University of Cape Coast Reflections on The

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST REFLECTIONS ON THE OUTCOMES OF GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION’S RURAL PROJECTS: APPLICATION OF THE INTEGRATIVE QUALITY OF LIFE THEORY BY EDWARD JOHN ENIM Thesis submitted to the Institute for Development Studies of the Faculty of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Legal Studies, University of Cape Coast in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy degree in Development Studies OCTOBER 2016 Digitized by UCC ,Library DECLARATION Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original research and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature:……………………… Date:………..………….. Name: Edward John Enim Supervisors’ Declaration We hereby declare that the preparation and the presentation of the thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Cape Coast. Principal Supervisor’s Signature:………………….. Date:…………...… Name: Prof. S. B. Kendie Co-Supervisor’s Signature:……………………… Date:………………… Name: Dr. E. K. Ekumah ii Digitized by UCC ,Library ABSTRACT The goal of all development is to help people attain high quality of life. People living in rural areas need more attention in the realisation of this goal because they are more disadvantaged. The socio-economic development approach, which is the major approach to development and driven by modernisation, overlooks other important factors of quality of life. From the literature, integrative quality of life (IQOL) theory addresses these challenges when adopted in project planning. The purpose of the study was to reflect on the outcomes of Ghana Baptist Convention’s (GBC) rural projects applying the IQOL theory. A total of 271 beneficiaries including 32 key informants were randomly and purposively selected respectively for the study. The findings showed that income, health, education, fulfilment of basic needs, realisation of life potential, meaning in life, happiness, satisfaction with life and wellbeing were necessary and cherished components of quality of life. In all, GBC’s interventions have been seen as positive by the beneficiaries. They also recommended that these interventions should be sustained. This study recommends that the measurement of development outcomes and indicators should shift from the economic growth approach to the holistic approach. Development interventions should seek to expand the scope beyond the economic to the other components of well-being and the churches such as GBC should lead the way. iii Digitized by UCC ,Library ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The task of conducting this research has been one of the most challenging yet satisfying experiences of my life. Many persons have played key roles in the completion of this study, and I gratefully acknowledge their contributions and support. Most importantly and with immense gratitude, I would like to thank my main supervisor, Professor Stephen Bugu Kendie and the co-supervisor, Dr. E. K. Ekumah. I thank also faculty members of Institute for Development Studies, University of Cape Coast for generously sharing their knowledge, insight, perceptions, experiences and concerns. Furthermore, the completion of this work would have been impossible without the generous support and encouragement of some other people. I thank Joshua Lord, Dr. Cynthia Sena Kpeglo, and Francis Arhin for their support and encouragement. During my doctoral programme, I received financial support from Reverend & Mrs Daniel Matthew Hodges, Reverend Phil Mills and Mr. Glen Warnock. I thank them for this support. Many other individuals have played various roles in making this difficult process more pleasant. I am also thankful for the friendship and unfailing support of my fellow course mates who diligently helped me in my research with constructive criticisms and valuable suggestions. I also thank my church and my good friends for being there for me. They have demonstrated the true meaning of friendship by standing by me during the bad and good times. iv Digitized by UCC ,Library DEDICATION To my family and parents for training me to be the kind of person I am today. v Digitized by UCC ,Library TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv DEDICATION v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF PLATES xv LIST OF ACRONYNMS xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Background to the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 16 Objectives of the Study 18 Research Questions 19 Significance of the Study 19 Organisation of the Study 21 Chapter Summary 22 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 23 Introduction 23 Theoretical Framework 23 vi Digitized by UCC ,Library Critique of Hierarchy of Needs Theory 25 Theory of Change 25 Critique of Change Theory 27 Human Development Theory 28 Critique of Human Development Theory 30 Integrative Quality of Life Theory 30 Objective Domain of Quality of Life 31 Subjective Domain of Quality of Life 36 Existential Domain of Quality of Life 43 Critique of Integrative Quality of Life Theory 48 Quality of Life and Rural Development 49 Concept of Rural Development 50 Concept of Holism in Development 62 Chapter Summary 65 CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL CASES 66 Introduction 66 Quality of Life Interventions and Sustainability 67 Outcomes of Development Interventions on Objective Quality of Life 67 Outcomes of Development Interventions on Subjective Quality of Life 72 Outcomes of Development Interventions on Existential Quality of Life 74 Challenges to Improving Integrated Quality of Life 75 Lessons Learnt from the Empirical Cases Reviewed 76 Gaps Identified from Empirical Cases Reviewed 76 vii Digitized by UCC ,Library Conceptual Framework for the Study 77 Chapter Summary 82 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY 83 Introduction 83 Philosophy of the Study 83 Study Area 86 Study Population 102 Unit of Analysis 103 Sampling Procedures 103 Data of Sources 109 Methods of Data Collection 109 Research Instrument 111 Pre-Testing of Research Instruments 114 Ethical Consideration 115 Fieldwork and Community Entry Protocol 117 Objectivity, Validity and Reliability of Study 118 Data Preparation and Analysis 120 Field Experiences and Challenges 121 Chapter Summary 123 viii Digitized by UCC ,Library CHAPTER FIVE: GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION’S PROJECTS IN THE COMMUNITIES 124 Introduction 124 Ghana Baptist Convention’s Rural Interventions 124 Critical Evaluation of GBC Rural Interventions 141 Chapter Summary 156 CHAPTER SIX: OUTCOMES OF GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION’S RURAL INTERVENTIONS ON OBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE 158 Introduction 158 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 158 Outcome of GBC’s Rural Projects on Objective Quality of Life of Beneficiaries 165 Chapter Summary 186 CHAPTER SEVEN: OUTCOMES OF GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION’S RURAL INTERVENTIONS ON SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE 188 Introduction 188 Fulfilment of Needs 188 Realisation of Life potential 196 Meaning in Life 204 Happiness 212 Satisfaction with Life 219 ix Digitized by UCC ,Library Wellbeing 228 Chapter Summary 237 CHAPTER EIGHT: OUTCOMES OF GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION’S RURAL INTERVENTIONSON EXISTENTIAL QUALITY OF LIFE 238 Introduction 238 Religiosity 238 Chapter Summary 250 CHAPTER NINE: SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 251 Introduction 251 Summary of Key Findings 251 Conclusions 255 Recommendations 257 Avenues for Future Research 258 REFERENCES 260 APPENDICES 307 A: Questionnaire for beneficiaries 307 B: Interview guide for key informants 316 C: Tables showing respondents’ health and education 319 D: Pictures from Field observations 322 x Digitized by UCC ,Library LIST OF TABLES Page 1 GBC’s Interventions in some Rural Communities in Ghana 88 2 Demographic Characteristics of Study Communities with GBC Interventions 100 3 Distribution of Study Population by Community 102 4 Sampling of Study Population by Community 107 5 Distribution of Key informants 108 6 Respondents’ Willingness to Sustain GBC’s Interventions 147 7 Respondents’ Willingness to Sustain GBC’s Interventions by Indicators 149 8 Distribution of Sex of Respondents by Community 160 9 Distribution of Age of Respondents by Community 161 10 Distribution of Marital Status of Respondents by Community 162 11 Distribution of Religion of Respondents by Community 163 12 Occupation of Respondents by Community 165 13 Income of Respondents Before and After accessing GBC’s Rural Interventions 166 14 Effects of GBC’s Rural Interventions on Income of Beneficiaries by Community 168 15 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Interventions on Physical Health by Community 171 xi Digitized by UCC ,Library 16 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Interventions on Education by Community 176 17 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s interventions on Fulfillment of Needs by Community 189 18 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Rural Interventions on Indicators of Fulfilment of Needs by Community 192 19 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Interventions on Realization of Life Potential by Community 197 20 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Rural Interventions on Indicators of Realisation of Life Potential by Community 199 21 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Interventions on Meaning in Life by Community 205 22 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Rural Interventions on Indicators of Meaning in Life by Community 206 23 Respondents’ Perception of GBC’s Rural Interventions on Happiness 213 24 Respondents’ Perception of Effects of GBC’s Rural

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