Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015 Information Paper March 2016
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015 Information paper March 2016 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity for New Australian Light Vehicles 2015 Information paper March 2016 ISBN: 978-1-921604-91-1 © National Transport Commission 2016 EXecUTIVE SUMMARY This information paper provides detailed data on the carbon dioxide emissions intensity performance of new passenger and light commercial vehicles sold in Australia during 2015. The data is broken down by vehicle make, model and segment and by fuel and buyer type. This report focuses on vehicle emissions performance, measured in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). This is a measure of vehicle efficiency or intensity rather than a measure of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions. Fleet-wide vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference (for example, vehicle type, engine size and power, fuel type and transmission type). Consumer preferences can also be influenced by government policies and regulations, industry influence and fuel prices. Key findings • In 2015 the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity from new passenger and light commercial vehicles was 184 g/km. This is a 1.9 per cent reduction from 2014. • Consumer preferences are an important factor affecting the national average of carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new vehicles. If all Australians who purchased new vehicles in 2015 had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions, the national average carbon dioxide emissions intensity would have been reduced to 82 g/km, a 55 per cent reduction. • About 90 per cent of all new vehicle sales in 2015 were from 15 makes. Of these 15 makes, Audi and BMW had the lowest corporate average emissions intensity (149 g/km), and Jeep had the highest (223 g/km). • The average emissions intensity for all Australian-made vehicles was 208 g/km in 2015. This is a 1.1 per cent reduction when compared with 2014. • Private buyers purchased vehicles with the lowest average emissions intensity (178 g/km), followed by business buyers (190 g/km) and government buyers (204 g/km). • ‘Green’ cars made up 4.7 per cent of total sales in 2015, compared with 2.8 per cent in 2014. A ‘green’ car is defined as a vehicle that does not exceed 120 g/km. • The average emission intensity for new passenger vehicles in European countries was 124 g/km in 2014. In the same year, Australia’s average emissions intensity for passenger vehicles was 177 g/km, 43 per cent higher. • There are many reasons why Australian light vehicle emissions intensity are higher than in Europe. Some of the reasons include: - Australian consumer preferences for heavier vehicles with larger and more powerful engines, for example, SUV Medium, SUV Large and SUV Upper Large segments made up 30% of all passenger vehicle sales in 2014. - a lower proportion of diesel-powered engines - fewer government incentives for lower emissions vehicles - lower fuel prices. PAGE 2 | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS INTENSITY FOR NEW AUSTRALIAN LIGHT VEHICLES 2015 CONTENTS Executive summary 2 Key findings 2 Abbreviations 7 1 Introduction 8 2 Methodology 9 3 Australian emissions intensity 13 Vehicle manufacturers 13 Australian-made vehicles 15 Segment type 19 Buyer type 23 Fuel type 28 Green vehicles 29 4 Comparison of Australian and European data 30 Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by country 31 Passenger vehicles: average emissions intensity by make 32 Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by country 34 Light commercial vehicles: average emissions intensity by make 35 References 37 Appendix 38 INFORMATION PAPer – 2016 | PAGE 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Average emissions intensity for top 10 selling vehicles in Australia plus other selected models, 2015 12 Figure 2: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015 13 Figure 3: Corporate average emissions intensity for the top 15 makes by volume, 2015 14 Figure 4: Change in corporate average emissions intensity between 2014 and 2015 for the top 15 makes by volume 14 Figure 5: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015 15 Figure 6: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles between 2014 and 2015 16 Figure 7: Range and average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles, 2015 16 Figure 8: Average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicles by model, 2015 17 Figure 9: Change in average emissions intensity for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2014 and 2015 18 Figure 10: Average emissions intensity by segment, 2015 19 Figure 11: Change in average emissions intensity by segment between 2014 and 2015 20 Figure 12: Range and average emissions intensity by segment, 2015 21 Figure 13: Average emissions intensity by buyer type, 2015 23 Figure 14: Change in average emissions intensity by buyer type between 2014 and 2015 23 Figure 15: Average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type, 2015 24 Figure 16: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015 25 Figure 17: Average emissions intensity by detailed government buyer type, 2015 26 Figure 18: Change in average emissions intensity by detailed buyer type between 2014 and 2015 27 Figure 19: Average emissions intensity by fuel type, 2015 28 Figure 20: Change in average emissions intensity by fuel type between 2014 and 2015 28 Figure 21: ‘Green’ vehicles sales as a percentage of total new light vehicles sold, 2008–2015 29 Figure 22: ‘Green’ vehicle model availability, 2008–2015 29 Figure 23: Average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by country, 2014 31 PAGE 4 | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS INTENSITY FOR NEW AUSTRALIAN LIGHT VEHICLES 2015 Figure 24: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles by make for Europe and Australia, 2014 32 Figure 25: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 33 Figure 26: Average emissions intensity for light commercial vehicles by country, 2014 34 Figure 27: Differences in average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 35 Figure 28: Differences in corporate average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with Europe by make, 2014 36 INFORMATION PAPer – 2016 | PAGE 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Motor vehicle classifications and definitions 10 Table 2: Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions intensity 11 Table 3: Best-in-class vehicle for carbon dioxide emissions intensity for each segment, 2015 22 Table 4: European measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles 30 Table 5: Average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2014 and 2015 31 Table 6: National average emissions intensity for new passenger and light commercial vehicles, 2002–2015 38 Table 7: Average carbon dioxide emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 – 2015 39 Table 8: Average emissions and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2014 and 2015 41 Table 9: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models, 2014 and 2015 41 Table 10: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by segment, 2014 and 2015 42 Table 11: Top selling models within segments, 2015 43 Table 12: Average emissions intensity for models with sales volume greater than 1,000 vehicles, 2015 49 Table 13: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by buyer type, 2014 and 2015 54 Table 14: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2014 and 2015 54 Table 15: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2014 and 2015 55 Table 16: Average emissions intensity and annual sales by fuel type, 2014 and 2015 55 Table 17: ‘Green’ vehicle average emissions intensity and sales by segment, 2015 56 Table 18: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations* for new passenger vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014 59 Table 19: Equivalent manufacturer for new passenger vehicles in Europe and Australia 60 Table 20: Corporate average emissions intensity for new passenger vehicles for Europe and Australia by make, 2014 60 Table 21: Average emissions intensity and annual registrations for new light commercial vehicles by country, 2013 and 2014 61 Table 22: Average emissions intensity for new light commercial vehicles for Australia and Europe by make, 2014 62 PAGE 6 | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS INTENSITY FOR NEW AUSTRALIAN LIGHT VEHICLES 2015 ABBREVIATIONS FCAI Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries g/km grams per kilometre GVM gross vehicle mass LPG liquefied petroleum gas NTC National Transport Commission SUV sports utility vehicle INFORMATION PAPer – 2016 | PAGE 7 1. INTRODUCTION Every year since 2009, the National Transport Commission (NTC) has published an information paper about carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new Australian light vehicles. This information paper is the latest in this series and provides data for 2015. The paper focuses on vehicle emissions intensity, which is a measure of vehicle efficiency. It is not a measurement of actual vehicle emissions, which depends on many ‘real world’ factors such as distance travelled, the nature of the driving and road and traffic conditions. This paper is prepared using data provided by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI), and the European Environment Agency. This information paper is divided into three main sections: • Section 2 describes the methodology used • Section 3 presents the results of the analysis • Section 4 compares Australian data with European data. PAGE 8 | CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS INTENSITY FOR NEW AUSTRALIAN LIGHT VEHICLES 2015 2. METHODOLOGY The FCAI is the peak industry organisation representing the manufacturers and importers of passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles and motorcycles in Australia. The FCAI collates carbon dioxide emissions intensity data from vehicle manufacturers. We entered the FCAI data into a database and analysed it.