative body responsible for the efficient management and sustained development of the area is the Tano North District Assembly which has 32 Assembly Members, 22 of whom are elected and10 appointed. The District Chief Executive is the Political Head and works directly under the political and administrative jurisdiction of the Regional Minister. The District Coordinating Director is the administrative head of the district and is responsible for the day to day management of the district. There are eleven Decentralized Departments that provide technical support mainly for the implementation of government policies, programmes and projects. The District has 22 Electoral Areas and one Constituency. There are two Town Councils, namely Duayaw-Nkwanta and Yamfo, and three Area Councils which are Bomaa, Terchire and Tanoso. The Town and Area Councils are responsible for sub-district level planning, programming, implementation and evaluation of development activities.

1.4 Social and Cultural Structure The District has two Traditional Councils, which are both Paramountcies: Duayaw-Nkwanta and Yamfo. Each of these Paramountcies has a number of Divisional Chiefs. These Traditional Institutions are the embodiment of the cultural and social systems of the people and constitute a potent-force in the running and development of the district. They exercise authority over the people basically through the arbitration of cases and invocation of traditional taboos. The success or otherwise of the development efforts of the District Assembly may thus depend on the support of the Chiefs, Queens, and Council of Elders in the various communities. Over 95 percent of the inhabitants of the district are Ghanaians by birth. The dominant ethnic groups are the Akans, the main ones being the Ahafo, Asante, Brong, Akwapim and Fante who constitute about 62.5 percent of the district population. The second dominant ethnic groups are those from Northern Ghana, including Dagaare, Kusaar, Mamprusi, Nankansi (Frafra), Wangara, Busanga and Basare. These ethic groups share among them a little over one-fifth of the district’s population. Among the minority ethnic groups are the Ewes (4.4%) who come next after the migrants from Northern Ghana. Also found in the District are a small proportion (2.9%) of foreigners, mostly from other African Countries. In spite of the wide range of ethnic groupings found in the District, the inhabitants live in peace and harmony; ethnic conflicts are a rare occurrence. There are three main religions practiced in the District, namely Christianity, Islam and Traditional Religion. Christianity is the dominant religion and has about 78.6 percent of the District’s population. It is followed by Islam (13.8%) and Traditionalists (0.8%). There are close to 6 percent of the population who do not profess any religion. Religious tolerance is high in the District and all the different population groups live in harmony. The Tano North District has 72 Basic Schools, four Senior High Schools, and one Technical/Vocational School. The District also has two Health Training Schools, the Tanoso Community Health Training School and the Physiotherapy and Orthotics Training School at Duayaw-Nkwanta. The St. John of God Hospital and other Health Centres are the main health facilities in the District. The District also has access to various Telecommunication Networks including MTN, Vodafone, Tigo, Expresso, Airtel and Glo, all of which are evenly distributed.

1.5 Economy Tano North District is richly endowed with human and natural resources, particularly tourist attraction sites, mineral deposits, forest and timber species, rich soil and good climatic conditions. The Bosomkese and Aparipari Forest Reserves constitute very important historic and aesthetic tourist sites and are also noted for their natural biodiversity and scientific resource value. In these reserves one can find different species of trees such as Odum, Mahogany, Ceiba, Cassia, and Akasaa. Some of the tree species do not only serve as medicinal plants, but are also used for carving and other wood works. The Forest Reserves are habitat for several species of wildlife and game and are also the watershed for several of the rivers and streams that dissect the district. The District is endowed with a large deposit of white and red clay in the basin of the Tano River in and around Tanoso. Inhabitants of the town are currently exploiting the clay deposits for the production of a wide range of products including earthen pot (Apotoyowa), floor and wall tiles, beads, glazed ware, ceramics and burnt bricks. A large deposit of gold is found in the mountain ranges that run across Yamfo, Tanoso, Terchire, Adrobaa and Bomaa (Dickson and Benneh, 1970). Plans are far advanced for the mining of these deposits by Newmont Ghana Gold Limited in its second phase of the Ahafo Gold Mining Project. In addition to gold, the Geological Survey Department reports that the basins of rivers Tumponsua, Sibikuma, Marsin, Kwasu and Akyeamoasu in the district have substantial deposits of diamond suitable for commercial mining (GGS, 1970). Agriculture, which is the back-bone of the District’s economy, employs two-thirds (67.1%) of the active work force. Thus, the sector is the main source of income and household food supply for the population. The major food crops grown are maize, cassava, plantain, yam and cocoyam. Some of the cash crops cultivated are cocoa, coffee, oil palm and citrus. Vegetables such as tomato, garden eggs, okro and pepper are also cultivated in large quantities, especially during the dry season. As in most parts of the country, agriculture in the district is predominantly rain-fed; output often depends on favourable weather conditions. The Service Sector is the second largest after agriculture and employs about 24.3 percent of the District’s labour force. The sector covers a wide range of economic activities such as wholesale, retail, repair of motor vehicles, transport and storage, accommodation and food service activities, information and communication, administrative and support service activities, education and health. The Industrial Sector, which covers activities such as construction, mining and quarrying, manufacturing including small scale processing activities, electricity and water supply, sewerage and waste management, is currently the least contributor to employment and provides jobs for a little over 8 percent of the District’s labour force. Promoting a strong linkage between industry and agriculture may bring about rapid transformation of the latter, and the creation of more jobs for the unemployed youth. Banking and Micro-financing companies are fast springing up in the District. The main ones currently operating are the Ghana Commercial Bank, the Derma Rural Bank, the Atweaban Rural Bank and the Excell Micro Finance Company.

1.6 Census Methodology, Concepts and Definitions 1.6.1 Introduction Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) was guided by the principle of international comparability and the need to obtain accurate information in the 2010 Population and Housing Census (2010 PHC). The Census was, therefore, conducted using all the essential features of a modern census as contained in the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for countries taking part in the 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses. Experience from previous post independence censuses of Ghana (1960, 1970, 1984 and 2000) was taken into consideration in developing the methodologies for conducting the 2010 PHC. The primary objective of the 2010 PHC was to provide information on the number, distribution and social, economic and demographic characteristics of the population of Ghana necessary to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country.

1.6.2 Pre-enumeration activities Development of census project document and work plans A large scale statistical operation, such as the 2010 Population and Housing Census required meticulous planning for its successful implementation. A working group of the Ghana Statistical Service prepared the census project document with the assistance of two consultants. The document contains the rationale and objectives of the census, census organization, a work plan as well as a budget. The project document was launched in November 2008 as part of the Ghana Statistics Development Plan (GSDP) and reviewed in November 2009. Census secretariat and committees A well-structured management and supervisory framework that outlines the responsibilities of the various stakeholders is essential for the effective implementation of a population and housing census. To implement the 2010 PHC, a National Census Secretariat was set up in January 2008 and comprised professional and technical staff of GSS as well as staff of other Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) seconded to GSS. The Census Secretariat was primarily responsible for the day-to-day planning and implementation of the census activities. The Secretariat had seven units, namely; census administration, cartography, recruitment and training, publicity and education, field operations and logistics management, data processing, and data analysis and dissemination. The Census Secretariat was initially headed by an acting Census Coordinator engaged by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 2008 to support GSS in the planning of the Census. In 2009, the Census Secretariat was re-organised with the Government Statistician as the National Chief Census Officer and overall Coordinator, assisted by a Census Management Team and a Census Coordinating Team. The Census Management Team had oversight responsibility for the implementation of the Census. It also had the responsibility of taking critical decisions on the census in consultation with other national committees. The Census Coordinating Team, on the other hand, was responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the Census programme. A number of census committees were also set up at both national and sub-national levels to provide guidance and assistance with respect to resource mobilization and technical advice. At the national level, the committees were the National Census Steering Committee (NCSC), the National Census Technical Advisory Committee (NCTAC) and the National Census 5

Publicity and Education Committee (NCPEC). At the regional and district levels, the committees were the Regional Census Implementation Committee and the District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Regional and District Census Implementation Committees were inter-sectoral in their composition. Members of the Committees were mainly from decentralized departments with the Regional and District Coordinating Directors chairing the Regional Census Implementation Committee and District Census Implementation Committee, respectively. The Committees contributed to the planning of district, community and locality level activities in areas of publicity and field operations. They supported the Regional and District Census Officers in the recruitment and training of field personnel (enumerators and supervisors), as well as mobilizing logistical support for the census. Selection of Census topics The topics selected for the 2010 Population and Housing Census were based on recommendations contained in the UN Principles and Recommendations for 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses and the African Addendum to that document as well as the needs of data users. All the core topics recommended at the global level, i.e., geographical and internal migration characteristics, international migration, household characteristics, demographic and social characteristics such as age, date of birth, sex, and marital status, fertility and mortality, educational and economic characteristics, issues relating to disability and housing conditions and amenities were included in the census. Some topics that were not considered core by the UN recommendations but which were found to be of great interest and importance to Ghana and were, therefore, included in the 2010 PHC are religion, ethnicity, employment sector and place of work, agricultural activity, as well as housing topics, such as, type of dwelling, materials for outer wall, floor and roof, tenure/holding arrangement, number of sleeping rooms, cooking fuel, cooking space and Information Communication Technology (ICT). Census mapping A timely and well implemented census mapping is pivotal to the success of any population and housing census. Mapping delineates the country into enumeration areas to facilitate smooth enumeration of the population. The updating of the 2000 Census Enumeration Area (EA) maps started in the last quarter of 2007 with the acquisition of topographic sheets of all indices from the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission. In addition, digital sheets were also procured for the Geographical Information System Unit. The Cartography Unit of the Census Secretariat collaborated with the Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission and the Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services (CERSGIS) of the Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, to determine the viability of migrating from analog to digital mapping for the 2010 PHC, as recommended in the 2000 PHC Administrative Report. Field cartographic work started in March 2008 and was completed in February 2010. Development of questionnaire and manuals For effective data collection, there is the need to design appropriate documents to solicit the required information from respondents. GSS consulted widely with main data users in the process of the questionnaire development. Data users including MDAs, research institutions,

6 civil society organizations and development partners were given the opportunity to indicate the type of questions they wanted to be included in the census questionnaire. Documents developed for the census included the questionnaire and manuals, and field operation documents. The field operation documents included Enumerator’s Visitation Record Book, Supervisor’s Record Book, and other operational control forms. These record books served as operational and quality control tools to assist enumerators and supervisors to control and monitor their field duties respectively. Pre-tests and trial census It is internationally recognized that an essential element in census planning is the pre-testing of the questionnaire and related instructions. The objective of the pre-test is to test the questionnaire, the definition of its concepts and the instructions for filling out the questionnaire. The census questionnaire was pre-tested twice in the course of its development. The first pre- test was carried out in March 2009 to find out the suitability of the questions and the instructions provided. It also tested the adequacy and completeness of the responses and how respondents understood the questions. The second pre-test was done in 10 selected enumeration areas in August, 2009. The objective of the second pre-test was to examine the sequence of the questions, test the new questions, such as, date of birth and migration, and assess how the introduction of ‘date of birth’ could help to reduce ‘age heaping’. With regard to questions on fertility, the pre-tests sought to find out the difference, if any, between proxy responses and responses by the respondents themselves. Both pre-tests were carried in the Greater Accra Region. Experience from the pre-tests was used to improve the final census questionnaire. A trial census which is a dress rehearsal of all the activities and procedures that are planned for the main census was carried out in October/November 2009. These included recruitment and training, distribution of census materials, administration of the questionnaire and other census forms, enumeration of the various categories of the population (household, institutional and floating population), and data processing. The trial census was held in six selected districts across the country namely; Saboba (Northern Region), Chereponi (Northern Region), Sene (Brong Ahafo Region), Bia (Western Region), Awutu Senya (Central Region), and Osu Klottey Sub-Metro (Greater Accra Region). A number of factors were considered in selecting the trial census districts. These included: administrative boundary issues, ecological zone, and accessibility, enumeration of floating population/outdoor-sleepers, fast growing areas, institutional population, and enumeration areas with scattered settlements. The trial census provided GSS with an opportunity to assess its plans and procedures as well as the state of preparedness for the conduct of the 2010 PHC. The common errors found during editing of the completed questionnaires resulted in modifications to the census questionnaire, enumerator manuals and other documents. The results of the trial census assisted GSS to arrive at technically sound decisions on the ideal number of persons per questionnaire, number of persons in the household roster, migration questions, placement of the mortality question, serial numbering of houses/housing structures and method of collection of information on community facilities. Lessons learnt from the trial census also guided the planning of the recruitment process, the procedures for training of census field staff and the publicity and education interventions.

1.6.3 Census Enumeration Method of enumeration and field work All post- independence censuses (1960, 1970, 1984, and 2000) conducted in Ghana used the de facto method of enumeration where people are enumerated at where they were on census night and not where they usually reside. The same method was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The de facto count is preferred because it provides a simple and straight forward way of counting the population since it is based on a physical fact of presence and can hardly be misinterpreted. It is thought that the method also minimizes the risks of under-enumeration and over enumeration. The canvasser method, which involves trained field personnel visiting houses and households identified in their respective enumeration areas, was adopted for the 2010 PHC. The main census enumeration involved the canvassing of all categories of the population by trained enumerators, using questionnaires prepared and tested during the pre-enumeration phase. Specific arrangements were made for the coverage of special population groups, such as the homeless and the floating population. The fieldwork began on 21st September 2010 with the identification of EA boundaries, listing of structures, enumeration of institutional population and floating population. The week preceding the Census Night was used by field personnel to list houses and other structures in their enumeration areas. Enumerators were also mobilized to enumerate residents/inmates of institutions, such as, schools and prisons. They returned to the institutions during the enumeration period to reconcile the information they obtained from individuals and also to cross out names of those who were absent from the institutions on Census Night. Out-door sleepers (floating population) were also enumerated on the Census Night. Enumeration of the household population started on Monday, 27th September, 2010. Enumerators visited houses, compounds and structures in their enumeration areas and started enumerating all households including visitors who spent the Census Night in the households. Enumeration was carried out in the order in which houses/structures were listed and where the members of the household were absent, the enumerator left a call-back-card indicating when he/she would come back to enumerate the household. The enumeration process took off smoothly with enumerators poised on completing their assignments on schedule since many of them were teachers and had to return to school. However, many enumerators ran short of questionnaires after a few days’ work. Enumeration resumed in all districts when the questionnaire shortage was resolved and by 17th October, 2010, enumeration was completed in most districts. Enumerators who had finished their work were mobilized to assist in the enumeration of localities that were yet to be enumerated in some regional capitals and other fast growing areas. Flooded areas and other inaccessible localities were also enumerated after the end of the official enumeration period. Because some enumeration areas in fast growing cities and towns, such as, Accra Metropolitan Area, Kumasi, Kasoa and Techiman were not properly demarcated and some were characterized by large EAs, some enumerators were unable to complete their assigned tasks within the stipulated time. 1.6.4 Post Enumeration Survey In line with United Nations recommendations, GSS conducted a Post Enumeration Survey (PES) in April, 2011 to check content and coverage error. The PES was also to serve as an

8 important tool in providing feedback regarding operational matters such as concepts and procedures in order to help improve future census operations. The PES field work was carried out for 21 days in April 2011 and was closely monitored and supervised to ensure quality output. The main findings of the PES were that: . 97.0 percent of all household residents who were in the country on Census Night (26th September, 2010) were enumerated. . 1.3 percent of the population was erroneously included in the census. . Regional differentials are observed. Upper East region recorded the highest coverage rate of 98.2 percent while the Volta region had the lowest coverage rate of 95.7 percent. . Males (3.3%) were more likely than females (2.8%) to be omitted in the census. The coverage rate for males was 96.7 percent and the coverage rate for females was 97.2 percent. Also, the coverage rates (94.1%) for those within the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups are relatively lower compared to the coverage rates of the other age groups. . There was a high rate of agreement between the 2010 PHC data and the PES data for sex (98.8%), marital status (94.6%), relationship to head of household (90.5%) and age (83.0%). 1.6.5 Release and dissemination of results The provisional results of the census were released in February 2011 and the final results in May 2012. A National Analytical report, six thematic reports, a Census Atlas, 10 Regional Reports and a report on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing were prepared and disseminated in 2013. 1.6.6 Concepts and Definitions Introduction The 2010 Population and Housing Census of Ghana followed the essential concepts and definitions of a modern Population and Housing Census as recommended by the United Nations (UN). It is important that the concepts, definitions and recommendations are adhered to since they form the basis upon which Ghana could compare her data with that of other countries. The concepts and definitions in this report cover all sections of the 2010 Population and Housing Census questionnaires (PHC1A and PHC1B). The sections were: geographical location of the population, Household and Non-household population, Literacy and Education, Emigration, Demographic and Economic Characteristics, Disability, Information Communication Technology (ICT), Fertility, Mortality, Agricultural Activity and Housing Conditions. The concepts and definitions are provided to facilitate understanding and use of the data presented in this report. Users are therefore advised to use the results of the census within the context of these concepts and definitions. Region There were ten (10) administrative regions in Ghana during the 2010 Population and Housing Census as they were in 1984 and 2000.

District In 1988, Ghana changed from the local authority system of administration to the district assembly system. In that year, the then existing 140 local authorities were demarcated into 110 districts. In 2004, 28 new districts were created; this increased the number of districts in the country to 138. In 2008, 32 additional districts were created bringing the total number of districts to 170. The 2010 Population and Housing Census was conducted in these 170 administrative districts (these are made-up of 164 districts/municipals and 6 metropolitan areas). In 2012, 46 new districts were created to bring the total number of districts to 216. There was urgent need for data for the 46 newly created districts for planning and decision- making. To meet this demand, the 2010 Census data was re-programmed into 216 districts after carrying out additional fieldwork and consultations with stakeholders in the districts affected by the creation of the new districts. Locality A locality was defined as a distinct population cluster (also designated as inhabited place, populated centre, settlement) which has a NAME or LOCALLY RECOGNISED STATUS. It included fishing hamlets, mining camps, ranches, farms, market towns, villages, towns, cities and many other types of population clusters, which meet the above criteria. There were two main types of localities, rural and urban. As in previous censuses, the classification of localities into ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ was based on population size. Localities with 5,000 or more persons were classified as urban while localities with less than 5,000 persons were classified as rural. Population The 2010 Census was a “de facto” count and each person present in Ghana, irrespective of nationality, was enumerated at the place where he/she spent the midnight of 26th September 2010.

Household A household was defined as a person or a group of persons, who lived together in the same house or compound and shared the same house-keeping arrangements. In general, a household consisted of a man, his wife, children and some other relatives or a house help who may be living with them. However, it is important to remember that members of a household are not necessarily related (by blood or marriage) because non-relatives (e.g. house helps) may form part of a household. Head of Household The household head was defined as a male or female member of the household recognised as such by the other household members. The head of household is generally the person who has economic and social responsibility for the household. All relationships are defined with reference to the head. Household and Non-household population Household population comprised of all persons who spent the census night in a household setting. All persons who did not spend the census night in a household setting (except otherwise stated) were classified as non-household population. Persons who spent census night in any of the under listed institutions and locations were classified as non-household population:

(a) Educational Institutions (b) Children's and Old People’s Homes (c) Hospitals and Healing Centres (d) Hotels (e) Prisons (f) Service Barracks (g) Soldiers on field exercise (h) Floating Population: The following are examples of persons in this category: i. All persons who slept in lorry parks, markets, in front of stores and offices, public bathrooms, petrol filling stations, railway stations, verandas, pavements, and all such places which are not houses or compounds. ii. Hunting and fishing camps. iii. Beggars and vagrants (mentally sick or otherwise). Age The age of every person was recorded in completed years disregarding fractions of days and months. For those persons who did not know their birthdays, the enumerator estimated their ages using a list of district, regional and national historical events. Nationality Nationality is defined as the country to which a person belongs. A distinction is made between Ghanaians and other nationals. Ghanaian nationals are grouped into Ghanaian by birth, Ghanaian with dual nationality and Ghanaian by naturalization. Other nationals are grouped into ECOWAS nationals, Africans other than ECOWAS nationals, and non- Africans. Ethnicity Ethnicity refers to the ethnic group that a person belonged to. This information is collected only from Ghanaians by birth and Ghanaians with dual nationality. The classification of ethnic groups in Ghana is that officially provided by the Bureau of Ghana Languages and which has been in use since the 1960 census. Birthplace The birthplace of a person refers to the locality of usual residence of the mother at the time of birth. If after delivery a mother stayed outside her locality of usual residence for six months or more or had the intention of staying in the new place for six or more months, then the actual town/village of physical birth becomes the birthplace of the child. Duration of Residence Duration of residence refers to the number of years a person has lived in a particular place. This question is only asked of persons not born in the place where enumeration took place. Breaks in duration of residence lasting less than 12 months are disregarded. The duration of

11 residence of persons who made multiple movements of one (1) year or more is assumed to be the number of years lived in the locality (town or village) since the last movement. Religion Religion refers to the individual’s religious affiliation as reported by the respondent, irrespective of the religion of the household head or the head’s spouse or the name of the person. No attempt was made to find out if respondents actually practiced the faith they professed. Marital Status Marital status refers to the respondent’s marital status as at Census Night. The question on marital status was asked only of persons 12 years and older. The selection of the age limit of 12 years was based on the average age at menarche and also on the practice in some parts of the country where girls as young as 12 years old could be given in marriage. Literacy The question on literacy referred to the respondent's ability to read and write in any language. A person was considered literate if he/she could read and write a simple statement with understanding. The question on literacy was asked only of persons 11 years and older. Education School Attendance Data was collected on school attendance for all persons three (3) years and older. School attendance refers to whether a person has ever attended, was currently attending or has never attended school. In the census, school meant an educational institution where a person received at least four hours of formal education. Although the lower age limit of formal education is six years for primary one, eligibility for the school attendance question was lowered to three years because pre-school education has become an important phenomenon in the country. Level of Education Level of education refers to the highest level of formal school that a person ever attended or was attending. This information was obtained for persons 3 years and older. Activity Status Activity status refers to economic or non-economic activity of respondents during the 7 days preceding census night. Information on type of activity was collected on persons 5 years and older. A person was regarded as economically active if he/she: a. Worked for pay or profit or family gain for at least 1 hour within the 7 days preceding Census Night. This included persons who were in paid employment or self- employment or contributing family workers. b. Did not work, but had jobs to return to. c. Were unemployed. The economically not active were persons who did not work and were not seeking for work. They were classified by reasons for not being economically active. Economically not active

12 persons included homemakers, students, retired persons, the disabled and persons who were unable to work due to their age or ill-health. Occupation This referred to the type of work the person was engaged in at the establishment where he/she worked. This was asked only of persons 5 years and older who worked 7 days before the census night, and those who did not work but had a job to return to as well as those unemployed who had worked before. All persons who worked during the 7 days before the census night were classified by the kind of work they were engaged in. The emphasis was on the work the person did during the reference period and not what he/she was trained to do. For those who did not work but had a job to return to, their occupation was the job they would go back to after the period of absence. Also, for persons who had worked before and were seeking for work and available for work, their occupation was on the last work they did before becoming unemployed. If a person was engaged in more than one occupation, only the main one was considered. Industry Industry referred to the type of product produced or service rendered at the respondent’s work place. Information was collected only on the main product produced or service rendered in the establishment during the reference period. Employment Status Employment status refers to the status of a person in the establishment where he/she currently works or previously worked. Eight employment status categories were provided: employee, self-employed without employees, self-employed with employees, casual worker, contributing family worker, apprentice, domestic employee (house help). Persons who could not be classified under any of the above categories were classified as “other”. Employment Sector This refers to the sector in which a person worked. The employment sectors covered in the census were public, private formal, private informal, semi-public/parastatal, NGOs and international organizations. Disability Persons with disability were defined as those who were unable to or were restricted in the performance of specific tasks/activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation. Information was collected on persons with visual/sight impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, emotional or behavioural disorders and other physical challenges.

Information Communication Technology (ICT) ICT questions were asked for both individuals and households. Persons having mobile phones refer to respondents 12 years and older who owned mobile phones (irrespective of the number of mobile phones owned by each person). Persons using internet facility refers to those who had access to internet facility at home, internet cafe, on mobile phone or other mobile device. Internet access is assumed to be not only via computer, but also by mobile phones, PDA, game machine and digital television.

Households having Personal Computers/Laptops refer to households who own desktops/laptop computers. The fixed telephone line refers to a telephone line connecting a customer’s terminal equipment (e.g. telephone set, facsimile machine) to the public switch telephone network. Fertility Two types of fertility data were collected: lifetime fertility and current fertility. Lifetime fertility refers to the total number of live births that females 12 years and older had ever had during their life time. Current fertility refers to the number of live births that females 12-54 years old had in the 12 months preceding the Census Night. Mortality Mortality refers to all deaths that occurred in the household during the 12 months preceding the Census Night. The report presents information on deaths due to accidents, violence, homicide and suicide. In addition, data were collected on pregnancy-related deaths of females 12-54 years. Agriculture The census sought information on household members who are engaged in agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops or tree planting, rearing of livestock or breeding of fish for sale or family consumption. Information was also collected on their farms, types of crops and number and type of livestock. Housing Conditions and Facilities The UN recommended definition of a house as “a structurally separate and independent place of abode such that a person or group of persons can isolate themselves from the hazards of climate such as storms and the sun’’ was adopted. The definition, therefore, covered any type of shelter used as living quarters, such as separate houses, semi-detached houses, flats/apartments, compound houses, huts, tents, kiosks and containers. Living quarters or dwelling units refer to a specific area or space occupied by a particular household and therefore need not necessarily be the same as the house of which the dwelling unit may be a part. Information collected on housing conditions included the type of dwelling unit, main construction materials for walls, floor and roof, holding/tenure arrangement, ownership type, type of lighting, source of water supply and toilet facilities. Data was also collected on method of disposal of solid and liquid waste.

1.7 Organization of the Report The report consists of nine chapters. Chapter one provides basic information about the district. It gives a brief background of the district, describing its physical features, political and administrative structure, social and cultural structure, economy and the methodology and concepts used in the report. Chapter two discusses the population size, composition and age structure. It further discusses the migratory pattern in the district as well as fertility and mortality. In chapter three, the focus is on household size, composition and headship as well as the marital characteristics and nationality of the inhabitants of the district. The chapter also discusses the religious affiliations and the educational statuses of the members of the district.

Chapter four focuses on economic characteristics such as economic activity status, occupation, industries and the employment status and sectors that the people are employed. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is discussed in chapter five. It analyses mobile phone ownership, internet use and ownership of desktop/laptop computers while chapter six is devoted to Persons living with disabilities (PWDs) and their socio-demographic characteristics. Chapter seven concentrates on the agricultural activities of the households, describing the types of farming activities, livestock rearing and numbers of livestock reared. In chapter eight, housing conditions such as housing stock, type of dwelling and construction materials, room occupancy, holding and tenancy, lighting and cooking facilities, bathing and toilet facilities, waste disposal and source of water for drinking or for other domestic use in the district are discussed and analyzed in detail. The final chapter, Chapter nine presents the summary of findings and conclusions. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings for the district.

CHAPTER TWO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Introduction Population size, composition and age-sex structure are important for understanding the fertility, mortality and migration dynamics of a geographical area. The size of the population is the count of the people as reported in a census. The composition is the description of a population according to characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, education and occupation. The population composition greatly influences the needs and well-being of the people. This chapter discusses the status of these core indicators, namely population size, composition, age–sex structure, migration, fertility and mortality of the Tano North District using the 2010 Population and Housing Census data.

2.2 Population Size and Distribution Table 2.1 presents the distribution of the population by age, sex and locality of residence. The Tano North District has a population of 79,973 giving a population density of 95.5 persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 49.5 percent (39,593) and females form 50.5 percent (40,380) of the population in the District. There are almost equal proportions of the population living in urban and rural areas. The sex ratio, defined as the number of males per 100 females is 98.1 for the district indicating more females than males. The data shows that there are variations in the sex ratios of the various age groups. Whereas there are more males than females in the age groups 0-19 years and the age groups 45-54, there are more females than males in the other age groups. About two out of every five (39.9%) people in the District are children younger than 16 years; more than half (55.2%) of the population are in the productive age group 15-64 years and only 4.9 percent are aged 65 years and older. As a result, the age dependency ratio for the District is 81.3 implying that every 10 persons in the productive age group have about eight people in the dependent age groups to support. The dependency ratios for the urban and rural areas are 75.8 and 87.1 respectively.

Table 2.1: Population by age, sex and type of locality Sex Type of locality Both Sex Age Group Sexes Male Female ratio Urban Rural All Ages 79,973 39,593 40,380 98.1 39,976 39,997 0 - 4 11,176 5,723 5,453 105.0 5,218 5,958 5-9 10,645 5,410 5,235 103.3 4,864 5,781 10-14 10,077 5,223 4,854 107.6 4,978 5,099 15 - 19 8,645 4,563 4,082 111.8 4,490 4,155 20 - 24 6,916 3,285 3,631 90.5 3,670 3,246 25 - 29 5,852 2,691 3,161 85.1 2,998 2,854 30 - 34 4,856 2,241 2,615 85.7 2,461 2,395 35 - 39 4,572 2,171 2,401 90.4 2,258 2,314 40 - 44 3,890 1,918 1,972 97.3 1,985 1,905 45 - 49 3,309 1,678 1,631 102.9 1,631 1,678 50 - 54 2,802 1,424 1,378 103.3 1,430 1,372 55 - 59 1,784 847 937 90.4 1,013 771 60 - 64 1,493 741 752 98.5 806 687 65 - 69 993 493 500 98.6 557 436 70 - 74 1,222 512 710 72.1 633 589 75 - 79 698 303 395 76.7 413 285 80 - 84 524 187 337 55.5 284 240 85 - 89 240 94 146 64.4 136 104 90 - 94 185 56 129 43.4 101 84 95 - 99 94 33 61 54.1 50 44

All Ages 79,973 39,593 40,380 98.1 39,976 39,997 0-14 31,898 16,356 15,542 105.2 15,060 16,838 15-64 44,119 21,559 22,560 95.6 22,742 21,377 65+ 3,956 1,678 2,278 73.7 2,174 1,782 Age-dependency ratio 81.27 83.65 78.99 75.78 87.10 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.3 Age-Sex Structure Figure 2.1 is the population pyramid for the Tano North District. It shows the expected pattern of declines in the population in each age group with advancing age. The age structure of the District shows a broad base that gradually declines with increasing age. The broad base of the pyramid signifies that the population is youthful. This means that many resources are needed for the provision of resources and employment opportunities for the youth.

Figure 2.1: Population pyramid

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Migration 2.4.1 Fertility Two types of fertility data were collected by the 2010 PHC, namely life time fertility and current fertility. Life time fertility refers to the total number of life births to females 12 years and older during their life time (children ever born) while current fertility refers to the number of live births that females (12-54) years old have in the 12 months preceding the Census Night. Current fertility data have been used to estimate total fertility rates, general fertility rates and crude birth rates for the Brong-Ahafo and Tano North District. The data on fertility rates are presented in Table 2.2. Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of live births to a female aged 12-49 years in her life time if she were to experience the prevailing age specific fertility rate. General fertility rate (GFR) is the number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years and crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1000 population. The data show that the TFR of Tano North District is 3.57 births per woman in the reproductive ages. This means a woman in the District would on average, have about 4 children in her lifetime. The district also recorded GFR of 105.8 which means that every 1000 women aged 15-49 years have about 106 children altogether. The District has a CBR of 26.1 which means that there are 26 live births per 1000 persons. This is slightly lower than that of the Regional CBR of about 27 births per 1000 population.

Table 2.2: Reported total fertility rate, general fertility rate and crude birth rate by district Number of Number of births in Total *General **Crude women 15- last 12 Fertility Fertility Birth District Population 49 years months Rate Rate Rate All Districts 2,310,983 572,813 60,685 3.6 105.9 26.3 Asunafo South 95,580 22,115 2,706 4.0 122.4 28.3 Asunafo North Municipal 124,685 30,007 3,452 3.9 115.0 27.7 Asutifi North 52,259 12,681 1,606 4.3 126.6 30.7 Dormaa Municipal 112,111 29,337 2,816 3.3 96.0 25.1 Dormaa East 50,871 12,773 1,424 3.7 111.5 28.0 Tano South 78,129 18,766 2,257 4.0 120.3 28.9 Tano North 79,973 19,493 2,063 3.6 105.8 25.8 Sunyani Municipal 123,224 36,146 2,644 2.6 73.1 21.5 Sunyani West 85,272 22,452 2,150 3.2 95.8 25.2 Berekum Municipal 129,628 36,119 3,001 2.8 83.1 23.2 Jaman South 92,649 23,759 2,314 3.3 97.4 25.0 Jaman North 83,059 20,640 1,747 3.0 84.6 21.0 Tain 88,104 20,692 2,139 3.5 103.4 24.3 Wenchi Municipal 89,739 22,028 2,188 3.4 99.3 24.4 Techiman Municipal 147,788 39,718 4,079 3.5 102.7 27.6 Nkoranza South 100,929 24,772 3,000 4.0 121.1 29.7 Nkoranza North 65,895 14,779 1,915 4.4 129.6 29.1 Atebubu Amantin 105,938 24,760 2,940 4.0 118.7 27.8 Sene West 57,734 13,378 1,446 3.7 108.1 25.0 Pru 129,248 30,261 2,981 3.4 98.5 23.1 Kintampo South 81,000 17,893 2,367 4.5 132.3 29.2 Kintampo North Municipal 95,480 23,040 2,652 3.9 115.1 27.8 Asutifi South 53,584 12,657 1,360 3.6 107.5 25.4 Dormaa West 47,678 11,282 1,487 4.5 131.8 31.2 Techiman North 59,068 15,421 1,619 3.5 105.0 27.4 Banda 20,282 4,402 474 3.7 107.7 23.4 Sene East 61,076 13,442 1,858 4.6 138.2 30.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Note: * Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years ** Number of live births per 1,000 population

2.4.2 Children ever Born and Surviving The number of children ever born per woman measures the lifetime or cumulative fertility performance of females in the reproductive age group 15-49 years. Data on female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child are presented in Table 2.3. The data shows that while 75,613 children have ever been born by women 12 years and older, 66,223 have survived in the District. It is seen that the number of

19 children ever born increases with age and reaches its peak at age 39 years. A similar trend is also observed for children surviving. Children surviving include all children (male and female) born alive by the females concerned who are still alive. The data show that nearly nine out of every 10 children (87.6%) born to women of childbearing ages, 12 years and older in the district survived. There is however variations among the various age groups. Although more males than females are born, more females than males have survived, suggesting that survival rate is higher among females than males. Table 2.3: Female population 12 years and older by age, children ever born, children surviving and sex of child

Children Ever Born Children Surviving Number of Both Both Age Females Sexes Male Female Sexes Male Female All Ages 27,671 75,613 38,058 37,555 66,223 33,008 33,215 12-14 2,833 26 6 20 15 5 10 15-19 4,082 512 253 259 465 225 240 20-24 3,631 2,808 1,445 1,363 2,588 1,302 1,286 25-29 3,161 5,775 2,973 2,802 5,343 2,726 2,617 30-34 2,615 7,396 3,716 3,680 6,919 3,444 3,475 35-39 2,401 9,430 4,812 4,618 8,767 4,410 4,357 40-44 1,972 8,920 4,591 4,329 8,161 4,177 3,984 45-49 1,631 8,014 4,017 3,997 7,249 3,602 3,647 50-54 1,378 7,193 3,642 3,551 6,334 3,200 3,134 55-59 937 5,338 2,602 2,736 4,594 2,237 2,357 60+ 3,030 20,201 10,001 10,200 15,788 7,680 8,108 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

2.4.3 Mortality Mortality, as one of the three components of population change, is important for determining the growth of a population. The level and pattern of mortality is a reflection of the health status of a population. Table 2.4 presents data on the population, deaths in households and crude death rate by district and region. It shows that out of a total of 14,189 deaths recorded in the households in the region, 475 are in the Tano North. The data also show that the district has a lower crude death rate of 5.94 meaning that about six deaths are recorded for every 1,000 population.

Table 2.4: Total population, deaths in households and crude death rate

Total Deaths in *Crude District Population households death rate All Districts 2,310,983 14,189 6.1 Asunafo South 95,580 472 4.9 Asunafo North Municipal 124,685 626 5.0 Asutifi North 52,259 458 8.8 Dormaa Municipal 112,111 782 7.0 Dormaa Central Municipal 50,871 399 7.8 Tano South 78,129 542 6.9 Tano North 79,973 475 5.9 Sunyani Municipal 123,224 455 3.7 Sunyani West 85,272 462 5.4 Berekum Municipal 129,628 858 6.6 Jaman South 92,649 514 5.5 Jaman North 83,059 627 7.5 Tain 88,104 566 6.4 Wenchi Municipal 89,739 704 7.8 Techiman Municipal 147,788 854 5.8 Nkoranza South 100,929 703 7.0 Nkoranza North 65,895 637 9.7 Atebubu Amantin 105,938 625 5.9 Sene West 57,734 344 6.0 Pru 129,248 351 2.7 Kintampo South 81,000 671 8.3 Kintampo North Municipal 95,480 673 7.0 Asutifi South 53,584 227 4.2 Dormaa West 47,678 275 5.8 Techiman North 59,068 427 7.2 Banda 20,282 191 9.4 Sene East 61,076 271 4.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census Note: * Number of deaths per 1,000 population

Information was also sought on the causes of death in households. Table 2.5 shows that about seven of the deaths in 100 household in the Tano North District are attributed to either accidents or violence or homicide or suicide; this is lower than the average for the region (8 or 9 per 100 household deaths). However deaths due to all other causes are slightly higher for the district (93.1%) than the regional average (91.3%).

Table 2.5: Cause of deaths in households

Death due to Total Accident/ violence/ All other deaths homicide/ suicide causes Brong Ahafo 14,189 8.7 91.3 Tano North 475 6.9 93.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

Death rates are calculated for specific age groups in order to compare mortality at different ages or at the same age over time. The age specific death rate is computed as a ratio of deaths in specified age groups. The results for Tano North District are shown in Figure 2.2. A higher percentage of female deaths are recorded in the 0-4 age group. However by age 9 years, the females record the least mortality. From age 14 to age 34 years, more female deaths are observed than males. Though rising, female deaths remain lower throughout the rest of the older ages than male deaths. There is however a sharp increase in the male deaths from age 30 and older. Whereas male deaths pick up from age 60 years, that of females pick up from age 65 years. Figure 2.2: Reported age specific death rates by sex

0.045 0.040 Male Female 0.035

0.030

0.025

0.020 rate Death 0.015

0.010

0.005 0.000 Under 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ 5 Age group

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

2.4.4 Migration A migrant has been defined as is a person whose current place of residence is different from his/her place of birth or previous place of residence. Migrants tend to contribute directly to population decrease in the source area and increase in the destination areas. People migrate either within or from one region to another for a variety of reasons such as economic, family reunification, educational opportunities or conflicts. The census information regarding usual place of residence five years before the census and current residence are used to discuss inter- and intra- regional migrations. Internal migration has to do with movement of people between geographical boundaries within national borders. Internal migration can also be analyzed in terms of intra and inter region. Intra-regional migration refers to population movement

22 between localities within an administrative region, while inter-regional migration describes the movement of people between different regions of the country. Table 2.6 presents data on migrant population by place of birth and duration of residence in the Tano North District. It shows that there are 25,735 persons who were enumerated in the district but born elsewhere (migrants). Of this number about one-third (8,515) were born in other localities in the Brong-Ahafo Region, while two-thirds (17,220) were either born in other regions of Ghana or outside the country. Most of the migrants from other regions come from Ashanti (15.9%), Upper West (12.1%), Northern (10.2%) and Upper East (9.6%) regions. Migrants from the other regions, each constitute less than five percent. Table 2.6: Birthplace by duration of residence of migrants Duration of residence (%) Less than 1-4 5-9 10-19 20+ Birthplace Number 1 year years years years years Total 25,735 14 32.1 17 18.4 18.5 Born elsewhere in the region 8,515 15.2 35.6 18.7 15.3 15.2 Born elsewhere in another region: Western 751 16.5 43.1 19.2 14.5 6.7 Central 660 17 27.3 14.1 18.5 23.2 Greater Accra 541 16.6 28.1 14.6 19.4 21.3 Volta 1,031 13.9 25.7 17.2 18.3 24.9 Eastern 1,190 11 21.6 13.5 19.3 34.5 Ashanti 4,082 12.8 29.7 14.9 18 24.5 Brong Ahafo ------Northern 2,620 16.8 29.7 17.4 18.9 17.2 Upper East 2,472 10.4 30.9 15.4 22.9 20.3 Upper west 3,115 11.1 34.3 18.3 23.9 12.3 Outside Ghana 758 18.7 30.5 16 16.4 18.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

About a third (32.1%) of the migrants have lived in the District for between one and four years while more than half (53.9%) of them have lived in the District for at least five years. While 15.2 percent of those born elsewhere in the Brong Ahafo Region have lived in the district for less than a year, majority of them (35.6%) have lived in the district between 1 and 4 years and 30.5 percent have been in the district for 10 or more years (Table 2.6). As shown in Table 2.6, there are variations in the length of stay of migrants from the various regions in the District. Two fifth (40.4%) of migrants from the Western Region and two- thirds (67.3%) of migrants from the Eastern Region have lived in the District for at least five years. More than a third (34.5%) off those from the Eastern Region have been long-term residents (20 years or more).

CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Introduction The composition of the Ghanaian household is a reflection of the social structure of the country. A household is defined as a person or group of persons who live together in the same house or compound and share the same house-keeping arrangement. In general, a household consists of a man, his wife or wives, and children and some relatives or non-relatives who may be living with them. Members of a household are not necessarily related by blood or marriage. This chapter discusses some key aspects of the household, including household size, composition and structure; marital status; nationality; religious affiliation; educational attainment and literacy level.

3.2 Household Size, Composition and Structure 3.2.1 Household Size The Tano North District has a total population of 79,973 out of which 78,784 persons were enumerated in households (household population). Table 3.1 presents households by type of locality. It shows that 78,784 people were enumerated in a total of 18,478 households with an average size of 4.3 persons which is slightly lower than the regional average of 4.6. The average household size within the rural areas (4.7) is higher than that of the urban localities (3.9). Table 3.1: Households by type of locality Urban Rural Categories Region District Number Percent Number Percent Total household population 2,265,458 78,784 39,278 49.9 39,506 50.1 Number of households 490,515 18,478 10,113 54.7 8,365 45.3 Average household size 4.6 4.3 3.9 4.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

3.2.2 Household composition Table 3.2 presents the composition of households members by sex in the District. It is observed that about two in every 10 household members (23.5%) are household heads, while four in every 10 household members are children (43.9%) of the head of household. Spouses constitute only 10.7 percent of all household members and are largely females (20.2%). Step and foster children constitute less than one percent (0.9%) of the household members. It is also observed that, not many households (1.2%) live with their in-laws (parent in-laws and son/daughter-in-laws) in the District. Relatively small proportion of other relatives of the head (5.3%) lives with households. About twice as many females (16.0%) as males (31.1%) are heads of households. The proportions of male children (45.8%) and male grandchildren (9.5%) residing in male-headed households are relatively higher than their female counterparts residing in female-headed households (42.1 percent and 8.9 percent respectively).

Table 3.2: Household population by composition and sex

Total Male Female Household composition Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 78,784 100.0 38,862 100.0 39,922 100.0 Head 18,478 23.5 12,101 31.1 6,377 16.0 Spouse (wife/husband) 8,420 10.7 359 0.9 8,061 20.2 Child (son/daughter) 34,594 43.9 17,801 45.8 16,793 42.1 Parent/Parent in-law 615 0.8 74 0.2 541 1.4 Son/Daughter in-law 301 0.4 116 0.3 185 0.5 Grandchild 7,259 9.2 3,695 9.5 3,564 8.9 Brother/Sister 2,684 3.4 1,587 4.1 1,097 2.8 Step child 471 0.6 243 0.6 228 0.6 Adopted/Foster child 200 0.3 99 0.3 101 0.3 Other relative 4,156 5.3 1,917 4.9 2,239 5.6 Non-relative 1,606 2.0 870 2.2 736 1.8 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

3.2.3 Household Structure Table 3.3 presents the household structure by sex of household head. Less than half (48.3%) of the population in the District live in nuclear families. This emphasizes the fact that though the District is predominantly rural, the nuclear family system is valued and widely practiced. The majority (30.8%) of those living in the nuclear families are made up of the head, spouses and children. The data further show that 11.4 percent of households are single parent nuclear families. The kind of extended family system mostly practiced in the District is that which comprises the head, spouse, children and relatives of the head (20.8%), followed by single parent living with extended family members (15.8%). It is observed that the household heads living with family members, either extended or nuclear constitute more than a half (51.8%) of the total number of households in the District. This indicates strong social cohesion and ties among the people living in the District. In the District, males (6.1%) are more likely than females (2.5%) to live alone in households while the proportion of female single parents, living with children (13.0%) are higher than their male counterparts (9.7%).

Table 3.3: Household structure by sex of household head

Total Male Headed Female Headed Household structure Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 78,784 100.0 38,862 100.0 39,922 100.0 Nuclear Family Head only 3,388 4.3 2,380 6.1 1,008 2.5 Head and a spouse only 1,392 1.8 701 1.8 691 1.7 Nuclear (Head, spouse(s) and children) 24,294 30.8 12,620 32.5 11,674 29.2 Single parent Nuclear 8,950 11.4 3,778 9.7 5,172 13.0 Extended Family Extended (Head, spouse(s), children and Head's relatives) 16,370 20.8 8,258 21.3 8,112 20.3 Extended and non-relatives 1,557 2.0 779 2.0 778 2.0 Head, spouse(s) and other composition 2,809 3.6 1,469 3.8 1,340 3.4 Single parent extended 12,507 15.8 5,108 13.1 7,399 18.5 Single parent extended and non-relative 1,453 1.8 612 1.6 841 2.1 Head and other composition but no spouse 6,064 7.7 3,157 8.1 2,907 7.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.3 Marital Status Marriage is a cherished institution in every society and several forms of marriage can be found in many parts of the country. Notable forms of marriage are traditional, ordinance and religious marriages. Table 3.4 presents the marital status of persons 12 years and older by sex in the Tano North District. About two fifths (39.4%) of the population 12 years and older are married. Another 39.3 percent of the population has never married while 10.7 percent are living in consensual union. The widowed population constitutes 4.6 percent and the divorced form 4.4 percent of the population 12 years and older. As expected, the proportion of the population who have never married decrease with increase in age. On the contrary, the proportion of the married population increases with increase in age. The population in the older age group (45 years and older) is more likely than the young population (12-44 years) to be either divorced or widowed. About a third of females (31.8%) and 47.3 percent of males indicated that they have never married. The percentage of females is higher for those who have ever been in one form of relationship or the other than for males, especially for the divorced and widowed. The proportion of females who are widowed is about three times that of males. The differential widowhood rate is heavy on females 60 years and older compared with males in the same age group.

Table 3.4: Persons 12 years and older by sex, age-group and marital status Informal/ Consensual Sex/Age- Never union/Living group Number Total married together Married Separated Divorced Widowed Both Sexes Total 53,930 100.0 39.3 10.7 39.4 1.6 4.4 4.6 12-14 5,855 100.0 94.0 1.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 8,645 100.0 89.9 3.9 5.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 20 - 24 6,916 100.0 62.7 15.3 20.2 0.9 0.8 0.2 25 - 29 5,852 100.0 32.9 20.1 42.7 1.6 2.3 0.4 30 - 34 4,856 100.0 16.5 18.9 58.2 2.2 3.2 1.0 35 - 39 4,572 100.0 7.3 15.6 67.8 2.6 5.2 1.6 40 - 44 3,890 100.0 5.1 12.9 70.1 2.7 6.7 2.7 45 - 49 3,309 100.0 3.9 11.8 68.7 2.6 8.8 4.2 50 - 54 2,802 100.0 2.6 8.0 68.0 3.2 10.7 7.5 55 - 59 1,784 100.0 1.1 7.1 62.9 3.1 13.5 12.3 60 - 64 1,493 100.0 2.7 7.2 57.6 2.5 11.3 18.7 65+ 3,956 100.0 2.2 3.7 44.6 1.8 13.3 34.4 Male Total 26,259 100.0 47.3 9.3 38.5 1.2 2.6 1.1 12-14 3,022 100.0 94.0 1.2 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 4,563 100.0 94.3 1.5 4.1 0.1 0.1 0,0 20 - 24 3,285 100.0 81.2 7.8 10.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 25 - 29 2,691 100.0 50.6 16.7 30.8 0.6 1.1 0.1 30 - 34 2,241 100.0 25.2 18.7 51.8 2.0 2.1 0.3 35 - 39 2,171 100.0 12.3 16.0 65.3 1.9 3.6 0.7 40 - 44 1,918 100.0 7.8 13.6 72.4 2.1 3.4 0.8 45 - 49 1,678 100.0 6.0 12.9 72.3 1.7 5.7 1.4 50 - 54 1,424 100.0 3.5 10.0 75.5 2.7 6.0 2.2 55 - 59 847 100.0 1.8 9.6 74.6 3.1 7.6 3.4 60 - 64 741 100.0 4.7 9.6 71.4 3.2 8.5 2.6 65+ 1,678 100.0 3.2 6.1 71.5 2.1 8.9 8.1 Female Total 27,671 100.0 31.8 12.0 40.3 1.9 6.1 7.9 12-14 2,833 100.0 94.0 0.8 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 15 - 19 4,082 100.0 85.1 6.5 7.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 20 - 24 3,631 100.0 46.0 22.1 29.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 25 - 29 3,161 100.0 17.8 23.1 52.8 2.4 3.3 0.7 30 - 34 2,615 100.0 9.0 19.2 63.7 2.5 4.0 1.6 35 - 39 2,401 100.0 2.7 15.2 70.0 3.1 6.6 2.4 40 - 44 1,972 100.0 2.4 12.2 67.8 3.2 9.9 4.5 45 - 49 1,631 100.0 1.7 10.7 64.9 3.6 12.0 7.2 50 - 54 1,378 100.0 1.7 6.0 60.2 3.6 15.5 12.9 55 - 59 937 100.0 0.5 4.8 52.3 3.1 18.9 20.4 60 - 64 752 100.0 0.7 4.9 44.0 1.9 14.0 34.6 65+ 2,278 100.0 1.5 2.0 24.8 1.6 16.5 53.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Table 3.5 presents information on level of education of persons 12 years and older by their sex and marital status in the District. Majority of the population 12 years and older have little or no education. Among the population 12 years and older, 23.7 percent have no education and 57.0 percent have attained basic education. Less than 13 percent (12.6%) have secondary education and only 6.7 percent have attained levels higher than secondary school level.

There are marked differences in the level of education of the various statuses. More than two- thirds (68.5%) of the widowed population and about one-third of the married population (35.6%) and the divorced population (32.5%) have no education. Only 8 percent of those who have never married have no education. The population in informal/consensual union (65.6%) is more likely than the other statuses to have basic education. Those who have never married (20.3%) are more likely than the others to have basic education while the married population (4.0%) is also likely to have post middle/secondary certificate/diploma education. Table 3.5: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and level of education Post middle/ Voc./ secondary All No Secon- Tech./ certificate/ Sex/Marital status Number levels Education Basic1 dary2 Comm. diploma3 Tertiary4 Both Sexes Total 53,930 100.0 23.7 57.0 12.6 2.1 3.5 1.1 Never married 21,220 100.0 8.0 65.3 20.3 1.9 3.4 1.0 Informal/Consensual 5,762 100.0 14.9 65.6 12.3 2.8 3.9 0.6 union/Living together Married 21,256 100.0 35.6 49.7 7.3 2.1 4.0 1.4 Separated 839 100.0 24.6 61.0 8.3 2.4 2.9 0.8 Divorced 2,381 100.0 32.5 57.1 6.1 2.0 2.0 0.3 Widowed 2,472 100.0 68.5 27.9 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.1 Male Total 26,259 100.0 18.4 57.0 15.7 2.6 4.5 1.8 Never married 12,408 100.0 8.9 63.0 21.3 2.2 3.3 1.4 Informal/Consensual 2,451 100.0 11.7 61.0 16.0 4.6 5.5 1.2 union/Living together Married 10,114 100.0 30.2 48.9 9.6 2.7 6.1 2.6 Separated 313 100.0 18.8 62.3 12.8 2.2 2.6 1.3 Divorced 691 100.0 26.2 58.5 9.6 2.5 2.7 0.6 Widowed 282 100.0 52.1 39.4 3.5 1.4 3.2 0.4 Female Total 27,671 100.0 28.8 57.1 9.7 1.5 2.6 0.4 Never married 8,812 100.0 6.8 68.5 18.9 1.6 3.7 0.5 Informal/Consensual 3,311 100.0 17.2 69.0 9.5 1.6 2.6 0.2 union/Living together Married 11,142 100.0 40.4 50.4 5.2 1.5 2.1 0.4 Separated 526 100.0 27.9 60.3 5.7 2.5 3.0 0.6 Divorced 1,690 100.0 35.1 56.5 4.7 1.8 1.7 0.2 Widowed 2,190 100.0 70.6 26.4 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

The proportion of females with no education (28.8%) is higher than their male counterparts (18.4%). For those who have attained some form of education, males have higher proportions at all levels of attainment except at the basic level where the proportion for females (57.1%) is slightly higher than that of males (57.0%). Variations in marital status by sex and level of education follow a similar pattern as that of the general population. Table 3.6 gives information on the marital status of persons 12 years and older by their economic activity status. More than two-thirds (67.5%) of persons 12 years and older in the

District are economically active (64.4 percent are employed and 3.1 percent are unemployed), while 32.4 percent are economically not active. Table 3.6: Persons 12 years and older by sex, marital status and economic activity status Economically not All status Employed Unemployed active Marital Status/ Sex Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 53,930 100.0 34,742 64.4 1,690 3.1 17,498 32.4 Never married 21,220 100.0 7,211 34.0 900 4.2 13,109 61.8 Informal/Consensual 5,762 100.0 4,585 79.6 315 5.5 862 15.0 union/Living together Married 21,256 100.0 18,740 88.2 355 1.7 2,161 10.2 Separated 839 100.0 680 81.0 39 4.6 120 14.3 Divorced 2,381 100.0 1,947 81.8 56 2.4 378 15.9 Widowed 2,472 100.0 1,579 63.9 25 1.0 868 35.1 Male Total 26,259 100.0 17,086 65.1 746 2.8 8,427 32.1 Never married 12,408 100.0 4,776 38.5 529 4.3 7,103 57.2 Informal/Consensual 2,451 100.0 2,151 87.8 80 3.3 220 9.0 union/Living together Married 10,114 100.0 9,134 90.3 110 1.1 870 8.6 Separated 313 100.0 260 83.1 10 3.2 43 13.7 Divorced 691 100.0 572 82.8 12 1.7 107 15.5 Widowed 282 100.0 193 68.4 5 1.8 84 29.8 Female Total 27,671 100.0 17,656 63.8 944 3.4 9,071 32.8 Never married 8,812 100.0 2,435 27.6 371 4.2 6,006 68.2 Informal/Consensual 3,311 100.0 2,434 73.5 235 7.1 642 19.4 union/Living together Married 11,142 100.0 9,606 86.2 245 2.2 1,291 11.6 Separated 526 100.0 420 79.8 29 5.5 77 14.6 Divorced 1,690 100.0 1,375 81.4 44 2.6 271 16.0 Widowed 2,190 100.0 1,386 63.3 20 0.9 784 35.8 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

It is observed that the married population (88.2%) is more likely, while the never married population is less likely (34.0%) than the other statuses to be employed. The proportion of those in informal unions who are unemployed (5.5%) is higher than the proportions in the other statuses. A relatively high proportion (61.8%) of the never married population is economically not active in the District when compared with the other statuses. Variations in marital status by employment status follow a similar pattern as that of the general population. It is further observed that irrespective of status, the proportion of employed males is higher than that of females, whereas females are more likely than males to be unemployed and economically active.

3.4 Nationality Table 3.7 presents the nationality by sex of the population in the Tano North District. The data show that 95.1 percent of the population of the district are Ghanaians by birth. About 2.0 percent of households in the District hold dual citizenship. There are 1,827 non-Ghanaians in the District constituting 2.3 percent of the population. The trend is similar for both the male and female populations. Table 3.7: Population by nationality and sex Both sexes Male Female Nationality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Ghanaian by birth 76,036 95.1 37,580 94.9 38,456 95.2 Dual Nationality 1,615 2 768 1.9 847 2.1 Ghanaian by naturalization 495 0.6 265 0.7 230 0.6 ECOWAS 1,145 1.4 610 1.5 535 1.3 Africa other than ECOWAS 393 0.5 223 0.6 170 0.4 Other 289 0.4 147 0.4 142 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.5 Religious Affiliation Table 3.8 presents information on population by religion and sex. Christians (78.6%) are the dominant religious group with the Pentecostals/Charismatic (27.2%) being I higher proportion. Islam (13.8%) is the next dominant religion after Christians. Traditionalists form less than one percent (0.8%) of the population. Those who do not profess any religious belief constitute 6.2 percent of the population in the District. Compared to males, females are in higher proportions of all the Christian denominations. In contrast, males are in higher proportions than females in the other religious groups as well as those without religion. Table 3.8: Population by religion and sex Both sexes Male Female Religion Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 79,973 100.0 39,593 100.0 40,380 100.0 No Religion 4,952 6.2 3,188 8.1 1,764 4.4 Catholic 17,434 21.8 8,576 21.7 8,858 21.9 Protestant (Anglican, Lutheran etc.) 16,239 20.3 7,715 19.5 8,524 21.1 Pentecostal/Charismatic 21,730 27.2 10,086 25.5 11,644 28.8 Other Christians 7,417 9.3 3,561 9.0 3,856 9.5 Islam 11,071 13.8 5,821 14.7 5,250 13.0 Traditionalist 652 0.8 431 1.1 221 0.5 Other (Specify) 478 0.6 215 0.5 263 0.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

3.6 Literacy and Education Figure 3.2 presents the literacy status of persons 11 years and older in the Tano North District. It shows that more than three-quarters (76.9%) of the population in the District are literate in one language or another while 23.1 percent are not literate. A relatively higher proportion of males (82.1%) than females (71.9%) are literate.

Figure 3.1: Population 11 years and older by sex and literacy status

Percent Not literate Literate 90.0 82.1 80.0 76.9 71.9 70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0 28.1 23.1

20.0 17.9

10.0

0.0 Total Male Female

Sex

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Of the literate population, Table 3.9 shows that majority (73.5%) are literate in English and Ghanaian language, 13.7 percent are literate in English language only while 12.1 percent are literate in Ghanaian language only. Less than one percent (0.7%) of the population are literate in French language. The literacy status is similar for males and females irrespective of age.

Table 3.9: Population 11 years and older by sex, age and literacy status English None Ghanaian English and English French and Sex/Age (Not English language Ghanaian and Ghanaian group literate) Number Total only only language French Language Both Sexes

Total 12,875 42,842 100.0 13.7 12.1 73.5 0.2 0.5 12-14 284 7,358 100.0 21.2 9.4 69.0 0.2 0.3 15-19 610 8,035 100.0 14.7 5.9 78.9 0.2 0.4 20-24 1,069 5,847 100.0 13.3 8.4 77.5 0.3 0.6 25-29 1,277 4,575 100.0 13.0 13.5 72.2 0.4 0.9 30-34 1,305 3,551 100.0 11.7 16.9 70.9 0.2 0.4 35-39 1,329 3,243 100.0 12.9 19.1 67.4 0.3 0.3 40-44 1,200 2,690 100.0 10.0 18.6 70.6 0.2 0.7 45-49 963 2,346 100.0 10.0 16.7 72.4 0.3 0.6 50-54 882 1,920 100.0 8.6 14.8 75.9 0.2 0.5 55-59 573 1,211 100.0 8.5 14.8 75.6 0.2 0.8 60-64 680 813 100.0 7.5 16.5 75.5 0.0 0.5 65+ 2,703 1,253 100.0 6.9 17.4 75.1 0.2 0.5 Male Total 4,865 22,355 100.0 12.7 9.3 77.1 0.2 0.7 12-14 123 3,860 100.0 21.6 9.0 68.9 0.1 0.4 15-19 303 4,260 100.0 13.6 5.0 80.8 0.2 0.4 20-24 415 2,870 100.0 12.7 6.0 80.6 0.1 0.6 25-29 489 2,202 100.0 10.6 9.9 77.7 0.5 1.3 30-34 478 1,763 100.0 10.3 12.3 76.8 0.1 0.6 35-39 530 1,641 100.0 11.8 14.2 73.2 0.3 0.5 40-44 510 1,408 100.0 9.9 12.9 75.8 0.4 1.0 45-49 400 1,278 100.0 8.8 12.8 76.7 0.5 1.2 50-54 362 1,062 100.0 7.0 10.6 81.2 0.3 0.9 55-59 202 645 100.0 7.8 9.3 81.2 0.2 1.6 60-64 205 536 100.0 5.4 12.7 81.2 0.0 0.7 65+ 848 830 100.0 5.9 11.7 81.6 0.2 0.6 Female Total 8,010 20,487 100.0 14.7 15.2 69.5 0.2 0.3 12-14 161 3,498 100.0 20.7 9.8 69.0 0.2 0.2 15-19 307 3,775 100.0 15.8 6.9 76.6 0.2 0.4 20-24 654 2,977 100.0 13.9 10.6 74.4 0.4 0.6 25-29 788 2,373 100.0 15.3 16.8 67.1 0.3 0.5 30-34 827 1,788 100.0 13.0 21.4 65.1 0.3 0.2 35-39 799 1,602 100.0 14.1 24.0 61.4 0.4 0.1 40-44 690 1,282 100.0 10.0 24.8 64.8 0.1 0.3 45-49 563 1,068 100.0 11.4 21.3 67.2 0.1 0.0 50-54 520 858 100.0 10.6 20.0 69.3 0.0 0.0 55-59 371 566 100.0 9.4 21.0 69.3 0.4 0.0 60-64 475 277 100.0 11.6 23.8 64.6 0.0 0.0 65+ 1,855 423 100.0 8.7 28.6 62.4 0.0 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Figure 3.2 shows that about one-fifth (19.7%) of the population in the District have never attended school. Of the population who have ever attended school, 42.6 percent are attending now while 37.7 percent had attended in the past. More females (23.8%) than males (15.5%) have never attended. On the other hand, higher proportions of males (84.4%) than females (76.2%) have ever attended school.

Figure 3.2: Population 3 years and older by school attendance and sex

50.0 45.6 45.0 42.6 38.8 39.6 40.0 37.7 36.6 35.0

30.0 Never 23.8 25.0 Now 19.7 Percent 20.0 Past 15.5 15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0 Total Male Female

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table 3.10 presents the level of education of persons three years and older by sex and school attendance. More than three-quarters (78.0%) of the population 3 years are currently attending basic school with majority attending Primary School (46.9%) and Junior High School (18.2%). and older had formal education than in the past (47.0%). This is also true for both males and females. Those with past school attendance did not go through the Nursery and Kindergarten level. The highest proportion of this population had attended either Junior Secondary/High School (30.0%) or Middle School (29.8%). Those with primary education form 16.3 percent and 16.0 percent had secondary education. Only 4.3 percent of past school attendants reached tertiary level. The trend is similar for both males and females. However, relatively more females (20.2%) than males (12.5%) had attended primary school. On the contrary, relatively more males (6.3%) than females (2.2%) had attended tertiary school (Table 3.10). A comparison of past school attendance with current school attendance shows that a higher proportion of the population 3 years and older (53.0%) had formal education than in the past (47.0%). Although a higher percentage of males (52.9%) were in school in 2010 than in the past (50.8%) a higher percentage of females (49.2%) were also in school in the past than males (47.1%) in 2010.

Table 3.10: Population 3 years and older by level of education, school attendance and sex

Currently attending Attended in the past Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Level of education Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 31,132 100.0 16,479 100.0 14,653 100.0 27,583 100.0 14,027 100.0 13,556 100.0 Nursery 3,086 9.9 1,676 10.2 1,410 9.6 ------Kindergarten 4,014 12.9 2,028 12.3 1,986 13.6 ------Primary 14,587 46.9 7,554 45.8 7,033 48.0 4,494 16.3 1,759 12.5 2,735 20.2 JSS/JHS 5,659 18.2 3,039 18.4 2,620 17.9 8,266 30.0 3,716 26.5 4,550 33.6 Middle ------8,228 29.8 4,272 30.5 3,956 29.2 SSS/SHS 2,933 9.4 1,694 10.3 1,239 8.5 2,907 10.5 1,717 12.2 1,190 8.8 Secondary ------959 3.5 708 5.0 251 1.9 Vocational/ Technical/ Commercial 203 0.7 129 0.8 74 0.5 903 3.3 551 3.9 352 2.6 Post Middle/ Secondary Certificate 263 0.8 98 0.6 165 1.1 651 2.4 427 3.0 224 1.7 Tertiary 387 1.2 261 1.6 126 0.9 1,175 4.3 877 6.3 298 2.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FOUR ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

4.1 Introduction The overall development of a country is based on the production of goods and services. Though all persons, irrespective of age and sex consume goods and services produced, only a section of the total population, the working population, often referred to as the “employed” produces them. The type of economic activity pursued is influenced by nature of the economy and level of socio-economic development (Hull, 2009). Generally, the larger the employed population, the more wealth is created leading to the general wellbeing of the people. Contributing to the employment opportunities in any country or area are factors such as the structure of the population, proportion of the economically active population and the labour market. A detailed study of the dynamics of the population and the labour market helps to identify the employment opportunities available and the structure of the economy. This chapter examines the economic activity of the population 15 years and older for the seven days preceding census night in the Tano North District. Emphasis is given to the type of activity, main occupation, employment sector and employment status of individuals in the District.

4.2 Economic Activity Status The Economic Activity Status is composed of two main groups; the economically active population, comprising both the employed and the unemployed persons in the district and the economically not active population, made up of domestic workers, those in full time education, pensioner/retired, disabled/sick and too young/old. Table 4.1 presents the economic activity status of the population 15 years and older in the Tano North District. Less than three-quarters (74.1%) are economically active and 25.9 percent are economically not active. For those who are economically active, 95.3 percent are employed while 4.7 percent are unemployed, majority (74.3%) of whom are first time job seekers. More than half (54.8%) of the economically not active population are full time students while about one-fifth (21.7%) mainly perform home duties. The trend for both males and females are similar with males (74.8%) having a larger proportion than females (73.4%) of the employed population. It is also observed that females are more likely than males to be unemployed or economically not active.

Table 4.1: Population 15 years and older by activity status and sex

Total Male Female Activity status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 48,075 100.0 23,237 100.0 24,838 100.0 Economically active 35,616 74.1 17,391 74.8 18,225 73.4 Employed 33,935 95.3 16,649 95.7 17,286 94.8 Worked 32,887 96.9 16,238 97.5 16,649 96.3 Did not work but had job to go back to 984 2.9 378 2.3 606 3.5 Did voluntary work without pay 64 0.2 33 0.2 31 0.2 Unemployed 1,681 4.7 742 4.3 939 5.2 Worked before, seeking work and available 432 25.7 168 22.6 264 28.1 Seeking work for the first time and available 1,249 74.3 574 77.4 675 71.9 Economically not active 12,459 25.9 5,846 25.2 6,613 26.6 Did home duties (household chore) 2,709 21.7 881 15.1 1,828 27.6 Full time education 6,828 54.8 3,796 64.9 3,032 45.8 Pensioner/Retired 267 2.1 199 3.4 68 1.0 Disabled/Sick 754 6.1 282 4.8 472 7.1 Too old/young 1,214 9.7 325 5.6 889 13.4 Other 687 5.5 363 6.2 324 4.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

In terms of age, Table 4.2 indicates that the proportions of the employed population increase with increase in age from 25.0 percent for the 15-19 year age group to 94.9 percent for the 45-49 year age group. It then declines gradually to 60.7 percent for the 65 years and older age group. The proportion of the unemployed population for the 20-24 years age group is the highest (9.8%) and declines with increase in age to about one percent for the 60-64 years age group. It is also observed that the younger age groups and the aged have relatively high proportions of the economically not active population. The pattern of the activity status for males and females are similar.

Table 4.2: Employed population 15 years and older by sex, age and activity status Economically not All Status Employed Unemployed Age group active Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 48,075 100.0 33,935 70.6 1,681 3.5 12,459 25.9 15-19 8,645 100.0 2,162 25.0 224 2.6 6,259 72.4 20-24 6,916 100.0 3,849 55.7 675 9.8 2,392 34.6 25-29 5,852 100.0 4,681 80.0 377 6.4 794 13.6 30-34 4,856 100.0 4,318 88.9 174 3.6 364 7.5 35-39 4,572 100.0 4,207 92.0 84 1.8 281 6.1 40-44 3,890 100.0 3,640 93.6 51 1.3 199 5.1 45-49 3,309 100.0 3,140 94.9 36 1.1 133 4.0 50-54 2,802 100.0 2,609 93.1 21 0.7 172 6.1 55-59 1,784 100.0 1,648 92.4 17 1.0 119 6.7 60-64 1,493 100.0 1,278 85.6 17 1.1 198 13.3 65+ 3,956 100.0 2,403 60.7 5 0.1 1,548 39.1

Male Total 23,237 100.0 16,649 71.6 742 3.2 5,846 25.2 15-19 4,563 100.0 1,192 26.1 95 2.1 3,276 71.8 20-24 3,285 100.0 1,799 54.8 282 8.6 1,204 36.7 25-29 2,691 100.0 2,172 80.7 184 6.8 335 12.4 30-34 2,241 100.0 2,045 91.3 74 3.3 122 5.4 35-39 2,171 100.0 2,051 94.5 34 1.6 86 4.0 40-44 1,918 100.0 1,837 95.8 19 1.0 62 3.2 45-49 1,678 100.0 1,600 95.4 25 1.5 53 3.2 50-54 1,424 100.0 1,350 94.8 11 0.8 63 4.4 55-59 847 100.0 795 93.9 8 0.9 44 5.2 60-64 741 100.0 634 85.6 9 1.2 98 13.2 65+ 1,678 100.0 1,174 70.0 1 0.1 503 30.0

Female Total 24,838 100.0 17,286 69.6 939 3.8 6,613 26.6 15-19 4,082 100.0 970 23.8 129 3.2 2,983 73.1 20-24 3,631 100.0 2,050 56.5 393 10.8 1,188 32.7 25-29 3,161 100.0 2,509 79.4 193 6.1 459 14.5 30-34 2,615 100.0 2,273 86.9 100 3.8 242 9.3 35-39 2,401 100.0 2,156 89.8 50 2.1 195 8.1 40-44 1,972 100.0 1,803 91.4 32 1.6 137 6.9 45-49 1,631 100.0 1,540 94.4 11 0.7 80 4.9 50-54 1,378 100.0 1,259 91.4 10 0.7 109 7.9 55-59 937 100.0 853 91.0 9 1.0 75 8.0 60-64 752 100.0 644 85.6 8 1.1 100 13.3 65+ 2,278 100.0 1,229 54.0 4 0.2 1,045 45.9 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.3 Occupation According to Table 4.3, about two-thirds (65.4%) of the employed population are engaged in skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery. Service and sale workers make up 11.8 percent while Craft and related trades workers form 8.9 percent of the employed population. Less than five percent (4.7%) of the employed population are professionals. Females (18.7%) are four times more likely than males (4.6%) to engage in Service and sale work. On the other hand, males are more likely than females to be either skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers or Professional workers. Table 4.3: Types of occupation by sex

Both sexes Male Female Occupation Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 33,935 100.0 16,649 100.0 17,286 100.0 Managers 421 1.2 178 1.1 243 1.4 Professionals 1,609 4.7 989 5.9 620 3.6 Technicians and associate professionals 336 1.0 239 1.4 97 0.6 Clerical support workers 271 0.8 144 0.9 127 0.7 Service and sales workers 3,989 11.8 762 4.6 3,227 18.7 Skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers 22,194 65.4 11,357 68.2 10,837 62.7 Craft and related trades workers 3,013 8.9 1,516 9.1 1,497 8.7 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 1,062 3.1 1,032 6.2 30 0.2 Elementary occupations 1,030 3.0 424 2.5 606 3.5 Other occupations 10 0.0 8 0.0 2 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.4 Industry Data on employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex are presented in Table 4.4. The industry of the employed population provides information about the structure of the District’s economy. About two-thirds (65.8%) of the District’s workforce are employed in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, 9.0 percent are into Wholesale and retail while 6.1 percent are engaged by the Construction sector. Males are more likely than females to be engaged by Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector. On the contrary, males (18.7%) are more likely than females (4.6%) to be engaged in Wholesale and retail trade.

Table 4.4: Employed population 15 years and older by industry and sex

Both sexes Male Female Industry Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 33,935 100.0 16,649 100.0 17,286 100.0 Agriculture forestry and fishing 22,329 65.8 11,530 69.3 10,799 62.5 Mining and quarrying 205 0.6 190 1.1 15 0.1 Manufacturing 2,076 6.1 816 4.9 1,260 7.3 Electricity gas stream and air conditioning supply 16 0.0 15 0.1 1 0.0 Water supply; sewerage waste management and remediation activities 43 0.1 23 0.1 20 0.1 Construction 652 1.9 632 3.8 20 0.1 Wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 3,042 9.0 717 4.3 2,325 13.5 Transportation and storage 622 1.8 599 3.6 23 0.1 Accommodation and food service activities 1,080 3.2 107 0.6 973 5.6 Information and communication 33 0.1 25 0.2 8 0.0 Financial and insurance activities 130 0.4 84 0.5 46 0.3 Professional scientific and technical activities 115 0.3 58 0.3 57 0.3 Administrative and support service activities 89 0.3 58 0.3 31 0.2 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 498 1.5 357 2.1 141 0.8 Education 1,367 4.0 824 4.9 543 3.1 Human health and social work activities 361 1.1 181 1.1 180 1.0 Arts entertainment and recreation 67 0.2 63 0.4 4 0.0 Other service activities 1,132 3.3 345 2.1 787 4.6 Activities of households as employers 78 0.2 25 0.2 53 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

4.5 Employment Status The distribution of the workforce by employment status is often used as an indicator of progress in the modernization of an economy. It also measures the relative capacity of the various sectors of the economy to create jobs. Table 4.5 provides information on employed population 15 years and older by employment status. It is observed that 69.9 percent of the District’s employed persons are self-employed, majority (67.2%) of whom are self-employed without employee(s). Persons who contribute to family business or ventures constitute 13.8 percent while 12.5 percent of the workforce is employees. There are twice as many female employees (7.8%) as male employees (17.3%). This however, contrasts with contributing family workers as females constitute 17.9 percent as against 9.5 percent for males.

Table 4.5: Employed population 15 years and older by employment status and sex Both sexes Male Female Employment Status Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 33,935 100.0 16,649 100.0 17,286 100.0 Employee 4,229 12.5 2,881 17.3 1,348 7.8 Self-employed without 22,799 67.2 11,035 66.3 11,764 68.1 employee(s) Self-employed with employee(s) 932 2.7 510 3.1 422 2.4 Casual worker 475 1.4 345 2.1 130 0.8 Contributing family worker 4,672 13.8 1,577 9.5 3,095 17.9 Apprentice 606 1.8 173 1.0 433 2.5 Domestic employee (House help) 183 0.5 111 0.7 72 0.4 Other 39 0.1 17 0.1 22 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

4.6 Employment Sector The private sector employs the largest proportion (92.0%) of the workforce, mainly in the informal sector, as shown in Table 4.6. The Public sector (6.7%) is the second largest employer in the District. The private informal sector employs a higher proportion of males (93.1%) than females (86.3%). Higher proportions of males than females are employed in the Public and Private formal sectors. Table 4.6: Employed population 15 years and older by employment sector and sex Number Percent Employment sector Total Male Female Total Male Female Public (Government) 1,408 861 2,269 6.7 8.5 5.0 Private Formal 800 287 1087 3.2 4.8 1.7 Private Informal 14,364 16,094 30,458 89.8 86.3 93.1 Semi-Public/Parastatal 12 10 22 0.1 0.1 0.1 NGOs (Local and International) 56 29 85 0.3 0.3 0.2 Other International Organisations 9 5 14 0.0 0.1 0.0 Total 16,649 17,286 33,935 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER FIVE INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Introduction Information communication technology (ICT) has brought about social and economic development and transformation by creating an enabling environment for an accelerated economic growth. The 2010 population and Housing Census collected data on access to and use of ICT by individuals and households. This chapter therefore provides information on ownership and access to mobile phones, internet facilities at home, in an internet café, on mobile phone or other device, household ownership of desktops or laptop computers and access to fixed telephone lines.

5.2 Ownership of Mobile Phones and Internet Usage ICT questions were asked for both individuals and households. Persons having mobile phones refer to respondents 12 years and older who own mobile phones (irrespective of the number of mobile phones owned by each person). Table 5.1 presents data on population12 years and older by mobile phone ownership, internet facility usage and sex. Of the population 12 years and older, more than two-fifths (43.6%) own mobile phones. A higher proportion of males (49.1%) than females (38.3%) own mobile phones in the District (Table 5.1). Persons using internet facility refers to those who had access to internet facility at home, internet café, on mobile phone or any other mobile device. The proportion of population 12 years and older in the district using internet facility is 2.6 percent. It is observed that twice as many females (1.6%) as males (3.7%) are using internet facility in the District (Table 5.1). Table 5.1: Population 12 years and older by mobile phone ownership, internet facility usage and sex

Population 12 Population having Population using years and older mobile phone internet facility Sex Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 53,930 100.0 23,491 43.6 1,412 2.6 Male 26,259 48.7 12,899 49.1 976 3.7 Female 27,671 51.3 10,592 38.3 436 1.6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

5.3 Ownership of Computers Table 5.2 presents households having desktop or laptop computers and fixed telephone lines by sex of households head. The percentage of households having desktop or laptop computers is 3.4 percent. Male-headed households (3.8%) are more likely than female-headed households (2.7%) to own either desktop or laptop computer.

Table 5.2: Households having desktop/laptop computers and sex of head

Households having Number of desktop/laptop households computers Sex Number Percent Number Percent Total 18,478 100.0 635 3.4 Male 12,101 65.5 465 3.8 Female 6,377 34.5 170 2.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER SIX DISABILITY

6.1 Introduction The 2010 Population and Housing Census for the first time included questions on disability to provide relevant information for decision making. Decision makers and development actors need to know and understand the characteristics of persons with disability to enable them formulate laws, policies and develop programmes and projects to ensure their proper integration into the socio-economic development of the country.

6.2 Population with Disability Persons with disability (PWDs) were defined as those who were unable to or were restricted in the performance of specific tasks or activities due to loss of function of some part of the body as a result of impairment or malformation. Information was collected on persons with visual/sight impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, emotional or behavioral disorders and other physical challenges. It should be noted that since individuals may be affected by more than one form of disability, the individual disabilities would not add up to the total number of disabilities. Table 6.1 indicates that 2.1 percent of the total population has one form of disability or another. The proportion of females with disability is 2.2 percent whiles that of males with disability is 2.1 percent. The commonest type of disability is Physical (37.9%) and Sight (34.9%). Females (42.5%) are more challenged by Physical disability than males (33.6%). On the other hand, Sight is the commonest form of disability among males (36.3%) compared with females (33.6%). Table 6.1: Population by disability type and sex

Both sexes Male Female Disability type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All Localities Total 79,973 100.0 39,593 100.0 40,380 100.0 No disability 78,273 97.9 38,763 97.9 39,510 98.0 With a disability 1,700 2.1 830 2.1 870 2.2 Sight 593 34.9 301 36.3 292 33.6 Hearing 384 22.6 204 24.6 180 20.7 Speech 360 21.2 194 23.4 166 19.1 Physical 645 37.9 275 33.1 370 42.5 Intellectual 378 22.2 197 23.7 181 20.8 Emotional 363 21.4 194 23.4 169 19.4 Other 240 14.1 125 15.1 115 13.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

6.3 Distribution Disability by Type of Locality Table 6.2 presents data on the population by type of locality, disability and sex. There are 917 people with disability in the urban locality which represent 2.3 percent of the District’s population while there are 783 people with disability in the rural locality representing 2.0 percent of the population. Slightly more females (2.4%) than males (2.2%) have some form of disability in the urban areas. On the contrary, slightly higher proportion of males in the urban areas (2.0%) than their counterparts in the rural areas (1.9%) has some form of disabilities. Physical and Sight remain the commonest type of disability irrespective of location and sex. Table 6.2: Population by type of locality, disability type and sex

Disability Type/ Total Male Female Type of locality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Urban Total 39,976 50.0 18,915 47.8 21,061 52.2 No disability 39,059 49.9 18,503 46.7 20,556 50.9 With a disability 917 2.3 412 2.2 505 2.4 Sight 301 32.8 140 34.0 161 31.9 Hearing 204 22.2 96 23.3 108 21.4 Speech 181 19.7 96 23.3 85 16.8 Physical 371 40.5 146 35.4 225 44.6 Intellectual 200 21.8 98 23.8 102 20.2 Emotional 199 21.7 102 24.8 97 19.2 Other 121 13.2 62 15.0 59 11.7 Rural Total 39,997 50.0 20,678 52.2 19,319 47.8 No disability 39,214 50.1 20,260 52.3 18,954 48.1 With a disability 783 2.0 418 2.0 365 1.9 Sight 292 37.3 161 38.5 131 35.9 Hearing 180 23.0 108 25.8 72 19.7 Speech 179 22.9 98 23.4 81 22.2 Physical 274 35.0 129 30.9 145 39.7 Intellectual 178 22.7 99 23.7 79 21.6 Emotional 164 20.9 92 22.0 72 19.7 Other 119 15.2 63 15.1 56 15.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

6.4 Disability and Activity Status Table 6.3 presents data on persons 15 years and older with disability by economic activity status and sex. It is observed that more than half (51.9%) of all persons with disability in the District are employed, 1.9 percent are unemployed and more than two-fifth (46.2%) are economically not active. Persons with Sight, Hearing and Speech difficulties are more likely than the others to be employed. On the other hand, persons with Physical challenges are more likely than others to be economically not active. This trend is also reflected in both the male and female persons with disabilities.

Table 6.3: Persons 15 years and older with disability by economic activity status and sex Economically not Sex/Disability All Statuses Employed Unemployed active type Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Both Sexes Total 48,075 100.0 33,935 70.6 1,681 3.5 12,459 25.9 No disability 46,761 100.0 33,253 71.1 1,656 3.5 11,852 25.3 With a disability 1,314 100.0 682 51.9 25 1.9 607 46.2 Sight 464 100.0 281 60.6 9 1.9 174 37.5 Hearing 251 100.0 151 60.2 2 0.8 98 39.0 Speech 213 100.0 126 59.2 3 1.4 84 39.4 Physical 514 100.0 219 42.6 9 1.8 286 55.6 Intellectual 249 100.0 132 53.0 5 2.0 112 45.0 Emotional 235 100.0 125 53.2 3 1.3 107 45.5 Other 170 100.0 105 61.8 4 2.4 61 35.9 Male Total 23,237 100.0 16,649 71.6 742 3.2 5,846 25.2 No disability 22,614 100.0 16,298 72.1 733 3.2 5,583 24.7 With a disability 623 100.0 351 56.3 9 1.4 263 42.2 Sight 239 100.0 159 66.5 6 2.5 74 31.0 Hearing 129 100.0 80 62.0 2 1.6 47 36.4 Speech 117 100.0 70 59.8 1 0.9 46 39.3 Physical 213 100.0 103 48.4 2 0.9 108 50.7 Intellectual 134 100.0 73 54.5 3 2.2 58 43.3 Emotional 126 100.0 73 57.9 1 0.8 52 41.3 Other 87 100.0 49 56.3 0 0.0 38 43.7 Female Total 24,838 100.0 17,286 69.6 939 3.8 6,613 26.6 No disability 24,147 100.0 16,955 70.2 923 3.8 6,269 26.0 With a disability 691 100.0 331 47.9 16 2.3 344 49.8 Sight 225 100.0 122 54.2 3 1.3 100 44.4 Hearing 122 100.0 71 58.2 0 0.0 51 41.8 Speech 96 100.0 56 58.3 2 2.1 38 39.6 Physical 301 100.0 116 38.5 7 2.3 178 59.1 Intellectual 115 100.0 59 51.3 2 1.7 54 47.0 Emotional 109 100.0 52 47.7 2 1.8 55 50.5 Other 83 100.0 56 67.5 4 4.8 23 27.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 6.5 Disability, Education and Literacy Table 6.4 presents population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education. About two-fifth (39.9%) of all persons with disability in the District have no education. For those with some form of education, the greater proportion (44.4%) has Basic education. Only 11 percent of PWDs have Secondary or higher education. Compared to others, those with Physical and Speech problems are likely to have no education. Persons with Emotional and Intellectual challenges are also likely to have Basic education. Those likely to have higher levels of education are the physically challenged (20.6%).

Table 6.4: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education

Number Percent Sec/ Sec/ SHS SHS Sex/Disability Pre- and Pre- and type Total Never Primary Basic higher Total Never Primary Basic higher Both Sexes

Total 73,131 14,416 7,100 41,234 10,381 100.0 19.7 9.7 56.4 14.2 No disability 71,506 13,768 7,024 40,512 10,202 100.0 19.3 9.8 56.7 14.3 With a disability 1,625 648 76 722 179 100.0 39.9 4.7 44.4 11.0 Sight 560 206 32 249 73 100.0 36.8 5.7 44.5 13.0 Hearing 359 135 25 157 42 100.0 37.6 7.0 43.7 11.7 Speech 331 128 27 138 38 100.0 38.7 8.2 41.7 11.5 Physical 613 255 26 256 76 100.0 41.6 4.2 41.8 12.4 Intellectual 345 115 19 169 42 100.0 33.3 5.5 49.0 12.2 Emotional 329 98 19 167 45 100.0 29.8 5.8 50.8 13.7 Other 225 75 13 115 22 100.0 33.3 5.8 51.1 9.8 Male Total 36,123 5,617 3,704 20,340 6,462 100.0 15.5 10.3 56.3 17.9 No disability 35,325 5,370 3,662 19,957 6,336 100.0 15.2 10.4 56.5 17.9 With a disability 798 247 42 383 126 100.0 31.0 5.3 48.0 15.8 Sight 289 78 17 141 53 100.0 27.0 5.9 48.8 18.3 Hearing 194 58 17 89 30 100.0 29.9 8.8 45.9 15.5 Speech 184 60 16 79 29 100.0 32.6 8.7 42.9 15.8 Physical 262 74 15 119 54 100.0 28.2 5.7 45.4 20.6 Intellectual 182 53 12 90 27 100.0 29.1 6.6 49.5 14.8 Emotional 178 44 11 92 31 100.0 24.7 6.2 51.7 17.4 Other 120 31 9 66 14 100.0 25.8 7.5 55.0 11.7 Female Total 37,008 8,799 3,396 20,894 3,919 100.0 23.8 9.2 56.5 10.6 No disability 36,181 8,398 3,362 20,555 3,866 100.0 23.2 9.3 56.8 10.7 With a disability 827 401 34 339 53 100.0 48.5 4.1 41.0 6.4 Sight 271 128 15 108 20 100.0 47.2 5.5 39.9 7.4 Hearing 165 77 8 68 12 100.0 46.7 4.8 41.2 7.3 Speech 147 68 11 59 9 100.0 46.3 7.5 40.1 6.1 Physical 351 181 11 137 22 100.0 51.6 3.1 39.0 6.3 Intellectual 163 62 7 79 15 100.0 38.0 4.3 48.5 9.2 Emotional 151 54 8 75 14 100.0 35.8 5.3 49.7 9.3 Other 105 44 4 49 8 100.0 41.9 3.8 46.7 7.6 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER SEVEN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

7.1 Introduction Ghana’s economy is regarded as agrarian, largely due to the sector’s contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This chapter presents information on households in agriculture, the type of farming activities, and livestock reared by households in the District.

7.2 Households in Agriculture Figure 7.1 shows the agricultural and non-agricultural households in the Tano North District. It shows that 76.9 percent of households in the District are into some form of agricultural activities, with the remaining 23.1 percent engaged in non-agricultural activities. Two-thirds (66.5%) of urban households and almost nine in ten (89.4%) of rural households are into agriculture. Figure 7.1: Agricultural and non-agricultural households by locality

100.0 Agricultural Household 89.4 90.0 Non Agricultural Household

80.0 76.9

70.0 66.5

60.0

50.0

Percent 40.0 33.5

30.0 23.1 20.0 10.6 10.0

0.0 Total Urban Rural Loality

Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

7.3 Types of Farming Activities Table 7.1 presents data on farming activities of agricultural households in the Tano North District. It should be noted that since several households are involved in multiple farming activities, the individual activities would not add up to the total households in agriculture. Of the total number of households engaged in agriculture, majority (97.8%) are into crop farming and 33.7 percent are engaged in livestock rearing. The rest of the farming activities, namely tree planting and fish farming engage less than five percent of the households in agriculture. Crop farming is the dominant agricultural activity undertaken by both urban (97.7%) and rural (98.0%) agricultural households. Agricultural households in the rural areas (44.4%) are twice likely than their counterparts in the urban areas (21.8%) to rear livestock. Tree planting and fish farming are not popular agricultural activities among farmers in the District.

Table 7.1: Households in Agriculture Total Urban Rural Type of activity Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total Households 18,478 100.0 10,113 100.0 8,365 100.0 Households engaged in 14,208 76.9 6,726 66.5 7,482 89.4 Agriculture Crop Farming 13,898 97.8 6,569 97.7 7,329 98.0 Tree Planting 488 3.4 147 2.2 341 4.6 Livestock Rearing 4,790 33.7 1,469 21.8 3,321 44.4 Fish Farming 38 0.3 24 0.4 14 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

7.4 Types of livestock, other Animals and keepers Table 7.2 presents information on the distribution of livestock and livestock keepers in the District. Among the animal keepers, it is observed that Chicken (64.3%) is the most kept animal in the District, followed by Goats (15.2%), Sheep (8.5%) and Fish (4.6%). Most of the livestock keepers are into Chicken (42.8%), Goat (29.9%) and Sheep (16.1%). Table 7.2: Distribution of livestock and keepers Animals Keepers Number Average Number of of Animal per Livestock/Keepers Animals Percent keepers Percent Keeper Total 171,187 100.0 7,736 100.0 22.1 Beehives 162 0.1 10 0.1 16.2 Cattle 1,801 1.1 74 1.0 24.3 Chicken 110,143 64.3 3,314 42.8 33.2 Dove 207 0.1 16 0.2 12.9 Duck 2,265 1.3 161 2.1 14.1 Goat 25,984 15.2 2,315 29.9 11.2 Grasscutter 172 0.1 15 0.2 11.5 Guinea fowl 2,811 1.6 174 2.2 16.2 Ostrich 89 0.1 12 0.2 7.4 Pig 3,086 1.8 239 3.1 12.9 Rabbit 666 0.4 65 0.8 10.2 Sheep 14,577 8.5 1,247 16.1 11.7 Silk worm 153 0.1 15 0.2 10.2 Snail 698 0.4 7 0.1 99.7 Turkey 307 0.2 11 0.1 27.9 Other 220 0.1 23 0.3 9.6 Fish farming 7,846 4.6 38 0.5 206.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER EIGHT HOUSING CONDITION

8.1 Introduction The policy framework of the Government of Ghana, the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda, emphasizes the need for increased access of the population to safe, adequate and affordable housing and shelter (NDPC, 2010). Earlier frameworks also underscored the important role of housing in social development. In the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003-2005) policy framework, for instance, housing interventions were prescribed implicitly within the context of social development objectives. The achievement of health objectives was linked, among others, to the provision of safe water supply and sewerage, improved housing, and well planned settlements (NDPC, 2002). The provision of periodic information on housing and housing condition is therefore important both to assess what has been achieved and to plan ahead. This chapter provides an overview of housing and housing conditions in the Tano North District. The discussion is centered on housing stock and type of dwelling, ownership, construction material, room occupancy, and housing condition with particular reference to water and sanitation as well as information on cooking space and household energy sources.

8.2 Housing Stock Table 8.1 presents information on stock of houses and households in the Tano North District by type of locality. The total number of houses in the District is 12,420. It is observed that the total number of houses is higher in rural areas 6,877 (55.4%) than in urban areas 5,543 (44.6%). On average, there are 6.3 persons and 1.5 households per house. The average household size is 4.3 in the District. The average household size is higher in rural areas (4.7) than in urban areas (3.9). However, persons per house and households per house are higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Table 8.1: Stock of houses and households by type of locality Total Houses/Household type country Region District Urban Rural Total population 24,658,823 2,310,983 79,973 39,976 39,997 Total household population 24,076,327 2,265,458 78,784 39,278 39,506 Number of houses 3,392,745 331,967 12,420 5,543 6,877 Number of households 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 10,113 8,365 Average households per house 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.2 Population per house* 7.1 6.8 6.3 7.1 5.7 Average household size 4.4 4.6 4.3 3.9 4.7 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.3 Type of Dwelling, Holding and Tenancy Agreement Information on ownership status of dwelling units by sex of household head and type of locality is presented in Table 8.2. One-half (50.6%) of all households live in houses owned by a household members. Almost one-quarter of households (24.0%) and about one-fifth (21.9%) live in houses owned by other private individual and houses owned by other relatives not belonging to the household respectively. Relatively higher proportions of households in

49 rural areas (62.5%) than in urban areas (40.7%) live in houses that are owned by household members. However, the proportions of households living in houses belonging private individuals and relatives who are not household members in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas. Male-headed households (51.5%) are likelier than female-headed households (49.0%) to live in houses owned by household members. Similarly, male-headed households (25.3%) are likelier than female-headed households (21.4%) to live in houses owned by private individuals. On the other hand, female-headed households (27.0%) are more likely than male-headed households (19.3%) to live in houses owned by relatives who are not household members. Table 8.2: Ownership status of dwelling by sex of household head and type of locality

District Total Total Male Female Ownership status country Region Number Percent headed headed Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned by household member 2,883,236 260,608 9,349 50.6 51.5 49.0 40.7 62.5 Being purchased (e.g. mortgage) 45,630 3,448 81 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 Relative not a household member 851,630 90,176 4,053 21.9 19.3 27.0 26.9 15.9 Other private individual 1,439,021 116,402 4,426 24.0 25.3 21.4 28.8 18.1 Private employer 83,610 9,509 193 1.0 1.5 0.3 0.7 1.4 Other private agency 21,123 1,390 31 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Public/Government ownership 118,804 7,138 287 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.2 Other 24,000 1,844 58 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census Table 8.3 presents data on type of occupied dwelling units by sex of household head and type of locality. Majority of household members either occupy compound houses (54.6%) or separate houses (32.3%). A higher proportion of male-headed households (35.2%) than female-headed households (26.7%) live in separate houses. On the contrary, higher proportions of female-headed households (61.4%) than male-headed households (50.9%) live in compound houses. Households in urban areas (64.6%) are more likely than those in rural areas (42.4%) to live in compound houses. On the other hand, households in rural areas (42.5%) are more likely than those in urban areas (23.8%) to live in separate houses.

Table 8.3: Type of occupied dwelling units by sex of household head and type of locality District Total Total Male Female Type of dwelling country Region Number Percent headed headed Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Separate house 1,471,391 162,809 5,964 32.3 35.2 26.7 23.8 42.5 Semi-detached house 391,548 27,079 998 5.4 5.0 6.1 6.5 4 Flat/Apartment 256,355 11,331 277 1.5 1.6 1.3 2.1 0.7 Compound house 2,942,147 256,130 10,083 54.6 50.9 61.4 64.6 42.4 (rooms) Huts/Buildings (same 170,957 20,955 808 4.4 5.2 2.8 0.8 8.7 compound) Huts/Buildings (different 36,410 3,245 90 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.9 compound) Tent 10,343 871 23 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Improvised home 90,934 2,393 65 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 (kiosk/container) Living quarters attached 20,499 1,102 49 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 to office/shop Uncompleted building 66,624 3,850 92 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.2 Other 9,846 750 29 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.4 Construction Materials 8.4.1 Material for Outer Wall As shown in Table 8.4, the main materials used for the outer walls of dwelling units are cement block or concrete ( 49.4%) and mud brick or earth (43.2%). In the urban areas, cement/concrete (69.5%) is the main material used for the outer walls while in rural areas it is mud brick or earth (66.2%). Table 8.4: Main construction material for outer wall of dwelling unit by locality District Total Total Material for Outer wall country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,817,607 519,342 19,544 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud brick/Earth 1,991,540 239,284 8,446 43.2 23.5 66.2 Wood 200,594 7,932 261 1.3 1.0 1.7 Metal sheet/Slate/Asbestos 43,708 2,447 111 0.6 0.6 0.5 Stone 11,330 814 26 0.1 0.1 0.2 Burnt bricks 38,237 5,062 215 1.1 1.4 0.8 Cement blocks/Concrete 3,342,462 241,282 9,652 49.4 69.5 26.0 Landcrete 104,270 18,808 633 3.2 3.6 2.8 Bamboo 8,206 523 22 0.1 0.1 0.2 Palm leaf/Thatch 38,054 1,694 151 0.8 0.1 1.6 (grass)/Raffia Other 39,206 1,496 27 0.1 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.4.2 Material for Floor Table 8.5 shows that seven out of 10 (71.7%) dwelling units in the District have cement or concrete as main material for the floor constructed and about one-quarter (26.6%) of the dwelling units have earth or mud floors. In both urban and rural areas, cement or concrete is the main material used for the floor except that dwellings in the urban areas have higher proportions (84.5%) than those in rural areas (56.1%). Also, more than two-fifths (43.2%) of the floors of dwelling units in the rural areas are earth/mud. Table 8.5: Main construction materials for the floor of dwelling unit by type of locality District Total Total Materials for the floor country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Earth/Mud 872,161 113,228 4,907 26.6 12.8 43.2 Cement/Concrete 4,255,611 363,827 13,241 71.7 84.5 56.1 Stone 32,817 3,325 102 0.6 0.8 0.3 Burnt brick 6,537 322 10 0.1 0.1 0.0 Wood 52,856 1,114 24 0.1 0.2 0.0 Vinyl tiles 57,032 1,889 38 0.2 0.3 0.1 Ceramic/Porcelain/Granite/Marble tiles 88,500 3,784 89 0.5 0.8 0.1 Terrazzo/Terrazzo tiles 85,973 1,972 40 0.2 0.4 0.0 Other 15,567 1,054 27 0.1 0.2 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

8.4.2 Material for Roof Table 8.6 presents data on the main construction materials for roofing of dwelling units by type of locality. Irrespective of locality of residence, the main material used for roofing dwelling units in the District is metal sheets (89.1%). In addition, relatively high proportions of dwelling units in the rural areas use thatch/palm leaf/raffia (10.9%) and bamboo (6.0%) as roofing materials. Quite a number of dwellings in urban areas also use thatch/palm leaf/raffia (5.6%) for roofing. Table 8.6: Main construction material for roofing of dwelling unit by type of locality

District Total Total Main Roofing material country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,817,607 519,342 19,544 100.0 100.0 100.0 Mud/Mud bricks/Earth 80,644 4,394 112 0.6 0.2 1.0 Wood 45,547 3,588 117 0.6 0.4 0.9 Metal sheet 4,152,259 423,255 17,411 89.1 96.5 80.5 Slate/Asbestos 759,039 1,686 28 0.1 0.2 0.0 Cement/Concrete 141,072 3,161 88 0.5 0.6 0.3 Roofing tile 31,456 704 16 0.1 0.1 0.0 Bamboo 71,049 4,679 585 3.0 0.4 6.0 Thatch/Palm leaf or Raffia 500,606 74,583 1,093 5.6 1.0 10.9 Other 35,935 3,292 94 0.5 0.6 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

8.5 Room Occupancy Data on Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling units are presented in Table 8.5. Six in ten households (60.0%) occupy single rooms and more than one-fifth (22.8%) occupy two rooms in the District. More than 90 percent (94.7%) of single- member households sleep in single rooms. The number of rooms occupied by households decreases with increasing household size. Table 8.5: Household size and number of sleeping rooms occupied in dwelling unit Number of sleeping rooms House- Total Nine hold One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight rooms or size Number Percent room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms more Total 18,478 100.0 60.0 22.8 9.6 4.1 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 1 3,388 100.0 94.7 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 2 2,398 100.0 79.5 16.5 2.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 2,580 100.0 70.5 21.0 5.7 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 4 2,455 100.0 62.5 25.7 7.7 2.6 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 5 2,254 100.0 51.5 30.8 10.4 4.5 1.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 6 1,838 100.0 39.2 35.0 16.1 6.0 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 7 1,296 100.0 28.5 39.1 19.2 7.9 2.9 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 8 860 100.0 24.0 37.6 22.1 9.5 3.3 1.7 1.6 0.2 0.0 9 559 100.0 13.6 32.0 27.2 16.5 7.2 3.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 10+ 850 100.0 10.5 21.3 26.6 15.1 11.9 7.2 2.9 2.2 2.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

8.6 Access to Utilities and Household Facilities 8.6.1 Main Source of Lighting of Dwelling unit by Type of Locality Table 8.6 shows the main sources of lighting of dwelling units in the Tano North District. It is observed that 5 out of every 10 households (55.0%) have access to electricity from the main national grid, 27.5 percent use flashlight and 15.4 percent use kerosene lamp. More than 70 percent (72.4%) of urban households and about one-third (34.0%) of rural households use electricity as their main source of light. In the rural areas, flashlight/torch (38.1%) is the main source of light. A quarter (25.7%) of households in rural areas also use kerosene lamp as light. Table 8.6: Main source of lighting of dwelling unit by type of locality District Total Total Main source of light country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity (mains) 3,511,065 263,890 10,172 55.0 72.4 34.0 Electricity (private generator) 36,142 2,372 139 0.8 0.9 0.5 Kerosene lamp 971,807 58,403 2,839 15.4 6.8 25.7 Gas lamp 9,378 793 15 0.1 0.0 0.1 Solar energy 9,194 693 22 0.1 0.1 0.1 Candle 41,214 1,662 85 0.5 0.6 0.3 Flashlight/Torch 858,651 159,901 5,089 27.5 18.8 38.1 Firewood 13,241 997 23 0.1 0.0 0.2 Crop residue 4,623 272 9 0.0 0.1 0.0 Other 11,739 1,532 85 0.5 0.0 1.0

8.6.2 Main Source of Fuel for Cooking Table 8.7 shows that Wood (62.3%), Charcoal (21.1%), and Gas (7.2%) are the main sources of cooking fuel in the District. In rural areas, Wood (85.0%) is the main source of cooking fuel while in urban areas it is Wood (45.1%) and Charcoal (32.5%). Table 8.7: Main source of cooking fuel, and cooking space used by households District Source of cooking fuel/ Total Total cooking space country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Main source of cooking fuel for household Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 None no cooking 306,118 32,285 1,425 7.7 10.1 4.8 Wood 2,197,083 294,170 11,670 63.2 45.1 85.0 Gas 996,518 36,641 1,339 7.2 11.4 2.2 Electricity 29,794 1,073 40 0.2 0.2 0.2 Kerosene 29,868 929 20 0.1 0.1 0.1 Charcoal 1,844,290 122,190 3,894 21.1 32.5 7.2 Crop residue 45,292 1,788 63 0.3 0.3 0.4 Saw dust 8,000 1,023 26 0.1 0.3 0.0 Animal waste 2,332 87 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other 7,759 329 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cooking space used by household Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 No cooking space 386,883 39,078 1,705 9.2 11.4 6.6 Separate room for exclusive use of household 1,817,018 136,004 5,901 31.9 26.1 39.0 Separate room shared with other household(s) 410,765 47,827 2,929 15.9 19.0 12.0 Enclosure without roof 117,614 7,195 321 1.7 1.4 2.2 Structure with roof but without walls 349,832 41,889 1,508 8.2 5.2 11.8 Bedroom/Hall/Living room) 74,525 1,575 87 0.5 0.7 0.2 Verandah 1,173,946 84,605 2,521 13.6 19.8 6.2 Open space in compound 1,115,464 130,728 3,418 18.5 16.0 21.5 Other 21,007 1,614 88 0.5 0.5 0.5 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population Housing Census

Cooking Space Used by Households Information on cooking space used by households in dwelling units is presented in Table 8.7 shows that less than a third (31.9%) of the households in the District use separate rooms exclusive to the households. Cooking in the open compound is used by 18.5 percent of the households. Another 15.9 percent of households use separate rooms which are shared with other households. Quite a number of households (13.6%) also cook on the verandah. Households in rural areas (39.0%) are more likely than those in urban areas (26.1%) to use rooms exclusively used by households as cooking space. On the other hand, households in urban areas (19.8%) are more likely than those in rural areas (6.2%) to cook on the verandah.

8.7 Main Source of Water for Drinking and for other Domestic Use Table 8.8 shows the main source of water for drinking and other domestic purposes of dwelling units in the district. The main source of drinking water is pipe borne (53.7%), bore- hole (27.8%) and river/stream (11.6%). The main source of drinking water for half (50.0%) and one-fifth (23.2%) of households in rural areas are bore-hole and stream/river respectively. In urban areas however, pipe-borne (80.6%) is the main source of drinking water.

Table 8.8: Main source of water of dwelling unit for drinking and other domestic purposes District Total Total Sources of water country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Main source of drinking water for household Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pipe-borne inside dwelling 790,493 29,804 1,169 6.3 10.4 1.4 Pipe-borne outside dwelling 1,039,667 68,152 3,398 18.4 25.4 10.0 Public tap/Standpipe 712,375 83,741 5,351 29.0 44.8 9.9 Bore-hole/Pump/Tube well 1,267,688 163,629 5,130 27.8 9.3 50.0 Protected well 321,091 45,990 894 4.8 5.9 3.6 Rain water 39,438 1,044 11 0.1 0.1 0.1 Protected spring 19,345 1,498 49 0.3 0.2 0.3 Bottled water 20,261 777 24 0.1 0.2 0.0 Sachet water 490,283 13,356 62 0.3 0.5 0.2 Tanker supply/Vendor provided 58,400 288 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unprotected well 112,567 9,372 185 1.0 1.1 0.9 Unprotected spring 12,222 1,360 30 0.2 0.1 0.2 River/Stream 502,804 64,993 2,135 11.6 1.9 23.2 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam/Canal 76,448 6,268 34 0.2 0.2 0.2 Other 3,972 243 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

8.8 Toilet and Bathing Facilities Public toilet is used by 49.4 percent of households in the District. About one-third (33.1%) of the households, use pit latrine while 6.8 percent also use KVIP. Only 5.5 percent of households in the District use WC toilet facility. The proportion of households in rural areas (39.9%) who use pit latrine is relatively high compared those in urban areas (27.5%). About two-fifth (40.2%) of households in the District use separate bathrooms shared in the same house. One-fifth (21.6%) exclusively use their own bathrooms while 18.5 percent share open cubicles with other households. A higher proportion of urban households (53.3%) than rural households (24.4%) use separate bathrooms shared in the same house. On the other hand, more households in rural areas (31.5%) than in urban areas (13.4%) use exclusive bathrooms.

Table 8.9: Type of toilet facility and bathing facility used by household by type of locality District Total Total Toilet facility/Bathing facility country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Toilet facility used by household

Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 No facilities (bush/beach/field) 1,056,382 87,122 866 4.7 4.7 4.7 W.C. 839,611 32,800 1,020 5.5 8.8 1.6 Pit latrine 1,040,883 112,552 6,118 33.1 27.5 39.9 KVIP 572,824 39,544 1,261 6.8 7.6 5.9 Bucket/Pan 40,678 903 20 0.1 0.2 0.0 Public toilet (WC/KVIP/PitPan, etc) 1,893,291 216,053 9,136 49.4 51.0 47.5 Other 23,385 1,541 57 0.3 0.3 0.3 Bathing facility used by household Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Own bathroom for exclusive use 1,535,392 119,022 3,991 21.6 13.4 31.5 Shared separate bathroom in the same 1,818,522 170,946 7,432 40.2 53.3 24.4 house Private open cubicle 381,979 40,486 1,482 8.0 6.4 9.9 Shared open cubicle 1,000,257 79,955 3,412 18.5 19.2 17.6 Public bath house 140,501 3,354 42 0.2 0.1 0.3 Bathroom in another house 187,337 25,442 502 2.7 1.8 3.8 Open space around house 372,556 49,179 1,583 8.6 5.6 12.2 River/Pond/Lake/Dam 14,234 1,027 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 Other 16,276 1,104 19 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census 8.9 Method of Waste Disposal Information on solid waste disposal by households is presented in Table 8.10. The data show that 57.1 percent of households dispose of solid waste at public dump in open spaces. Households that dispose of their solid waste at public dump in a container form 16.1 percent. Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste is common among 10 percent of the households. Public dumping in open spaces are common among urban (54.8%) and rural (59.9%) households. Households in urban areas (21.3%) are more likely than those in rural areas (9.8%) to dump their solid waste in containers. Contrariwise, households in rural areas (15.7%) are more likely than those in urban areas (5.3%) to dump their solid waste indiscriminately. Liquid wastes in the District are mainly thrown onto compound (45.2%) and onto the street (43.8%). This phenomenon is irrespective of locality of residence of the household, except that more households in urban areas (50.0%) throw their liquid waste onto the street while more households in rural areas (57.9%) throw their liquid waste onto the compound.

Table 8.10: Method of solid and liquid waste disposal by type of locality District Total Total Method of waste disposal country Region Number Percent Urban Rural Solid waste Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Collected 785,889 14,058 454 2.5 3.0 1.8 Burned by household 584,820 21,408 1,720 9.3 11.2 7.0 Public dump (container) 1,299,654 117,369 2,973 16.1 21.3 9.8 Public dump (open space) 2,061,403 261,390 10,553 57.1 54.8 59.9 Dumped indiscriminately 498,868 58,399 1,841 10.0 5.3 15.7 Buried by household 182,615 15,015 852 4.6 3.9 5.4 Other 53,805 2,876 85 0.5 0.5 0.4 Liquid waste Total 5,467,054 490,515 18,478 100.0 100.0 100.0 Through the sewerage system 183,169 5,851 246 1.3 1.9 0.6 Through drainage system into a gutter 594,404 12,558 425 2.3 3.2 1.2 Through drainage into a pit (soak away) 167,555 7,581 388 2.1 2.6 1.5 Thrown onto the street/outside 1,538,550 200,536 8,091 43.8 50.0 36.3 Thrown into gutter 1,020,096 31,703 940 5.1 7.5 2.1 Thrown onto compound 1,924,986 231,047 8,347 45.2 34.6 57.9 Other 38,294 1,239 41 0.2 0.1 0.4 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

9.1 Introduction The Tano North District is one of the twenty-seven Administrative Districts in the Brong- Ahafo Region. It was carved out of the Tano District in 2004 and has Duayaw-Nkwanta as its Administrative Capital. The 2010 PHC collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of the population in the District. This report provides useful statistical information to aid planning and decision making in the District.

9.2 Summary Findings Demographic characteristics Tano North District has a population of 79,973, made up of 49.5 percent males and 50.5 percent females, with sex ratio of 98 males to100 females. About 40 percent (39.9%) of the population in the District are children less than 15 years, 55.2 percent are in the productive age group 15-64 and about five percent (4.9%) constitute the aged, 65 years and above. The District is predominantly rural with a rural population of 39,997. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of Tano North District is 3.57 births per woman in the reproductive age. The District also has a Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of 26.1 per 1,000 population which is slightly lower than that of the Regional CBR of about 27 births per 1,000 population. Though more males than females are born to women 12 years and older, survival rate is higher among females than males. The district has a crude death rate of 5.94 per 1,000 population which is lower than the Regional average of 6.14 deaths per 1,000 populations. In terms of causes of deaths, 6.9 percent of household deaths in the Tano North District are attributed to accidents, violence, homicide or suicide and this is lower than the average for the region (8.9 per 100 household deaths). There are 24,977 people who were enumerated in the District but born elsewhere (migrants). Of this number about one-third were born in other localities in the Brong-Ahafo Region, whilst two-thirds were either born in other regions of Ghana or outside the country. Almost 45 percent of migrants have lived in the district up to four years whilst 17.9 percent have stayed in the district for more than 10 years. The Regions with the longest staying migrants in the district are Eastern, Volta and Ashanti, each with over a quarter of their migrants staying for 20 years and over. The 2010 census enumerated 78,784 people and 18,478 households in the district giving an average household size of 4.3 persons. This is slightly lower than the regional average of 4.6. The rural average household size (4.7) for the district is higher than the urban (3.9).

About two out of every 10 (23.5%) household members is the household head, whilst four in every 10 (43.9%) household members are children of the head of household. Spouses constitute only 10.7 percent of all household members and are largely females (20.2%). Marital Status in the district indicates that nearly two fifth (39.3%) of the total population of persons 12 years and older are never married, of which a greater proportion (94.0%) falls between the age groups 12-14. A small percentage of persons 12 years and older (10.7%) are married by age 20. Only a small proportion of the population who have no education are never married (8.0%). Those with basic education (65.3%) are the highest among the population who have never married. Over half (53.9%) of the married persons in the district are employed. Ghanaians by birth constitutes 95.7 percent of the population of the district, with 2.0 percent holding dual citizenship. There are 1,827 non-Ghanaians in the district constituting 2.3 percent of the population. Christians are the dominant religious group (78.6%) in the district followed by Islam who constitutes 13.8 percent of the population in the District. Literacy and education Literacy status of persons 11 years and older in the Tano North District shows that almost one-half of both males and females can read and write in English only. Six out of 10 females and four out of 10 males can read and write in a Ghanaian language. A total of 31,132 of the District’s population are currently attending school with 46.9 percent in Primary school, followed by JHS/JSS (18.2%), Kindergarten (12.9%), Nursery (9.9%) and Tertiary (1.2%). Economic characteristics Out of a population of 48,075 persons 15 years and older, 74.1 percent are economically active and 25.9 percent are economically not active. For those who are economically active, 95.3 percent are employed while 4.7 percent are unemployed. The proportion of employed males (95.7%) is slightly higher than for females (94.8%). More males (68.2%) than females (62.7%) are employed in the agricultural, forestry and fishery sector. Wholesale and retail trade, accommodation/food service activities sectors are female dominated. It is observed that greater proportions (67.2%) of the District’s employed persons are self- employed without employees. The public sector employment is the second highest (6.7%) followed by the private formal sector which engages about 3 percent of the labour force. The private informal sector employs more males (93.1%) than females (86.3%). ICT facilities More than two-fifth (43.6%) of the population 12 years and older own mobile phones. About 2.6 percent of the population 12 years and older use internet facility. The percentage of households owning desktop or laptop computers is 3.4 percent. Less than one percent (0.5%) of households in the district have fixed telephone lines. Disability About two percent (2.1%) of the total population have some form of disability. The commonest disability in the District are physical impairment (37.9%) and sight impairment (34.9%). Slightly more females (2.4%) than males (2.2%) have some form of disability in the urban areas. On the contrary, slightly higher proportion of males in the urban areas (2.0%)

59 than their counterparts in the rural areas (1.9%) has some form of disabilities. More than half (51.9%) of all persons with disability in the District are employed, 1.9 percent are unemployed and more than two-fifth (46.2%) are economically not active. Persons with Sight, Hearing and Speech difficulties are more likely than the others to be employed. On the other hand, persons with Physical challenges are more likely than others to be economically not active. Households in agricultural activities Nearly 4 out of every 5 households in the district are into agricultural activities. Of the total households in the District that engages in agriculture, 97.8 percent are into crop farming and 33.7 percent in livestock rearing. Most of the livestock keepers are into chicken farming (42.8%), followed by those in goat (29.9%) and sheep (16.1%) rearing. Housing stock and household size The total number of housing stock in the District is 12,420. It is observed that the total number of houses is higher in rural areas 6,877 (55.4%) than in urban areas 5,543 (44.6%). On average, there are 6.3 persons and 1.5 households per house. The average household size is 4.3 in the District. The average household size is higher in rural areas (4.7) than in urban areas (3.9). Type of dwelling and ownership Majority of household members either occupy compound houses (54.6%) or separate houses (32.3%). One-half (50.6%) of all households live in houses owned by a household members. Almost one-quarter of households (24.0%) and about one-fifth (21.9%) live in houses owned by other private individual and houses owned by other relatives not belonging to the household respectively. Material for the dwelling units The main materials used for the outer walls of dwelling units are cement block or concrete (49.4%) and mud brick or earth (43.2%). Seven out of 10 (71.7%) dwelling units in the District have cement or concrete as main material for the floor constructed and about one- quarter (26.6%) of the dwelling units have earth or mud floors. Irrespective of locality of residence, the main material used for roofing dwelling units in the District is metal sheets (89.1%). Room occupancy Six in ten households (60.0%) occupy single rooms and more than one-fifth (22.8%) occupy two rooms in the District. More than 90 percent (94.7%) of single-member households sleep in single rooms. The number of rooms occupied by households decreases with increasing household size.

Facilities in dwelling units The main sources of lighting of dwelling units in the Tano North District are electricity from the main national grid (55.0%), flashlight (27.5%) and kerosene lamp (15.4%). Wood (62.3%), Charcoal (21.1%), and Gas (7.2%) are the main sources of cooking fuel in the District. Less than a third (31.9%) of the households in the District use separate rooms exclusive to the households. Cooking in the open compound is used by 18.5 percent of the households.

The main source of drinking water is pipe borne (53.7%), bore-hole (27.8%) and river/stream (11.6%). The main source of drinking water for half (50.0%) and one-fifth (23.2%) of households in rural areas are bore-hole and stream/river respectively. Public toilet is used by 49.4 percent of households in the District. About one-third (33.1%) of the households, use pit latrine while 6.8 percent also use KVIP. Only 5.5 percent of households in the District use WC toilet facility. The proportion of households in rural areas (39.9%) who use pit latrine is relatively high compared those in urban areas (27.5%). About two-fifth (40.2%) of households in the District use separate bathrooms shared in the same house. One-fifth (21.6%) exclusively use their own bathrooms while 18.5 percent share open cubicles with other households. Waste disposal Nearly 60 percent (57.1%) of households dispose of solid waste at public dump in open spaces. Households that dispose of their solid waste at public dump in a container form 16.1 percent. Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste is common among 10 percent of the households. Liquid wastes in the District are mainly thrown onto compound (45.2%) and onto the street (43.8%).

9.3 Conclusion It is observed that the district has a youthful population. The district has majority of its population with low levels of education. Quite a sizable number of the population who has attended school in the past did not go beyond the middle and JSS/JHS levels. The proximity of the district to the Sunyani, the regional capital may entice the youth in the district, especially those who drop out at the lower levels of education to move to the regional capital to look for jobs. This may result in low human capital which may lead to slow progress in the socio-economic development of the district. There are also low levels of literacy in the district. Agriculture, forestry and fishing are the main occupations for the employed population in the district of which crop farming and livestock rearing is the commonest. Environmental hazards such as deforestation through agricultural activities are also extensive and policies should be put in place to ensure that agricultural activities are eco-friendly. ICT has come to stay and as such simplest medium should be used in disseminating information. More emphasis should be put in place to ensure that the youth are well equipped in this area for their potentials to be well harnessed. A high proportion of the population use unsafe toilet facilities which poses threat on the environment and subsequently on health. The advocacy for household latrine as stipulated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is not really reflective in the district.

9.4 Recommendations Efforts should be made by stakeholders to promote educational attainment beyond the basic school level (Primary and JSS/JHS) to provide the needed human resources necessary for the rapid development of the district. Non formal education programmes should be invigorated and made more attractive to the never been to school to facilitate their economic activities. The Assembly should prioritize activities that will facilitate the creation of jobs for the unemployed youth to ensure their retention in the district for development. Agriculture which 61 is an important employment sector of the district should be modernized and given the needed support. Due to the agrarian nature of the economy, investment should be made in the agro- based manufacturing industries to absorb the raw materials produced. The district authorities must make frantic effort to create the enabling environment for investors to set up industries within the district. People should be encouraged to form cooperative societies and partnerships to enable them pool resources together and get access to capital. Intense education must be undertaken in the district for all new dwelling structures to have their own bathing and toilet facilities in order to reduce pressure on the public toilets in the district. The assembly should enforce the bye-laws that insist that safe and healthy toilet and bathing facilities are included in building plans.

REFERENCES

E.V.T. Engmann, 1986, Population of Ghana, Ghana Universities Press Accra

Dickson and Benneh, 1970, The Geography of Ghana

Ghana Statistical Service, 2000, 2010, Population Censuses

Ghana Statistical Service, 1998, 2003, Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys

Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Living Standards Surveys

NDPC, 2010, Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda

APPENDICES

Table A1: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged Population in occupied Population engaged in House- units agricultural activities Activit y/ Type of crop holds Total Male Female Total Male Female Total households in occupied units 18,478 78,784 38,862 39,922 27,495 13,988 13,507 Households engaged in agricultural activities 14,208 66,616 33,042 33,574 27,495 13,988 13,507 Households engaged in crop farming or tree growing 13,970 65,546 32,495 33,051 27,000 13,719 13,281 Households engaged in crop farming 13,898 65,170 32,290 32,880 26,866 13,634 13,232 Households engaged in tree growing 488 2,310 1,190 1,120 903 509 394 Agro forestry (tree planting) 488 2,310 1,190 1,120 903 509 394 Alligator pepper 9 43 20 23 25 11 14 Apples 10 44 24 20 20 13 7 Asian vegetables (e.g. tinda, cauliflower) 15 96 50 46 41 23 18 Avocado 19 103 53 50 50 29 21 Banana 29 155 73 82 66 34 32 Beans 241 1,449 728 721 570 308 262 Black pepper 5 17 8 9 11 6 5 Black berries 6 37 17 20 15 8 7 Cabbage 73 332 172 160 159 99 60 Carrot 115 490 259 231 224 126 98 Cashew 56 273 144 129 120 64 56 Cassava 7,120 33,772 16,243 17,529 13,678 6,399 7,279 Citronella 25 146 69 77 67 35 32 Citrus 95 432 225 207 172 107 65 Cloves 4 15 11 4 7 4 3 Cocoa 5,251 25,742 13,092 12,650 10,795 5,694 5,101 Coconut 33 170 89 81 65 32 33 Cocoyam 2,612 12,521 6,054 6,467 5,095 2,340 2,755 Cocoyam / Taro (kooko) 168 837 383 454 305 126 179 Coffee 6 59 27 32 17 9 8 Cola 4 14 8 6 10 8 2 Cotton 1 6 3 3 2 1 1 Cucumber 42 269 151 118 115 67 48 Egg plant 5 30 14 16 15 8 7 Garden eggs 240 1,188 578 610 458 256 202 Ginger 2 8 4 4 8 4 4 Groundnut 37 215 114 101 88 50 38 Guava 4 23 13 10 20 11 9 Kenaf 6 35 14 21 10 5 5

Table A1: Distribution of households engaged in tree growing or crop farming by type of crop and population engaged (cont’d)

Population engaged in Population in occupied units agricultural activities Activity/ Type of crop Households Total Male Female Total Male Female Lemon grass 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 Lettuce 7 33 16 17 9 2 7 Maize 6,758 33,248 16,776 16,472 13,955 7,337 6,618 Mango 25 110 42 68 42 20 22 Millet 13 87 45 42 36 17 19 Nut meg 6 19 10 9 7 5 2 Oil palm 1,264 6,311 3,152 3,159 2,642 1,375 1,267 Okro 255 1,317 643 674 582 312 270 Onion 33 132 64 68 68 34 34 Pawpaw 12 59 32 27 24 11 13 Peas 14 74 34 40 29 15 14 Pepper 877 4,325 2,110 2,215 1,815 917 898 Pineapple 98 525 278 247 230 132 98 Plantain 8,902 41,973 20,238 21,735 17,120 8,095 9,025 Potatoes 11 52 23 29 20 11 9 Rice 245 1,321 700 621 547 301 246 Shallot 2 8 4 4 4 2 2 Shea tree 1 6 3 3 1 1 0 Sorghum 3 20 7 13 11 6 5 Soya beans 4 21 8 13 8 4 4 Sugarcane 15 83 36 47 32 19 13 Sun flower 3 17 5 12 8 3 5 Sweet pepper 16 70 40 30 22 16 6 Sweet potatoes 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 Tiger nut 17 105 46 59 38 20 18 Tobacco 2 4 3 1 3 2 1 Tomatoes 630 3,089 1,641 1,448 1,320 772 548 Water melon 11 56 28 28 23 13 10 Yam 868 4,562 2,244 2,318 1,813 904 909 Other 436 2,163 1,114 1,049 942 523 419 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A2: Household Composition by type of locality Number Household composition Number Total Urban Rural Total 18,478 18,478 10,113 8,365 Household with head and a spouse only 696 696 362 334 Household with head spouse(s) and biological/adopted children only 4,827 4,827 2,188 2,639 Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 2,171 2,171 826 1,345 Household with head spouse(s) biological/adopted children relatives and nonrelatives of the head 171 171 76 95 Household with head spouse(s) and other composition 555 555 277 278 Head only 3,388 3,388 2,265 1,123 Household with head and biological/adopted children only 2,616 2,616 1,571 1,045 Household with head biological/adopted children and relatives of the head only 2,094 2,094 1,295 799 Household with head biological/adopted children relatives and nonrelatives of the head 194 194 144 50 Household with head and other composition but no spouse 1,766 1,766 1,109 657 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A3: Population 3 years and older by sex, disability type and level of education Post graduate Post (Cert. Voc/ middle/ Post Diploma Never Kinder- JSS/ SSS/S Secon Tech/ secondary secondary Bachelor Masters Disability status Total attended Nursery garten Primary JHS Middle HS dary Comm certificate diploma degree PHD ect)

Total 73,131 14416 3,086 4,014 19,081 13,925 8,228 5,840 959 1,106 914 988 510 64

No disability 71,506 13768 3,052 3,972 18,806 13,755 7,951 5,770 923 1,077 891 973 506 62

With a disability 1,625 648 34 42 275 170 277 70 36 29 23 15 4 2

Sight 560 206 16 16 89 51 109 26 13 13 12 8 1 -

Hearing 359 135 12 13 70 42 45 16 7 11 4 2 1 1

Speech 331 128 8 19 67 39 32 14 6 12 3 1 - 2

Physical 613 255 15 11 92 62 102 26 19 7 11 7 4 2

Intellectual 345 115 10 9 75 51 43 21 7 6 4 3 - 1

Emotional 329 98 11 8 75 49 43 13 11 7 7 4 1 2

Other 225 75 6 7 40 41 34 11 3 4 1 - 2 1 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A4: Total population, sex, number of households and houses in the 20 largest communities

Sex Serial No. Community Name Both Sexes Male Female Households Houses 1 Duayaw Nkwanta 16,315 7,723 8,592 4,151 2,369 2 Yamfo 11,062 5,187 5,875 2,802 1,445 3 Bomaa 6,637 3,154 3,483 1,424 881 4 Tanoso 5,962 2,851 3,111 1,736 848 5 Terchire 4,652 2,370 2,282 1,072 677 6 Adrobaa 3,153 1,559 1,594 746 525 7 Susuanso 2,819 1,339 1,480 613 480 8 Afrisipa 1,574 783 791 319 285 9 Susuanho 1,447 801 646 329 237 10 Subompan 1,188 613 575 295 190 11 Asukese 1,171 569 602 264 194 12 Nsuapem 1,048 580 468 210 172 13 Mankranho 985 511 474 168 159 14 Mesukrom 953 492 461 164 140 15 Kwafo Krom 913 491 422 165 142 16 Yaw Bafo 905 489 416 158 153 17 Buokrukruwa 866 413 453 179 145 18 Bredi 757 392 365 120 111 19 Koforidua 751 377 374 134 107 20 Ahyiayem 742 387 355 157 137 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

Table A5: Population by age group in the 20 largest communities

Age group Serial Community All No Name ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ 1 Duayaw Nkwanta 16,315 1,976 1,892 2,043 2,011 1,552 1,253 998 900 802 720 612 415 282 243 246 370 2 Yamfo 11,062 1,572 1,360 1,340 1,178 967 801 645 665 562 427 383 280 241 139 193 309 3 Bomaa 6,637 880 921 871 712 526 412 420 335 312 254 251 183 150 111 111 188 4 Tanoso 5,962 790 691 724 589 625 532 398 358 309 230 184 135 133 64 83 117 5 Terchire 4,652 648 648 594 513 378 333 282 266 215 204 177 100 80 53 58 103 6 Adrobaa 3,153 433 443 379 325 244 207 201 164 190 157 113 55 58 38 61 85 7 Susuanso 2,819 335 363 339 280 278 195 161 183 138 135 108 69 55 48 56 76 8 Afrisipa 1,574 268 227 206 166 150 109 85 89 68 67 44 29 19 10 12 25 9 Susuanho 1,447 173 136 145 155 170 167 91 92 72 73 53 21 30 19 16 34 10 Subompan 1,188 159 159 168 130 89 84 41 61 61 49 47 32 34 11 23 40 11 Asukese 1,171 158 177 164 132 84 58 74 66 54 54 35 24 18 14 20 39 12 Nsuapem 1,048 173 166 122 103 76 76 70 61 58 37 27 24 20 6 13 16 13 Mankranho 985 188 147 124 97 91 97 52 40 38 24 28 14 19 10 15 1 14 Mesukrom 953 190 158 97 109 109 85 51 32 29 28 23 11 13 4 4 10 15 Kwafo Krom 913 131 151 127 80 60 48 50 49 44 38 43 12 23 11 16 30 16 Yaw Bafo 905 169 137 116 99 67 75 48 39 38 26 34 11 15 11 17 3 17 Buokrukruwa 866 131 129 109 101 56 56 55 52 42 37 32 14 15 3 17 17 18 Bredi 757 111 104 93 106 63 46 43 43 35 27 26 24 14 1 10 11 19 Koforidua 751 89 133 114 94 48 49 33 49 35 33 16 14 9 9 15 11 20 Ahyiayem 742 89 116 84 78 73 81 38 36 32 26 25 13 7 5 15 24 Source: Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Project Secretariat Dr. Philomena Nyarko, Government Statistician Mr. Baah Wadieh, Deputy Government Statistician Mr. David Yenukwa Kombat, Acting Census Coordinator Mr. Slyvester Gyamfi, DISDAP Project Coordinator Mrs. Abena A. Osei-Akoto, Data Processing Mr. Rochester Appiah Kubi Boateng, Data Processing Mrs. Jacqueline Anum, Data Processing Mrs. Samilia Mintah, Data Processing Mr. Yaw Misefa, Data Processing Mr. Ernest Enyan, Data Processing Mr. Omar Seidu, Regional Statistician Ms. Hanna Frempong Konadu, Formatting/Typesetting Mrs. Abigail Sodzi, Formatting/Typesetting

Writers Saase Kwasi Baah Isaac Owusu Mensah

Consultant Mr. Martin Kwasi Poku

Editor/ Reviewers Prof. T.K. Kumekpor Mr. Johnson Owusu Kagya Mr. Ernest Nyarku