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Seasonal Abundance and Insecticidal Control of Citrus Leafminer in A HORTSCIENCE 42(7):1636–1638. 2007. canker disease it causes (Ando et al., 1985; Hill, 1918). This bacterium causes one of the most severe diseases of citrus worldwide and Seasonal Abundance and Insecticidal its attempted eradication has been a major source of tree loss in Florida. The bacterium Control of Citrus Leafminer is dispersed in windblown water, and leaf wounding increases the likelihood of estab- in a Citrus Orchard lishment. Leafminer activity may provide leaf wounds by which the bacteria can gain Charles A. Powell1, Michael S. Burton, Robert Pelosi, Mark A. Ritenour, access. and Robert C. Bullock Control of CLM has focused on biological Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agri- control using a variety of parasitic wasps (parasitoids); 39 parasitoid species have been cultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, identified (Heppner, 1993). In Florida, FL 34945-3138 Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya and Cir- Additional index words. Phyllocnistis citrella, citrus canker, Admire, imidacloprid, Temik rospilus ingenuus Gahan have been released (Hoy and Nguyen, 1994, 1997; Hoy et al., Abstract. Population density of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidop- 1995, 1997; Pomerinke and Stansly, 1998; tera: Gracillariidae), was monitored in a Florida citrus grove for 5 years by scouting Smith and Hoy, 1995). Control with specific weekly for larval-induced mines (leafminer-created tunnels in the leaves) in a replicated parasitoids has been complicated by low citrus plot treated with seven insect control regimes: Admire (imidacloprid) applied leafminer populations during the winter at 12, 6, 3, or 2-month intervals; Temik (aldicarb) applied annually; Metasystox-R months. Chemical control strategies for (oxydemeton-methyl) applied annually; or no insect control. Leafminer populations were CLM have been used in Australia (Beattie, highest during the warmer months (April to September) and lowest during the cooler 1989) and Florida (Browning et al., 2007; months (November to March). Populations peaked during June in all 5 years monitored. Stansly and Knapp, 1994), but extensive Trees treated with Temik or Metasystox-R had the same number of mines as the insecticide evaluation in Florida is not yet untreated controls. A biannual treatment with Admire reduced leafminer damage complete. (number of mines) all 5 years compared with the controls. Additional Admire ap- plications further reduced damage during some, but not all, years. A single application of Materials and Methods Admire significantly reduced mines in 3 of the 5 years. The experimental area consisted of 294 ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis chamber, usually located along the rolled Osbeck) trees grafted onto sour orange root- citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillarii- edge of a leaf, where metamorphosis to the stock (C. aurantium L.) The trees were in dae), was first described in Calcutta, India, adult stage occurs. Adults emerge after 6d single beds (rows) with 9.15 m between rows. in 1856 (Stainton, 1856). It has been a widely or longer, depending on temperature. There The in-row spacing was 4.5 m. distributed pest in citrus-growing regions of can be 15 generations per year depending on The experiment was a randomized com- Asia for many years (Clausen, 1931, 1933), the weather (Badawy, 1967; Beattie, 1989). plete block design with each of six rows including China (Sasscer, 1915), the Philip- In Florida, the life cycle is completed in serving as a replication. There were seven pines (Sasscer, 1915), and Japan (Clausen, 3 weeks. treatments in each of the six replications with 1927). The pest has since moved into Eastern CLM affects all citrus varieties (Pandey seven trees per experimental unit (plot). Africa (Badawy, 1967) and Australia (Beattie, and Pandey, 1964) and a few closely related The treatments were an annual application 1989). In the last 15 years, leafminers have Rutaceae (Heppner, 1993), including Aegle of aldicarb (Temik; Bayer Cropscience, invaded most of the citrus-producing regions marmelos (L.) Corr. Srv. (Fletcher, 1920), Research Triangle Park, NC) (8.5 g/tree a.i. of the world, including the Mediterranean Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Clausen, 1933), incorporated into the soil); an annual applica- Basin (Garcia-Marı´ et al., 1997) and North, Atalantia sp. (Sasscer, 1915), Murraya pan- tion of oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R; Central, and South America (Ware, 1994). It iculata (L.) Jack. (Pruthi and Mani, 1945), Gowan Co. Yuma, AZ) (trunk drenched, is widespread in the citrus-producing regions Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton (Fletcher, 0.62 mLÁL–1); soil drenches with imidaclo- of Florida (Heppner, 1993). 1920), Pongamia pinnata Pierre (Margo- prid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl) methyl]-N- Adult leafminers oviposit on young, ten- bandhu, 1933), and Alseodaphne semecarpi- nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) (Admire; Bayer der leaves (new flush). The eggs mature folio Nees (Latif and Yunus, 1951). Damage Cropscience) at 1920 mgÁa.i./plant applied within 1 d. The young larvae enter the leaf to host plants, and particularly citrus, is at 12-, 6-, 3-, or 2-month intervals; and no and burrow between the upper and lower incited by direct feeding and by providing insecticide application. Temik was applied cuticle. As the larvae move and feed on the an infection site for Xanthomonas axonopo- the last week of April, and the trunk drenches epidermis, they leave a twisted, irregular dis pv. citri, a bacterium that causes citrus were applied in the spring between 19 Apr. tunnel (mine) (Achor et al., 1997; Sohi and canker. Feeding damage is related to avail- and 22 May. Insecticide rates were based on Verma, 1965). The leaves frequently become ability of young leaves and flushing pattern. manufacturers’ recommendations. distorted and curled with early abscission Several studies have been conducted to The experimental area was scouted for (Pandey and Pandey, 1964). The adult leaf- correlate CLM damage with economic loss. leafminers every week over a 5-year period. miner can deposit 50 eggs during her life. Knapp et al. (1995) reported that a 10% leaf Each tree was examined and the total num- There are three larval stages plus a prepupal area loss did not affect citrus yield. In Florida, ber of mines (interepidermal tunnels that and pupal stage, which occur within the mine. control of CLM increased yield of 3- to 5- are easily visible and incited by burrowing The prepupa produces silk to form a pupal year-old grapefruit or orange trees by 13.1% of single leafminer larvae) was recorded. to 16.9% (Stansly et al., 1996). In another Weekly data were combined into monthly Florida study, a 16% to 23% leaf area loss totals recorded within each replication for caused significant yield reduction of 15-year- each treatment. Received for publication 14 Mar. 2007. Accepted for publication 24 June 2007. old Tahiti lime trees, and 18% to 85% leaf Mine numbers (square root transformed to Indian River Research and Education Center area loss caused significant yield reduction of normalize the variance) were subjected to an Journal Series No. R-010701. 5-year-old lime trees (Pen˜a et al., 2000). analysis of variance using the SAS software 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; The CLM may also help spread Xantho- program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Main e-mail CAPowell@ufl.edu. monas axonopodis pv. citri and the citrus treatment effects means that had a significant 1636 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(7) DECEMBER 2007 PEST MANAGEMENT F test were separated by Fisher’s protected in leafminer control (Table 2). An annual mit, citrus tristeza and citrus greening, least significant difference test at the 5% level application of Admire reduced leafminers respectively. One annual application of Ad- of significance. When yearly data were in 3 of 5 years, whereas biannual or more mire may be considered as part of an inte- totaled, each year was a block. frequent applications of Admire significantly grated strategy to control these three insects reduced mines all 5 years. Overall, the more and their associated diseases. Results frequent the Admire application, the better the control. Literature Cited Seasonal abundance. Because there was no difference among trees tested with Meta- Discussion Achor, D.S., H.Y. Browning, and L.G. Albrigo. systox-R, Temik, or no insecticide treatment, 1997. Anatomical and histochemical effects of these data were combined to analyze seasonal The seasonal pattern of leafminer activity feeding by citrus leafminer larvae (Phyllocnis- abundance. The mean numbers of mines per was fairly consistent over the 5-year study tis citrella Stainton) in citrus leaves. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122:829–836. tree per month (averaged over 21 trees from with populations peaking in the late spring Ando, T., K.Y. Taguchi, M. Uchiyama, T. Ujiye, non-Admire-treated trees in each of six rep- and declining during the winter. The number and H. Kuroko. 1985. (7Z-11Z)-7, 11-hexade- lications) were very low during the cooler of mines followed the flushing pattern of the cadienal sex attractant of the citrus leafminer months (November through March) all 5 trees to a great extent, as expected, because moth, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidop- years (Table 1). Leafminer activity began in predominantly young leaves were mined. tera, Phyllocnistinae). Agr. Biol. Chem. Tokyo April or May (depending on the year) and The efficacy of the insecticides for leaf- 49:3633–3653. subsided in October. Fewer than one mine per miners was similar to that previously reported Badawy, A. 1967. The morphology and biology of tree was detected over the 5-year period in for aphids (Powell et al., 2006) and psyllids Phyllocnistis citrella Staint., a citrus leaf miner January, February, March, and December. (Powell, unpubl. data), in that Admire, but in the Sudan. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte 51:95–103. Beattie, G.A.C. 1989. Citrus leaf miner. NSW Large numbers of mines were detected in not Temik nor Metasystox-R, reduced pop- Agric.
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