DOCSLIB.ORG

Authentication of Medicinal Plants Traded As Herbal Drugs by Using Systematics and Phytochemical Characterization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Authentication of Medicinal Plants Traded As Herbal Drugs by Using Systematics and Phytochemical Characterization AUTHENTICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADED AS HERBAL DRUGS BY USING SYSTEMATICS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION BY SOFIA RASHID Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2016 AUTHENTICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADED AS HERBAL DRUGS BY USING SYSTEMATICS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Plant Sciences (Plant Systematics and Biodiversity) By SOFIA RASHID Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2016 This humble effort is dedicated to My Loving Family And Respected Teachers Whose prayers and affections are the source of strength and sign of success for my future CONTENTS TITLES Page No CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Medicinal Plants as a Source of Herbal Medicine 01 1.2 Medicinal Plants Diversity in Pakistan 02 1.3 Medicinal Plants Trade 03 1.4 Standardization of Herbal Medicines 06 1.5 Risk Assessment Approaches of Herbal Drugs 09 1.6 Authentication of Crude Herbal Drugs 12 1.7 Taxonomic Evaluation 13 1.8 Pharmacognostic Evaluation 13 1.9 Phytochemical Evaluation 14 1.10 Chromatographic Evaluation 15 1.11 Background Justification of the Present Project 15 1.12 Objectives 17 CHAPTER: 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Collection and Preservation of Plant Material 18 2.2 Taxonomic Evaluation 18 2.2.1 Morphological Description 18 2.2.2 Palynological Studies 20 2.2.3 Foliar Epidermal Anatomy (LM) 20 2.3 Pharmacognostic Evaluation 21 2.3.1 Organoleptic Evaluation 22 2.3.2 Fluorescence and Solubility Analysis 22 2.3.3 Physicochemical Evaluation 22 2.3.3.1 Determination of Moisture Content 23 2.3.3.2 Determination of Ash Values 23 2.4 Phytochemical Evaluation 24 2.5 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 26 2.6 Antioxidant Activity 28 2.7 Documentation of Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants 29 2.8 Assessment of Herbal Markets 30 2.9 Annexure 1: Key to Morphological Study 31 2.10 Annexure 2: Key to Pollen Study (LM & SEM) 32 2.11 Annexure 3: Key to Foliar Epidermal Anatomy (LM) 33 2.12 Annexure 4: Questionnaire for Ethnobotanical Data Collection 34 2.13 Annexure 5: Questionnaire for Market Assessment of Herbal Drugs 35 CHAPTER: 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Authentication of Herbal Drug Tukhm-e-Kalonji (Nigella sativa L.) 40 3.2 Authentication of Herbal Drug Tukhm-e-balango (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) 59 3.3 Authentication of Herbal Drug Belladona ( Atropa acuminata Royle.) 78 3.4 Authentication of Herbal Drug Dhatura ( Datura stramonium L.) 96 3.5 Authentication of Herbal Drug Chiraita ( Swertia cordata G. Don) 114 3.6 Authentication of Herbal Drug Zafran ( Crocus sativus L.) 132 3.7 Authentication of Herbal Drug Resha khatmi ( Althaea officinalis L.) 150 3.8 Authentication of Herbal Drug (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.) 167 3.9 Conclusion 184 3.10 Recommendations 185 CHAPTER: 4 REFERENCES 186 LIST OF PLATES Plate # Title Page # Plate 1 & 2 Collection sites of problematic medicinal plants 36 Plate 3 & 4 Collection of medicinal plant in the field 36 Plate 5 & 6 Collection of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants 36 Plate 7 & 8 Observation of herbal drugs during market surveys 37 Plate 9 & 10 Data collection from herbalist and hakims 37 Plate 11 & 12 Light and Scanning electron microscopy (LM & SEM) 37 Plate 13 & 14 Powder sample for analysis and Desicator for constant weight 38 Plate 15 & 16 Determination of Moisture content and Ash analysis 38 Plate 17 & 18 HPLC and Spectrophotometer for phytochemical analysis 38 LIST OF TABLES Table # Title Page # Table 1 List of problematic medicinal plants of the study 19 Table 2 Authentication of herbal drug Tukhm-e-kalonji ( Nigella sativa L.) in 40 comparison with its adulterant Table 3 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Nigella sativa and Allium 43 cepa Table 4 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Nigella sativa and Allium 43 cepa Table 5 Comparative qualitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Nigella 44 sativa and Allium cepa Table 6 Comparative quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Nigella 44 sativa and Allium cepa Table 7 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Nigella sativa 47 (Cold method) Table 8 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Nigella sativa (Hot 48 method) Table 9 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Allium cepa (Cold 49 method) Table 10 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Allium cepa (Hot 50 method) Table 11 Physicochemical Parameters of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa 51 Table 12 Antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid, Nigella sativa and Allium cepa 51 Table 13 Authentication of herbal drug Tukhm-e-balango ( Lallemantia royleana 59 Benth.) in comparison with its adulterant Table 14 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Lallemantia royleana and 62 Ocimum basilicum Table 15 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Lallemantia royleana and 62 Ocimum basilicum Table 16 Comparative qualitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of 63 Lallemantia royleana and Ocimum basilicum Table 17 Comparative quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of 63 Lallamentia royleana and Ocimum basilicum Table 18 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Lallemantia 66 royleana (Cold method) Table 19 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Lallemantia 67 royleana (Hot method) Table 20 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Ocimum basilicum 68 (Cold method) Table 21 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Ocimum basilicum 69 (Hot method) Table 22 Physicochemical Parameters of Lallemantia royleana and Ocimum basilicum 70 Table 23 Antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid, Lallemantia royleana and Ocimum 70 basilicum Table 24 Authentication of herbal drug Belladona ( Atropa acuminata Royle.) in 78 comparison with its adulterant Table 25 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Atropa acuminata and 81 Solanum nigrum Table 26 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Atropa acuminata and 81 Solanum nigrum Table 27 Comparative qualitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Atropa 82 acuminata and Solanum nigrum Table 28 Comparative quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Atropa 82 acuminata and Solanum nigrum Table 29 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Atropa acuminata 85 (Cold method) Table 30 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Atropa acuminata 86 (Hot method) Table 31 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Solanum nigrum 87 (Cold method) Table 32 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Solanum nigrum 88 (Hot method) Table 33 Physicochemical Parameters of Atropa acuminata and Solanum nigrum 89 Table 34 Antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid, Atropa acuminata and Solanum 89 nigrum Table 35 Authentication of herbal drug Dhatura ( Datura stramonium L.) in 96 comparison with its adulterant Table 36 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Datura stramonium and 99 Xanthium strumarium Table 37 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Datura stramonium and 99 Xanthium strumarium Table 38 Comparative qualitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Datura 100 stramonium and Xanthium strumarium Table 39 Comparative quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Datura 100 stramonium and Xanthium strumarium Table 40 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Datura stramonium 103 (Cold method) Table 41 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Datura stramonium 104 (Hot method) Table 42 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Xanthium 105 strumarium (Cold method) Table 43 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Xanthium 106 strumarium (Hot method) Table 44 Physicochemical Parameters of Datura stramonium and Xanthium 107 strumarium Table 45 Antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid, Datura stramonium and Xanthium 107 strumarium Table 46 Authentication of herbal drug Chiraita ( Swertia cordata G. Don) and its 114 adulterant Table 47 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Swertia cordata and Swertia 117 paniculata Table 48 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Swertia cordata and Swertia 117 paniculata Table 49 Quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Swertia cordata and 118 Swertia paniculata Table 50 Quantitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Swertia cordata and 118 Swertia paniculata Table 51 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Swertia cordata 121 (Cold method) Table 52 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Swertia cordata 122 (Hot method) Table 53 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Swertia paniculata 123 (Cold method) Table 54 Fluorescence and solubility analysis of powdered drug of Swertia paniculata 124 (Hot method) Table 55 Physicochemical Parameters of Swertia cordata and Swertia paniculata 125 Table 56 Antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid, Swertia cordata and Swertia paniculata 125 Table 57 Authentication of herbal drug Zafran ( Crocus sativus L.) in comparison with 132 its adulterant Table 58 Comparative qualitative pollen morphology of Crocus sativus and 135 Carthamus tinctorius Table 59 Comparative quantitative pollen morphology of Crocus sativus and 135 Carthamus tinctorius Table 60 Comparative qualitative characters of foliar epidermal anatomy of Crocus 136 sativus and Carthamus tinctorius Table 61 Comparative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lallemantia Royleana) Gum Maryam Sardarodiyan1, Akram Arianfar1*, Ali Mohamadi Sani1 and Sara Naji-Tabasi2
    Sardarodiyan et al. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology (2019) 10:17 Journal of Analytical Science https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-019-0174-4 and Technology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Balangu seed (Lallemantia royleana) gum Maryam Sardarodiyan1, Akram Arianfar1*, Ali Mohamadi Sani1 and Sara Naji-Tabasi2 Abstract Background: Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) belongs to Lamiaceae and is a medicine used in Iranian traditional and folklore medicine in the treatment of various nervous, hepatic, and renal diseases. Methods: In this study, the influence of molecular weight (MW) was measured on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Balangu seed gum fractions. Firstly, Balangu seed gum was fractionated by precipitation method using ethanol on the basis of MW. Two fractions called precipitate (PER) Balangu and supernatant (SUPER) Balangu were obtained as the highest and lowest MW fractions, respectively. Monosaccharide composition was measured by GC- MS. The antioxidant activity was measured by two methods, DPPH and FRAP assay. The antibacterial activities were screened against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli) by minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC), disc, and well diffusion method. Results: The results showed that the total phenol contents of Balangu, PER-Balangu, and SUPER-Balangu were 76. 28 ± 1.41, 43.56 ± 1.72, and 89.46 ± 1.38 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg sample, respectively. Balangu and its fractions were composed of galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, and xylose. The IC50 values of Balangu, PER-Balangu, SUPER-Balangu, and BHT in DPPH assay were 0.46, 0.65, 0.38 and 0.31 mg/ml, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment Pakistan: Balakot Hydropower
    Environmental Impact Assessment November 2019 Pakistan: Balakot Hydropower Development Project Volume B – Appendices Prepared by Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization (PEDO), with support from Hagler Bailly Pakistan for the Asian Development Bank. This is the updated version of the final draft originally posted in September 2019 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/pak- 49055-007-eia. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. EIA of Balakot Hydropower Development Project Table of Contents Appendix A Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) Appendix B Physical Environment Survey Plan Appendix C Soil Quality Appendix D Hydro-census Field Data Appendix E Water Analysis Results Appendix F Air Quality Appendix G Traffic Survey Appendix H Ecology Field Survey Plan Appendix I Game Reserves and Breeding of Pheasants Appendix J Ecology Field Data Appendix K Species List Appendix L Socioeconomic Survey Plan Appendix M Background Information Document: English Appendix N Background Information
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 63-71. 2006. Check List of Medicinal Plants of Siran Valley Mansehra-Pakistan Ghulam Mujtaba Shah And Mir Ajab Khan* Department of Botany, Govt Post Graduate College, Abbottabad *Department Of Plants Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad-Pakistan Issued 27 February 2006 ABSTRACT This study was carried in Siran Valley district Mansehra. (Pakistan). The method adopted for documentation of indigenous knowledge was based on questionnaire consisting of semi-structured interviews employing a checklist of questions and direct observations. The aim of the study was to collect indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants, which were being utilized by the people for the treatment of different diseases. The ethnomedicinal uses of 80 plant species belonging to 49 families were recorded during field trips from the research area. The cultivated medicinal plants consists of 21 species. The check list and ethnomedicinal inventory was developed alphabetically by botanical name, followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses. Plant specimens were collected, identified, preserved, mounted and voucher was deposited in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad for future references. Key words: Medicinal plants, ethnomedicinal uses, Siran Valley-Pakistan. INTRODUCTION The study area is located in the Hazara Civil Division of the North West Frontier Province, (NWFP), Pakistan. Mansehra district was formed on 1st of October 1976. It consists of three tehsils viz. Balakot, Mansehra and Oghi. Mansehra district is located between 340-15/ to 350-12/ North latitudes and 720–50/ to 740-07/ East longitudes. Total area of the district is 5957 Sq km.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
    Cellular and Molecular Biology E-ISSN : 1165-158X / P-ISSN : 0145-5680 www.cellmolbiol.org Original Research Susceptibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 to monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and essential oils of Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn J. Sharifi-Rad1, B. Salehi2*, P. Schnitzler3, S. A. Ayatollahi1,4, F. Kobarfard1,5, M. Fathi6, M. Eisazadeh1, M. Sharifi-Rad7* 1 Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran 3 Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 4 Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran 5 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran 6 Anesthesiology Research Center, Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 7 Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Correspondence to: [email protected], [email protected] Received May 1, 2017; Accepted August 1, 2017; Published August 30, 2017 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2017.63.8.10 Copyright: © 2017 by the C.M.B. Association. All rights reserved. Abstract: In recent years, with increased the prevalence of viral infections and having no specific for their treatment and also the continuous appearance of resistant viral strains, the finding of novel antiviral agents is necessary. In this study, monoterpenes of thymol, carvacrol,p -cymene and essential oils from Sinapis arvensis L., Lallemantia royleana Benth. and Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. were screened for their inhibitory effect against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro on Vero cell line CCL-81-ATCC using a plaque reduction assay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Sustainable Tourism to Economic Growth and Employment in Pakistan
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Contribution of Sustainable Tourism to Economic Growth and Employment in Pakistan Faiza Manzoor 1 , Longbao Wei 1,* , Muhammad Asif 2 , Muhammad Zia ul Haq 3 and Hafiz ur Rehman 4 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 School of Public Affairs, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 3 School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan; hafi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2019; Accepted: 4 October 2019; Published: 8 October 2019 Abstract: In the global economy, tourism is one of the most noticeable and growing sectors. This sector plays an important role in boosting a nation’s economy. An increase in tourism flow can bring positive economic outcomes to the nations, especially in gross domestic product (GDP) and employment opportunities. In South Asian countries, the tourism industry is an engine of economic development and GDP growth. This study investigates the impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth and employment. The period under study was from 1990 to 2015. To check whether the variables under study were stationary, augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron unit root tests were applied. A regression technique and Johansen cointegration approach were employed for the analysis of data. The key finding of this study shows that there is a positive and significant impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth as well as employment sector and there is also a long-run relationship among the variables under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Tagetes Spp. Essential Oils and Other Extracts: Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity
    molecules Review Tagetes spp. Essential Oils and Other Extracts: Chemical Characterization and Biological Activity Bahare Salehi 1,2 , Marco Valussi 3, Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga 4, Joara Nalyda Pereira Carneiro 4, Antonio Linkoln Alves Borges Leal 4, Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho 4 , Sara Vitalini 5 , Dorota Kr˛egiel 6 , Hubert Antolak 6 , Mehdi Sharifi-Rad 7,*, Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva 8, Zubaida Yousaf 9, Miquel Martorell 10,* , Marcello Iriti 5 , Simone Carradori 11,* and Javad Sharifi-Rad 12,13,* 1 Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 88777539, Iran; [email protected] 2 Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 22439789, Iran 3 European Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), 25 Lincoln Close, Tewkesbury GL20 5TY, UK; marco.offi[email protected] 4 Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology—LMBM, Regional University of Cariri—URCA, Crato, CE 63105-000, Brazil; fl[email protected] (M.F.B.M.-B.); [email protected] (J.N.P.C.); [email protected] (A.L.A.B.L.); [email protected] (H.D.M.C.) 5 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (S.V.); [email protected] (M.I.) 6 Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (H.A.)
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Status Distribution and Assessment of Alien Species with In
    Report on status distribution and assessment of alien species with in the district Mansehra at Sustainable Forest Management in Targeted Sites of Kaghan and upper Siran valley. Introduction The KPK is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. The KPK occupies the northwestern part of the country east and south of Afghanistan. This province has its boundaries with Afghanistan (Pamirs) in the North, parts of Baluchistan and Punjab provinces in the south, Gilgit, Kashmir and part of Punjab in the east and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in the west. Peshawar is its provincial capital. Ecological Characteristics of the Province A wide variety of habitat is found in Pakistan. However, very few natural habitats remain, due to the wide extent of human activities. Habitat types have not been comprehensively studied and described in Pakistan. Champion et al. (1965) were the first to describe forest types of Pakistan. They divided vegetation of the country into broad forest types. These broad categories included sub alpine, Himalayan dry temperate, Himalayan moist temperate, subtropical pine, dry sub tropical, tropical thorn, and littoral and swamps. Beg (1975) defined major habitat types as cold deserts, alpine scrubs and pastures, sub-alpine forests, Himalayan moist temperate forests, dry temperate forests, subtropical pine forests, dry subtropical semi evergreen forests, tropical thorn forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and tropical littoral and swamp forests. All of these forest types, except littoral and swamps, are represented in KPK (Beg 1975). Roberts (1977), too, described habitat types and associated wildlife species in Pakistan. He further elaborated and explained his basic habitat types in 1991 and provided a comprehensive classification of natural terrestrial ecosystems (Roberts 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Action Plan
    Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 49055-003 Document Stage: Draft November 2018 PAK: Hydropower Development Investment Program, Tranche 1 Biodiversity Action Plan Prepared by Hagler Bailly Pakistan for the Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization and the Asian Development Bank. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Balakot Hydropower Project Biodiversity Action Plan Draft Report HBP Ref.: D8BM3BPK November 23, 2018 Biodiversity Action Plan for Balakot Hydropower Project Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background and Rationale for Developing BAP .................................... 1-1 1.2 Regional Overview ................................................................................... 1-4 1.3 Project Description ................................................................................... 1-5 1.3.1 Main Dam ......................................................................................... 1-5 1.3.2 Power House ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Medicinal and Economic Uses of Gymnosperms of Kaghan Valley, Pakistan
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 72-81. 2006. Traditional Medicinal and Economic uses of Gymnosperms of Kaghan Valley, Pakistan Manzoor Hussain,* Ghulam Mujtaba Shah* and Mir Ajab Khan** *Botany Department, Govt Post Graduate College, Abbottabad. **Associate Professor, Dept.of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan Issued 5 March 2006 Abstract The ethnobotanical data of total 12 gymnosperms belonging to four families was collected from the local people of the Kaghan Valley. A complete list of the plants is given with their name, family and ethnobotanical use, distribution and occurrence. Indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants were collected during field trips through questionnaire The inhabitants of the area have to use the medicinal plants for various purposes and have for a long time been dependent on surrounding plant resources for their food, shelter, fodder’s, health, care and other cultural purposes. Pinus roxburgii, P. wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Taxus wallichiana are prominent gymnosperms of Kaghan Valley which are not only source of timber but also utilized as fuel wood and for medicinal purposes. Key words: Ethnobotanical uses, gymnosperms, Kaghan Valley-Pakistan. Introduction The Kunhar river catchments area is commonly known as, “Kaghan Valley”. The valley is situated in the northern part of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan (NWFP). It is 161 Km long scenic wonderlands, with its towering Himalayan peaks, peaceful lakes, majestic glaciers and splashing waterfalls. Even, today, when few places have escaped man’s meddlesome fingers, is still in an unbelievably pristine state, an unspoilt paradise. It is situated between 340-17/ to 350-10/ North latitudes and 730-28/ to 740-7/ East longitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of Mosses of District Mansehra
    Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(3),2569-2575,2016 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 2569 A CHECKLIST OF MOSSES OF DISTRICT MANSEHRA Mazhar-ul-Islam, Jan Alam and Muhammd Fiaz Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra [email protected] ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the moss diversity of Mansehra district. These findings were concluded based on previously published literature and own field investigations in the last three years i.e. 2012 to 2015. There are 107 moss species in Mansehra district and this figure meets about 31.36 % of the total known moss flora of Pakistan. These taxa distributed in 25 families and 61 genera. Of these, 58 species (52.26%) are Acrocarpus mosses and 53 species (47.74%) are Pleurocarpus mosses. Family-wise, Brachytheciaceae found to be the largest family with 5 genera and 16 species, followed by Bryaceae with 5 genera and 11 species. In the remaining families, less than 10 species found to occur per family. For genera, Brachythecium was the largest genus with 11 species, followed by Bryum (9 species) and Fissidens (6 species). These species distributed at different altitudes in a range between 456-5200m. Keywords: Fissidens, Acrocarpus, Pleurocarpus, Bryum, Mansehra Corresponding email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION specimen was separately preserved for identification. Each Mutually within the manifold types of rocks the district specimen was examined under stereoscope and microscope at Mansehra shows a broad variation of climatic and altitudinal Cryptogamic Lab, Hazara University and identified with the gradients, these conditions induced a range of ecological help of relevant literature. Finally, specimens were deposited habitats that contribute to the unique biodiversity of mosses.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum Β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli
    Sharifi-Rad et al. Cell. Mol. Biol.2016, 62 (9): 75-82 Cellular and Molecular ISSN: 1165-158X Biology doi: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.9.12 Original Research Antibacterial activities of essential oils from Iranian medicinal plants on extended- spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli J. Sharifi-Rad1, 2, D. Mnayer3, A. Roointan4, F. Shahri5, S. A. M. Ayatollahi6,7, M. Sharifi-Rad8, N. Molaee9, M. Sharifi-Rad10* 1 Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran 3 Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Lebanon 4 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz university of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran 5 Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 6 Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 7 Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran 8 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 98615-538, Iran 9 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran 10 Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Abstract: The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) -producing Escherichia coli strains can lead to various infections particularly uri- nary tract infections. The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of essential oils (EOs) from different Iranian medicinal plants against TEM gene positive ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Development in Mansehra Introduction
    Citation: Khan, U., Khan, F., & Malik, M. F. (2020). An Exploratory Study of the Factors that Promote and Delay Sustainable Eco- Tourism Development in Mansehra. Global Regional Review, V(I), 471-478. Doi:10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).50 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).50 DOI: 10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).50 An Exploratory Study of the Factors that Promote and Delay Sustainable Eco- Tourism Development in Mansehra Usman Khan * Faisal Khan † Muhammad Faizan Malik ‡ Vol. V, No. I (Winter 2020) | Page: 471 ‒ 478 p- ISSN: 2616-955X | e-ISSN: 2663-7030 | ISSN-L: 2616-955X Geographically Mansehra district is situated on Karakoram Highway that links to ancient Taxila, Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, China, and Central Asia. It is the central point for visitors, transportation, exchange, and business in the northern zone. This vicinity is constantly cherished by visitors for its rich potential of tourism attractions with delightful nature, magnificent valleys, and high altitude mountains for adventures and nature lovers. However, this research seeks to make contributions to the present literature of heritage management and tourism development through exploring the rich tourism potential in Mansehra. Exploratory in nature, the study adopts a qualitative technique combining primary and secondary data analysis and scholars observation. Abstract The findings reveal that Mansehra has no longer yet been scientifically explored and developed as a tourism destination. The general problems that preclude the development of tourism activities in Mansehra are lack of awareness, basic tourism infrastructure, scientifically exploration and documentation, developmental plan, waste management, conservation, and poor management of cultural and natural sites.
    [Show full text]