30 H. ISBELL & T. L. CHRUSCIEL
CHLORAL AND DERIVATIVES
Apart from opium and alcohol, chloral hydrate of chloral, except S 72, S 73 and S 81 which are (compound S 77; Table III) is the oldest of the rated " low" because of other pharmacological central nervous system depressants. As might be properties. expected, chloral was considerably abused in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Algernon REFERENCES Swinburne and Dante Gabriel Rossetti were said to be distinguished habitues of chloral. After the 145. Cl6rambault, G. de (1909) Ann. Me'd. Psychol., 11, barbiturates were introduced, chloral lost popularity 220 (Du diagnostic diff6rentiel des delires de and the degree of abuse of it is now low. cause chloralique) The case for chloral causing dependence of the 146. Clerambault, G. de (1910) Ann. Mid. Psychol., 10, barbiturate-alcohol type is quite conclusive. A 33 (De1ires de cause chloralique) number of reports 145, 147 of delirium following with- 147. Friedman, P. J. & Cooper, R. J. (1960) J. Pharmac. drawal after long-maintained abuse exist. Chloral exp. Ther., 129, 373-376 (The role of alcohol has been shown to suppress abstinence from barbital dehydrogenase in the metabolism of chloral in dogs. Accordingly, chloral must be regarded as hydrate) having moderate to high dependence potential. 148. Lebeau, P. (1955-56) Traite' de pharmacie chimique, As indicated in Table III, chloral is transformed vol. 2, p. 183, Masson et Cie, Paris into trichlorethanol in the body 147 and since tri- 149. Maynert, E. W. (1965) In: DiPalma, J. R., ed., chlorethanol is the active metabolite of chloral, it Drill's pharmacology in medicine, 3rd ed., pp. 169-187, McGraw-Hill, New York (Chapter must be judged to have the same liability for abuse 13: Sedatives and hypnotics. I. Non-barbiturates) as chloral. The other compounds (No. S 72-S 76 150. Sharpless, S. K. (1965) In: Goodman, L. S. & and S 78-S 93) are either hydrolysed to chloral in the Gilman, A., ed., The pharmacological basis of gastrointestinal tract or are pharmacologically therapeutics, 3rd ed., pp. 129-142, Macmillan similar. Accordingly, they must be regarded, by Co., New York (Chapter 10: Hypnotics and analogy, as having dependence liability equal to that sedatives. II. Miscellaneous agents) LUA E 4
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